Journal articles: 'Aliphatic compounds – Toxicology'

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Coggins, Christopher R. E., Ann M. Jerome, Jeffery S. Edmiston, and Michael J. Oldham. "A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: aliphatic carbonyl compounds." Inhalation Toxicology 23, sup1 (June 2011): 102–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08958378.2010.545842.

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Luo, Yu-Syuan, Kyle C. Ferguson, Ivan Rusyn, and Weihsueh A. Chiu. "In Vitro Bioavailability of the Hydrocarbon Fractions of Dimethyl Sulfoxide Extracts of Petroleum Substances." Toxicological Sciences 174, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfaa007.

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Abstract Determining the in vitro bioavailable concentration is a critical, yet unmet need to refine in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation for unknown or variable composition, complex reaction product or biological material (UVCB) substances. UVCBs such as petroleum substances are commonly subjected to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) extraction in order to retrieve the bioactive polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) portion for in vitro testing. In addition to DMSO extraction, protein binding in cell culture media and dilution can all influence in vitro bioavailable concentrations of aliphatic and aromatic compounds in petroleum substances. However, these in vitro factors have not been fully characterized. In this study, we aimed to fill in these data gaps by characterizing the effects of these processes using both a defined mixture of analytical standards containing aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as 4 refined petroleum products as prototypical examples of UVCBs. Each substance was extracted with DMSO, and the protein binding in cell culture media was measured by using solid-phase microextraction. Semiquantitative analysis for aliphatic and aromatic compounds was achieved via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Our results showed that DMSO selectively extracted PACs from test substances, and that chemical profiles of PACs across molecular classes remained consistent after extraction. With respect to protein binding, chemical profiles were retained at a lower dilution (higher concentration), but a greater dilution factor (ie, lower concentration) resulted in higher protein binding in cell medium, which in turn altered the ultimate chemical profile of bioavailable PACs. Overall, this case study demonstrates that extraction procedures, protein binding in cell culture media, and dilution factors prior to in vitro testing can all contribute to determining the final bioavailable concentrations of bioactive constituents of UVCBs in vitro. Thus, in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation for UVCBs may require greater attention to the concentration-dependent and compound-specific differences in recovery and bioavailability.

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Coggins, Christopher R. E., Kimberly Frost-Pineda, Donna C. Smith, and Michael J. Oldham. "A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: aromatic and aliphatic alcohol compounds." Inhalation Toxicology 23, sup1 (June 2011): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08958378.2010.551552.

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Abarca-Vargas, Rodolfo, and Vera L. Petricevich. "Bougainvillea Genus: A Review on Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (June 24, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9070927.

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This review discusses the current knowledge of the phytochemistry and in vitro and in vivo evaluations carried out using the extracts and, where appropriate, the main active components isolated from the genus Bougainvillea. Out of 18 species, most phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological studies focused on four species with different cultivars and one hybrid. Some plants are used for the treatment of various health disorders. Numerous phytochemical investigations of plants in this genus confirm the presence of aliphatic hydrocarbons, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, volatile compounds, phenolic compounds, peltogynoids, flavonoids, phytosterols, terpenes, carbohydrates, and betalains. Various studies have confirmed that these extracts or active substances that were isolated from the genus Bougainvillea have multiple pharmacological activities. Some species of Bougainvillea have emerged as sources of traditional medicine in human health. More studies of the phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties and their mechanisms of action, safety, and efficacy in all Bougainvillea species, cultivars, and hybrids are advisable for future research.

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Kotowska, Urszula, and Valery Isidorov. "Partition coefficients of ketones, phenols, aliphatic and aromatic acids, and esters in n-hexane/nitromethane." Open Chemistry 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 813–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-011-0060-4.

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AbstractLiquid-liquid partition is used in sample preparation and in countercurrent and liquid-liquid chromatographic separations. Partition coefficients are widely used in toxicology, environmental, and analytical chemistry. The K hn determination procedure for the n-hexane/nitromethane system was optimized and partition coefficients for 99 ketones, esters and trimethylsilyl derivatives of phenols, aliphatic and aromatic acids were determined. For 130 compounds, K hn values were predicted using mathematical relationships between K hn and other physicochemical and structural parameters.

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Janssen, Dick B., Jan R. van der Ploeg, and Frens Pries. "Genetic Adaptation of Bacteria to Halogenated Aliphatic Compounds." Environmental Health Perspectives 103 (June 1995): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3432474.

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Janssen, D. B., J. R. van der Ploeg, and F. Pries. "Genetic adaptation of bacteria to halogenated aliphatic compounds." Environmental Health Perspectives 103, suppl 5 (June 1995): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103s429.

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McKee, Richard H., and Russell White. "The Mammalian Toxicological Hazards of Petroleum-Derived Substances." International Journal of Toxicology 33, no. 1_suppl (December 18, 2013): 4S—16S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581813514024.

