Bibliographies: 'Alien ferns'

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Dyer, Michael J. B., Gunnar Keppel, Marika Tuiwawa, Sainivalati Vido, and Hans Juergen Boehmer. "Invasive alien palm Pinanga coronata threatens native tree ferns in an oceanic island rainforest." Australian Journal of Botany 66, no. 8 (2018): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt18088.

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Invasive ornamental plants are a global problem that can have severe impacts on native biodiversity, especially on islands. To determine whether the invasive, ornamental ivory-cane palm Pinanga coronata could be displacing native biodiversity, we investigated its co-distribution with native tree ferns in a Fijian rainforest. We recorded the abundances of P. coronata and tree ferns and related these to environmental variables using linear models and generalised linear mixed-effect models (GLMMs). Distance to an introduction site was the most significant factor predicting the palm’s distribution and abundance, suggesting that its current distribution is limited by insufficient time for wider dispersal. P. coronata cover was strongly and negatively related with the abundance of native tree ferns and the palm may therefore be displacing native tree ferns. This relationship was strongest with tree fern seedlings and weakest with mature tree ferns, implying that the palm is preventing the establishment of native tree ferns. This study thus provides strong circumstantial evidence that P. coronata is progressively displacing native tree ferns by preventing seedling establishment and poses a severe threat to Fiji’s native biodiversity and ecological processes. Therefore, urgent management is required to control and prevent the further spread of P. coronata and its negative impacts on native plant biodiversity. Management should involve an initial feasibility study to determine the effectiveness of various management strategies, followed by targeted control and/or eradication campaigns and long-term monitoring. Ultimately, well implemented legislation to prevent the spread and introduction of P. coronata and other ornamental plants will be crucial to protect native biodiversity in Fiji and elsewhere.

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McCulloch-Jones, Emily J., Tineke Kraaij, Neil Crouch, and Katelyn T. Faulkner. "Assessing the invasion risk of traded alien ferns using species distribution models." NeoBiota 87 (September 11, 2023): 161–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.87.101104.

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Risk analysis plays a crucial role in regulating and managing alien and invasive species but can be time-consuming and costly. Alternatively, combining invasion and impact history with species distribution models offers a cost-effective and time-efficient approach to assess invasion risk and identify species for which a comprehensive risk analysis should take precedence. We conducted such an assessment for six traded alien fern species, determining their invasion risk in countries where they are traded. Four of the species (Dicksonia antarctica, Dryopteris erythrosora, Lygodium japonicum, and Phlebodium aureum) showed limited global distributions, while Adiantum raddianum and Sphaeropteris cooperi had broader distributions. A. raddianum, however, was the only species found to pose a high invasion risk in two known trade countries – the USA and Australia – and requires a complete risk analysis to determine the appropriate regulatory responses. Dicksonia antarctica, Phlebodium aureum (for New Zealand), and Dryopteris erythrosora (for the USA) posed a medium risk of invasion due to the lack of evidence of impacts, and a complete risk analysis is thus deemed less crucial for these species in these countries. For other species, suitable environments were not predicted in the countries where they are traded, thus the risk of invasion is low, and a complete risk analysis is not required. For species in countries where suitable environments are predicted but no trade information or presence data are available, risk assessments are recommended to better determine the risk posed. Despite the relatively limited potential global distribution of the studied ferns relative to other major plant invaders (e.g., Pinus spp. and Acacia spp.), their history of invasion, documented impacts in pristine environments, and high propagule pressure from trade warrants concern, possibly necessitating legislative and regulatory measures in environmentally suitable regions.

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McCulloch-Jones, Emily J., Tineke Kraaij, Neil Crouch, and Katelyn T. Faulkner. "Assessing the invasion risk of traded alien ferns using species distribution models." NeoBiota 87 (September 11, 2023): 161–89. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.87.101104.

