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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Alkaline metal oxides

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Academic literature on the topic 'Alkaline metal oxides'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Alkaline metal oxides"

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Shah, M. Nazri Abu, S. Hanim Md Nor, Kamariah Noor Ismail, and Abdul Hadi. "Overview: Modification of Cerium Oxide in Three-Way Catalysts." Applied Mechanics and Materials 575 (June 2014): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.575.97.

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An overview of modification of cerium oxide, CeO2which is employed in the three-way catalyst (TWCs) is presented in this article. The modifications of cerium oxide, CeO2incorporated with the metal oxides for the improvement of thermal stability, microstructure and oxygen storage capacity (OSC) are discussed. In view of that, the types of metal oxide are grouped into transition metals, rare earth metals, and alkaline metals and the effect of each group into cerium oxide, CeO2are elaborated.

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Tavizón-Pozos, Jesús Andrés, Gerardo Chavez-Esquivel, Víctor Alejandro Suárez-Toriello, Carlos Eduardo Santolalla-Vargas, Oscar Abel Luévano-Rivas, Omar Uriel Valdés-Martínez, Alfonso Talavera-López, and Jose Antonio Rodriguez. "State of Art of Alkaline Earth Metal Oxides Catalysts Used in the Transesterification of Oils for Biodiesel Production." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041031.

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Biodiesel produced through catalytic transesterification of triglycerides from edible and non-edible oils and alcohol is considered an alternative to traditional petro-diesel. The interest in the use of alkaline earth metal oxides as heterogeneous basic catalysts has increased due to their availability, non-toxicity, the capacity to be reused, low cost, and high concentration of surface basic sites that provide the activity. This work is a compilation of the strategies to understand the effect of the source, synthesis, and thermal treatment of MgO, CaO, SrO, and BaO on the improvement of the surface basic sites density and strength, the morphology of the solid structure, stability during reaction and reusability. These parameters are commonly modified or enhanced by mixing these oxides or with alkaline metals. Also, the improvement of the acid-base properties and to avoid the lixiviation of catalysts can be achieved by supporting the alkaline earth metal oxides on another oxide. Additionally, the effect of the most relevant operation conditions in oil transesterification reactions such as methanol to oil ratio, temperature, agitation method, pressure, and catalysts concentration are reviewed. This review attempts to elucidate the optimum parameters of reaction and their application in different oils.

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Broqvist, Peter, Henrik Grönbeck, and Itai Panas. "Surface properties of alkaline earth metal oxides." Surface Science 554, no. 2-3 (April 2004): 262–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2004.02.014.

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Welham, N. J. "Mechanically induced reaction between alkaline earth metal oxides and TiO2." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 6 (June 1998): 1607–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0221.

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This paper outlines the formation of alkaline earth metal titanates, of the general formula MTiO3, directly from the metal oxides and rutile by mechanical activation in a laboratory ball mill at room temperature. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the reaction was essentially complete within 100 h for all metals except magnesium. The titanates formed all had a Scherrer crystallite size of 11–12 nm and a lattice strain of 0.5–0.6%, neither of which were affected by extended milling. Annealing studies confirmed that the titanate was formed during milling and showed that grain growth could be achieved at temperatures below that generally used for their formation. Mixed cation titanates could also be formed by milling, but tended to be barium rich until annealed.

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Musaeva, D., and M. Eshmuhamedov. "THE MECHANISM OF THE CONVERSIONS OF THE PRODUCTS OF THE INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION ON POLIMETALL ADSORBTIONKATALISIS- CHEMOSORBCION SYSTEM." Technical science and innovation 2019, no. 2 (August 2, 2019): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.51346/tstu-01.19.2.-77-0023.

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In article is considered possibility of the catalytic conversion and chemosorption of the products of the incomplete combustion on actuated oxides alkaline, alkaline earth and amphoteric metal and metal with connecting valence sufficient as iron and manganese, bring about forming the join metal at peelings of the gas flow from products of the incomplete combustion. It is determined that in process chemosorption is formed join metal, which is accumulated in time sorption-catalytic system. The studied mechanism of the oxidation of the products of the incomplete combustion on oxides alkaline, alkaline earth, amphoteric metal and metal with connecting valence, as iron and manganese containing systems. Physics-chemical and spectral analysis is installed that, at xemosorbtion of the products of the incomplete combustion ion Mn4+, Mn3+ and Fe3+ moves over to undermost valence of the condition and form to salts. It is revealed that clear industrial gas surge from products of the incomplete combustion on easy porous have eaten metallic oxides with manganese by concoction is accompanied simultaneous increase being kept in him metal in the manner of metal of the organic join

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Saadi, A., Z. Rassoul, and M. M. Bettahar. "Reduction of benzaldehyde on alkaline earth metal oxides." Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 258, no. 1-2 (October 2006): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2006.05.029.