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Petroleum-derived substances are complex and composed of aliphatic (normal-, iso-, and cycloparaffins), olefinic, and/or aromatic constituents. Approximately 400 of these complex substances were evaluated as part of the US Environmental Protection Agency voluntary High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge program. The substances were separated into 13 groups (categories), and all available data were assessed. Toxicology testing was conducted as necessary to fully address the end points encompassed by the HPV initiative. In a broad sense, volatile hydrocarbons may cause acute central nervous system effects, and those that are liquids at room temperature pose aspiration hazards if taken into the lungs as liquids and may also cause skin irritation. Higher boiling substances may contain polycyclic aromatic constituents (PACs) that can be mutagenic and carcinogenic and may also cause developmental effects. Substances containing PACs can also cause target organ and developmental effects. The effects of aliphatic constituents include liver enlargement and/or renal effects in male rats via an α-2u-globulin-mediated process and, in some cases, small but statistically significant reductions in hematological parameters. Crude oils may contain other constituents, particularly sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds, which are removed during refining. Aside from these more generic considerations, some specific petroleum substances may contain unusually toxic constituents including benzene, 1,3-butadiene, and/or n-hexane, which should also be taken into account if present at toxicologically relevant levels.

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Hu, Qing-yuan, and Can Wang. "Interaction of gaseous aromatic and aliphatic compounds in thermophilic biofilters." Journal of Hazardous Materials 300 (December 2015): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.07.005.

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Rorije, Emiel, Lennart Eriksson, Hans Verboom, Henk J. M. Verhaar, Joop L. M. Hermens, and Willie J. G. M. Peijnenburg. "Predicting reductive transformation rates of halogenated aliphatic compounds using different QSAR approaches." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 4, no. 1 (March 1997): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02986265.

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Liang, Li-Nuo, and Dunja Grbić-Galić. "Biotransformation of chlorinated aliphatic solvents in the presence of aromatic compounds under methanogenic conditions." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12, no. 8 (August 1993): 1377–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620120807.

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Lukevics, Edmunds, Edgars Abele, Pavel Arsenyan, Ramona Abele, Kira Rubina, Irina Shestakova, Ilona Domracheva, and Violetta Vologdina. "Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of Silicon Containing Pyridine and Quinoline Sulfides." Metal-Based Drugs 9, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2002): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/mbd.2002.45.

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Silicon containing pyridine and quinoline sulfides have been prepared using phase transfer catalytic system thiol/alkyl halide / solid KOH/18-crown-6 / toluene. The target S-ethers were isolated in yields up to 81%. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds was studied. Among pyridine sulfides S-[3-(1-methyl- 1-silacyclohexyl)propyl] derivatives 5e and 6e exhibit the highest cytotoxicity. Aliphatic silicon derivatives were considerably less active. 8-[(Trimethylsilylmethyl)thio]quinoline (8a) exhibits the highest activity among quinoline sulfides.

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Clifford Conaway, C., Nalband S. Hussain, Barbara M. Way, and Emerich S. Fiala. "Evaluation of secondary nitroalkanes, their nitronates, primary nitroalkanes, nitrocarbinols, and other aliphatic nitro compounds in the Ames Salmonella assay." Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology 261, no. 3 (November 1991): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(91)90068-w.

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Ye, Ke, Hong-Lian Ai, and Ji-Kai Liu. "Identification and Bioactivities of Secondary Metabolites Derived from Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Ethnomedicinal Plants of Tujia in Hubei Province: A Review." Natural Products and Bioprospecting 11, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 185–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13659-020-00295-5.

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AbstractTujia is a national minority, inhabiting in the mountainous Wuling area in China. Since 1978, Tujia medicine has been studied, summarized and developed, leading to numerous achievements by Chinese researchers, such as the publishing of approximately 30 monographs of Tujia medicine. These publications are focused on summarizing and improving the theory of Tujia medicine and developing clinical therapies from this system of medicine. The shortage of natural medicinal plants used in Tujia medicine has created the need to discover new resources to replace them and protect endangered natural plant species. Endophytic fungi are one of the conservation options, are considered a source of new bioactive natural products, and are a renewable and inexhaustible source of new drugs and agrochemicals. This review summarizes 260 compounds from endophytic fungi that have been previously isolated from the medicinal plants of Tujia. These compounds include steroids, terpenoids, meroterpenoids, polyketides, alkaloids, peptides, aliphatic compounds, aromatic compounds, and heterocyclic compounds. Graphic Abstract

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Zeliger, Harold I., Yaqin Pan, and William J. Rea. "Predicting co-morbidities in chemically sensitive individuals from exhaled breath analysis." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2012): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10102-012-0020-7.

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ABSTRACT The exhaled breath of more than four hundred patients who presented at the Environmental Health Center - Dallas with chemical sensitivity conditions were analyzed for the relative abundance of their breath chemical composition by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds. All presenting patients had no fewer than four and as many as eight co-morbid conditions. Surprisingly, almost all the exhaled breath analyses showed the presence of a preponderance of lipophilic aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The hydrophilic compounds present were almost entirely of natural origin, i.e. expected metabolites of foods. The lipophile, primarily C3 to C16 hydrocarbons and believed to have come from inhalation of polluted air, were, in all cases, present at concentrations far below those known to be toxic to humans, but caused sensitivity and signs of chemical overload. The co-morbid health effects observed are believed to be caused by the sequential absorption of lipophilic and hydrophilic chemicals; an initial absorption and retention of lipophile followed by a subsequent absorption of hydrophilic species facilitated by the retained lipophile to produce chemical mixtures that are toxic at very low levels. It is hypothesized that co-morbid conditions in chemically sensitive individuals can be predicted from analysis of their exhaled breath.

