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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Aliphatic hydrocarbons'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 26 January 2023

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1

Stoecker, Matthew A. "Biodegradation of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons by Rhodococcus spp. /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11495.

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2

Brewster, Ryan Jude Stephen. "Cometabolic Modeling of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons using SEAM3D Cometabolism Package." Master's thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37103.

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Bioremediation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon (CAH) compounds commonly found at contaminated sites has been an area of focus in recent years. The cometabolic transformation of CAH compounds is important at sites where the redox condition does not favor natural attenuation or populations of indigenous microorganisms are relatively low. At sites where the ground-water system is aerobic, monitored natural attenuation strategies will not meet remediation objectives, or both, enhanced bioremediation via cometabolism is an option. Models are needed to simulate cometabolism in an effort to improve performance and design. The SEAM3D Cometabolism Package was designed to address this need. The objective of this report is to model field data to determine the ability of SEAM3D to simulate the performance of cometabolism. A ground-water flow and transport model was designed based on reported parameters used in the field experiments at Moffett Field. Electron donor and acceptor breakthrough curves were also simulated in an effort to calibrate the model. Several data sets describing the cometabolism of CAHs were used in the cometabolism modeling for calibration to field data. The cometabolism modeling showed areas of best fit calibration with modification to the model parameters reported for the pilot tests at Moffett Field. The overall performance of the SEAM3D Cometabolism Package described in this report establishes validation of the model using field experiment results from the literature. Additional model validation is recommended for other contaminants.
Master of Science
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3

Jung, Bahng Mi. "Reductive dechlorination of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons by Fe(ii) in degradative solidification/stabilization." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4975.

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This dissertation examines the applicability of the iron-based degradative solidification/stabilization (DS/S-Fe(II)) to various chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) that are common chemicals of concern at contaminated sites. The research focuses on the transformation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-ethane (1,1,2,2-TetCA) and 1,2-dichloroehtane (1,2-DCA) by Fe(II) in cement slurries. It also investigates the degradation of 1,1,1-TCA by a mixture of Fe(II), cement and three iron-bearing phyllosilicates. Transformation of 1,1,1-TCA and 1,1,2,2-TetCA by Fe(II) in 10% cement slurries was characterized using batch reactors. Dechlorination kinetics of 1,1,1-TCA and TCE* (TCE that was produced by transformation of 1,1,2,2-TetCA) was strongly dependent on Fe(II) dose, pH and initial target organic concentration. Degradation of target organics in DS/S-Fe(II) process was generally described by a pseudo-first-order rate law. However, saturation relationships between the rate constants and Fe(II) dose or between the initial degradation rates and target organic concentration were observed. These behaviors were properly described by a modified Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model. This supports the working hypothesis of this research that reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethanes occurs on the surface of active solids formed in mixtures of Fe(II) and cement. Transformation products for 1,1,1-TCA and 1,1,2,2-TetCA in mixtures of Fe(II) and cement were identified. The major product of the degradation of 1,1,1-TCA was 1,1-DCA, which indicates that the reaction followed a hydrogenolysis pathway. However, a small amount of ethane was also observed. TCE* was rapidly produced by degradation of 1,1,2,2-TetCA and is expected to undergo β-elimination to produce acetylene. Dechlorination of 1,1,1-TCA in suspension of Fe(II), cement and three soil minerals (biotite, vermiculite, montmorillonite) was characterized using batch reactors. A first-order rate model was generally used to describe the dechlorination kinetics of 1,1,1-TCA in this heterogeneous system. The rate constants for 1,1,1-TCA in mixtures of Fe(II), cement and soil minerals were influenced by soil mineral types, Fe(II) dose and the mass ratio of cement to soil mineral. It was demonstrated that structural Fe(II) and surface-bound Fe(II) in the soil minerals affect dechlorination kinetics and the effects vary with mineral types. Furthermore, it suggests that the reductant formed from Fe(II) and cement hydration components is also effective in systems that include soil minerals.
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4

Brillis, Aristidis. "Catalytic cracking of C8 aliphatic hydrocarbons over ultrastable Y zeolite and its deactivation." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272152.

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5

Smith, Madelyn M. "Cometabolic Degradation of Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons by Aerobic Microorganisms Naturally Associated with Wetland Plant Roots." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1341854406.

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6

Kharlamov, A. I., M. E. Bondarenko, G. A. Kharlamova, and V. V. Fomenko. "Fulleranes and quasi-fulleranes as products of fullerenization of molecules of aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/42500.

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Fullerenization as process of thermal (750-1000°С) of transformation of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons molecules in molecules of quasi-fulleranes (CnHn-6–CnHn-2 (n=20–54)) and fulleranes (in particular, the equiatomic composition C60H60) was performed for the first time. Main feature of fullerenization process is, that its products are formed in all volume of reactionary space, but are located (are deposited and are condensed) in it a low-temperature zone. Extracted from pyrolytic soot the products of benzene and nhexane fullerenization contain the condensed molecules containing up to 4.8 and 5.1 % of hydrogen accordingly, which allocation at thermolysis is began with 50ºС and proceeds up to 750ºС. Products of benzene and n-hexane fullerenization can be perspective for hydrogen storage.
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7

Qin, Ke. "Cometabolic biodegradation of halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons by ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms naturally associated with wetland plant roots." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1421094249.

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8

Becker, Jonathan [Verfasser]. "Synthetic and kinetic investigations on selective oxidation of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons with copper complexes / Jonathan Becker." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1073119173/34.

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9

Lai, Chun Kit. "Laboratory and full-scale studies of a permeable reactive barrier on the dechlorination of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202004%20LAI.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 203-227). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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10

Machado, Ana Catarina do Carmo Correia Rodrigues. "Implementação de um método para a determinação de hidrocarbonetos alifáticos saturados em óleo de girassol por cromatografia gasosa." Master's thesis, ISA/UTL, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4127.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
Mineral oil is a by-product derived from petroleum distillation, applicable in the areas of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food, used as food additive when in the proper grade of purity for this propose. However, it can also be considered a contaminant, especially important in sunflower oil, due to the episode of the 100.000 tons of highly contaminated Ukrainian sunflower oil. This experimental work aims at implementing a method for the determination of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons in sunflower oil by capillary gas chromatography with on column injection and FID detector. For such purpose parameters like linearity, working range, thresholds, precision, accuracy and robustness of the method were evaluated. The results show that the method is linear in the range between 15 and 60 mg.kg-1, with a repeatability limit of 6,11 mg.kg-1 and a variability of results obtained by this method of 0,48 mg.kg-1. The method allows to detect and quantify the analyte from 21 mg.kg-1 and 24 mg.kg-1, respectively. Considering the results obtained in recovery tests and Z-score of 0,5 and 0,04 obtained in inter-laboratory tests, the method is accurate. The robustness of this method is also verified, although it is sensible to the way the integration is performed
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11

Magoha, Happy Steven. "Destruction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) and aliphatic hydrocarbons in soil using ball milling thesis submitted in (partial) fulfilment of the Master of Applied Science, Auckland University of Technology, May 2004." Full thesis. Abstract, 2004. http://puka2.aut.ac.nz/ait/theses/MagohaH.pdf.

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12

Acker, Marc van. "Application of chlorine stable isotope analysis of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons to environmental monitoring and development of new analytical method." Thesis, University of Reading, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445748.

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13

Calderer, Perich Montserrat. "Study of Denitrification and Reductive Dechlorination Processes Applied to Groundwater Bioremediation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6996.