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Risk analysis plays a crucial role in regulating and managing alien and invasive species but can be time-consuming and costly. Alternatively, combining invasion and impact history with species distribution models offers a cost-effective and time-efficient approach to assess invasion risk and identify species for which a comprehensive risk analysis should take precedence. We conducted such an assessment for six traded alien fern species, determining their invasion risk in countries where they are traded. Four of the species (Dicksonia antarctica, Dryopteris erythrosora, Lygodium japonicum, and Phlebodium aureum) showed limited global distributions, while Adiantum raddianum and Sphaeropteris cooperi had broader distributions. A. raddianum, however, was the only species found to pose a high invasion risk in two known trade countries – the USA and Australia – and requires a complete risk analysis to determine the appropriate regulatory responses. Dicksonia antarctica, Phlebodium aureum (for New Zealand), and Dryopteris erythrosora (for the USA) posed a medium risk of invasion due to the lack of evidence of impacts, and a complete risk analysis is thus deemed less crucial for these species in these countries. For other species, suitable environments were not predicted in the countries where they are traded, thus the risk of invasion is low, and a complete risk analysis is not required. For species in countries where suitable environments are predicted but no trade information or presence data are available, risk assessments are recommended to better determine the risk posed. Despite the relatively limited potential global distribution of the studied ferns relative to other major plant invaders (e.g., Pinus spp. and Acacia spp.), their history of invasion, documented impacts in pristine environments, and high propagule pressure from trade warrants concern, possibly necessitating legislative and regulatory measures in environmentally suitable regions.

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Uludag, Ahmet, Necmi Aksoy, Ayşe Yazlık, et al. "Alien flora of Turkey: checklist, taxonomic composition and ecological attributes." NeoBiota 35 (June 2, 2017): 61–85. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.35.12460.

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The paper provides an updated checklist of the alien flora of Turkey with information on its structure. The alien flora of Turkey comprises 340 taxa, among which there are 321 angiosperms, 17 gymnosperms and two ferns. Of the total number of taxa, 228 (68%) are naturalized and 112 (32%) are casual. There are 275 neophytes (172 naturalized and 103 casual) and 61 archaeophytes (52 naturalized and 9 casual); four species could not be classified with respect to the residence time. In addition, 47 frequently planted taxa with a potential to escape are also listed. The richest families are Asteraceae (38 taxa), Poaceae (30), Fabaceae (23) and Solanaceae (22). As for the naturalized alien plants, the highest species richness is found in Asteraceae (31 taxa), Poaceae (22), Amaranthaceae (18) and Solanaceae (15). The majority of alien taxa are perennial (63.8% of the total number of taxa with this life history assigned, including those with multiple life histories), annuals contribute 33.8% and 2.4% are biennial aliens. Among perennials the most common life forms are phanerophytes, of which 20.3% are trees and 12.6% shrubs; woody vines, stem succulents, and aquatic plants are comparatively less represented. Most of the 340 alien taxa introduced to Turkey have their native ranges in Americas (44.7%) and Asia (27.6%). Of other regions, 9.1% originated in Africa, 4.4% in Eurasia, 3.8% in Australia and Oceania and 3.5% in the Mediterranean. The majority of taxa (71.9%) were introduced intentionally, whereas the remaining (28.1%) were introduced accidentally. Among the taxa introduced intentionally, the vast majority are ornamental plants (55.2%), 10.0% taxa were introduced for forestry and 6.7% as crops. Casual alien plants are most commonly found in urban and ruderal habitats (40.1%) where naturalized taxa are also often recorded (27.3%). Plants that occur as agricultural weeds are typically naturalized rather than casual (16.0% vs 7.1%, respectively). However, (semi)natural habitats in Turkey are often invaded by alien taxa, especially by those that are able to naturalize.

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Jones, E. J., T. Kraaij, C. Guerbois, and D. Moodley. "An assessment of the invasion status of terrestrial alien ferns (Polypodiophyta) in South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 131 (July 2020): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.02.008.

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Latowski, Karol, Zbigniew Celka, Sergei L. Mosyakin, Myroslav V. Shevera, Antonina P. Ilyinska, and Iryna A. Tymchenko. "Professor Vira V. Protopopova: the 75 Anniversary." Biodiversity: Research and Conservation, no. 9-10 (December 30, 2008): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/biorc.2008.9-10.1.

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Professor Vira V. Protopopova celebrates her 75th anniversary. She is well known in Ukraine and far beyond as a famous Ukrainian botanist who made a great contribution to botanical science, especially to studies of plants invasions, alien species, taxonomy of orchids (Orchidaceae), composites (Asteraceae), ferns (Polypodiophyta) and fern allies (Lycopodiophyta and Equisetophyta) and many other families of plants. Professor V. Protopopova is also a recipient of the M. G. Kholodny Award of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Honorary Member of the Ukrainian Botanical Society and Head Researcher at the M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

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C. Hess, Steven, John J. Jeffrey, Linda W. Pratt, and Donna L. Ball. "Effects of Ungulate Management on Vegetation at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, Hawai?i Island." Pacific Conservation Biology 16, no. 2 (2010): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc100144.