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Sch�n, J. C. "Enthalpy Landscapes of the Earth Alkaline Metal Oxides." Zeitschrift f�r anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 630, no. 13-14 (November 2004): 2354–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.200400289.

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Chen, Yu-Wen, Hsueh-Ying Chen, and Wen-Fa Lin. "Basicities of alumina-supported alkaline earth metal oxides." Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters 65, no. 1 (September 1998): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02475319.

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Zhao, Shunzheng, Honghong Yi, Xiaolong Tang, Shanxue Jiang, Fengyu Gao, Bowen Zhang, Yanran Zuo, and Zhixiang Wang. "The Hydrolysis of Carbonyl Sulfide at Low Temperature: A Review." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/739501.

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Catalytic hydrolysis technology of carbonyl sulfide (COS) at low temperature was reviewed, including the development of catalysts, reaction kinetics, and reaction mechanism of COS hydrolysis. It was indicated that the catalysts are mainly involved metal oxide and activated carbon. The active ingredients which can load on COS hydrolysis catalyst include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal oxides, rare earth metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, and nanometal oxides. The catalytic hydrolysis of COS is a first-order reaction with respect to carbonyl sulfide, while the reaction order of water changes as the reaction conditions change. The controlling steps are also different because the reaction conditions such as concentration of carbonyl sulfide, reaction temperature, water-air ratio, and reaction atmosphere are different. The hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide is base-catalyzed reaction, and the force of the base site has an important effect on the hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide.

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Wang, P. F., Zhi Hong Li, and Y. M. Zhu. "Influences of Alkaline-Earth Metal Oxides on the Properties of Vitrified Bond." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 1405–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.1405.

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Alkaline-earth metal oxides (MgO, CaO, SrO and BaO) were introduced to Na2O-B2O3-Al2O3- SiO2 vitrified bond, and their effects on the properties of the vitrified bond were investigated through the measurements of refractoriness, fluidity and bending strength. The results showed the refractoriness of the vitrified bond was reduced and the fluidity of the bond increased with the addition of alkaline earth metal oxides in the order of CaO>SrO>BaO>MgO. When 2-10wt% MgO, CaO and BaO was added into the bond respectively, the vitrified bond was relatively dense due to high viscosity, and the strength was all improved to some extent. However, when more than 4wt% SrO was added, the strength decreased sharply because of the deterioration of microstructure. It was concluded that the bending strength of the bond was affected by alkaline-earth metal oxides in the order of CaO>MgO>BaO>SrO.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Alkaline metal oxides"

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Chang, Hyun-Shik. "Determination of oxidation mechanism of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA)-metal complexes by alkaline permanganate and structures of in situ formed manganese oxides containing heavy metals /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10106.

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Queiroz, Adriana Coêlho. "Síntese e estudo da atividade eletrocatalítica de óxidos de metais de transição e de nanopartículas de prata e ouro para a reação de redução de oxigênio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75131/tde-25102011-170304/.