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La present tesi es basa en l'estudi dels processos de bioremediació com a tecnologies de descontaminació d'aqüífers.
Concretament, es pretén estudiar la desnitrificació i la decloració reductiva com a tecnologies de bioremediació per eliminar, respectivament, els nitrats i els hidrocarburs alifàtics clorats (o CAHs, de chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons) de les aigües subterrànies contaminades. A més, es pretén aplicar tecnologies avançades que permetin millorar en el coneixement d'aquests processos.
L'aqüífer associat a la riera d'Argentona, situat a Argentona (Espanya), ha estat la zona d'estudi per tal d'investigar el procés de desnitrificació. En primer lloc, s'han dut a terme experiments en batch amb aigua subterrània i sòl subsuperficial del mencionat aqüífer. A partir d'aquests primers estudis, s'ha observat la baixa capacitat de l'aqüífer per eliminar els nitrats de manera natural, però alhora s'ha vist la viabilitat d'aplicar un procés de bioremediació com és l'addició de matèria orgànica. Paral·lelament, s'ha estudiat la influència de diferents factors com ara la presència d'oxigen i la tipologia de donador d'electrons sobre el procés de desnitrificació.
Posteriorment, s'ha desenvolupat un model matemàtic per descriure el consum d'oxigen, de nitrats i de matèria orgànica per part de la població microbiana facultativa i heterotròfica present en el material d'aqüífer. Alguns paràmetres del model han estat calibrats i s'ha estudiat la qualitat d'aquests paràmetres. El model desenvolupat constitueix una primera aproximació per tal d'obtenir un model de desnitrificació in situ.
Per tal d'avançar en l'estudi del procés de desnitrificació en condicions naturals, s'han realitzat experiments en dinàmic simulant el flux d'aigua subterrània a través de l'aqüífer. L'eficiència d'injectar matèria orgànica en aquestes condicions s'ha demostrat.
Paral·lelament, s'han estudiat els efectes hidrodinàmics de l'aplicació de la bioremediació i, els resultats han demostrat la importància de dissenyar acuradament les tecnologies de bioremediació a escala de camp. Per altra banda, s'ha descrit la desnitrificació en condicions dinàmiques integrant en un model matemàtic les reaccions bioquímiques i els processos de transport que tenen lloc a la columna experimental.
Finalment, s'han aplicat les noves tecnologies de biologia molecular per entendre els efectes de l'aplicació d'un procés de bioremediació a nivell microbià. Per una banda, l'aplicació de la tècnica de la reacció en cadena de la polimerasa a temps real (o real-time PCR, de real-time polymerase chain reaction) ha demostrat el creixement de la població microbiana i, concretament, de la població desnitrificant en el material d'aqüífer estimulat. Per altra banda, l'electroforesi en gel de gradient desnaturalitzant (o DGGE, de denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) ha permès investigar els canvis en la població microbiana indígena del material d'aqüífer a causa de l'estimulació amb matèria orgànica.
Amb l'objectiu d'avançar en el coneixement dels processos de bioremediació en aigües subterrànies, s'ha estudiat també la decloració reductiva de CAHs. En aquest cas, s'han aplicat metodologies experimentals destinades a l'estudi de la posible aplicació d'una barrera reactiva permeable per eliminar una ploma que conté majoritàriament cis-1,2-dicloroetilè i clorur de vinil, i que flueix cap al riu Zenne, prop de la ciutat de Brussel·les (Bèlgica).
L'estudi ha inclòs experiments en batch per tal d'investigar el potencial degradatiu del material d'aqüífer i dels propis sediments del riu Zenne. Així mateix, també s'han dut a terme experiments en columna que simulaven el flux d'aigua subterrània a través dels sediments del riu o del material d'aqüífer. Els resultats han demostrat el gran potencial degradatiu dels sediments, que a la llarga es podrien potenciar com a biobarrera natural del sistema per tal de prevenir que les aigües contaminades arribin a l'aigua superficial del riu Zenne.
This thesis is based on the study of bioremediation processes as reliable technologies to remove contaminants from groundwater.
Specifically, it is aimed to study denitrification and reductive dechlorination as bioremediation technologies to remove nitrates and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs), respectively, from polluted groundwater. In addition, it is aimed to apply advanced technologies which allow improving on the knowledge of these processes.
The aquifer associated to the Stream Argentona, located in Argentona, Catalunya (Spain), was selected as study site to investigate the denitrification process. In the first part, microcosm experiments containing groundwater and subsoil from the aquifer were performed. From these first studies it was observed the low capacity of the aquifer to eliminate nitrates under natural conditions, but, at the same time, it was noted the feasibility of applying a bioremediation process such as the addition of organic matter. In addition, the influence of different factors such as the presence of oxygen and the type of electron donor on the denitrification process was studied.
Afterwards, a mathematical model was developed to explain the microbiological processes that occur when stimulating the aquifer material with an organic carbon source. The model could successfully explain the consumption of oxygen, nitrates and organic matter by the indigenous facultative heterotrophic microbial population from aquifer. Some parameters of the model were calibrated from experimental data and the quality of these parameters was investigated. The developed model constitutes a first approach in order to have reliable models for in situ denitrification.
In order to advance in the study of the denitrification process in natural conditions, dynamic experiments were carried out simulating the groundwater flow through the aquifer. The efficiency of injecting organic matter under these conditions was demonstrated. At the same time, hydrodynamic effects of the process were observed, indicating the importance to design properly bioremediation technologies before its application in field-scale. Furthermore, an integrated model coupling the biochemical reactions and the transport processes inside the column was developed and applied to describe denitrification under dynamic conditions.
Finally, molecular microbiological techniques were applied to investigate microbial changes due to the application of enhanced denitrification. On the one hand, real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) assays revealed the growth of microbial population, specially of denitrifying bacteria in aquifer material stimulated with an organic carbon source. On the other hand, the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method allowed to investigate changes in the indigenous microbial community due to the amendment with organic matter.
In order to advance in the knowledge of bioremediation processes in groundwater, reductive dechlorination of CAHs in groundwater was studied. In this case, experiments at laboratory scale were applied, aimed to study the possible application of a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) to eliminate a CAH-contaminated plume, containing basically cis-1,2-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride, which flows to the River Zenne near Brussels, Belgium.
The study included batch experiments in order to investigate the degradation potential in aquifer and sediments of the River Zenne, as well as column experiments which simulated the groundwater flow through the sediments of the river or the aquifer material. The results demonstrated the high degradation potential of the sediments, which in the long term could be enhanced to act as a natural biobarrier of the system in order to prevent groundwater contaminants from arriving at the surface water of the River Zenne.
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14

Ganesan, Aravind. "Development of a modern catalytic system for the production of C3+ aliphatic alcohols by the Fischer-Tropsch method." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-259958.