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Ghezzi, Daniele, Maria Filippini, Martina Cappelletti, Andrea Firrincieli, Davide Zannoni, Alessandro Gargini, and Stefano Fedi. "Molecular characterization of microbial communities in a peat-rich aquifer system contaminated with chlorinated aliphatic compounds." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 18 (January 12, 2021): 23017–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12236-3.

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Kang, Jae Soon, Yil-Sung Moon, Si Hyeock Lee, and Il-Kwon Park. "Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S-transferase of the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) by aliphatic compounds." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 105, no. 3 (March 2013): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2013.02.001.

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He, Jia, Ling Fu, Yu Wang, Jin J. Li, Xiao H. Wang, Li M. Su, Lian X. Sheng, and Yuan H. Zhao. "Investigation on baseline toxicity to rats based on aliphatic compounds and comparison with toxicity to fish: Effect of exposure routes on toxicity." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 70, no. 1 (October 2014): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.06.019.

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Mujahid B Khan and Bharat Rathi. "Tinospora Cordifolia-An immunomodulatory drug in Ayurveda for prevention and treatment of Covid-19." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL1 (December 21, 2020): 1695–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.4194.

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‘COVID-19’ is a highly infectious disease caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 and it becomes a global pandemic in a very short period. Currently, there is a lack of precise management or vaccine available to counteract this disease which mainly attacks the immune system of a body. To manage COVID-19 existing disease-modifying and anti-virals agents and are being repurposed. Many research types are conducted in the development of particular immunomodulators, anti-virals agent or vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. In Ayurveda concept of epidemic condition (Janapadodhwanasa) is explained and various measures mentioned for prevention and treatment against such conditions including Rasayan dravyas (immunomodulator drugs). Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers is one of an immune-modulator drug in Ayurveda which known to possess properties like antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti- antiallergic, antiviral hyperglycaemic etc. This herb chiefly contains compounds like glycosides, alkaloids, steroids, diterpenoid lactones, sesquiterpenoid, aliphatic compound. Scientific researches on this drug may provide a new approach as well as insight for prevention, management and development of new therapeutic entity to treat COVID-19. The current review focus on researches conducted on properties of Tinospora cordifolia in the view of possible application in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.

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Jerković, Igor, Ana-Marija Cikoš, Sanja Babić, Lara Čižmek, Krunoslav Bojanić, Krunoslav Aladić, Nikolay V. Ul’yanovskii, et al. "Bioprospecting of Less-Polar Constituents from Endemic Brown Macroalga Fucus virsoides J. Agardh from the Adriatic Sea and Targeted Antioxidant Effects In Vitro and In Vivo (Zebrafish Model)." Marine Drugs 19, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19050235.

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The endemic brown macroalga Fucus virsoides J. Agardh from the Adriatic Sea was in the focus of the present research. The volatiles of fresh (FrFv) and air-dried (DrFv) samples of F. virsoides obtained by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and hydrodistillation (HD) were analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector and mass spectrometry (GC-FID/MS). The major HS-FrFv compound was pentadecane (61.90–71.55%) followed by pentadec-1-ene (11.00–7.98%). In HS-DrFv, pentadec-1-ene was not present, and few lower aliphatic compounds appeared, as well as benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol. In HD-FrFv, particularly abundant were alkenes (such as pentadec-1-ene (19.32%), or (E)-pentadec-7-ene (8.35%)). In HD-DrFv, more oxidation products were present (e.g., carbonyl compounds such as tridecanal (18.51%)). The fatty acids profile of freeze-dried sample (FdFv) after conversion to methyl esters was determined by GC-FID, and oleic acid was dominant (42.28%), followed by arachidonic acid (15.00%). High-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (HPLC-ESI-HRMS) was used for the screening of less polar fractions (F3 and F4) of F. virsoides. Mono- and diglycerides of stearic, palmitic, oleic, and arachidonic acids were found. Terpenoids and steroids comprised the compounds C20H30(32)O2 and C29H48O(2). Among carotenoids, fucoxanthin was identified. Chlorophyll derivatives were also found (C55H74(72)N4O(5-7)), dominated by pheophytin a. The antioxidant activity of the fractions was investigated by in vitro assays (oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), reduction of radical cation (ABTS•+), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)) and by in vivo zebrafish model (along with fish embryotoxicity). In vitro experiments proved good radical scavenging abilities of F3 and F4 fractions, which were additionally supported by the protective effect against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in zebrafish embryos.

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Spencer, Peter S. "Neuroprotein Targets of γ-Diketone Metabolites of Aliphatic and Aromatic Solvents That Induce Central–Peripheral Axonopathy." Toxicologic Pathology 48, no. 3 (March 12, 2020): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623320910960.

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Peripheral neuropathy associated with chronic occupational and deliberate overexposure to neurotoxic organic solvents results from axonal degeneration in the central and peripheral nervous system. Human and experimental studies show that axonopathy is triggered by the action of neuroprotein-reactive γ-diketone metabolites formed from exposure to certain aliphatic solvents ( n-hexane, 2-hexanone) and aromatic compounds (1,2-diethylbenzene, 1,2-4-triethylbenzene, 6-acetyl-1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-7-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetralin). Neuroprotein susceptibility is related primarily to their differential content of lysine, the ∊-amino group of which is targeted by γ-diketones. Specific neuroprotein targets have been identified, and the sequence of molecular mechanisms leading to axonal pathology has been illuminated. While occupational n-hexane neuropathy continues to be reported, lessons learned from its experimental study may have relevance to other causes of peripheral neuropathy, including those associated with aging and diabetes mellitus.

