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Journal articles on the topic 'Algal Flocculation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 September 2023

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1

Matter, Bui, Jung, Seo, Kim, Lee, and Oh. "Flocculation Harvesting Techniques for Microalgae: A Review." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (July 29, 2019): 3069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153069.

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Microalgae have been considered as one of the most promising biomass feedstocks for various industrial applications such as biofuels, animal/aquaculture feeds, food supplements, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. Several biotechnological challenges associated with algae cultivation, including the small size and negative surface charge of algal cells as well as the dilution of its cultures, need to be circumvented, which increases the cost and labor. Therefore, efficient biomass recovery or harvesting of diverse algal species represents a critical bottleneck for large-scale algal biorefinery process. Among different algae harvesting techniques (e.g., centrifugation, gravity sedimentation, screening, filtration, and air flotation), the flocculation-based processes have acquired much attention due to their promising efficiency and scalability. This review covers the basics and recent research trends of various flocculation techniques, such as auto-flocculation, bio-flocculation, chemical flocculation, particle-based flocculation, and electrochemical flocculation, and also discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The challenges and prospects for the development of eco-friendly and economical algae harvesting processes have also been outlined here.

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2

Kwak, Dong-Heui, and Mi-Sug Kim. "Estimation and evaluation of auto-flocculated algae harvesting efficiency using the population balance in turbulence model in flotation process." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 5 (September 21, 2017): 1165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.491.

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Abstract Algae are considered water pollutants because they form algal blooms in stagnant water. Algae harvesting technology, however, can help convert them into a useful industrial material like biomass. The core technique (flocculation) separates microalgae from other flocculants, allowing for the harvest of clean and pure algal biomass. This study aims to estimate and evaluate algal separation (removal or harvesting) efficiency (X) to concurrently obtain the objectives of algal bloom management and algal particle collection. To simulate algal separation by auto-flocculation (no flocculants) related flotation, the population balance in turbulence (PBT) model is used. Model simulations are conducted under optimal conditions provided by previous studies about the biological impact factors of algae, operating parameters of the flotation process, and so on. This modeling study determines the efficiency (X) of separating algae from the water body in the separation zone after forming auto-flocculated bubble–floc agglomerates by making them collide and attach to each other in the contact zone of the flotation tank. The X is examined as a function of size distribution of agglomerates and bubbles and of the number of initially injected bubbles. Optimal conditions for forming and harvesting the agglomerates may be found through further modeling studies.

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3

Ayoub, George M., Sang-Ill Lee, and Ben Koopman. "Seawater induced algal flocculation." Water Research 20, no. 10 (October 1986): 1265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(86)90157-0.

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4

Pieterse, A. J. H., and A. Cloot. "Algal cells and coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 4 (August 1, 1997): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0099.

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Flocculation generally removes two classes of suspended particles during adsorption-coagulation, namely colloids (inorganic in nature) and bacterial and algal cells, colonies, and filaments (organic in nature). Different interaction mechanisms, i.e. hydrodynamic, electrical and electromagnetic, play important roles in the removal of algal and colloidal entities. Algal entities, however, show morphological characteristics (such as elongated shapes, arranged in cells, colonies and filaments, containing spines or able to change shape or to move with flagella) not shared by colloids, that will affect the flocculation of the algal cells. If algal cells are globally in equilibrium with themselves, it is possible that the negative surface charge of algal cells will be restored after charge neutralisation. In addition to Van der Waals forces, affecting the coagulation of colloidal and algal entities, the flocculation of algal entities may also be affected by gravitation forces (because of larger sized algal entities) and forces created in the immediate vicinity of the cells by metabolic processes such as photosynthesis and respiration.

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5

Elmaleh, S., J. Coma, and J. Borsato. "Algal Flocculation in a Magnesium Exchanger Fluidized Bed." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 7-8 (October 1, 1992): 1689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0612.

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The effectiveness of the microalgae flocculation by a fluidized bed of magnesium exchanger resin particles was investigated. The results indicated that the total suspended solids abatement could reach 90% at pH 11.5 while the superficial upflow velocity was 30 m/h which corresponds to a residence time through the flocculator less than 1 minute. The abatement remains steady even after exhaustion of the ion exchange capacity while the bed is continuously expanding which makes the resin regeneration easy and lowers the magnesium requirement. The extracted sludge is easily thickened. The destabilized suspension is itself easily concentrated by sedimentation followed by single draining.

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6

Wang, Mingyong, Bowen Zhang, Xihua Cao, Fang Li, Xiuxian Song, and Zhiming Yu. "Influence of Algal Organic Matter on Algal Removal Efficiency by Flocculation of Modified Clay." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 3 (March 14, 2023): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11030613.