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This thesis deals with converting a mixture of H2 and CO, also referred to as syngas or producer gas, to higher or mixed alcohols and other fuels through a process called Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (FTS). It is a beneficial pathway that minimizes the dependence on oil and similar fossil fuels which contribute to rapid climate change by releasing harmful greenhouse gases. The syngas used in FTS, is generally obtained through gasification of biomass to make the entire process renewable and to make the resulting fuel carbon neutral. The products are pure due to prior cleaning of syngas mixture to remove oxides of nitrogen, sulphur and other particulate matter, before the process, thereby drastically reducing the net exhaust gas emissions. The major objective of this project is to design a novel catalyst system and subject it to a series of experimentation for testing its selectivity towards alcohols. This is because the present catalytic systems are either very expensive to assemble or confer to a low yield. Two cobalt (Co) based catalysts, one without a promoter and the other which is promoted by zirconium (Zr), are prepared. The activity and selectivity of Co catalysts are finally compared with the existing Swedish Biofuels AB’s Iron (Fe) based catalyst promoted by copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr) along with characterization of the optimum reaction parameters like temperature, pressure, GHSV and syngas ratio for FTS. Aqueous incipient impregnation approach was adopted wherein the Co active metal and Zr promoter (only in second catalyst) are introduced step-wise on a ϒ-alumina support to synthesize the catalyst after which it is heat treated through drying, calcination and reduction to obtain the active Co metal catalyst. A high temperature FTS, was employed for the yield of alcohols and other gasoline derivatives according to literature. Finally, the liquid and gaseous products are analyzed through GC or GC/MS analysis techniques. The unpromoted Co catalyst’s activity is regarded as a failure due to satisfactory results. There were a few problems associated with the catalyst alone like poor mechanical stability that could be attributed to the use of an incorrect binder. Other problems included methanation due to haphazard temperature variations and inefficient catalyst reduction. For the promoted Co catalyst, the yield of alcohols and hydrocarbons was significantly higher than the unpromoted Co catalyst. A temperature of 300 °C, a GHSV of 360 h-1 , a pressure of 10 bar and a H2:CO ratio of 1.3:1 were the optimal background conditions for FTS. Higher temperature caused methanation and reduced the chain growth probability factor, α, that resulted in the formation of lower hydrocarbons only. Any increase in gas ratio and GHSV, also increased the rate of methane formation and caused diffusion limitations. For a one-stage setup with the reversal of exhaust gases, the conversion rates of CO and H2 were quite promising. This success can be attributed to a higher calcination temperature that increased the degree of reduction of Co due to formation of promoter oxides thereby enabling CO hydrogenation and H2 insertion. It helped to reduce CO2 formation as well. Even for the Fe catalyst, a low temperature, a low GHSV and low syngas ratio were preferred. But unlike its Co counterpart, a higher pressure favored an increase in yield of alcohols and other long chain hydrocarbons. Fe’s ability to support WGS reaction disturbed the molar ratio of CO and also released more CO2 that could affect the rate of syngas conversion. But, on the whole, Fe catalyst was efficient than Co catalyst for alcohol synthesis. The overall yield of alcohols was just 5% of the liquid products. Nearly 86% of the alcohol fraction comprised of C1, C2 and C3 alcohols alone and very few C4, C5 and C6 alcohols were obtained.
Denna avhandling behandlar omvandling av en blandning av H2 och CO, även kallad syngas eller producentgas, till högre eller blandade alkoholer och andra bränslen genom en process som kallas Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (FTS). Det är en bra väg som minimerar beroendet av olja och liknande fossila bränslen som bidrar till snabba klimatförändringar genom att släppa ut skadliga växthusgaser. Syngasen som används i FTS erhålls generellt genom förgasning av biomassa för att göra hela processen förnybar och för att göra det resulterande bränslet kolneutralt. Produkterna är rena på grund av föregående rengöring av syngasblandningen för att avlägsna kväveoxider, svavel och annat partikelformigt material före processen och därigenom drastiskt minska utsläppen av avgaserna. Huvudsyftet med detta projekt är att utforma ett nytt katalysatorsystem och utsätta det för en serie experiment för att testa dess selektivitet gentemot alkoholer. Detta beror på att de nuvarande katalytiska systemen antingen är mycket dyra att montera eller ge ett lågt utbyte. Två koboltbaserade (Co) -baserade katalysatorer, en utan en promotor och den andra som befordras av zirkonium (Zr), framställs. Aktiviteten och selektiviteten hos Co-katalysatorer jämförs slutligen med de befintliga Swedish Biofuels AB: s Iron (Fe) -baserade katalysator som främjas av koppar (Cu) och krom (Cr) tillsammans med karaktärisering av de optimala reaktionsparametrarna som temperatur, tryck, GHSV och syngasförhållande för FTS. Vattenhaltig begynnande impregneringsmetod användes där den Co-aktiva metallen och Zr-promotorn (endast i den andra katalysatorn) införs stegvis på ett ϒ-aluminiumoxidstöd för att syntetisera katalysatorn, varefter den värmebehandlas genom torkning, kalcering och reduktion för att erhålla aktiv Co-metallkatalysator. En hög temperatur FTS användes för utbytet av alkoholer och andra bensinderivat enligt litteratur. Slutligen analyseras de flytande och gasformiga produkterna genom GC- eller GC / MS-analystekniker. Den outpromoterade Co-katalysatorns aktivitet betraktas som ett misslyckande på grund av tillfredsställande resultat. Det fanns några problem associerade med katalysatorn ensam som dålig mekanisk stabilitet som kunde tillskrivas användningen av ett felaktigt bindemedel. Andra problem inkluderade metanering på grund av variationer i slumpmässiga temperaturer och ineffektiv katalysatorreduktion. För den befordrade Co-katalysatorn var utbytet av alkoholer och kolväten betydligt högre än den opromoterade Co-katalysatorn. En optimal temperatur på 300 ° C, en GHSV på 360 h-1, ett tryck av 10 bar och ett H2: CO-förhållande på 1,3: 1 var de optimala bakgrundsbetingelserna för FTS. Högre temperatur orsakade metanering och reducerade sannolikhetsfaktorn för kedjan tillväxt, a, vilket resulterade i bildandet av endast lägre kolväten. Varje ökning av gasförhållandet och GHSV, ökade också metanbildningshastigheten och orsakade diffusionsbegränsningar. För en inställning i ett steg med reversering av avgaser var omvandlingsgraden för CO och H2 ganska lovande. Denna framgång kan tillskrivas en högre kalcineringstemperatur som ökade graden av reduktion av Co på grund av bildning av promotoroxider och därigenom möjliggör CO-hydrering och H2-införing. Det hjälpte också till att minska koldioxidbildningen. Även för Fe-katalysatorn föredrog man en låg temperatur, ett lågt GHSV och lågt syngasförhållande. Men till skillnad från Co-motsvarigheten gynnade ett högre tryck en ökning av utbytet av alkoholer och andra långkedjiga kolväten. Fe: s förmåga att stödja WGS-reaktion störde det molära förhållandet CO och frigav också mer CO2 som kan påverka hastigheten på syngasomvandlingen. Men i stort sett var Fe-katalysator mer effektiv än Cokatalysator för alkoholsyntes. Det totala utbytet av alkoholer var bara 5% av de flytande produkterna. Nästan 86% av alkoholfraktionen bestod av C1-, C2- och C3-alkoholer enbart och mycket få C4-, C5- och C6-alkoholer erhölls.
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15

Kondaveeti, Rajiv. "Impact of Halogenated Aliphatic and Aromatic Additives on Soot and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- An Ethylene-air Laminar Co-flow Diffusion Flame Study." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1343786258.

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16

Lopes, Alcinei Pereira. "Estudo de hidrocarbonetos e metais em sedimentos de fundo do Rio Negro na orla urbana de Manaus." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2010. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/3329.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:02:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Alcinei Pereira Lopes.pdf: 3280697 bytes, checksum: 535d2d7812f1764295a9b8c14b85a386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-23
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The waters of the Rio Negro, in the border city of Manaus, receives large amounts of domestic and industrial waste from its main tributaries (Tarumã-Acu, Sao Raimundo, Pupils and Puraquequara) that may be compromising their natural features (water, plants, sediments and etc.). Due the ability to accumulate organic and inorganic compounds, the bottom sediments are used to assess the contamination levels of aquatic environments. As a result, we determined the concentrations of aliphatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and potentially toxic metals (MPT) in ten samples of bottom sediments collected in March 2009 in the confluence between the Rio Negro and major watersheds the city of Manaus. The aim of study was to classify the origin and level of contamination of these compounds. In the determination of hydrocarbons, sediments were freeze dried, extracted with hexane, fractionated by open column liquid chromatography. The determination of aliphatic hydrocarbons was performed by GC-FID and the PAH by GC-MS. After digestion with aqua regia the MPT (Al, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd and Mn) in total fraction of sediments were determined by ICP-OES. The results showed that concentrations of total aliphatic hydrocarbons were 13.4 to 448 mg g-1, and the sum of 38 PAHs was 58.8 to 6832 ng g-1. These values are considered high for natural aquatic environments that have not suffered oil spill accidents. Among the metals determined Al (32 091 mg kg-1) and Fe (35 474 mg kg-1) were those with the highest concentrations.The sediments that received the largest anthropogenic contribution were those collected at the entrance of the basin of the streams São Raimundo and Educandos. The diagnosis index hydrocarbons the origin of in sediments showed a predominance of mixed sources and petrogenic sources in most seasons
As águas do rio Negro na orla urbana de Manaus recebem grande quantidade de resíduos domésticos e industriais de seus principais afluentes (Tarumã-Açu, São Raimundo, Educandos e Puraquequara) que podem estar comprometendo suas características naturais (água, plantas, sedimentos e etc). Por ter a capacidade de acumular compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos, os sedimentos de fundo são utilizados na avaliação dos níveis de contaminação de ambientes aquáticos. Em virtude disso, foram determinados as concentrações de hidrocarbonetos alifáticos, hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA) e metais em dez amostras de sedimentos de fundo, coletadas em março de 2009 nas confluências entre o rio Negro e as principais bacias de drenagem da cidade de Manaus. O estudo tem o objetivo de classificar a origem e o nível de contaminação destes compostos. Nas determinações de hidrocarbonetos, os sedimentos foram liofilizados, extraídos em soxhlet, fracionados por cromatografia líquida de coluna aberta. A determinação de hidrocarbonetos alifáticos foi realizada por CG-DIC e os HPA por CG-EM. Apos digestão com água régia, os metais (Al, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, V, Cd e Mn) presentes na fração total dos sedimentos foram determinados por ICP-OES. Os resultados mostraram que as concentrações dos hidrocarbonetos alifáticos totais foram de 13,4 a 448 μg g-1, e a somatória dos 38 HPA foi de 58,8 a 6832 ng g-1. Esses valores são considerados elevados para ambientes aquáticos naturais que não sofreram acidentes de derrame de óleo. Entre os metais determinados o Al (32091 mg kg-1) e o Fe (35474 mg kg-1) foram os que apresentaram as maiores concentrações. Os sedimentos que receberam a maior contribuição antrópica foram daqueles coletados na entrada da bacia dos igarapés São Raimundo e Educando. Os índices de diagnósticos da origem de ix hidrocarbonetos nos sedimentos mostraram predominância de fontes petrogênica e fontes mistas na maioria das estações.
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17