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A reação de redução de oxigênio (RRO) foi estudada em eletrocatalisadores formados por nanopartículas de óxidos puros e mistos de metais de transição de Mn, Co e Ni, além de estrutura tipo espinel, e por nanopartículas de Ag, Au e Ag3M (M= Au, Pt, Pd e Cu) suportadas em carbono Vulcan, em eletrólito alcalino. Os óxidos de metais de transição foram sintetizados por decomposição térmica de seus respectivos nitratos e as nanopartículas a base de prata e ouro foram sintetizadas por redução química com borohidreto. Os eletrocatalisadores foram caracterizados por Difratometria e Espectroscopia de Absorção de Raios X (somente para os óxidos de transição). Os materiais a base de óxidos de manganês, mostraram-se com alta atividade para a RRO, para os quais os resultados espectroscópicos in situ evidenciaram a ocorrência da redução do Mn(IV) para Mn(III), na região de início da RRO. Assim, as atividades eletrocatalíticas foram associadas à ocorrência da transferência de elétrons do Mn(III) para o O2. Entretanto, apresentaram forte desativação após ciclagem potenciodinâmica, o que foi associado à formação da fase Mn3O4, conforme indicado por difratometria de Raios X, após os experimentos eletroquímicos, que é eletroquimicamente inativa. Já o material formado pela estrutura do tipo espinel de MnCo2O4 apresentou alta atividade e estabilidade frente à ciclagem e à RRO. A alta atividade eletrocatalítica foi relacionada a ocorrência do par redox CoII/CoIII em maiores valores de potencial em relação ao CoOx e MnOx, devido a interações entre os átomos de Co e Mn no reticulo espinélico. Contrariamente ao observado nos óxidos com maior quantidade de manganês, o espinel mostrou-se altamente estável, o que foi associada à não alteração de sua estrutura no intervalo de potenciais que a RRO ocorre. Para os materiais bimetálicos a base de prata e ouro, os experimentos eletroquímicos indicaram maior atividade eletrocatalítica para o material de Ag3Au/C. Neste caso, a alta atividade foi associada a dois efeitos principais: (i) a um efeito sinergético, no qual os átomos de ouro atuam na região de ativação, favorecendo a adição de hidrogênio e os átomos vizinhos de prata proporcionam a quebra da ligação O-O, conduzindo a RRO pelo caminho de quatro elétrons por molécula de O2; (ii) ao aumento força da ligação Ag-O, devido à interação da Ag com o Au, resultando em maior atividade para a quebra da ligação O-O, aumentando a atividade da Ag para a RRO, em relação à atividade da Ag pura. Assim, a RRO apresentou menor sobrepotencial e maior número de elétrons em Ag3Au/C, quando comparado com as demais nanopartículas bimetálicas.
The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was studied on electrocatalysts composed by pure and mixed transition metal oxides of Mn, Co, and Ni, including spinel-like structures, and by Ag, Au, and Ag3M/C (M= Au, Pt, Pd e Cu) bimetallic nanoparticles, in alkaline electrolyte. The transition metal oxides were synthesized by thermal decomposition of their nitrates, and the silver and gold-based nanoparticles by chemical reduction using borohydride. The electrocatalysts were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (in the case of the metal oxides). The manganese-based oxide materials showed high activity for the ORR, in which the in situ spectroscopic results evidenced the Mn(IV) to Mn(III) reduction, in the range of the ORR onset. In this case, the electrocatalytic activities were correlated to the transfer of electron from Mn(III) to O2. However, they presented strong deactivation after several potentiodynamic cycles, which was ascribed to the formation of the electrochemically inactive phase of Mn3O4, as indicated by the XRD results, after the electrochemical experiments. On the other hand, the MnCo2O4 spinel-like material showed high activity and stability for the ORR. Its high electocatalytic activity was attributed to the CoII/CoIII redox pair, taking place at higher potentials, in relation to that of the CoOx e MnOx pure phases, due to the Co and Mn interactions in the spinel lattice. Contrarily to the behavior observed for the manganese-based materials, the spinel oxide presented high stability, which was ascribed to the non alteration of its crystallographic structure in the range of potentials tha the ORR takes place. For the Au and Ag-based materials, the electrochemical experiments indicated higher electrocatalytic activities for Ag3Au/C. In this case, its higher activity as associated to two main aspects: (i) to a synergetic effect, in which the gold atoms act in the activation region, facilitating the hydrogen addition, and the neighboring Ag atoms promoting the O-O bond breaking, leading the ORR to the 4-electrons pathway; (ii) to the increased Ag-O bond strength, due to the electronic interaction between Ag and the Au atoms, resulting in a faster O-O bond breaking, enhancing the electrocatalytic activity of the Ag atoms in the Ag3Au/C nanoparticle, in relation to that on the pure Ag. Therefore, the ORR presented lower overpotential and higher number of electrons in the Ag3Au/C electrocatalyst, when compared to the other investigated bimetallic nanoparticles.

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Bacher, Patrice. "Etude du profil des raies de diffraction neutronique en temps de vol utilisant un obturateur statistique : application à l'étude d'oxynitrures de structure tétraèdrique ou de type pérovskite." Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10035.

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Application de l'etude du titre a deux grandes famille structurales: (1) les structures tetraedriques derivant de cele de la wuertzite (li::(1,33)ge::(1,67)on::(2); zn::(1,231)ge::(0,689)o::(0,782)n::(1,218); kgeon), (2) les structures de type perovskite (batao::(2)n, banbo::(2)n, lawo::(0,6)n::(2,4))

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Malki, Mustapha. "Proprietes structurales, magnetiques et electroniques d'oxydes ternaires de terres-rares." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13143.