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Modified clay (MC) technology is the most effective method to control harmful algal blooms (HABs) and has been widely testified in many countries in recent decades. Although dissolved algal organic matter (dAOM) has been found to be abundant in HAB-affected waters, little is known about its effect on MC flocculation. Prorocentrum donghaiense was chosen as the model organism in this study. The flocculation of MC with different concentrations of dAOM was observed by particle image velocimeter, and the removal efficiency of MC to microalgae was determined using a fluorometer. The results showed that a small amount of dAOM resulted in faster flocculation, larger flocs, higher floc strength and better floc regeneration capacity, and the removal efficiency of microalgae by MC could reach about 80%. However, large amounts of dAOM produced during the occurrence of HABs could inhibit the flocculation of MC, and the removal efficiency of microalgae was only about 35%. Furthermore, with the increase of dAOM, the zeta potential of MC particles decreases from 1.56 mV to −18.9 mV, and the repulsive force between the particles also increases. The examination of 18-angle laser light scattering gel permeation chromatography and specific ultraviolet absorption (SUVA254) revealed that some hydrophobic organic macromolecules preferred to attach to MC and increase MC flocculation at a tiny amount of dAOM, while a higher concentration of dAOM would inhibits flocculation by reducing surface activity and intergranular repulsion. According to the findings of this study, the dosage of MC must be increased in order to obtain the best algal removal efficiency with MC.

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7

Yahi, H., S. Elmaleh, and J. Coma. "Algal flocculation-sedimentation by pH increase in a continuous reactor." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 8 (October 1, 1994): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0421.

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The effectiveness of microalgae flocculation by pH increase was investigated using the jar test procedure. The results indicated that pH values between 11.8 and 12 induced extensive flocculation without need of adding magnesium. pH was increased by sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide. In both cases, the total solids abatement was more than 95% producing sludge of excellent settleability and good mechanical resistance quantified by a destructive test. The next step was the operation of a continuous flocculator which might optionally be packed with granular sand or inert resin. It was shown that a fluidized bed or any other mechanical energy transfer device was not required to obtain more than 95% efficiency with a superficial upflow velocity of 30 m/h corresponding to a residence time through the whole unit of 5 minutes only.

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8

Craggs, R. J., S. Heubeck, T. J. Lundquist, and J. R. Benemann. "Algal biofuels from wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 4 (February 1, 2011): 660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.100.

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This paper examines the potential of algae biofuel production in conjunction with wastewater treatment. Current technology for algal wastewater treatment uses facultative ponds, however, these ponds have low productivity (∼10 tonnes/ha.y), are not amenable to cultivating single algal species, require chemical flocculation or other expensive processes for algal harvest, and do not provide consistent nutrient removal. Shallow, paddlewheel-mixed high rate algal ponds (HRAPs) have much higher productivities (∼30 tonnes/ha.y) and promote bioflocculation settling which may provide low-cost algal harvest. Moreover, HRAP algae are carbon-limited and daytime addition of CO2 has, under suitable climatic conditions, the potential to double production (to ∼60 tonnes/ha.y), improve bioflocculation algal harvest, and enhance wastewater nutrient removal. Algae biofuels (e.g. biogas, ethanol, biodiesel and crude bio-oil), could be produced from the algae harvested from wastewater HRAPs, The wastewater treatment function would cover the capital and operation costs of algal production, with biofuel and recovered nutrient fertilizer being by-products. Greenhouse gas abatement results from both the production of the biofuels and the savings in energy consumption compared to electromechanical treatment processes. However, to achieve these benefits, further research is required, particularly the large-scale demonstration of wastewater treatment HRAP algal production and harvest.

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9

Ma, Wei, Chenchen Feng, Fachun Guan, Dianrong Ma, and Jinling Cai. "Effective Chlorella vulgaris Biomass Harvesting through Sulfate and Chloride Flocculants." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010047.

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Efficient microalgae harvesting is a great challenge hindering diverse industrial applications of microalgae. Flocculation is regarded as an effective and promising technology for microalgae harvesting. In this study, sulfate (Al2(SO4)3 and Fe2(SO4)3) and chloride flocculants (AlCl3 and FeCl3) were used to harvest Chlorella vulgaris. Flocculation conditions, including flocculant dose, flocculation time, stirring speed, stirring time, and flocculation pH, were optimized, and flocculant effects on microalgal cell status, floc characteristics, biomass composition, algal cell re-culture, and media recycling were investigated. All flocculants exhibited efficient flocculation efficiency (93.5–98.8%) with lower doses of sulfate salts (60 mg/L algal culture) and higher doses of chloride salts (100 mg/L algal culture). The tested flocculants had no obvious influence on biomass composition (including lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and carotenoids), and microalgal cells in flocs could efficiently regrow. The spent medium of all treatments was successfully recycled for subsequent cell growth, thus reducing dependency on fresh medium.

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10

Lee, S. I., B. Koopman, and E. P. Lincoln. "Effect of Physicochemical Variables on Algal Autoflotation." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 7-8 (October 1, 1992): 1769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0620.

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Combined chemical flocculation and autoflotation were examined using pilot scale process with chitosan and alum as flocculants. Positive correlation was observed between dissolved oxygen concentration and rise rate. Rise rate depended entirely on the autoflotation parameters: mixing intensity, retention time, and flocculant contact time. Also, rise rate was influenced by the type of flocculant used. The maximum rise rate with alum was observed to be 70 m/h, whereas that with chitosan was approximately 420 m/h. The efficiency of the flocculation-autoflotation process was superior to that of the flocculation-sedimentation process.