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Mejdoub, Kenza, Imane R. Mami, Rania Belabbes, Mohammed El A. Dib, Nassim DJabou, Boufeldja Tabti, Nassira G. Benyelles, Jean Costa, and Alain Muselli. "Chemical Variability of Atractylis gummifera Essential Oils at Three Developmental Stages and Investigation of Their Antioxidant, Antifungal and Insecticidal Activities." Current Bioactive Compounds 16, no. 4 (June 19, 2020): 489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573407215666190126152112.

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Background: Atractylis gummifera is a cosmopolitan species that is particularly abundant in the Mediterranean regions. It has been used to treat many diseases, including intestinal parasites, ulcers, snakebite poisoning, hydrops and drowsiness. As part of our research program on natural compounds with biological activities, the objective of this study was to determine for the first time the chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils of Atractylis gummifera during beginning of the vegetative cycle (March), beginning of the flowering stage (April) and full bloom (May/June). Methods: The essential oils were obtained by means of hydrodistillation and its components were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The antioxidant properties were evaluated using two different methods i) Radical scavenging activity (DPPH) and ii) β-carotene bleaching assay. Whereas, the antifungal activity of the essential oils was investigated against five plant fungi. The fumigation toxicity of essential oils was evaluated against adults of Bactrocera oleae better known as the olive fly. Results: The essential oil produced from the plant taken at the beginning of the vegetative cycle (March) had a high level of non-terpenic aliphatic compounds. On the other hand, the essential oil obtained during the period from the beginning of the flowering stage (April) showed that its proportion of non-terpene compounds decreased and that of sesquiterpene compounds increased. Finally, the essential oils obtained during the period from full bloom (May/June) consisted mainly of acetylene compounds such as carlina oxide and 13-methoxy carlina oxide. The results showed that essential oils from plants at full bloom presented interesting antioxidant and antifungal properties, while essential oil produced from plants at the beginning of the vegetative cycle (Mars) and at the beginning of the flowering stage (April) had better insecticidal activity. Conclusion: The data presented here constitutes new findings in the field of the chemical characterization and biological potential of A. gummifera.

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Anvarov, Adyl, Adelaida Pelaez Angel, Beatriz Felices Rando, and Jimena Lazaro Gil. "Remediation of groundwater contamination from an old, non-functional landfill in Hořkovec open cast mine, Czech Republic." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 68, no. 8 (November 28, 2019): 829–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2019.198.

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Abstract The main aim of this work was to assess different suitable strategies for the remediation of groundwater contaminated with the leachate from an old, not functional landfill located next to Hořkovec open cast mine, in the Czech Republic. The leachate consisted of mainly chlorinated aliphatic compounds and aromatic volatile compounds. The site, that had already been treated, was observed to show rebounding effects after the first remediation treatment. This article analyses the possibilities of using different types of remediation technologies that include in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) with different oxidants (potassium permanganate, sodium permanganate and sodium persulfate), as well as in-situ bioremediation (ISB), and the combination of both types of treatment. From the results of the analysis it was concluded that the best option for this case was to carry out a pre-treatment of the area by ISCO with sodium persulfate as the oxidant agent and then a further biological treatment.

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Sudha Rameshwari K, Muthu Muneeswari M, Gloria Jemmi Christobel R, Mallika R, Renuka R, and Salini R. "Synthesis And Evaluation Of Herbal Formulation Using Natural Extract." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (July 9, 2020): 3450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2487.

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Our study is intended to prepare and evaluate the polyherbal formulation (PHF) using Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Piper nigrum, and lemon juice. Poly Herbal Formulation F1 and F2 were synthesised and subjected to qualitative, quantitative phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity was measured using a standard protocol. Antimicrobial activity of PHFs was observed by the agar well diffusion method. The anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities (In-vitro) were studied in F1 by using inhibition of albumin denaturation method. TLC and FTIR are done for the structural elucidation in F1. The F1 and F2 exhibited the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, carbohydrates, saponins, Glycosides and proteins. The F1 and F2 show significant activity against the standard in the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The presence of flavonoids and alkaloids may contribute to the anti-microbial activity. The Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity and a metal chelating assay of the F1 possess the highest antioxidant activity of 73.1% and 69% respectively. TLC confirms the presence of flavonoids in F1. FTIR spectrum shows the functional group of amines, alcohols, nitrites, aromatic and aliphatic compounds. These FTIR bands denote stretching and vibrational bands responsible for the compounds like flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols and amino acids. This investigation shows the excellent result in antimicrobial, antioxidant and in-vitro anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities. In future, the PHF of F1 can be used as potent therapeutical agents and can be further exploited for their other beneficial effect in the pharmacological studies.

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Bhat, Akash P., and Parag R. Gogate. "Degradation of nitrogen-containing hazardous compounds using advanced oxidation processes: A review on aliphatic and aromatic amines, dyes, and pesticides." Journal of Hazardous Materials 403 (February 2021): 123657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123657.

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Sýkora, David, Jindřich Jindřich, Vladimír Král, Milan Jakubek, Ameneh Tatar, Zdeněk Kejík, Pavel Martásek, and Sergey Zakharov. "Formaldehyde Reacts with Amino Acids and Peptides with a Potential Role in Acute Methanol Intoxication." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 8 (April 28, 2020): 880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaa039.