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Etude des composes limlno::(4), ou m = eu, sr; ln = eu, gd, dy, er, y. Mesures de susceptibilite et d'aimantation, mesures des interactions hyperfines au site des terres rares par effet moessbauer. Temperature de mise en ordre magnetique; structure cristallographique; moment magnetique; parametres de champ cristallin d'ordre 2 au site des lanthanides

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Malassis, Marc. "Preparation d'hexaferrite de baryum pour l'enregistrement magnetique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13168.

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Mise au point d'un procede necessitant la construction d'un four basculant de grande capacite. Role cle joue par l'anhydride borique. Le monoferrite de ba prepare par coprecipitation reagit avec b::(2)o::(3) en donnant d'abord une phase amorphe

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Hill, Matthew Roland Chemistry Faculty of Science UNSW. "The single source chemical vapour deposition of alkaline earth metal oxide thin films." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Chemistry, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/32903.

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Metal oxide thin films are dynamic materials that have revolutionised the nature of semiconductor and electronic thin film devices. Recently, progress has stagnated in some aspects due to the increasingly complex deposition apparatus required, and the dearth of suitable precursor complexes of certain ???difficult??? metals. This thesis seeks to address both of these issues. The application of a precursor complex, Mg6(O2CNEt2)12 to the SSCVD of MgO thin films delivered the highest quality films ever reported with this technique. The resultant films were found to be of purely (111) orientation. Due to the nature of the precursor, the chemical reactions occurring at the surface during SSCVD growth result in a high growth rate, low flux environment and films of (111) orientation have been achieved without the amorphous underlayer. This finding has important implications for buffer layers in perovskite thin film devices. The unprecedented precursor chemistry has been used as a basis for the extremely high quality material produced, along with the unusual, yet beneficial structural morphology it possesses. A new range of barium complexes with single encapsulating ligands have been prepared for use in chemical vapour deposition (CVD) of BaTiO3 thin films. A novel pathway to an unprecedented class of barium carbamates is reported, and also new dianionic bis ??-ketoesterates and their barium, strontium, and calcium analogues were synthesised. High resolution mass spectrometry showed the barium bis ??-ketoesterate derivatives to be monomeric, and preliminary testing indicated some volatility in these species. Insights were gained into the likely successful pathways to building a volatile heterobimetallic precursor complex containing an alkaline earth metal. The knowledge of intimate mixing in heterobimetallic precursor complexes was extended by some novel chemistry to develop the first mixed Zn/Mg carbamato cluster complexes. These complexes were found to be excellent SSCVD precursors for ZnxMg1-xO thin films. Thin films were deposited with these precursors and exhibited a single preferred orientation, with a constant amount of magnesium throughout the bulk of the films. Investigation of the light emission properties of the films revealed significant improvements in the structural order commensurate with the incorporation of magnesium, and the formation of the ZnxMg1-xO alloy.

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Bekka, Ahmed. "Etude cristallographique et magnétique de nouveaux ferrites de type [béta]" [A(y)B(n+)((1-y)/n)] (1+x) Zn (x) Fe(11-x) O17 (x [à peu près égal à] 0,9) avec A,B = Li, Na, K, Ag, Ca, Sr, Ba, Pb." Grenoble 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10138.

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Preparation sous forme de monocristaux et de polycristaux de na::(4,2) k::(1,8) fe::(30) me::(3) o::(51) (me = zn, mg, cu). Determination de la structure cristalline, et mesures de conductivite ionique, d'aimantation, determination des temperatures de curie et des constantes d'anisotropie magnetocristalline. Substitution partielle des cations na et k par li, na, k, ag, ca, sr, ba, pb. Caracterisation par diffraction rx, microscopie a balayage et a transmission

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Bateni, Fazel. "Development of Non-precious Metal and Metal Oxide Electrocatalysts for an Alkaline Lignin Electrolysis Process." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1562674707447307.

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Tulyapitak, Tulyapong. "CURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBOXYLATED NITRILE RUBBER (XNBR) VULCANIZED BY ALKALINE EARTH METAL COMPOUNDS." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1158067153.

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Yin, Zhewen. "Non-precious Metal Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Alkaline Solutions." Scholar Commons, 2018. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7250.

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Mesoporous WO3 powders were prepared via sol-gel processing synthesis using nonionic surfactant Pluronic (P-123) as the template. The influences of heating temperature on the pore structure and properties of WO3 powders were investigated. Three kinds of modifications were compared and evaluated after finding out the best heating condition. Different amount of lanthanum was doped into mesoporous WO3 to improve its Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) activity. Several factors contributing to the increase of catalytic performance were discussed. Vulcan carbon powder was also used as a support to increase the catalysts’ electrical conductivity as well as dispersity. The component, microstructure and specific surface area of samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and N2 adsorption-desorption analysis. A three-electrode system with a rotating disk electrode (RDE) was used to detect samples’ electrochemical performance towards ORR in alkaline solutions. The as-prepared mesoporous La/WO3 powder with a ratio of La: W = 1: 10, calcined at 550℃ and supported by 25 wt% Vulcan carbon powder, exhibited highest ORR catalytic activity.