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11

Henderson, R., E. Sharp, P. Jarvis, S. Parsons, and B. Jefferson. "Identifying the linkage between particle characteristics and understanding coagulation performance." Water Supply 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.005.

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The coagulation/flocculation process is important for particle separation in water treatment. However, difficulties arise when coagulation is not optimised for the dominant particle. This paper investigates the surface characteristics and floc properties of three common systems– natural organic matter (NOM), algae and clay – in order to aid understanding of the coagulation/flocculation process. It was demonstrated that charge density and specific surface area are important parameters with respect to coagulant demand for charge neutralisation for all systems. However, extracellular organic matter (EOM) affected the coagulant demand of algae to the extent that it appears that the presence of EOM could dominate the coagulation process. Controlling the zeta potential of the systems prompted improved particle aggregation and hence removal efficiency in all cases. Floc growth profiles revealed that algal flocs required five times the flocculation period to reach a steady-state floc size compared to NOM and clay and on exposure to increased shear were much weaker. Despite similarities between algae and NOM in terms of organic content and coagulant demand, the fact that algae is a dynamic, biological system as opposed to an inert system creates numerous problems for the coagulation/flocculation process.

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12

Edzwald, J. K. "Algae, Bubbles, Coagulants, and Dissolved Air Flotation." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 10 (May 1, 1993): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0207.

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This paper like Ken Ives' PhD research comments upon algae and their removal from drinking water. Specifically, algal properties, difficulties in removing algae by conventional treatment, and dissolved air flotation (DAF) as a treatment method are emphasized. The stability of algal suspensions may be due to surface charge, hydrophilic effects, or steric effects. Coagulation is required as a pretreatment step in DAF to destabilize algal particles relative to the microbubbles, and thus ensure particle-bubble attachment The air supplied in DAF may be expressed fundamentally as mass, volume, and number concentrations of air bubbles. Calculations show high bubble volume concentrations compared to suspended particle volumes. The effectiveness of flotation is examined in terms of dimensionless products and compared to other particle processes. DAF is compared to settling for algal separation in experiments with DAF operating at higher overflow rates and smaller flocculation times. DAF produced clarified waters with lower turbidities and algal counts.

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13

Elmaleh, S., J. Coma, A. Grasmick, and L. Bourgade. "Magnesium Induced Algal Flocculation in a Fluidized Bed." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 7-9 (April 1, 1991): 1695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0624.

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The effectiveness of the use of seawater and of magnesium in the removal of microalgae from oxidation pond effluents was investigated using the jar test procedure. The results indicated that the major flocculating reaction is the magnesium hydroxide precipitation at pH 11.5. The next step was to intensify the liquid-solids separation by use of a fluidized bed flocculator packed with 800 µm inert resin particles provided with an inclined multitubular settler. The total suspended solids abatement could reach 95 % with a superficial upflow velocity of 30 m/h corresponding to a residence time through the whole unit of 5 minutes only. The energy requirement quantified by the pressure drop through the bed is very low. Besides, the waste sludge extracted from the settler is easily thickened.

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14

Behera, B., K. Nageshwari, M. Darshini, and P. Balasubramanian. "Evaluating the harvesting efficiency of inorganic coagulants on native microalgal consortium enriched with human urine." Water Science and Technology 82, no. 6 (March 31, 2020): 1217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.143.

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Abstract Flocculation is a common technique to harvest microalgae, where the negatively charged algal cells coalesce together to form larger flocs that settle under gravity. Although several inorganic flocculants have been applied for algal biomass recovery, the dosage varies depending on the algal strain-specific features. Thus, the selection of inorganic coagulant that can be applied at a low dosage for achieving the maximal biomass recovery under normal physiological conditions is necessary. The present study analyses the influence of different inorganic flocculants like ferric chloride (FeCl3), alum, calcium hydroxide, ferrous sulphate and copper sulphate on the biomass removal efficiency of a mixed microalgal consortium isolated from the open ponds of the National Institute of Technology Rourkela and further enriched with diluted human urine. Flocculation experiments were carried out with varying coagulant dosages, pH between 7.5 and 7.8, and 0.5 g L−1 algal concentration. The results revealed that FeCl3 at the dosage of 0.05 g L−1 and KAl(SO4)2 with the dosage of 0.04 g L−1 could be utilized to achieve the biomass recovery efficiency of 99.5% and 97.9%, respectively, within a duration of 5 min. An economic evaluation of the harvesting process showed KAl(SO4)2 to be the cheapest coagulant that could be feasibly used to recover algae at a large scale.

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15

Zheng, Bin Guo, Wei Gong Peng, Ji Biao Zhang, and Zheng Zheng. "Flocculation Removal of Microcystis Aeruginosa by Chitosan-Bentonite Compound Material." Advanced Materials Research 335-336 (September 2011): 1381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.1381.

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Harmful algal blooms have long been an issue worldwide owing to their adverse effects on drinking water treatment processes as well as drinking water quality. In this paper, chitosan-bentonite compound material was prepared by the supporting of chitosan on pillared bentonite and used for removal of harmful algae from water. The results showed that the compound material was effective for the removal of cyanobacterial Microcystis aeruginosa.

