Academic literature on the topic 'Alimentary canal – Histology'

The alimentary canal ofNeodiprion abietislarvae is a straight tube divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut. Posterior to the mouth, the foregut is further divided into the pharynx, esophagus (crop), and proventriculus, all of which are lined with cuticle. A pair of muscular, chitin-lined pouches branch off the anterior foregut and lie lateral to the alimentary canal. Gastric caeca are located at the anterior end of the midgut, where the peritrophic membrane is formed and was observed throughout the midgut. A single layer of midgut columnar epithelial cells abuts on the basal lamina at one end with microvilli extending into the gut lumen at the other. Nidi of regenerative cells were observed between columnar epithelial cells at the basal lamina. Malpighian tubules are attached to the posterior end of the midgut. The hindgut consists of the pylorus, a muscular ileum connecting to a bulbous rectum, which then opens to the anus.

Comparative anatomy and histology of the digestive tracts of two sympatric species of freshwater fish, Aphanius dispar (Cyprinodontidae) and Garra barreimiae (Cyprinidae) are studied. Morphometric measurements of alimentary canal such as length and the number and height of rugae in sections have been made for both species. Relationships between these morphometric characters and the total length of fish have been evaluated. The ratio between the length of alimentary canal and total length of fish in both species reflects their feeding habits. Histology of the ‘stomach’ and ‘intestine’ of these two species as shown by light microscopy has been described and compared. Results of this study are used to discuss the query whether these species have true stomachs.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 1985.
The gross morphology and histology of the alimentary canal and the associated structures are described. The long tubular alimentary tract is divisible into different regions. The filter chamber and Malpighian tubules are absent. The peritrophic membrane is also absent. The rectum, or hindgut is extremely thin, expanded and transparent. The salivary gland complex consists of two sets of glands: the principal and accessory glands. The common salivary duct opens at the base of the maxillary stylets.

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About 10% of the termites’ species have been pointed as agent of some type of damage to the plants. Due to the diversity of food utilization of termites, the characteristics of the digestive tract of the workers and pseudo-workers can be used in systematics and filogenia of these insectes. A control methods of termites is the use of entomopathogenic fungi. Aspects regarding the immunologic response of termites triggered by pathogens invasions, however, remain scarce especially related to the immune reactions deflagrated by the hemocytes. Thus this research focused the following objectives: 1. to identify and to characterize the hemocytes morphology of Nasutitermes coxipoensis (Holmgren) worker´s cast; 2. to generate information about the immunologic reactions of hemocytes when challenged by Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin in N. coxipoensis workers and, 3. to describe the histology of workers digestive tractaiming to contribute with support information for systematics of termites. Analysis in light and electronics microscopy of the hemocytes typified the presence of the following cells: Plamatocytes (PL), Granulocytes (GR), Spherulocytes (ES), Prohemocytes (PR), Adipohemocytes (AD) and, Eonocytoids (OE). Among the concentrations from 1x10? to 1x107 conidia/mL of M. anisopliae, the highest concentration 107 conidia/mL was the most efficient with LT50 of 1.62 days. Under this concentration verified greatest frequency of Plamatocytes and Granulocytes in the hemolymph collected during the intervals of from 24 to 72h after application. The hemocitarydynamics during the intervals of 24h, 48h, and 72h after application exhibited significant reduction in Plamatocytes and increasing in Granulocytes. Despite of variation on cell counting was not notified any morphological alterations in the cells. The use of termites spraying as treatment method with 1x107 conidia/mL, in laboratory, triggered the defense mechanisms of N. coxipoensis. The histology of the digestive tract of the workers, in general, exhibited similar characteristics to those observed in other species of termites. Exceptions, however, were identified in the morphology of the epithelial cells regarding the types, number and displaying of these cells in the region of stomodeum as well as the existence of the peritrophic membrane in the region of midgut. Thus these characteristics can be used as criteria for the differentiation among the species of termites of the genus Nasutitermes.
Cerca de 10% das espécies de cupins têm sido apontadas como agente de algum tipo de dano às plantas. Devido ao hábito alimentar variado desses insetos, as características do tubo digestivo dos operários e pseudo-operários são normalmente utilizadas em sistemática e filogenia. Uma alternativa para o controle desses insetos é a utilização de fungos entomopatogênicos. No entanto, os aspectos ligados às reações imunológicas dos insetos promovidas pelas interações com esses patógenos, permanecem ainda bastante escassos, principalmente ao que tange as reações imunes deflagrada pelos hemócitos. Assim a presente pesquisa teve os seguintes objetivos: 1. identificar e caracterizar a morfologia e ultra-estrutura dos hemócitos de operários do cupim Nasutitermes coxipoensis (Holmgren); 2. ampliar as informações sobre as reações imunológicas dos hemócitos quando desafiados imunológicamente por Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin. e 3.descrever a histologia do canal alimentar, visando contribuir com informações que possam ser utilizadas na sistemática desse inseto. A análise em microscopia de luz e eletrônica dos hemócitos revelou os seguintes tipos celulares: Plasmatócitos (PL), Granulócitos (GR), Esferulócitos (ES), Prohemócitos (PR), Adipohemócitos (AD) e Oenocitóides (OE). Entre as concentrações de 1x103a 1x107 conídios/mL de M. anisopliae, a concentração mais elevada de 1x107 conídios/mL foi a mais eficiente com TL50 de 1,62 dias. Verificou-se que as células mais freqüentes na hemolinfa foram osPlasmatócitos e os Granulócitos para os tratamentos nos diferentes intervalos de tempo. Analisando a dinâmica hemocitária nos intervalos de 24h, 48h, e 72h, notou-se que os Plasmatócitos reduziram significativamente, enquanto que os Granulócitos aumentaram, após 72h da inoculação. Os Prohemócitos não diferiram estatisticamente nos intervalos de tempos, bem como entre os tratamentos. Durante a contagem diferencial não foram evidenciadas alterações na morfologia dessas células. Assim, a utilização do método de inoculação por pulverização na concentração de 1x107 conídios/mL, em laboratório, mostrou-se eficiente contra os mecanismos de defesa de N. coxipoensis. As características histológicas do canal alimentar dos operários, de modo geral, foram semelhantes as observadas em várias espécies de cupins, porém foram evidenciadas diferenças na morfologia das células epiteliais e tipos de dobras na região do estomodeu, na disposição e númerodos ninhos, bem como a presença da membrana peritrófica na região do mesêntero. Assim essas características podem ser utilizadas como critérios para a diferenciação entre as espécies de cupins do gênero Nasutitermes.