Kim, A. "The effects of twelve chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons upon the cell cycle of Chinese hamster cell lines : V79d-MZ and genetically engineered cell lines expressing CYP2E1." Thesis, Swansea University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.637798.

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Chlorinated organic chemicals are widely used in industry and are present in the environment. Twelve chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, namely carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, hexachloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, 1,3-dichloropropane, 1,2,3-trichloropropane, 2,3-dichlorobutane, 1-chlorohexane and 1,1,3-trichloropropene were investigated to determine their influence upon the fidelity of cell division in cultured mammalian cells. In order to determine the influence of these chemical compounds upon the fidelity of cell division, a technique known as differential staining of chromosomes and spindle was performed with two genetically engineered cell lines and their parental cell line. The genetically engineered cell lines used in this study expressed a human P450 enzyme, CYP2E1. Four chemicals, trichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 2,3-dichlorobutane and 1-chlorohexane required bioactivation in order to induce spindle damage in cultured mammalian cells whereas all the other chemicals were direct-acting spindle poisons with the exception of 1,1,1-trichloroethane which hardly influenced the fidelity of cell division in all three cell lines. Micronucleus assays were performed to study at which one of the four phases in V79d-MZ cell cycle, the cells were most vulnerable to the effects of two selected chlorinated hydrocarbons. To carry out this assay the cells were synchronized using 1-2% of DMSO. The same assay was also used to investigate at which phase of the cell cycle, the enzyme CYP2E1 activates trichloroethylene. The phase at which the V79d-MZ cells were most vulnerable to the chemical effects was mitosis (M). Finally an apoptosis assay was used to investigate whether the chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons are inducing cell death: apoptosis or necrosis using annexin-V and from this it was found that 1,2-dichloroethylene induced apoptosis.
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18

Deshmukh, Ashish Pramod. "Sorption and sequestration of phenanthrene In polymethylenic plant biopolymers: proxies for soil and sedimentary rrganic matter." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1054564060.

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19

Lourenço, Rafael André. ""Metodologia para determinação de biomarcadores geoquímicos orgânicos em sedimentos - Hidrocarbonetos Alifáticos e Aromáticos, Esteróis e Alquenonas"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21133/tde-10102003-115814/.

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O destino de grande parte da matéria orgânica presente nos oceanos é o sedimento marinho. Essa matéria orgânica, que vai sendo armazenada ao longo dos anos, produz uma reserva única de informações sobre os processos biogeoquímicos ocorridos no passado e como esses processos responderam às mudanças ambientais. Certas moléculas orgânicas são sintetizadas apenas por organismos marinhos ou somente por plantas superiores terrestres. A abundância relativa desses compostos em sedimentos marinhos pode ser usada para determinar a contribuição de matéria orgânica terrestre ou marinha que foi depositada. Outros compostos, cujas fontes naturais são raras ou inexistem, encontrados em sedimentos, refletem a influência antrópica no meio. Há ainda compostos, com origem biológica especifica, cujas estruturas são influenciadas pelo controle enzimático dos organismos que os produzem, que são influenciados pelo meio. Esses compostos, cuja presença pode fornecer evidências inequívocas da sua fonte ou informações sobre condições oceanográficas recebem o nome de marcadores biológicos e são comumentemente abreviados como biomarcadores. Esse trabalho produziu uma metodologia analítica para identificação e quantificação de biomarcadores como os hidrocarbonetos alifáticos, hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos, esteróis e alquenonas através de uma única extração lipídica. Essa metodologia foi avaliada por diversos critérios analíticos e validada através de materiais de referência e de exercícios de comparação entre laboratórios. A metodologia foi aplicada em um testemunho de sedimento marinho obtido em Cabo Frio. A quantificação das alquenonas nas amostras do testemunho permitiu estimar a variação da temperatura da superfície oceânica ao longo dos anos e correlacioná-la com variações na intensidade da ressurgência, além de permitir verificar como os demais biomarcadores variaram em função da variação da temperatura do meio onde foram sintetizados.
The fate of most organic matter in the oceans is the marine sediment. This preserved organic matter became an unique reservoir of information about the operation of biogeochemical processes in the geological past, and how these processes responded to environmental changes. Some molecules are only synthesized by sea organisms, others only by higher plants. The relative abundance among these compounds in sea sediments can be used to determine the source of the organic matter. Other organic compounds, without natural sources, are an indicative of anthropogenic influence. The marine sediment also can accumulate compounds with the specific biological sources, which structures are influenced by the enzymatic control of the precursor organisms. All of these compounds, which can provide clear evidences of its sources or information about oceanographic conditions, are called biological markers or biomarkers. The present work put out an analytic method to identify and quantify biomarkers like aliphatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, sterols and alkenones with only one lipidic extraction. This method was evaluated by several analytic criteria and validated by reference material and by interlaboratory comparison study. The method was used to analyze a marine sediment core from Cabo Frio. The alkenones quantification in this core allowed not only appreciate changes in the sea surface temperature (SST) along the years and correlate them with changes in the upwelling, but also verify how the other biomarkers responded to SST changes.
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20

Gualandi, Giovanni <1973&gt. "Chlorinated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons biodegradation: bioaugmentation tests in slurry microcosmos and study of the catabolic potential of microbial community in the interface between groundwater and surface water." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2007. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/382/.

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21

Tanwar, Shivalika. "Investigation of encapsulation of Aromatic polluants by β-Cyclodextrin in presence of linear aliphatic alcohols." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCD076.