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16

Miao, Chun Guang, Xiang Qin Wang, and Hong Zhang. "Flocculation of Harmful Algal Blooms by Modified Fly Ash." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 2090–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2090.

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The flocculants of fly ash(FA) and modified fly ash (mFA)were investigated in this study to evaluate their flocculation efficiencies in freshwater containing harmful algal blooms(HABs). The experimental results show that the efficiency of flocculation can be prominent improved by mFA.It was found that the fly ash modified by hydrochloric acid could form network structure bundle, algal cells were wrapped up through netting and bridging effect. So the method that removal of HABs with modified fly ash is low cost with high efficiency

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17

Zhong, Jinpan, Weijiang Guan, and Chao Lu. "Surfactant-assisted algal flocculationviaaggregation-induced emission with an ultralow critical micelle concentration." Green Chemistry 20, no. 10 (2018): 2290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8gc00218e.

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18

Kim, Tae-Hyun, In Taek Hong, and Jae-Min Oh. "Size- and surface charge-controlled layered double hydroxides for efficient algal flocculation." Environmental Science: Nano 5, no. 1 (2018): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7en00809k.

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19

Yadav, Rajkumar, and Avshesh Kumar. "A Review of The Micro-Algae Are Being Harvested to Make Biofuel." 1 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/jemm/9/1/1.

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Effective harvesting is seen by many researchers as the main obstacle to the commercialization of microalgal biofuel. The small size of micro-algal cells, the cells' similar density to the growth medium, the algae's negative surface charge, and the algae's faster growth rates than terrestrial plants present additional difficulties for harvesting micro-algae. Sedimentation, flocculation, floatation, centrifugation, filtering, or any combination of these procedures can be used to collect algae. The numerous techniques for gathering and dehydrating microalgae for the creation of biofuel are reviewed in this research.

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20

Sengco, M. R., and D. M. Anderson. "147 Controlling Harmful Algal Blooms Through Clay Flocculation." Journal of Phycology 39, s1 (June 2003): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.2003.03906001_147.x.

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21

Takáčová, Alžbeta, Miriama Bajuszová, Alexandra Šimonovičová, Štefan Šutý, and Sanja Nosalj. "Biocoagulation of Dried Algae Chlorella sp. and Pellets of Aspergillus Niger in Decontamination Process of Wastewater, as a Presumed Source of Biofuel." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 12 (December 7, 2022): 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8121282.

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The removal of microalgae represents a problematic part of the water decontamination process, in which most techniques are expensive and non-ecological. In the paper, we focus on the synergistic relationship between microscopic filamentous fungi and algal culture. In the process of decontamination of a model sample containing ammonium ions, efficient biocoagulation, resp. co-pelletization of dried algae Chlorella sp. and Aspergillus niger sensu stricto are shown. The microscopic filamentous fungus species A. niger was added to a culture of an algal suspension of Chlorella sp., where the adhesion of the algal cells to the fungi subsequently occurred due to the electrostatic effect of the interaction, while the flocculation activity was approximately 70 to 80%. The algal cells adhered to the surface of the A. niger pellets, making them easily removable from the solution. The ability of filamentous fungi to capture organisms represents a great potential for the biological isolation of microalgae (biocoagulation) from production solutions because microalgae are considered to be a promising renewable source of oil and fermentables for bioenergy. This form of algae removal, or its harvesting, also represents a great low-cost method for collecting algae not only as a way of removing unnecessary material but also for the purpose of producing biofuels. Algae are a robust bioabsorbent for absorbing lipids from the environment, which after treatment can be used as a component of biodiesel. Chemical analyses also presented potential ecological innovation in the area of biofuel production. Energy-efficient and eco-friendly harvesting techniques are crucial to improving the economic viability of algal biofuel production.

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Søballe, David M., and Stephen T. Threlkeld. "Algal-clay flocculation in turbid waters: Variations due to algal and mineral differences." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 23, no. 2 (August 1988): 750–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1987.11899705.

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23

Kwak, Dong-Heui, and Mi-Sug Kim. "Flotation of algae for water reuse and biomass production: role of zeta potential and surfactant to separate algal particles." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 5 (June 1, 2015): 762–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.265.

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The effect of chemical coagulation and biological auto-flocculation relative to zeta potential was examined to compare flotation and sedimentation separation processes for algae harvesting. Experiments revealed that microalgae separation is related to auto-flocculation of Anabaena spp. and requires chemical coagulation for the whole period of microalgae cultivation. In addition, microalgae separation characteristics which are associated with surfactants demonstrated optimal microalgae cultivation time and separation efficiency of dissolved CO2 flotation (DCF) as an alternative to dissolved air flotation (DAF). Microalgae were significantly separated in response to anionic surfactant rather than cationic surfactant as a function of bubble size and zeta potential. DAF and DCF both showed slightly efficient flotation; however, application of anionic surfactant was required when using DCF.

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24

Sun, Feng, Fengyi Wang, Huanglin Jiang, Qinyun Huang, Chenhui Xu, Peng Yu, and Haibing Cong. "Analysis on the flocculation characteristics of algal organic matters." Journal of Environmental Management 302 (January 2022): 114094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114094.