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Abstract Methanol, an aliphatic alcohol widely used in the industry, causes acute and chronic intoxications associated with severe long-term health damage, including permanent visual impairment, brain damage, mainly necrosis of the basal ganglia and high mortality due to cancer. However, the role of formaldehyde, an intermediate metabolite of methanol oxidation, in methanol toxicity remains unclear. Thus, we studied the reactivity of several amino acids and peptides in the presence of formaldehyde by identifying products by direct infusion electrospray high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization MS. Cysteine, homocysteine and two peptides, CG and CGAG, provided cyclic products with a +12 amu mass shift with respect to the original compounds. The proposed structures of the products were confirmed by high-resolution tandem MS. Moreover, the formation of the products with +12 amu mass shift was also shown for two biologically relevant peptides, fragments of ipilimumab, which is a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4. Overall, our experimental results indicate that formaldehyde reacts with some amino acids and peptides, yielding covalently modified structures. Such chemical modifications may induce undesirable changes in the properties and function of vital biomolecules (e.g., hormones, enzymes) and consequently pathogenesis.

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Taranenko, Natalia A., N. M. Meshchakova, and O. M. Zhurba. "HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF THE AIR IN THE WORKING AREA OF THE CHEMICAL PLANTS OF BUTYL ALCOHOLS AND METHYL-TRET-BUTYL ETHER." Hygiene and sanitation 97, no. 9 (September 15, 2018): 835–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-9-835-839.

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There was made a hygienic assessment of the air environment of chemical production in Eastern Siberia for the production of commercial butyl alcohol of ISO - and normal structure and methyl-tret-butyl ether (MTBE). The company uses continuous processing cycles with a high degree of automation and mechanization of labor-intensive operations. A retrospective study of the air of the working area of these industries over the 13-year period found no exceedances in MAC of harmful substances (butyl alcohols, MTBE, and oil aldehyde, methanol, aliphatic hydrocarbons C1-C10, carbon monoxide, cobalt tetracarbonyl hydride), there was a noticeable downward trend over the observation period, which is associated with the introduction in the target industries of technical and sanitary-hygienic measures, optimization of working conditions. The studies carried out at the present time indicate a continuing effect on low-intensity chemical compounds operating in the said complex, which corresponds to the permissible level of the occupational risk.

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Legal, Luc, Bruno Moulin, and Jean Marc Jallon. "The Relation between Structures and Toxicity of Oxygenated Aliphatic Compounds Homologous to the Insecticide Octanoic Acid and the Chemotaxis of Two Species of Drosophila." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 65, no. 2 (October 1999): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pest.1999.2430.

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Thamarai Selvi V T, Ezhilarasan D, and Brundha M P. "Impact of Liver Disease On Oral Health." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (November 24, 2020): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.3886.

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The liver is the second-largest organ in the human body, which has the ability to regenerate after an injury or any inflammation. The liver diseases can be classified as an acute or chronic and infectious or non-infectious origin. Almost all the liver diseases produce oral manifestations like petechiae, Excessive bleeding in the cause of any minor trauma, inflammation. Oral Manifestation like gingival bleeding, glossitis, sialadenitis, hyposalivation are most commonly associated and perioral rashes, more prone to dental caries, Candidiasis are associated rarely with liver cirrhosis. Dry mouth, Sjogren syndrome both are commonly associated with all liver disease, hyposalivation leads to changes in the oral mucosa like alteration in taste, burning sensation in the tongue, bad breath etc., There are changes seen in oral mucosa, Candidiasis, fissured tongue, aphthous ulcers, bald tongue and halitosis due to compounds like Aliphatic acid, hydrogen sulfide, produced as a result of liver damage and they have a characteristic mousy odour. The common oral manifestations that are associated with Hepatocellular carcinoma include increased incidence of dental caries, loss of the tooth, Gingival bleeding, increased bone loss, chronic periodontitis, oral thrush, Candidiasis and oral lichen planus. Liver diseases have many implications in a dental setting and should carefully take a brief medical history. This study will provide better knowledge in understanding the association between liver disease and oral hygiene, Effective treatment planning in a dental setting also for liver diseased patients. Dental practitioners should know the oral manifestations commonly associated with liver diseases so that treatment can be accordingly made. With this background, the present study aims to review the impact of liver disease on oral health and its management in a dental setting.

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Kharchevnikova, Nina V., Z. I. Zholdakova, V. I. Zhurko, D. Yu Fedortsova, and V. G. Blinova. "ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE CAPACITY OF CHEMICALS TO THE CUMULATION AND THE STRUCTURE OF THEIR MOLECULES." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 10 (March 27, 2019): 970–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-10-970-975.