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La pollution de l’environnement par les composés organiques est devenue une préoccupation mondiale majeure. Les molécules aromatiques comme les cycles benzéniques et leurs dérivés ont attiré une attention considérable en raison de la toxicité reconnue et de la cancérogénicité. Principalement utilisées en chimie supramoléculaire,les cyclodextrines sont des structures moléculaires en forme de cône tronqué ayant une surface externe hydrophile et une cavité hydrophobe. Ainsi, ils peuvent théoriquement encapsuler un grand nombre de molécules organiques hydrophobes pour former des complexes d'inclusion solubles dans l'eau. Cette propriété de complexation a une application potentielle dans le domaine de la détection et de la quantification des polluants polycycliques aromatiques dans les eaux environnementales par des moyens spectroscopiques portables. Nous souhaitons comprendre ce phénomène d’inclusion en combinant des approches théoriques et expérimentales appliquées à l’état solide et en solution. Il a été observé que seules quelques structures cristallines de complexes de cyclodextrines, molécules aromatiques pures, apparaissent dans les bases de données structurelles après un court examen. L'objectif principal de nos recherches est donc de nous concentrer plus précisément sur les interactions entre les alcools aliphatiques et les molécules de cyclodextrine. Pour cela,afin de corréler nos études expérimentales et théoriques, les résultats obtenus ont été suivis de manière systématique par différentes techniques spectroscopiques afin d'observer l'interaction entre les molécules. De plus, les poudres et les cristaux obtenus en faisant varier la solubilité des mélanges ont été soumis à une analyse physico-chimique, à une diffraction des rayons X et à une surveillance DSC pour étayer nos résultats. Ce travail comprend également la modélisation de complexes d'inclusion en utilisant différentes approches, comme la combinaison de méthodes semi-empiriques de la chimie quantique (DFT / TD-DFT) et de la mécanique moléculaire polarisable. Des calculs ont été effectués sur des clusters internes, ce qui permettra de mettre en évidence des facteurs structurels et énergétiques de complexation
Environmental water pollution by organic compound has become a major worldwide concern. Aromatic molecules like benzene rings and their derivatives have gained considerable attention due to officially documented toxicity and carcinogenicity. Mostly used in supramolecular chemistry, Cyclodextrins are truncated cone-shaped molecular structures having a hydrophilic outer surface and a hydrophobic cavity. Thus, they can theoretically encapsulate a large number of hydrophobic organic molecules to form water-soluble inclusion complexes. This complexation property has potential application in the field of detection and quantification of aromatic polycyclic pollutants in environmental water by portable spectroscopic means. We are interested in understanding this phenomenon of inclusion by combining theoretical and experimental approaches applied to solid state and in solution. It has been observed that only a few crystalline structures of cyclodextrin- pure aromatic molecule complexes appear in the structural databases after a brief review. Therefore, the main objective of our research is to focus more precisely on the interactions between the aliphatic alcohols and cyclodextrin molecules. For this purpose, to correlate our experimental and theoretical studies, the results obtained were monitored by various spectroscopic techniques in a systematic manner to observe the interaction between the molecules. Moreover, the powders and crystals obtained by varying the solubility of the mixtures were further subjected to physico-chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, and DSC monitoring to support our findings. This work also includes modeling of inclusion complexes using different approaches like combining semi-empirical methods of quantum chemistry (DFT / TD-DFT) and polarizable molecular mechanics. Calculations were carried out on homemade clusters, which will allow the implementation of evidence of structural and energetic factors for complexation
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22

Nordborg, Daniel. "Provtagning av trädkärnor för att bedöma föroreningsgraden av klorerade lösningsmedel i grundvatten." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-88820.

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Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAH´s) were used widely within dry cleaning facilities and for metal degreasing until their toxicity was discovered. PCE is still used as dry cleaning liquid. Today CAH´s are found in soil environment at places where they have been used in the past. The CAH-concentration in trees growing on contaminated land has quite recently received attention as a cheap and effective way of assessing the extent of a CAH-contamination. The method has however, not been put into use in Sweden.

The aim of the study has been to investigate whether the CAH-concentration in tree cores could be used to delineate the spread of CAH in a soil environment under Swedish conditions in different seasons. The aim has also been to gain an understanding of the uptake process, as well as to identify the limitations of the method and important issues to consider when sampling.

Trees were sampled in March and June on Helgö 1:25, 1:26 in Växjö, Småland. Metal degreasing earlier conducted at this site has lead to the CAH contamination of soil and groundwater (PCE, TEC c-DACE). Mostly PCE, TCE, and chloroform were detected in tree cores. The CAH concentration was higher in June. Using the sum of PCE+TCE+c-DCE in trees to delineate the spread gave a result that was quite consistent with a delination done based on groundwater sampling.

The uptake of CAH by trees is governed by the uptake of water at the root. The water usage, together with the origin of the water used is important for the ability of the tree to take up CAH. The CAH concentration within trees is also dependent on the chemical properties of the compound (Log kow, solubility etc), the concentration of the compound in the soil as well as degradation processeses. The position and height of sampling in the trees, tree species as well as tree size are important factors to consider when sampling. Sampling during summer is preferred when the concentration of CAH in trees is likely to be higher.

The analysis of CAH in tree cores has potential to be used as a screening tool in soil investigations under Swedish conditions. It is a cheap and easy to use method, which would be a good complement to other investigative measures. However, an increased understanding of the processes involved, together with more analysis are needed., as this is a new method.


Klorerade lösningsmedel (CAH) användes i stor omfattning som bl a kemtvättmedel och avfettningsmedel tills dess att deras toxiska egenskaper blev kända. Perkloretylen (PCE) används än idag som kemtvättmedel. CAH återfinns ofta i markmiljö på de platser där de tidigare använts. Analys av CAH-koncentration i trädkärnor har uppmärksammats som en billig och effektiv metod för att översiktligt bedöma utbredningen av dessa föroreningar. Metoden har inte tidigare använts i Sverige.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka om trädprovtagning kan användas för att bedöma utbredningen av föroreningar i markmiljö under svenska förhållanden vid olika årstider.

Analyserade CAH-halter i träd har jämförts med tidigare registrerade halter av CAH i grundvatten. Syftet har också varit att beskriva CAH-upptaget i träd, undersöka metodens begränsningar samt att sammanfatta viktiga aspekter vid provtagning.

Provtagningar av träd har genomförts under mars och juni på fastigheterna Helgö 1:25 och 1:26 i Växjö, där tidigare metallavfettning har medfört att mark och grundvattnet förorenats av CAH; perkloretylen (PCE), trikloretylen (TCE) och nedbrytningsprodukten dikloretylen (c1,2-DCE). Vid analys av trädkärnor detekterades främst PCE, TCE samt TCM (kloroform). Koncentrationen av CAH var högre i juni. Halten PCE+TCE+c-DCE i trädproverna gav en översiktlig bild av föroreningssituationen som överensstämde väl med de grundvattenprover som tidigare tagits på fastigheten.

CAH tas upp i vattenlöst fas vid trädens rötter. Trädets vattenbehov och vilket vatten det utnyttjar är därför viktigt för dess möjlighet att ta upp CAH. Ämnets kemiska egenskaper (log kow, flyktighet, mm.), samt förekomst och nedbrytning påverkar den halt som registreras i trädet. Vid provtagning bör provtagningspunkternas höjd över marken och position, trädart samt trädstorlek beaktas. Provtagning under sommaren är att föredra eftersom halterna då är högre.

Jämförelsen med grundvattenprovtagning visar att metoden har potential att användas i Sverige för att bedöma utbredningen av en CAH-förorening i markmiljö. Den är enkel att använda och kan vara ett alternativ på platser där konventionella metoder är svåra att genomföra. En ökad förståelse för involverade processer, samt utökade undersökningar av metoden är nödvändiga då metoden är ny.

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23

Morrell, Claire. "FTIR emission studies of chemical processes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326026.