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25

Dong, Changlong, Wei Chen, and Cheng Liu. "Flocculation of algal cells by amphoteric chitosan-based flocculant." Bioresource Technology 170 (October 2014): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.07.108.

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Fast, Sara Ann, and Veera Gnaneswar Gude. "Ultrasound-chitosan enhanced flocculation of low algal turbid waters." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 24 (April 2015): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2014.09.023.

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Huang, Yawen, Yong Pang, Guoxiang Wang, Ruiming Han, Jianjian Wang, Peng Zhang, and Lei Xu. "Using PAC-modified clays to control black-bloom-induced black suspended matter in Lake Taihu: deposition and resuspension of black matter/clay flocs." Water Supply 16, no. 1 (August 17, 2015): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.126.

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Flocculation using modified clays is a technique widely applied in the management of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) modified clay is an efficient flocculating agent in HAB control; however its effectiveness in black bloom management is still largely unknown. In the present study, PAC-modified clay was used to flocculate a black bloom under simulated flows. The deposition and resuspension of the black matter/clay flocs and the impact of the spreading of quartz sand to the flocs were quantitatively studied. The results showed that a dosage of 1.8 g/L PAC-modified clay (0.8 g/L PAC and 1 g/L diatomite) could reduce turbidity by more than 90% in 1 h. The resuspension of flocs could be generated by a threshold bed shear stress of 0.045 N/m2. The addition of quartz sand inhibited the resuspension of flocs. We suggest that quartz sand can be used to effectively inhibit floc resuspension caused by waves and flow currents as the subsequent treatment of black bloom flocculation in Lake Taihu.

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Banerjee, Chiranjib, Pratibha Gupta, Sumit Mishra, Gautam Sen, Pratyoosh Shukla, and Rajib Bandopadhyay. "Study of polyacrylamide grafted starch based algal flocculation towards applications in algal biomass harvesting." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 51, no. 4 (November 2012): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.06.011.

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Sakhon, Evgeniy G., Vladimir S. Mukhanov, and Antonina N. Khanaychenko. "Phytoplankton Exopolymers Enhance Adhesion of Microplastic Particles to Submersed Surfaces." Ecologica Montenegrina 23 (October 16, 2019): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2019.23.8.

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Intense pollution of marine environments with plastic waste, including micro- and nanoplastics, is a new and poorly studied threat measured in tens of million tonnes annually. Despite a huge scale of the problem, almost nothing is known about pathways and mechanisms of involvement of micro- and nanoplastics in marine food webs, trophic processes, global biogeochemical cycles. In this study, a hypothesis is considered and experimentally verified about the role exopolymers from marine phytoplankton play in flocculating micro- and nanoplastics and forming their aggregates in marine environments to transfer and deposit them further in bottom sediments. In experiments with non-axenic cultures of the cryptophyte Rhodomonas salina (RHO) and the green alga Tetraselmis suecica (TET) exposed to micro-polystyrene particles (MP, 4.3 μm diam., about 0.4 × 106 particles/ml, 16 mg/L), microalgal exudates were shown to promote MP flocculation and immobilization on vertical glass surfaces. The highest levels of MP were “cleared” from the medium by the TET culture which released more extracellular polysacharides. Hetero-aggregation of MP and algal cells was not observed, probably owing to turbulent mixing and cell motility. Abundant bacterial consortia relealed in the cultures (up to 9 × 106 cells ml-1) could be an additional source of exopolymers and serve an agent of MP flocculation and adhesion. Thus, the results obtained highlight the potential for phytoplankton exudates to interact with micro- and nanoplastics, and potentially affect their bioavailability and vertical transport in marine environments.

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Emami Moghaddam, Seyed Amirebrahim, Razif Harun, Mohd Noriznan Mokhtar, and Rabitah Zakaria. "Potential of Zeolite and Algae in Biomass Immobilization." BioMed Research International 2018 (December 12, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6563196.

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The interest in utilizing algae for wastewater treatment has been increased due to many advantages. Algae-wastewater treatment system offers a cost-efficient and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional treatment processes such as electrocoagulation and flocculation. In this biosystem, algae can assimilate nutrients in the wastewater for their growth and simultaneously capture the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis resulting in a decrease in the greenhouse gaseousness. Furthermore, the algal biomass obtained from the treatment process could be further converted to produce high value-added products. However, the recovery of free suspended algae from the treated effluent is one of the most important challenges during the treatment process as the current methods such as centrifugation and filtration are faced with the high cost. Immobilization of algae is a suitable approach to overcome the harvesting issue. However, there are some drawbacks with the common immobilization carriers such as alginate and polyacrylamide related to low stability and toxicity, respectively. Hence, it is necessary to apply a new carrier without the mentioned problems. One of the carriers that can be a suitable candidate for the immobilization is zeolite. To date, various types of zeolite have been used for the immobilization of cells of bacteria and yeast. If there is any possibility to apply them for the immobilization of algae, it needs to be considered in further studies. This article reviews cell immobilization technique, biomass immobilization onto zeolites, and algal immobilization with their applications. Furthermore, the potential application of zeolite as an ideal carrier for algal immobilization has been discussed.