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We compiled and analysed data from 1987?2004 on vegetation monitoring during feral ungulate management at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, a tropical montane rainforest on the island of Hawai?i. All areas in the study had previously been used by ungulates, but cattle (Bos taurus) were removed and feral pig (Sus scrofa) populations were reduced during the study period. We monitored six line-intercept transects, three in previously high ungulate use areas and three in previously low ungulate use areas. We measured nine cover categories with the line-intercept method: native ferns; native woody plants; bryophytes; lichens; alien grasses; alien herbs; litter; exposed soil; and coarse woody debris. Vegetation surveys were repeated four times over a 16-year period. Vegetation monitoring revealed a strong increase in native fern cover and slight decreases in cover of bryophytes and exposed soil. Mean cover of native plants was generally higher in locations that were formerly lightly grazed, while alien grass and herb cover was generally higher in areas that were heavily grazed, although these effects were not statistically significant. These responses may represent early seral processes in forest regeneration following the reduction of feral ungulate populations. In contrast to many other Hawaiian forests which have become invaded by alien grasses and herbs after ungulate removal, HFNWR has not experienced this effect.

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Jones, Emily J., Tineke Kraaij, Herve Fritz, and Desika Moodley. "A global assessment of terrestrial alien ferns (Polypodiophyta): species’ traits as drivers of naturalisation and invasion." Biological Invasions 21, no. 3 (2018): 861–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1866-1.

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9

Mokotjomela, Thabiso M., Sebataolo J. Rahlao, Loyd R. Vukeya, et al. "The Diversity of Alien Plant Species in South Africa’s National Botanical and Zoological Gardens." Diversity 15, no. 3 (2023): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15030407.

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The management of biological invasions, which pose a growing threat to natural resources and human well-being, is critical for reducing associated negative impacts. As part of the process of developing a strategy for the management of biological invasions in the South African National Biodiversity Institute’s (SANBI) gardens, we collated a list of alien plant species from 13 gardens as part of a situational analysis. We requested lists of alien plant species recorded in each of the SANBI’s gardens. A total of 380 records included 225 alien plant species belonging to 73 families. A significant number of species were intentionally introduced through horticultural trade as ornamentals (49%; n = 225), while 20.9% were consumed as either food or medicine by humans. Plant life forms included woody and herbaceous plants, graminoids, succulents and ferns. Herbaceous (42.7%; n = 225) and woody plants (3.8%) were the dominant life forms. The Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden had the highest number of alien species (88 species), followed by Kirstenbosch (61 species) and Pretoria (46 species) National Botanical Gardens, with herbaceous species constituting the largest number in all gardens (i.e., 47, 19, and 27 species, respectively). The number of species that we recorded that were listed in the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (NEM: BA) (Act No. 10 of 2004): Alien and Invasive Species Regulations’ categories were not notably different from the number of unlisted species (58.2% vs. 42.8%). The number of species listed in the different categories varied significantly across the different gardens, with a significantly higher number of unlisted species and of Category 1b species in the Walter Sisulu, Kirstenbosch and Pretoria National Botanical Gardens than in other gardens. That a significantly larger number of alien species originated from South America points to the need to improve biosecurity controls on existing relations. The results of this study provided a baseline database to help comparison between successive surveys in future.

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Schvetsov, Alexander N., and Sergei Yu Zolkin. "Monitoring of plant migration activity between open and protected ground." Вестник Пермского университета. Серия «Биология»=Bulletin of Perm University. Biology, no. 2 (2023): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1994-9952-2023-2-133-146.

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Monitoring of the migration activity of plants spontaneously dispersing between open and protected ground was organized with a certain frequency in greenhouse complexes of the N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MBG RAS, Moscow). The relevance of this study is the identification of species that, due to their adaptive capabilities, aggressive distribution and climate warming, may pose a potential danger as alien taxa. A total of 174 species from 123 genera of open-ground plants were identified around all greenhouses of the MBG RAS (within 15 meters), most of which are local and alien weeds. Only 32 species from 28 genera of open-ground plants were found on the greenhouse basement and even fewer were found in the protected ground - 24 species from 22 genera. Only 4 species of plants of protected ground were found on the outside basement of greenhouses, and 3 species belong to ferns. The only flowering plant Cymbalaria muralis, was repeatedly found both on the outer walls and in the cracks of greenhouses, and at a distance of up to 15 meters from the greenhouse buildings. In the open ground, this plant forms populations of up to several dozen specimens, blooms profusely and forms fruits with viable seeds that can successfully overwinter in deep recesses of walls, or under snow.

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