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The relationships between the capacity of chemicals to cumulate a toxic effect (functional cumulation) and the structure of their molecules were investigated. In the process of substantiation of safe levels (MAC) of substances in water this capacity is characterized by the cumulation hazard class (later in the text - hazard class). This class is stated to be depend on the value of the relationship between the mean lethal dose of the acute experiment and the threshold dose of the chronic experiment. The experimental study of a huge amount of new chemicals in the chronic experiments is a very difficult task, thus the study of the possibility to predict the hazard class of a chemical is of great scientific and practical interest. By using a logical combinatorial method JSM, named in honor of an English logic J.S. Mill, the structural groups in molecules, determining the appurtenance of these chemicals to a hazard class were identified and the possibility of the prediction of the hazard class of a chemical belonging to a definite structural array, containing such structural group were investigated. The training dataset (583 compounds) was automatically derived from the database WATERTOX, containing the data on acute and chronic toxicity for about 2000 substances. The results suggest the JSM method to be limitedly applicable for the determination of a hazard class of an untested chemical using this heterogeneous training dataset because we were unable to unambiguously derive the list of chemicals belonging to the class of moderately hazard substances. The chemical in some cases was predicted to belong to one or other of the neighboring classes. However taking in mind this uncertainty, the accuracy of the method evaluated, when using the “leave-one-out” method was 78%. Nevertheless the JSM method enables us to find structural subgroups “responsible” for the functional cumulation. The relation of the hazard class of a chemical belonging to a definite structural class with its structure and the possibility of the prediction of an untested chemical hazard class are demonstrated. The prognosis of the hazard classes for chemicals belonging to several structural sets including the anthraquinone derivatives, phthalimides, perfluorated aliphatic compounds, chlorosubstituted phenols, phenylureas is performed.

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Anand, Sathanandam S., Jerry L. Campbell, and Jeffrey W. Fisher. "In Vitro Rat Hepatic Metabolism of n-Alkanes: Nonane, Decane, and Tetradecane." International Journal of Toxicology 26, no. 4 (July 2007): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810701490075.

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Jet propellant 8 (JP-8) jet fuel is a complex mixture of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. The aim of this study was to determine in vitro metabolic rate constants for semivolatile n-alkanes, nonane (C9), decane (C10), and tetradecane (C14), by rat liver microsomal oxidation. The metabolism was assessed by measuring the disappearance of parent compound by gas chromatography. Various concentrations of n-alkanes were incubated with liver microsomes from adult male F-344 rats. Nonlinear kinetic constants for nonane and decane were Vmax (nmol/mg protein/min) = 7.26 ± 0.20 and 2.80 ± 0.35, respectively, and KM ( μM) = 294.83 ± 68.67 and 398.70 ± 42.70, respectively. Metabolic capacity as assessed by intrinsic clearance ( Vmax/ KM) was ~four-fold higher for nonane (0.03 ± 0.005) than for decane (0.007 ± 0.001). There was no appreciable metabolism of tetradecane even with higher microsomal protein concentration and longer incubation time. These results show a negative correlation between metabolic clearance and chain length of n-alkanes. These metabolic rate constants will be used to update existing physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for nonane and decane as part of developing a PBPK model for JP-8.

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Sugawara, Kenji, Hiroshi Watarai, Yuji Ise, Hisayoshi Yokose, Yasuhiro Morii, Nobuhiro Yamawaki, Shigeru Okada, and Shigeki Matsunaga. "Structure Elucidation of Calyxoside B, a Bipolar Sphingolipid from a Marine Sponge Cladocroce sp. through the Use of Beckmann Rearrangement." Marine Drugs 19, no. 6 (May 21, 2021): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19060287.

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Marine sponges are an excellent source of biologically active secondary metabolites. We focus on deep-sea sponges for our discovery study. A marine sponge Cladocroce sp. exhibited cytotoxic activity in the bioactivity screening. From this sponge a previously unreported cytotoxic glycosphingolipid, calyxoside B, was isolated and the structure of this compound was elucidated by analyses of MS and NMR spectra and chemical derivatization. We converted the ketone in the middle of a long aliphatic chain into an oxime to which was applied Beckmann rearrangement to afford two positional isomers of amides. The products were subjected to acidic hydrolysis followed by LC-MS analysis, permitting us to assign unequivocally the position of the ketone. Calyxoside B shows cytotoxicity against HeLa cells with an IC50 value of 31 µM and also weakly stimulated the production of cytokines in mice.

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"8 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Butyl Myristate." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 9, no. 2 (March 1990): 247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915819009078736.

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Butyl Myristate is the ester of butyl alcohol and myristic acid. It is a colorless, oily liquid which is used in cosmetic formulations at concentrations up to 50%. Aliphatic esters such as Butyl Myristate may be readily hydrolyxed in vivo to the corresponding alcohol and acid which are then further metabolized. The LD, of Butyl Myristate was greater than 8 g/kg in rats. In animal tests, undiluted Butyl Myristate was moderately irritating but was not a skin sensitizer. No evidence of eye irritation was noted. Additional information on related compounds, including human test data results on myristyl myristate and isopropyl myristate, is included in the text. On the basis of the available data presented in this report on Butyl Myristate, as well as other related myristate compounds, it is concluded that Butyl Myristate is safe for cosmetic formulation use.

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Liu, Di, Jingwei Zhang, Chi Zhang, and Xiaoyan Kou. "One-pot synthesis of β-amino carbonyl compounds catalyzed silica supported phenylphosphinic acid." Green Processing and Synthesis 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2014-0077.

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AbstractA simple and facile synthesis of β-amino carbonyl compounds was developed by the one-pot condensation of cyclohexanone, aromatic aldehydes and anilines at 25°C in the presence of silica supported phenylphosphinic acid. β-Amino carbonyl compounds were obtained in moderate to good yields and reasonable diastereoselectivities. This method has the advantages of short reaction time, mild reaction conditions, reusable catalyst, cost efficiency and environment friendly. In addition, acetophenone and aliphatic ketones as reactants were investigated.