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Xu, Kaiwei, Xiaotong Zou, Aidyn Mouradov, German Spangenberg, Wenjuan Chang, and Yanpeng Li. "Efficient Bioflocculation of Chlorella vulgaris with a Chitosan and Walnut Protein Extract." Biology 10, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10050352.

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Bioflocculation represents an attractive technology for harvesting microalgae with the potential additive effect of flocculants on the production of added-value chemicals. Chitosan, as a cationic polyelectrolyte, is widely used as a non-toxic, biodegradable bioflocculant for many algal species. The high cost of chitosan makes its large-scale application economically challenging, which triggered research on reducing its amount using co-flocculation with other components. In our study, chitosan alone at a concentration 10 mg/L showed up to an 89% flocculation efficiency for Chlorella vulgaris. Walnut protein extract (WPE) alone showed a modest level (up to 40%) of flocculation efficiency. The presence of WPE increased chitosan’s flocculation efficiency up to 98% at a reduced concentration of chitosan (6 mg/L). Assessment of co-flocculation efficiency at a broad region of pH showed the maximum harvesting efficiency at a neutral pH. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, floc size analysis, and microscopy suggested that the dual flocculation with chitosan and walnut protein is a result of the chemical interaction between the components that form a web-like structure, enhancing the bridging and sweeping ability of chitosan. Co-flocculation of chitosan with walnut protein extract, a low-value leftover from walnut oil production, represents an efficient and relatively cheap system for microalgal harvesting.

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Malik, Sana, Fahad Khan, Zahida Atta, Nida Habib, Muhammad Nabeel Haider, Ning Wang, Asraful Alam, et al. "Microalgal flocculation: Global research progress and prospects for algal biorefinery." Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry 67, no. 1 (January 2020): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bab.1828.

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Truong, Vinh. "Harvesting of Chlorella vulgaris grown in closed-photobioreactor with chitosan for use in food." Journal of Agriculture and Development 17, no. 04 (August 28, 2018): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52997/jad.13.04.2018.

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Chlorella vulgaris was cultured in chemostat mode and harvested on a semi-continuous basic with 50% of broth volume every two days, giving the highest biomass yield. The flocculation efficiency of microalgae using chitosan depended on dose use, quality of chitosan such as degree of deacetylation (DD) and solubility. The flocculation efficiency was 99% after 30 minute, and 95% after 10 minute for DD of 87% and 89.8%, respectively. Chlorella vulgaris grown in 500 liter-tubular photobioreactor using Basal medium was harvested semi-continuously by three washing times in 2% acetic acid following chitosan flocculation to obtain clean biomass with lower 2% chitosan content (w/w). Analysis of physicochemical composition of algal biomass showed no heavy metal, reaching microbiological criteria, containing outstanding natural nutrients such as protein, lipid, chlorophyll superior to some other food materials. These nutrients are the essential components for human body, suitable for functional food application.

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Mathur, Megha, Ankur Kumar, Thilini U. Ariyadasa, and Anushree Malik. "Yeast assisted algal flocculation for enhancing nutraceutical potential of Chlorella pyrenoidosa." Bioresource Technology 340 (November 2021): 125670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125670.

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Muradov, Nazim, Mohamed Taha, Ana F. Miranda, Digby Wrede, Krishna Kadali, Amit Gujar, Trevor Stevenson, Andrew S. Ball, and Aidyn Mouradov. "Fungal-assisted algal flocculation: application in wastewater treatment and biofuel production." Biotechnology for Biofuels 8, no. 1 (2015): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13068-015-0210-6.

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Phoochinda, W., D. A. White, and B. J. Briscoe. "An Algal Removal Using a Combination Of Flocculation and Flotation Processes." Environmental Technology 25, no. 12 (December 2004): 1385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593332508618466.

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Vandamme, Dries, Annelies Beuckels, Eric Vadelius, Orily Depraetere, Wim Noppe, Abhishek Dutta, Imogen Foubert, Lieve Laurens, and Koenraad Muylaert. "Inhibition of alkaline flocculation by algal organic matter for Chlorella vulgaris." Water Research 88 (January 2016): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.10.032.

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Bhattacharya, Arghya, Anushree Malik, and Hitendra K. Malik. "A mathematical model to describe the fungal assisted algal flocculation process." Bioresource Technology 244 (November 2017): 975–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.062.

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Griffiths, Gareth, Abul Kalam Hossain, Vikas Sharma, and Ganesh Duraisamy. "Key Targets for Improving Algal Biofuel Production." Clean Technologies 3, no. 4 (October 9, 2021): 711–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol3040043.