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Books on the topic "Alkaline metal oxides"

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Berezhnoĭ, A. S. Mnogokomponentnye shchelochnye oksidnye sistemy. Kiev: Nauk. dumka, 1988.

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Jewulski, Janusz. Chemical equilibrium diagrams relevant to the molten carbonate fuel cell: CHO gas + molten alkali carbonates + metal oxides heterogeneous system. Warszawa: PWN, 1985.

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Anoop, Kelkar, and Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, eds. Validation of ION chromatography for the determination of transition metal IONs along with alkali, alkaline earth metal elements for uranium oxide fuel. Mumbai: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2009.

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Anoop, Kelkar, and Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, eds. Validation of ION chromatography for the determination of transition metal IONs along with alkali, alkaline earth metal elements for uranium oxide fuel. Mumbai: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Alkaline metal oxides"

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Chu, Wenling, Drew Higgins, Zhongwei Chen, and Rui Cai. "Non-precious Metal Oxides and Metal Carbides for ORR in Alkaline-Based Fuel Cells." In Non-Noble Metal Fuel Cell Catalysts, 357–88. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527664900.ch10.

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Wang, P. F., Zhi Hong Li, and Y. M. Zhu. "Influences of Alkaline-Earth Metal Oxides on the Properties of Vitrified Bond." In High-Performance Ceramics V, 1405–7. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-473-1.1405.

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Hoppe, Rudolf, and Stephan Voigt. "Polynary Alkali-Metal Lanthanide Oxides." In Topics in f-Element Chemistry, 225–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3758-4_9.

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Delmas, Claude. "Alkali Metal Intercalation-Deintercalation Reactions in 2D Oxides." In Intercalation in Layered Materials, 155–58. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5556-5_10.

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Murphy, D. W., S. A. Sunshine, and S. M. Zahurak. "Preparation methods for alkali metal intercalation compounds of oxides and chalcogenides." In Chemical Physics of Intercalation, 173–79. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9649-0_8.

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Pomjakushina, Ekaterina, and Kazimierz Conder. "Chemical Aspects of the Phase Separation in Alkali Metal Intercalated Iron Selenide Superconductors." In High-Tc Copper Oxide Superconductors and Related Novel Materials, 243–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52675-1_20.

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Wang, Wankun, and Fuchun Wang. "Neural Prediction Model for Extraction of Germanium from Zinc Oxide Dust by Microwave Alkaline Roasting-Water Leaching." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 61–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72138-5_7.

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Stevens, J. R., and B. E. Mellander. "Room Temperature High Ionic Conductivity from Alkali Metal — Silver Halide — Poly(Ethylene-Oxide) Complexes." In Conducting Polymers, 95–102. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3907-3_7.

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Iruretagoyena Ferrer, Diana. "Influence of Alkali Metals on Layered Double Hydroxides Supported on Graphene Oxide for CO2 Adsorption." In Supported Layered Double Hydroxides as CO2 Adsorbents for Sorption-enhanced H2 Production, 115–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41276-4_6.

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INANO, Hiroyuki. "Effect of Alkali Metal Oxide on Pb Recovery from the Waste CRT Glass by Reduction Melting Method." In Design for Innovative Value Towards a Sustainable Society, 896–900. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3010-6_184.

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Conference papers on the topic "Alkaline metal oxides"

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McLeod, John A., Robert J. Green, Nikolay A. Skorikov, L. D. Finkelstein, Mahmoud Abu-Samak, Ernst Z. Kurmaev, and Alexander Moewes. "Valence structure of alkaline and post-transition metal oxides." In SPIE OPTO, edited by Ferechteh H. Teherani, David C. Look, and David J. Rogers. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.881181.

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Yu, Yeonseop, Job Ha, HyoungRok Lee, Joohyung Lee, Kang-Young Cho, and Jongmyeong Jeon. "Influence of Alkaline Cleaning on Reliability of Stacked Copper Micro-Via." In ISTFA 2020. ASM International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2020p0240.