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24

Carrascoza, L?gia Soares. "Hidrocarbonetos alif?ticos em sedimentos de fundo do estu?rio do Rio Potengi, grande Natal (RN): implica??es ambientais." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2011. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12983.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The Potengi river estuary is located in the region of Natal (RN, Brazil), comprising a population of approximately 1,000,000 inhabitants. Besides the dominant urban presence, the estuary has fragments of mangrove forest. The objective of this study is to determine the aliphatic hydrocarbons found in the bottom sediments of this estuary, identifying their levels, distribution and their possible origins through the diagnostic rates, indexes and results comparisons with the local anthropic and natural characteristics. The samples were obtained according to a plan that allowed sampling of the estuary up to 12 km upstream from it as mounth. 36 stations were selected, grouped into 12 cross sections through the course of the river and spaced on average by 1 km. Each section consisted of three stations: the right margin, the deepest point and the left margin. The hydrocarbon n-alkanes from C10 to C36, the isoprenoids pristane and phytane, the unresolved complex mixture (UCM) and the total resolved hydrocarbons were analyzed by gas chromatography. N-alkanes, pristane, phytane and UCM were detected only at some stations. In the other, the concentration was below the detection limit defined by the analytical method (0.1 mg / kg), preventing them from being analyzed to determine the origin of the material found. By using different parameters, the results show that the estuary receives both the input of petrogenic hydrocarbons, but also of biogenic hydrocarbons, featuring a mixture of sources and relatively impacted portions. Based on the characteristics and activities found in the region, it is possible to affirm that petrogenic sources related to oil products enter the estuary via urban runoff or boats traffic, boat washing and fueling. Turning to the biogenic source, the predominant origin was terrestrial, characterized by vascular plants, indicating contribution of mangrove vegetation. It was evident the presence of, at specific points in the estuary, hydrocarbon pollution, and, therefore is recommended the adoption of actions aimed at interrupting or, at least, mitigating the sources potentially capable of damp petrogenic hydrocarbons in the estuary studied.
O estu?rio do rio Potengi est? inserido na regi?o da Grande Natal (RN, Brasil), que compreende uma popula??o de aproximadamente 1.000.000 de habitantes. Al?m da presen?a urbana dominante, este estu?rio mant?m fragmentos de floresta de manguezal. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os hidrocarbonetos alif?ticos em sedimentos de fundo do estu?rio, identificando os n?veis, distribui??o e suas poss?veis origens atrav?s dos ?ndices, raz?es diagn?sticas e compara??o dos resultados com as caracter?sticas antr?picas e naturais vigentes no local. As amostras foram obtidas obedecendo a um plano de amostragem que permitiu uma varredura desde a foz do estu?rio at? 12 km a montante. Foram escolhidas 36 esta??es, agrupadas em 12 se??es transversais ao curso do rio espa?adas, em m?dia, por 1 km. Cada se??o era composta de tr?s esta??es: margem direita, ponto mais profundo e margem esquerda. Atrav?s da cromatografia gasosa, foram analisados os hidrocarbonetos n-alcanos do C10 ao C36, os isopren?ides pristano e fitano, a mistura complexa n?o resolvida (MCNR), al?m dos resolvidos totais. Foram detectados n-alcanos, pristano, fitano e MCNR apenas em algumas esta??es. Nas demais, a concentra??o foi inferior ao limite de detec??o estabelecido pelo m?todo anal?tico (0,1 mg/kg), impossibilitando-as de serem analisadas para a determina??o da origem do material encontrado. Atrav?s da utiliza??o de diferentes par?metros, os resultados demonstram que o estu?rio recebe tanto o aporte de hidrocarbonetos petrog?nicos, como tamb?m de hidrocarbonetos biog?nicos, caracterizando uma mistura de fontes e ?reas mais ou menos impactadas. Com base nas caracter?sticas e atividades encontradas na regi?o, podemos afirmar que as fontes petrog?nicas relacionam-se a derivados de petr?leo que entram no estu?rio atrav?s do escoamento urbano ou pelo tr?fego, lavagem e abastecimento de embarca??es; com rela??o ? fonte biog?nica, predominou origem terrestre caracterizado por plantas vasculares, indicando contribui??o da vegeta??o de mangue presente no local. Fica evidenciado o registro, em pontos espec?ficos do estu?rio, da polui??o por hidrocarbonetos, sendo recomendada a tomada de medidas objetivando a interrup??o ou, pelo menos, a atenua??o das fontes potencialmente capazes de aportar hidrocarbonetos petrog?nicos no estu?rio estudado
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25

Therrien, Annamarie F. "Degradation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Groundwater Passing Through the Treatment Wetland at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base: Analysis of Results Collected During 2001-'06." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1363477561.

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26

CRAVEIRO, Nykon. "Hidrocarbonetos no sedimento superficial do sistema estuarino do Rio Formoso, nordeste do Brasil." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18335.

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CNPq
A contaminação por hidrocarbonetos (HCs) do petróleo em regiões costeiras marinhas, como os estuários, é considerada uma das mais importantes e impactantes, devido aos danos que esses elementos podem ocasionar aos organismos e ao homem. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigas, pela primeira vez, os hidrocarbonetos nos sedimentos superficiais do sistema estuarino do Rio Formoso (SERF), litoral Sul do estado de Pernambuco – Brasil. Os compostos de hidrocarbonetos alifáticos (HAs) foram determinados em cromatógrafo a gás (GC) Agilent Tecnologies 7820A, acoplado a um detector de ionização de chamas (DIC) e os compostos de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) foram determinados no mesmo cromatógrafo, porém acoplado a um espectrômetro de massas 5975 (MS) em modo de monitoramento de íons selecionados (SIM). A concentração de alifáticos totais (∑Alif) nos sedimentos do SERF variou entre 1,37 e 126,64 μg g-1 peso seco (ps), com as concentrações de n-alcanos totais (Σn-Alc) entre 0,51 e 27,5 μg g-1 ps, oriundos principalmente de fontes biogênicas, como vegetais superiores. A concentração de HPAs (Σ16HPAs) variou entre 3,80 e 500,3 ng g-1 ps, provenientes de fontes petrogências e pirogênicas As concentrações de hidrocarbonetos alifáticos e aromáticos detectados nos sedimentos do sistema estuarino do Rio Formoso foram consideradas baixas, quando comparadas com outras áreas estudadas ao redor do mundo e aos índices propostos por estudos e agências reguladoras nacionais e internacionais, sugerindo um ambiente com pouco impacto sobre a biota. Contudo, a presença de compostos como HPAs é um indicativo de ação antrópica sobre o sistema, sendo importante a implantação e manutenção de um programa de monitoramento na área, quanto aos hidrocarbonetos, para avaliar os possíveis impactos que a presença desses compostos possam ocasionar sobre o SERF e garantir a conservação continuada de um estuário de tamanha importância ecológica, econômica e social.
The contamination by hydrocarbons (HCs) of oil in marine coastal regions, such as estuaries, is considered one of the most important and impactful due to the damage that these elements may cause to the bodies and man. The aim of this study was investigas for the first time, the hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of the estuarine system of the Formoso river (SERF), South coast of the state of Pernambuco - Brazil. Aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds (HAs) were determined on a gas chromatograph (GC) Agilent Technologies 7820A coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (PAH) were determined in the same chromatograph, however coupled a mass spectrometer 5975 (MS) in selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). The concentration of total aliphatic (ΣAlif) in SERF sediments ranged between 1.37 and 126.64 μg g-1 dry weight (dw), with total n-alkanes concentrations (Σn-Alc) between 0.51 and 27.5 μg g-1 dw, mainly from biogenic sources such as higher plants. The concentration of PAHs (Σ16HPAs) ranged from 3.80 to 500.3 ng g-1 dw, from petrogências sources and pyrogenic Hydrocarbon concentrations aliphatic and aromatic detected in the sediments of the estuarine system of the Formoso river were considered low compared with other areas studied around the world and the indices proposed by studies and national and international regulatory agencies, suggesting an environment with little impact on the biota. However, the presence of compounds such as PAHs is indicative of human action on the system, it is important to establishing and maintaining a monitoring program in the area, as hydrocarbons, to assess the possible impact that the presence of these compounds can cause on SERF and ensure the continued conservation of an estuary of such ecological, economic and social.
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27

Osuagwu, Chiemeriwo Godday. "Investigation of volatile organic compounds from diesel engine emissions using H3O+ chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (H3O+-CIMS)." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/205507/1/Chiemeriwo_Osuagwu_Thesis.pdf.