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A number of technological challenges need to be overcome if algae are to be utilized for commercial fuel production. Current economic assessment is largely based on laboratory scale up or commercial systems geared to the production of high value products, since no industrial scale plant exits that are dedicated to algal biofuel. For macroalgae (‘seaweeds’), the most promising processes are anaerobic digestion for biomethane production and fermentation for bioethanol, the latter with levels exceeding those from sugar cane. Currently, both processes could be enhanced by increasing the rate of degradation of the complex polysaccharide cell walls to generate fermentable sugars using specifically tailored hydrolytic enzymes. For microalgal biofuel production, open raceway ponds are more cost-effective than photobioreactors, with CO2 and harvesting/dewatering costs estimated to be ~50% and up to 15% of total costs, respectively. These costs need to be reduced by an order of magnitude if algal biodiesel is to compete with petroleum. Improved economics could be achieved by using a low-cost water supply supplemented with high glucose and nutrients from food grade industrial wastewater and using more efficient flocculation methods and CO2 from power plants. Solar radiation of not <3000 h·yr−1 favours production sites 30° north or south of the equator and should use marginal land with flat topography near oceans. Possible geographical sites are discussed. In terms of biomass conversion, advances in wet technologies such as hydrothermal liquefaction, anaerobic digestion, and transesterification for algal biodiesel are presented and how these can be integrated into a biorefinery are discussed.

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Kim, Mi-Sug, and Dong-Heui Kwak. "Evaluation of initial collision-attachment efficiency between carbon dioxide bubbles and algae particles for separation and harvesting." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 12 (April 3, 2014): 2482–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.171.

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Microalgae have been regarded as a pollutant causing algal blooms in lakes or reservoirs but have recently been considered as a useful source of biomass to produce biofuel or feed for livestock. For the algae particle separation process, carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the main greenhouse gases, is dissolved into a body of water rather than being emitted into atmosphere. This study aims at determining the feasibility of CO2 bubbles as an algae particle separation collector in a flotation process and providing useful information for effective algae harvesting by describing optimal operating conditions of dissolved carbon dioxide flotation or dissolved air flotation. The first step is to develop a flotation model for bi-functional activity, algae control and algae harvesting at the same time. A series of model simulations is run to investigate algae particle separation possibilities such as an initial collision-attachment efficiency that depends upon separation characteristics due to an algae life cycle, including: pH, size distribution, zeta potential, cell surface charge, density, electric double layer, alkalinity, and so on. Based on the separation characteristics, conditions required to form flocculation are predicted in order to obtain the optimal flotation efficiency.

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Tang, Yi, Hong Zhang, Xianan Liu, Dongqing Cai, Huiyun Feng, Chunguang Miao, Xiangqin Wang, Zhengyan Wu, and Zengliang Yu. "Flocculation of harmful algal blooms by modified attapulgite and its safety evaluation." Water Research 45, no. 9 (April 2011): 2855–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.003.

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Nabweteme, Reginah, Mi Yoo, Hyuk-Sung Kwon, Youn Joong Kim, Geelsu Hwang, Chang-Ha Lee, and Ik-Sung Ahn. "Application of the extended DLVO approach to mechanistically study the algal flocculation." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 30 (October 2015): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2015.05.035.

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de Godos, Ignacio, Héctor O. Guzman, Roberto Soto, Pedro A. García-Encina, Eloy Becares, Raúl Muñoz, and Virginia A. Vargas. "Coagulation/flocculation-based removal of algal–bacterial biomass from piggery wastewater treatment." Bioresource Technology 102, no. 2 (January 2011): 923–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.036.

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Tse, Sirius Pui-Kam, Ka-Fu Yung, Pak-Yeung Lo, Cheok-Kei Lam, Tsz-Wang Chu, Wing-Tak Wong, and Samuel Chun-Lap Lo. "Rapidly Deployable Algae Cleaning System for Applications in Freshwater Reservoirs and Water Bodies." Phycology 2, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/phycology2010004.

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Occurrence of large-scale harmful algal blooms (HABs) in our reservoirs and water bodies threaten both quality of our drinking water and economy of aquaculture immensely. Hence, rapid removal of HAB biomass during and after a bloom is crucial in protecting the quality of our drinking water and preserve our water resources. We reported here a rapidly deployable algae cleaning system based on a high-capacity high-throughput (HCHT) spiral blade continuous centrifuge connected with inlet and effluent water tanks and a series of feed-in and feed-out pumps as well as piping, all fitted into a standard 20 feet metal shipping container. The system separates algal biomass from algae-laden water with a maximum flow rate of 4000 L/h and a centrifugal force of 4500× g. Cells collected by the system are still intact due to the low centrifugal force used. We showed that after HCHT centrifugation, cellular contents of HAB biomass were not found in the effluent water, and hence, could be discharged directly back to the water body. Furthermore, the addition of flocculants and chemicals prior to the separation process is not required. The system could operate continuously with proper programmed procedures. Taken overall, this system offered a much better alternative than the traditional flocculation- and sonication-based methods of HAB removal in a freshwater environment. This deployable system is the first of its kind being built and had been field-tested successfully.

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Deepa, Ponnuvel, Kandhasamy Sowndhararajan, and Songmun Kim. "A Review of the Harvesting Techniques of Microalgae." Water 15, no. 17 (August 28, 2023): 3074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15173074.