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Abstract Fan Out - Panel Level Packaging (FO-PLP) has redistribution layers (RDLs) which connect IC to a substrate. And each layer in the RDLs is connected through copper micro-vias. Viarelated defects including via separation are very critical because they can escape from electrical test and be found in the field. So many cleaning methods have been developed to keep the target pad surface free of oxides or organic contamination before forming vias. In this paper, we present a via separation case caused by alkaline cleaning introduced before seed metal deposition for electroplating of copper. We investigated the cause by analyzing the microstructure and chemical composition using a focused ion beam (FIB) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Via separation, interestingly occurred at the interface between the seed Ti and the seed Cu not the interface between the seed Ti and the target pad..Cu surface which is known to be weak. We suggest a mechanism that structural imperfections at the outer rim of via bottom and galvanic couple of titanium and copper are involved in the separation of vias. Since two dissimilar metals of Ti and Cu are in direct contact, galvanic corrosion can occur in the presence of alkaline solution and discontinuities in the seed Ti layer. We found that galvanic corrosion in the studied system can be further complicated by the existence of copper oxide and titanium oxide as well as Cu and Ti.

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Backman, Rainer, Mikko Hupa, Matti Hiltunen, and Kari Peltola. "Interaction of the Behavior of Lead and Zinc With Alkalis in Fluidized Bed Combustion or Gasification of Waste Derived Fuels." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78074.

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Combustion of waste derived fuels in fluidized bed boilers may result in fly ashes containing increased amounts of lead and zinc, besides the common alkali and alkaline earth metal compounds. Although the absolute concentrations of lead and zinc may be relatively low, around 1%, in the bulk ash, they may induce unwanted effects in combustors, partly due to their significant enrichment in the fly ash. First, lead and zinc in fly ashes may lead to unwanted heavy metal emissions. Further, they can also alter the behavior of the fly ash and cause it to become sticky and possibly corrosive. This paper discusses the mechanism of volatilization of lead and zinc and stickiness properties of their fly ash compounds under different conditions, based on data from a FBC gasifier using waste fuels with significant amounts of lead and zinc. Advanced thermochemical calculations using the data bases developed at A˚bo Akademi show that both lead and zinc can form volatile compounds and thus be strongly enriched in the fly ash. They can be volatilized as elemental gases, Pb(g) and Zn(g), or they can form gaseous chlorides, PbCl2(g) and ZnCl2(g). But they can also form non-volatile oxides. Thus their behavior is very dependent on the combustion conditions, particularly on the availability of chlorine. This way there is also a direct coupling of the volatilization behavior of lead and zinc with the chemistry of the alkali metals and calcium, all of which govern the availability of chlorine. Simplified thermochemical diagrams are shown to explain the complex interaction of the lead and zinc chemistry with the rest of the flue gas and fly ash chemistry. The thermochemical data can be used to explain the practical results from full scale boilers.

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Svoboda, Matthias, and Robert Svoboda. "Operation and Maintenance Solutions for Generator Water Cooling." In 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone20-power2012-54555.

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Plugging of copper hollow conductors in water cooled generators is an issue occasionally encountered in large nuclear, fossil and hydro powered power plants, causing load limitations or even unplanned shut-down. A response is the proper choice of stator water chemistry and of the purification systems. The common water chemistry regimes are with low or high oxygen content, and neutral or alkaline pH in the stator water. All these regimes have proven to work in the field, but none is without problems. This can be due to various causes. There is one common trait however: problems arise when the system is being exposed for any length of time to a regime it was not designed for. Stainless steel hollow conductors have only simple requirements on water chemistry. Hollow conductor plugging can lead to overheating and possibly to catastrophic failure, so swift action to remedy the situation is recommended. There are several options. Hot reverse flush can remove debris and temporarily open up the plugs, and mechanical cleaning can open totally blocked hollow conductors. There are several methods for chemical cleaning, the most common being different forms of acid cleaning and EDTA cleaning. The former has the disadvantage of dissolving base metal and brazing as well as the oxides, while the latter method manipulates less aggressive substances that only dissolve the copper oxides in the system.

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Vesely, Andreas. "Processes for the Treatment of NORM and TENORM." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4623.