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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic compounds which exist in the gas phase at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The lifespan of VOCs in the Earth's atmosphere ranges from a few minutes to months. Many VOCs are dangerous to human health and can undergo oxidation mediated aggregation to form secondary organic aerosols which are equally detrimental to human health. VOCs come from biogenic and anthropogenic sources, however, in cities, anthropogenic sources are dominant. A significant portion of these anthropogenic VOCs are coming from diesel vehicle emissions. Chemical composition of VOCs from diesel exhaust is complex and varies with the engine technology, driving conditions and fuel used. Previously, VOCs have been measured using offline methods which required sample collection over a period (making it difficult to capture their temporal variability) and sample preparation (making the whole process time-consuming). The development of online mass spectrometrybased measurement techniques enabled monitoring VOCs in real time. Real time measurement of VOCs from the atmosphere is based on chemical ionisation mass spectrometry with hydronium ions as reagent ions. This was because hydronium ion allows the instrument to detect compounds that have proton affinity (PA) higher than that of water. Normal air components like N2 and O2 all have PA lower than water, however most of the saturated and unsaturated volatile organic compounds emitted from diesel exhaust have PA higher than water. The most commonly used instruments for atmospheric VOC measurement are Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometer (quadrupole and Time of Flight), Selective Ion Flow Tube-Mass Spectrometer. The Aerodyne Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometer (CIMS) is a more recent instrument that allows the use of different reagent ions including hydronium ion H3O+. While both PTR-MS and SIFT-MS ionise samples at relatively low pressure (1-2 mbar) and their ionisation chambers been extensively studied, ion-Molecule Reaction (IMR) chamber in H3O+-CIMS operates at substantially higher pressure (~100 mbar) and, therefore, reagent ion distribution and ionisation chemistry are likely to be significantly different from the ones in PTR-MS and SIFT-MS. However, performance of the H3O+-CIMS has not been characterised in detail yet nor has this instrument been applied to investigate VOCs coming from diesel exhaust. This study is, therefore, aimed at characterising the performance of Aerodyne TOF-CIMS with H3O+ as reagent ions, herein referred to as H3O+-CIMS and later using the same for characterisation of diesel exhaust VOCs. In characterising the H3O+-CIMS, the influence of the pressure inside the IMR chamber and SSQ (small sequential quadrupole) chamber on the intensity of reagent ions was explored. It was found that the optimum pressures for IMR and SSQ were ≥ 160 mbar and ≥ 2.3 mbar respectively. Exploration of radio frequency (RF) voltages of quadrupole ion guides inside the atmospheric pressure interface showed that 200V for the SSQ and 350V for the big sequential quadrupole (BSQ) are the optimum RF voltages for obtaining a maximum reagent ion signal intensity. The sensitivity of the instrument towards some common VOCs was determined using a custom-made VOC mixture. It was found that H3O+-CIMS was more sensitive to oxygenated VOCs compared to non-oxygenated VOCs. The sensitivity to oxygenated VOCs was comparable to PTR-MS and SIFT-MS while it was lower for non-oxygenated VOCs. It was also observed that relative humidity of the incoming air influences VOCs signal intensity with different compounds showing different RH dependence. Hydrate formation was explored as PTR-MS and SIFT-MS have both shown the formation of hydrate with increase in humidity. In dry conditions with RH of 5%, hydrates were not formed for both non-oxygenated and oxygenated VOCs (NO-VOCs and O-VOCs respectively) except for acetonitrile with hydrate composition of ~7 – 25%. However, as RH increased to ~90%, hydrate composition was 10% 60% for NO-VOCs and ~ 3% to 4% for oxygenated VOCs. The instrument was tuned using 2 different tuning approaches - one aimed at maximising m/z 19 signal (H3O+) relative to the m/z 37 signal (H5O2 +) which maximises ion declustering and the other aimed at maximising m/z 37 signal (H5O2 +) relative to m/z 19 signal (H3O+) which minimises ion declustering. It was found that reagent ions and VOC signals were the highest with m/z 19 tuning approach. After characterisation, the H3O+-CIMS was used to investigate VOCs from diesel exhaust. A total of 256 peaks were identified within a m/z range 15Th – 200Th, could not go beyond m/z 200 because peak resolution becomes very difficult beyond this point. 179 VOCs remained after the background had been subtracted, 44 of these VOCs were non-oxygenated hydrocarbon species, 79 were oxygenated species, 50 were nitrogen containing species and 9 were sulphur containing species. VOC emissions from 3 diesel engines (Perkins, Kubota and Cummins) running on neat diesel fuel were compared. Cummins engine was found to emit the least number of VOCs in m/z 15 – 200 range which might be because it uses a common rail injection system unlike the other two engines, which utilise direct injection. When VOC emissions from neat diesel (D100) were compared with neat biodiesel (B100) using 3 diesel engines, benzene, toluene and xylene emissions were higher in B100 compared to D100 in all the engines. Similar trend was observed for CH5O+, C2H5O+, C4H5O+ and C5H9O+. This may be due to higher oxygen content in biodiesel compared to diesel fuel. However, a set of measurements was conducted where oxygen content of the fuel was varied by the use of biodiesel blends and it was shown that increasing the oxygen content of the fuel does not necessarily translate to increase in emissions of oxygenated VOCs. The role of oxygen content in the fuel was found to be compound dependent instead. It was also found that benzene, toluene and xylene emissions generally decreased with increase in oxygen content. The contribution of this study to knowledge is that H3O+ -CIMS with IMR inlet is a useful tool in analysing VOCs emitted from diesel exhaust. This study is among the few studies that have identified hydrogen cyanide to be among the VOCs emitted from diesel exhaust. It also showed that neat biodiesel had the highest number of oxygenated VOCs peaks despite the diesel engine used. Lastly, it was shown that increasing the oxygen content of the fuel does not necessarily mean that oxygenated VOC emissions will increase.
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28

Tibui, Aloysius. "Biodegradation of Aliphatic Chlorinated Hydrocarbon (PCE, TCE and DCE) in Contaminated Soil." Thesis, Linköping University, The Tema Institute, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7908.

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Soil bottles and soil slurry experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of some additives on the aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons; tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE) and dichloroethylene (DCE) in a contaminated soil from Startvätten AB Linköping Sweden. For the aerobic degradation study the soil sample was divided into two groups, one was fertilised. The two groups of soil in the experimental bottles were treated to varying amount of methane in pairs. DCE and TCE were added to all samples while PCE was found in the contaminated soil. Both aerobic and anaerobic experiments were conducted. For aerobic study air was added to all bottles to serve as electron acceptor (oxygen). It was observed that all the samples showed a very small amount of methane consumption while the fertilised soil samples showed more oxygen consumption. For the chlorinated compounds the expected degradation could not be ascertained since the control and experimental set up were more or less the same.

For the anaerobic biodegradation study soil slurry was made with different media i.e. basic mineral medium (BM), BM and an organic compound (lactate), water and sulphide, phosphate buffer and sulphide and phosphate buffer, sulphide and ammonia. To assure anaerobic conditions, the headspace in the experimental bottles was changed to N2/CO2. As for the aerobic study all the samples were added DCE and TCE while PCE was found in the contaminated soil. The sample without the soil i.e. the control was also given PCE. It was observed that there was no clear decrease in the GC peak area of the pollutants in the different media. The decrease in GC peak area of the pollutants could not be seen, this may be so because more susceptible microorganisms are required, stringent addition of nutrients and to lower the risk of the high concentration of PCE and petroleum products in the soil from Startvätten AB.

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29

MacNeil, Susan Lynne. "Bioremediation f C1 and C2 chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater : application of membrane bioreactor technology." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27240.

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An extensive literature survey concerning C$ sb1$ and C$ sb2$ chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon (CAH) biodegradation is presented and membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology is exercised towards PCE bioremediation. A 108-day run was conducted utilizing a pilot-scale 20 L MBR comprising a methanol-fed mixed-methanogenic culture operating at a constant 1-day HRT and 36-day SRT. The MBR exhibited long-term (four months) PCE degradation activity at biomass concentrations of 0.61 to 1.45 g protein/L and contaminant loadings of 100 to 400 $ mu$mol PCE/L. The bacteria showed quick acclimation and improved PCE degradation with long-term PCE exposure. The maximum specific TCE formation rates were 50 to 80 $ mu$mol TCE produced/g protein day. In spite of a rapid permeate flux decline at the beginning of the run, the flux stabilized at a satisfactory level. A number suggestions to further enhance CAH biodegradation and issues concerning membrane fouling are described.
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30

Barnes, Robert James. "Dechlorinating bacterial strains and nano-scale iron particles for remediation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon contaminated sites." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.509894.

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31

MacNeil, Susan Lynne. "Bioremediation of C¦1 and C¦2 chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater, application of membrane bioreactor technology." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ29613.pdf.