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"6 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Aminomethylpropanol and Aminomethylpropanediol." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 9, no. 2 (March 1990): 203–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915819009078734.

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AMP and AMPD are substituted aliphatic alcohols. AMP is used in cosmetic products at concentrations up to 10%, AMPD is used at concentrations up to 5%. AMP and AMPD when buffered, and orally administered, are practically nontoxic to rats and mice. In primary irritation studies, AMP and formulations containing AMP were, at most, minimally irritating to abraded and nonabraded rabbit skin. Cosmetic formulations containing AMPD were only minimally irritating to rabbit skin. AMP was not an intradermal sensitizer in guinea pigs. Cosmetic formulations containing AMPD and/or AMP were minimal to moderate ocular irritants. AMP and AMPD were nonmutagenic, both with and without metabolic activation, in Salmonella typhimurium strains. In clinical studies, AMP was neither a primary dermal irritant nor a contact sensitizer. AMPD was neither a primary irritant, fatiguing agent, nor sensitizer when tested in humans. AMP and AMPD are highly alkaline in pure form, they are buffered in cosmetic formulations, and, therefore, the adverse reactions seen with the undiluted chemical would not be expected with the cosmetic product. The highest level of both AMP and AMPD for which test data were available was 1.0%, therefore the safe use of these two compounds should be limited to this test value. Neither ingredient should be used in cosmetic products containing nitrosating agents.

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"Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Lauramine Oxide and Stearamine Oxide." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 13, no. 3 (June 1994): 231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915819409141001.

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Lauramine Oxide and Stearamine Oxide are aliphatic tertiary amine oxides that are used mostly in hair care products as foam builders and stabilizers, viscosity enhancers, emollients, conditioners, emulsifiers, antistatic agents, and wetting agents. Both compounds are susceptible to nitrosation and can form nitrosamines in the presence of nitrosating agents. In rats, up to 40% of Lauramine Oxide applied to the skin was absorbed. In two human volunteers, 92% of the dose applied to the skin was recovered from the skin. The oral LD50 in rats for a formulation containing 0.3% Lauramine Oxide was estimated to be >20 g/kg. At a concentration of 30%, Lauramine Oxide produced severe dermal reactions in rabbits, but at 0.3% only slight to moderate erythema with slight edema, Assuring, and slight to moderate epithelial desquamation were found. Stearamine Oxide applied to rabbit skin at 5% did not cause irritation. Both ingredients caused mild, transient ocular irritation in rabbits. Clinical data showed dermal exposure to 3.7% Lauramine Oxide to be a mild irritant, with a slight potential for mild cumulative skin irritation at concentrations as low as 2%. At 0.3%, Lauramine Oxide was not a sensitizer in clinical studies. Lauramine Oxide was nonmutagenic in the Ames assay, but was mutagenic after nitrosation. Lauramine Oxide at 0.1% in drinking water was not carcinogenic in rats, but at 0.1% with 0.2% sodium nitrate did increase the incidence of liver neoplasms. Based on this animal data, neither ingredient should contain N-ni-troso compounds nor be used in formulations containing nitrosating agents. On the basis of the available animal and clinical data, it is concluded that Lauramine Oxide and Stearamine Oxide are safe as cosmetic ingredients for rinse-off products, but that the concentration in Lauramine Oxide leave-on products should be limited to 3.7% and that of Stearamine Oxide limited to 5%.

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Ritoré, Emilio, Bruno Coquelet, Carmen Arnaiz, José Morillo, and José Usero. "Guidelines for surfactant selection to treat petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils." Environmental Science and Pollution Research, September 3, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15876-1.

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AbstractThe present study determined the most effective surfactants to remediate gasoline and diesel-contaminated soil integrating information from soil texture and soil organic matter. Different ranges for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons (> C6–C8, > C8–C10, > C10–C12, > C12–C16, > C16–C21, and > C21–C35) in gasoline and diesel fuel were analyzed. This type of analysis has been investigated infrequently. Three types of soils (silty clay, silt loam, and loamy sand) and four surfactants (non-ionic: Brij 35 and Tween 80; anionic: SDBS and SDS) were used. The results indicated that the largest hydrocarbon desorption was 56% for silty clay soil (SDS), 59% for silt loam soil (SDBS), and 69% for loamy sand soil (SDS). Soils with large amounts of small particles showed the worst desorption efficiencies. Anionic surfactants removed more hydrocarbons than non-ionic surfactants. It was notable that preferential desorption on different hydrocarbon ranges was observed since aliphatic hydrocarbons and large ranges were the most recalcitrant compounds of gasoline and diesel fuel components. Unlike soil texture, natural organic matter concentration caused minor changes in the hydrocarbon removal rates. Based on these results, this study might be useful as a tool to select the most cost-effective surfactant knowing the soil texture and the size and chemical structure of the hydrocarbons present in a contaminated site.

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Peñalver, Rosa, Matthew R. Jacobs, Susan Hegarty, and Fiona Regan. "Assessment of anthropogenic pollution by monitoring occurrence and distribution of chemicals in the river Liffey in Dublin." Environmental Science and Pollution Research, May 25, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14508-y.