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By contract with the Austrian government, the ARC is treating radioactive waste from research institutions and industries. In the last years, one focus was the development of processes for the treatment of NORM and TENORM. Our goal in developing such processes is to recycle valuable compounds for further industrial usage and to concentrate the radioactive elements as far as possible, to save space in the waste storage facilities. Austria is an important producer of tungsten-thoria- and tungsten-molybdenum-thoria-cermets. Scrap is generated during the production process in the form of turnings and grinding sludge and dust. Although big efforts have been undertaken to replace Thorium compounds, waste streams from past production processes are still waiting for treatment. The total amount of this waste stored in Austria may be estimated to be approx. 100 tons. In close co-operation with the tungsten industries, recycling processes were tested and further developed at ARC in laboratory, bench scale and pilot plants. Three different approaches to solve the problem were studied: Dissolution of tungsten in molten iron in an arc or induction furnace, thus producing an Fe-W or Fe-W-Mo alloy. Slag is produced upon the addition of lime and clay. This slag extracts nearly all of the Thorium contained in the metal melt. Selective dissolution of Tungsten in aqueous alkaline medium after oxidation of the metal to the hexavalent state by heating the scrap in air at temperatures of 500°C to 600°C. The resulting oxides are treated with sodium hydroxide solution. Tungsten and Molybdenum oxides are readily dissolved, while Thorium oxide together with silicon and aluminum compounds remain insoluble and are separated by filtration. Sodium tungstate solution is further processed by the usual hydrometallurgical tungsten mill process. Oxidation and dissolution of Tungsten can be achieved in one step by an electrochemical process. Thus, thoriated Tungsten scrap is used as an anode in an electrolysis cell, while sodium hydroxide or ammonia serve as electrolyte. After dissolution of Tungsten, the solids are separated from the liquid by filtration. With the electrochemical process, treatment of Tungsten-Thoria scrap can be achieved with high throughput in rather small reactors at moderate temperatures and ordinary pressure. The Tungsten solution exhibits high purity. Another process which we examined in detail is the separation of radium from rare earth compounds. Radium was separated by co-precipitation with barium sulfate from rare earth chloride solutions. The efficiency of the separation is strongly pH-dependent. Again, the valuable rare earth compound can be reused, and the radioactive elements are concentrated.

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Ekimova, Irina, Tamara Minakova, and Tatyana Ogneva. "Phisicochemistry of alkaline-earth metals oxides surface." In ADVANCED MATERIALS IN TECHNOLOGY AND CONSTRUCTION (AMTC-2015): Proceedings of the II All-Russian Scientific Conference of Young Scientists “Advanced Materials in Technology and Construction”. AIP Publishing LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4937869.

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7

Xinglei, Hu. "Experiment and Mechanism Study on the Effect of Coal Ash on the Capture of Alkali Metals in Zhundong Coal." In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3570.

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A large number of Xinjiang Zhundong coal was found in China. Its high content of alkali metals can cause serious fouling/slagging problems which may lead to economic losses. It is significant to control the release of alkali metals from Zhundong coal during the combustion. Si-Al additives are used to capture Na released from the Zhundong coal. In this work, a combination of experimental research and quantum chemical calculation was used to study the effect of coal ash on the capture of alkali metal in Zhundong high alkali Coal and the related mineral evolution mechanism during melting processes. The experiments were done with Zhundong coal/coal ash mixtures at 900–1200°C. The behavior mechanism of coal ash capturing alkali metals was analyzed from the perspective of mineral microstructure features by using XRD, ICP and quantum chemical calculation methods. The results show that during the process of combustions, complex chemical reactions occur among minerals after sodium is released from the coal and captured by the coal ash. The coal ash’s ability to capture sodium in Zhundong high alkali coal rises firstly, and then gradually decreases with the rise of temperature. It shows the best capture performance for sodium at 1000∼1100°C. The maximum efficiency of sodium absorption can reach to 50.6%. The coal ash shows a rather high efficiency compared with other additives. Furthermore, metals in Zhundong coal have opposite directions of migration. The Na, K, Al, Ca, and Mg migrated to the coal ash far away from the reaction interface, and the Fe and Mn were moved to the coal from the reaction interface. The original minerals of Zhundong coal mainly include calcium sulfate hydrate, quartz and kaolinite. Investigating the capture mechanism, it indicates that O (26) and O (22) in kaolinite have electrophilic reaction with Na+ and K+ easily, which would promote the rupture of aluminum-oxygen bonds. The O2- of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal oxide would easily have nucleophilic reaction with Si (6) and Si (8) and prompt the rupture of bridging oxygen bonds (Si-O-Si). Kaolinite would be transformed into some other minerals that contains Na+ or K+ which have trend to form eutectics or evaporate into the flue gas easily, the degree of fouling and slagging on heating surface can be reduced based on these two most easily reaction paths.

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Turina, E. L., S. G. Efimenko, Yu A. Kornev, and A. P. Liksutina. "Results of Сamelina oil assessment." In РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРИРОДНЫХ РЕСУРСОВ В АГРОЦЕНОЗАХ. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-15.05.2020.35.