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32

Åkerblom, Denize, and Erik Göranzon. "Greener Water Repellency? Feasible alternatives to fluoro chemicals for DWOR treatments on textiles." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17695.

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BACKGROUND: Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been used as durable water and oil repellent treatments in clothing for more than 50 years. The reason for its popularity is related to the chemical structure, which also makes these compounds persistent in the environment. Numerous studies have shown negative environmental and health effects related to high concentrations of perfluorinated compounds in blood serum. Due to these studies, this paper aimed to find out if perfluorinated compounds could be replaced by non-perfluorinated without compromising performance related to water and oil repellency. METHODOLOGY: A reference sample impregnated with fluorocarbons was compared with the following non-perfluorinated treatments, aliphatic polyurethane (comb polymer) organic silicone and acid (comb polymer) and hydrocarbon (dendrimer). Impregnations were subjected to abrasion, UV-radiation and washing and after each destructive treatment; oil and water repellency tests were conducted. The environmental and health effect of all treatments were examined in a theoretical study. RESULTS: Due to difficulties with the impregnation process, comparable results could only be concluded with the perfluorinated and the hydrocarbon compound. The hydrocarbon was superior the perfluorinated compound to abrasion but for usage simulation methods that allowed chemical reactions, hence UV-radiation and washing, the fluorocarbons showed better resistance. CONCLUSION: Results show that the hydrocarbon treatment could replace perfluorinated treatments commercially when only water and not oil repellency is required. The alternative treatments in this study are not yet sufficiently examined with respect to environmental and health and can therefore not be called greener with certainty.
Program: Textilingenjörsutbildningen
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33

Chemla, Philippe. "Reactions diastereospecifiques de dienones fer-tricarbonyle : applications a la synthese d'alcools fonctionnalises optiquement purs." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR13049.

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La methode de synthese utilisee permet d'acceder avec de bons rendements, a des composes de haute purete optique et de configuration donnee: alpha et gamma aldols et une delta -lactone fonctionnalisee en position 5. Des hydrocarbures optiquement actifs dont le centre asymetrique est eloigne de toute fonction, ont egalement ete synthetises par cette voie
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34

Zyade, Souâd. "Contribution a l'etude des mecanismes de reactions des hydrocarbures sur catalyseurs mono et bimetalliques (pt et pt::(x)co::(1-x)) : correlation avec des taux en residus hydrocarbones et les structures metalliques de surface." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13034.

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35

Chakir, Abdelkhaleq. "Etude cinetique et modelisation du mecanisme d'oxydation a haute temperature de n-butane et de 1-butene." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066132.

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L'etude experimentale de l'oxydation du butane et du butene-1 a ete effectuee en reacteur auto-agite par jets gazeux dans un large domaine de conditions experimentales (900-1200 k, 1 a 10 atm, rapports d'equivalents oxygene-hydrocarbure 0,1-4)
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36

Muller, Michel. "Etude de reactions d'isomerisation, de cracking et d'alkylation d'hydrocarbures en presence de divers superacides." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13022.

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37

Denise, Bertrand. "Etude par spectrométrie neutronique de la phase à désordre d'orientation du néopentane et du perchlorate de potassium." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066342.

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Utilisation du formalisme des fonctions adaptées à la symétrie pour développera les différentes densités de probabilité intéressant les cristaux à désordre d'orientation. Obtention des sections efficaces de diffusion neutronique en fonction d'un petit nombre de coefficients independants, reflétant les propriétés de symétrie du cristal et de la molécule. Application à l'analyse des facteurs de structure de diffraction de monocristaux de néopentane et de perchlorate de potassium.
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38

Hadj, Romdhane Youssef. "Hydrogenolyse du n-butane sur des catalyseurs modeles au nickel : influence du facteur electronique." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066556.

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39

Kanakidou, Maria. "Contribution a l'etude des sources des hydrocarbures legers non methaniques dans l'atmosphere." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077082.

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Taux d'emission des hydrocarbures non methaniques de regions sources caracteristiques telles que le sol de la foret tropicale, les zones rurales et la surface de l'ocean. Cinetique des echanges entre les sources en surface et la basse atmosphere et interactions atmospheriques
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40

Fouche, Valérie. "Hydroïsomérisation du N-Hexane : activité et stabilité des catalyseurs platine mordénite." Poitiers, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989POIT2293.

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Sous pression elevee d'hydrogene (>10 bar) les catalyseurs platine mordenite sont tres selectifs pour l'isomerisation de l'hexane et presentent une tres grande stabilite. Un maximum d'activite est observe pour une valeur du rapport si/al de la charpente zeolithique voisine de 10. Un modele cinetique a ete propose pour rendre compte de l'effet des parametres operatoires sur la vitesse d'isomerisation
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41

Hub, Serge. "Mecanismes d'hydrogenation des butene-1 et butyne-1 sur catalyseurs au palladium." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13325.

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42

Breymann, Wolfgang. "Phases plastiques, theorie des groupes et dynamique moleculaire : deux applications." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066150.

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Etude theorique des phases plastiques des cristaux moleculaires. La premiere partie se propose d'expliquer le profil spectral raman de certains modes de vibrations internes en utilisant la technique des fonctions rotateurs symetriques pour exprimer d'une facon generale, l'interaction vibrationnelle entre modes appartenant a diverses molecules. Les resultats sont ensuite appliques aux modes internes detectables par diffusion raman et qui sont, simultanement, fortement actifs en absorption ir. La seconde partie contient une simulation par dynamique moleculaire d'un modele realiste d'un cristal de neopentane dans sa phase plastique
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43

PETIT, KLEIN CORINNE. "Etudes esca et caracterisations physiques de systemes supportes : mecanismes de reactions de rearrangement de squelette des alcanes sur catalyseurs bimetalliques pt-mo." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR13024.

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44

Magnoux, Patrick. "Modes de formation du coke et de désactivation des zéolithes : influence de la structure poreuse et de l'acidité." Poitiers, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987POIT2033.

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45

Dauscher, Anne. "Etudes des reactions de rearrangement de squelette des hexanes sur des catalyseurs a base de platine en presence ou non d'interactions metal-support." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13032.

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46

Cherry, Ghassan. "Etude de la reaction d'isosynthese." Strasbourg 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13021.

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On compare le comportement de differents oxydes non reductibles en isosynthese. Cette reaction conduit a partir de co+h::(2) ou de ch::(3)oh+h::(2) a la formation d'hydrocarbures ramifies (isobutane), d'aromatiques ainsi que de composes oxygenes (methanol, isobutanol). Les produits formes presentent une distibution originale qui s'ecarte d'une repartition de schulz-flory. Les schemas reactionnels proposes pour la formation des iso c::(4) sont la voie acetate, la condensation aldolique et l'hydrogenation d'especes chimisorbees de co du type (co)::(n). La formation des aromatiques est susceptible d'emprunter cette derniere voie a partir des rhodizonates (co)::(6) fixes a la surface des catalyseurs
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47

Nobel, Dominique. "Coordinats fonctionnels en chimie des metaux de transition : synthese et reactivite, application a la telomerisation catalytique du butadiene et du dioxyde de carbone." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13109.

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48

SOLASTIOUK, GALIVEL FRANCINE. "Equilibres liquide-vapeur des systemes propane-methanol et propane-methanol-dioxyde de carbone : mesures et representations." Paris, ENMP, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ENMP0103.

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49

Zhou, Jian Sheng. "Correlation entre tension interfaciale et composition de la couche adsorbee de systemes diphasiques capable de donner des microemulsions : influence de l'alcool comme cotensioactif." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066674.

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La composition de la couche adsorbee a l'interface de systemes diphasiques : eau+nacl; dodecane, dodecylsulfate de sodium ou dodecylbenzenesulfonate comme agent de surface et butanol, pentanol ou alcool benzylique comme coagent de surface, est determinee par application de la loi de gibbs
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50

Mayoungou-Vembet, Pierre. "Dynamique et processus d'évolution d'un hydrocarbure (eicosane) dans le sol." Poitiers, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989POIT2277.

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