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Algae are an important group of photosynthetic autotrophs and are commonly found in different types of water bodies, including paddy fields. The algal group possesses distinctive characteristics and ranges from prokaryotic cyanobacteria to eukaryotic algae. Within these, microalgae are unicellular microorganisms widely distributed in saltwater as well as freshwater environments. Microalgae species have been utilized in different fields, especially animal and human nutrition, medicine, bioremediation, and bio-fertilizers. Recently, numerous studies have reported the importance of microalgae in the production of biofuel. Further, microalgae have great carbon dioxide fixation efficiency during growth, so farmable land is not required for cultivating microalgae. Microalgae biomass production is a three-step process: cultivation, harvesting, and processing. Of these, the harvesting process is considered challenging due to its high cost, and it directly affects the processing step. In addition, several factors influence the harvesting process, including the size of microalgae cells (<30 µm), cultural conditions of microalgae, electronegative property of cell membrane, growth rate, etc. The harvesting of microalgae is an elaborate process that involves different chemical or mechanical approaches. A number of harvesting techniques have been utilized to recover algal biomass, such as membrane filtration, chemical and bio-flocculation, flotation centrifugation, sedimentation, and coagulation. In this context, this review aims to discuss various types of techniques used for harvesting microalgae. This review could be useful for selecting appropriate harvesting technology for enhancing the yield of microalgae biomass.

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Dewayanto, N., K. Adhi, N. A. K. Negara, B. R. Sadewo, A. F. Nisya, O. Prakoso, Hariyadi, U. Sigit, E. A. Suyono, and A. Budiman. "Study of low cost of microalgae chlorella sp. harvesting using cationic starch flocculation technique for biodiesel production." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1151, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1151/1/012042.

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Abstract The crisis of energy has become the main concern for human civilization. Microalgae is an attractive source of biomass for energy production because it has high productivity, does not compete with food, do not require a large area and its ability to absorb CO2. Chlorella sp. has the potential to be used as raw material for biodiesel due an oil content of 28-32% and easily developed in Indonesia. Harvesting is a very cost-determining step in converting algal biomass into biodiesel. Cationic starch has a strong potential as a flocculant agent because of its abundance and low price. This research aims to identify the potential of cation starch as a flocculant agent and obtain optimum the condition for harvesting Chlorella sp. Based on this study, cationic starch can be used as an alternative organic flocculant for Chlorella sp. The optimum dose and flocculation are 1 g/L dosage, 400 rpm flocculation speed and 15 minute flocculation time. With the optimum condition, harvesting efficiency on the laboratory scale is 98.23% and the pilot scale is 96.05%. This difference in harvesting efficiency values indicates that the efficiency tends to decrease with a larger volume of Chlorella sp.

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Song, Jun, Zhibin Xu, Yu Chen, and Jiaqing Guo. "Nanoparticles, an Emerging Control Method for Harmful Algal Blooms: Current Technologies, Challenges, and Perspectives." Nanomaterials 13, no. 16 (August 21, 2023): 2384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13162384.

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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a global concern because they harm aquatic ecosystems and pose a risk to human health. Various physical, chemical, and biological approaches have been explored to control HABs. However, these methods have limitations in terms of cost, environmental impact, and effectiveness, particularly for large water bodies. Recently, the use of nanoparticles has emerged as a promising strategy for controlling HABs. Briefly, nanoparticles can act as anti-algae agents via several mechanisms, including photocatalysis, flocculation, oxidation, adsorption, and nutrient recovery. Compared with traditional methods, nanoparticle-based approaches offer advantages in terms of environmental friendliness, effectiveness, and specificity. However, the challenges and risks associated with nanoparticles, such as their toxicity and ecological impact, must be considered. In this review, we summarize recent research progress concerning the use of nanoparticles to control HABs, compare the advantages and disadvantages of different types of nanoparticles, discuss the factors influencing their effectiveness and environmental impact, and suggest future directions for research and development in this field. Additionally, we explore the causes of algal blooms, their harmful effects, and various treatment methods, including restricting eutrophication, biological control, and disrupting living conditions. The potential of photocatalysis for generating reactive oxygen species and nutrient control methods using nanomaterials are also discussed in detail. Moreover, the application of flocculants/coagulants for algal removal is highlighted, along with the challenges and potential solutions associated with their use. This comprehensive overview aims to contribute to the development of efficient and sustainable strategies for controlling HAB control.

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Deka, Bhaskar Jyoti, Jiaxin Guo, Sanghyun Jeong, Manish Kumar, and Alicia Kyoungjin An. "Emerging investigator series: control of membrane fouling by dissolved algal organic matter using pre-oxidation with coagulation as seawater pretreatment." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 6, no. 4 (2020): 935–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ew00955h.

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High AOM removal achieved by pre-oxidation with coagulation–flocculation-dissolved air flotation. In situ ferrate was formed by wet chemical oxidation of NaOCl-Fe³⁺. Membrane fouling was significantly alleviated and assessed by OCT technique.

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Shi, Wenqing, Lei Bi, and Gang Pan. "Effect of algal flocculation on dissolved organic matters using cationic starch modified soils." Journal of Environmental Sciences 45 (July 2016): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2015.12.018.

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Bhattacharya, Arghya, Megha Mathur, Pushpendar Kumar, Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati, and Anushree Malik. "A rapid method for fungal assisted algal flocculation: Critical parameters & mechanism insights." Algal Research 21 (January 2017): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2016.10.022.

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