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Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz – is an annual oilseed crop in the family Brassicaceae. The aim of the research was to study oil obtained from camelina seeds cultivated in the Crimea. Determination of fatty acid composition was carried out on the gas chromatograph “Хроматэк – Кристалл 5000” (Hromatek - Crystal 5000); automatic dosing unit ДАЖ-2М (DAJ- 2M); capillary column SolGelWax 30m × 0.25 mm × 0.5 μm; carrier gas – helium; speed – 22 centimeters per second; programming temperature –178–230 °С. The preparation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) using gas-liquid chromatography (GC) was performed in line with the methodology. The content of biologically active substances (tocopherols) in Camelina sativa oil was carried out using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and spectroscopy. To obtain biofuel, we used the transesterification of triglyceride (or triacylglycerols) of camelina oil with methyl alcohol using potassium hydroxide (or sodium) as a homogeneous catalyst, as well as active metal oxides or enzymes (regiospecific lipase) as heterogeneous catalysts. Camelina sativa oil, obtained from false flax cultivated in the Crimea, should be used, first of all, to ensure healthy, dietary and therapeutic nutrition of the locals and tourists. Since, depending on the variety and the amount of precipitation, it contains 17.89-19.66% of linoleic acid; 33.02-37.06% of linolenic acid; not more than 3.05% of erucic acid. Furthermore, the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids varies from 1.7: 1.0 to 2.2: 1.0 even in wet years. The oil from the winter camelina seeds (‘Penzyak’ variety) in its composition and properties is suitable for the synthesis of biodiesel by the methanolysis reaction using a homogeneous alkaline catalyst. The physical and chemical properties of the obtained biodiesel are similar to those of sunflower or rapeseed oils.

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Atibeh, Ehsan Abbasi, and Ahmet Yozgatligil. "Combustion Characteristics of Biomass Ash and Lignite Blend Under Oxy-Fuel Conditions." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65182.

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In this study an attempt was done to profoundly explore the pyrolysis and combustion behaviors and emission characteristics of lignite samples in O2/N2 and O2/CO2 (oxy-fuel conditions) ambients. A special focus was allocated to the effects of three inorganic materials, potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) on combustion characteristics of Turkish lignite using non-isothermal Thermo-gravimetric Analysis (TGA) technique combined with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and the effects of ambient gases and various oxygen mole fractions were considered. Eventually the co-processing combustion tests of lignite and the ash contents of different biomass fuels were investigated and the possible way of using biomass as a potential source of inexpensive catalysts in combustion processes were discussed. Co-processing combustion tests of lignite and biomass ash contents indicated that the hazelnut shell and walnut shell ash contents were significantly effective in increasing the char reactivity of lignite due to high concentration of potassium based oxides during combustion tests carried out in both air and 30% O2 in CO2 ambients. Furthermore the catalytic reactivity of wheat straw and cattle manure ash contents were observed in the second region of combustion regarding volatile matter release and combustion in both air and 30% O2 in CO2 ambients. These results are thought to be due to high concentrations of Alkali and Alkaline earth metals existed in the impregnated lignite samples with wheat straw and cattle manure ash contents and especially Na-based oxides in the cattle manure form. Finally in the case of lignite sample impregnated with saw dust ash content, it was observed that the impregnated lignite was significantly more reactive in devolatalization process in 30% O2 in CO2 ambients. These results revealed that the ash contents of walnut and hazelnut shell biomass fuels can be used as a potential source of inexpensive K-based catalysts in the co-processing of coal and biomass ash. Furthermore high concentrations of Alkali and Alkaline earth metals existed in the ash contents of biomass fuels like wheat straw, cattle manure and saw dust can make them suitable sources of inexpensive catalysts and develop a step forward in economic aspects of catalytic coal combustion.

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Mautz, Karl E. "Alkali metal ion monitoring and reduction in dielectric oxides." In Microelectronic Manufacturing, edited by Abe Ghanbari and Anthony J. Toprac. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.284640.

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Reports on the topic "Alkaline metal oxides"

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Fedoseev, A. M., N. N. Krot, N. A. Budantseva, A. A. Bessonov, M. V. Nikonov, M. S. Grigoriev, A. Y. Garnov, V. P. Perminov, and L. N. Astafurova. Interaction of Pu(IV,VI) hydroxides/oxides with metal hydroxides/oxides in alkaline media. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/665966.

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S.E. Ziemniak. Solubility Behavior and Phase Stability of Transition Metal Oxides in Alkaline Hydrothermal Environments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/821298.

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S.E. Ziemniak. Metal Oxide Decomposition In Hydrothermal Alkaline Sodium Phosphate Solutions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/822273.

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