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AbstractThis paper evaluates for the first time the spatial distribution of a wide group of organic (phthalates, nitro, aliphatic, halogen, aromatic, phenol and amino compounds) and inorganic pollutants along the Liffey river in Dublin city. The work takes into account the effect of short-term weather conditions on the occurrence of these contaminants. The results showed that rainfall conditions affect the levels of pollutants along the river in the days following a rainfall event. In addition, the tributaries entering the river Liffey were not found to impact its water quality. In relation to organic pollutants, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2-nitrophenol and phthalate compounds were found in many water samples between concentrations of 0.21 and 2.17 μg L−1. On the other hand, dimethyl phthalate was present in certain samples at levels around 100 μg L−1. The levels of these contaminants in the river were lower than the toxicity values reported in the literature. Regarding inorganic pollutants, nitrates were detected from 0.59 to 6.81 mg L−1 increasing from upstream to downstream. Based on the chemical nature and applications of detected pollutants, the river contamination can be mainly related to agricultural, industrial activities as well as diffuse urban contributions. These vary with location within a short distance and have the potential to impact aquatic biodiversity as the chemical composition changes with rainfall events.

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Cencič Kodba, Zdenka, and Darinka Brodnjak Vončina. "Validation of an improved European standard method for the determination of PCBs in oil samples." Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica 9, no. 3 (September 2, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/nbc.1133.

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Two European standard methods (EN 12766 and EN 61619) are currently used for the determination of PCBs in specific oil matrix. However, apolar matrix compounds (e.g. hydrocarbons) elute from the adsorbent together with the PCBs and are injected into the analytical system where their presence contaminates the inlet, detectors and columns; and decreases system performances. Insufficient cleanup causes delay of elution of PCBs from GC columns. By using new sulfoxide-bonded silica, PCBs are better separated from aliphatic hydrocarbons because the specificity of the stationary phase for these compounds is much higher that that used in both standard methods. A gas chromatograph AT6890 with two capillary columns of different polarities (HP-5MS and DB-1701) coupled to two μECDs is used. Oven temperature program is as followed: 90°C (1 min), 70°C/min to 180°C, 5°C/min to 230°C (0.1 min), 1.5°C/min to 280°C. Run time is 46 min. The procedure was validated through regular analysis of blanks, fortified samples (transformer oil, motor used and unused oil) and certified materials (BCR-449 and BCR-420, waste mineral oils, high and low PCB levels). Two internal standards were used (PCB 30 and PCB 209). An average recovery ± RSD of 82.8 ± 5.4 % was achieved for all six PCBs in different matrices. The LOQ per single PCB congener is 0.2 mg kg-1. The average recovery ± RSD for the BCR-420 is 92.0 ± 4.6 % and for the BCR-449 is 105 ± 2.5 % for all certified PCBs in waste oils.

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Burns, Jarrett M. "Hydrocarbons." DeckerMed Emergency Medicine, September 1, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/em.4339.

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Hydrocarbons (HCs) are organic compounds that contain primarily hydrogen and carbon atoms. Although most HC exposures occur in occupational settings dealing with various solvents, they can be found in products in every household. Therefore, the risk of exposure in everyday life is high. This review discusses the toxicokinetics, pathophysiology, common clinical presentation, and management of HCs. The three major classes of HCs (aliphatic, aromatic, and halogenated) are closely examined. An in-depth look is taken at commonly encountered HCs with unique toxicologic characteristics. The principles of toxicity, immediate stabilization, diagnosis, definitive management, disposition, and outcomes of these specific HCs are defined. Tables describe HCs commonly found in the household, toxic metabolites and viscosities of common HCs, and target organs of the toxic effects of common alihepatic, halogenated, and aromatic HCs both early and late after exposure. Figures show the structure of the various HCs described in the review. This review contains 13 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 116 references.

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"Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Chloroacetamide." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 10, no. 1 (January 1991): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915819109078620.

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Chloroacetamide is a chlorinated aliphatic amide used as a preservative in U.S. cosmetic formulations at concentrations of less than or equal to 1.0%. The antimicrobial spectrum for certain test microorganisms required concentrations up to 0.3% for minimal inhibition and 0.5% for a minimal germicidal effect. The acute oral LD50 for this compound was 155 mg/kg for mice,70 to 138 mg/kg for rats, 31 mg/kg for dogs, and 122 mg/kg for rabbits. Chloroacetamide was neither an ocular nor a skin irritant when tested at 5.0% in the rabbit. No sensitization was reported in three separate studies using guinea pigs at test concentrations of 0.07%, 0.21%, and 1.0%. In a 13-week subacute oral study in rats, Chloroacetamide at concentrations of 12.5 and 50 mg/kg produced testicular atrophy but no other observable external effects. In a 90-day oral toxicity study in rats, Chloroacetamide at concentrations of 500 mg/kg produced an increase in leukocytes. In a teratogenic study, Chloroacetamide was toxic at a dose of 50 mg/kg but did not produce teratomas in the surviving young rats. Chloroacetamide was nonmutagenic in the Ames assay, both with and without activation, in a micronucleus study, and in dominant lethal assays. In predictive RIPT sensitization studies, Chloroacetamide was a human sensitizer at concentrations of 0.5% and 1.25%. A third RIPT study on 150 subjects confirmed the sensitization results at 0.5%. Based on the data included in this report and the reconfirmation that Chloroacetamide is a potential human sensitizer at use concentrations, it is concluded that Chloroacetamide is unsafe for use as a cosmetic ingredient.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Aliphatic compounds – Toxicology'

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