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Journal articles on the topic 'Alkaline metal oxides'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Shah, M. Nazri Abu, S. Hanim Md Nor, Kamariah Noor Ismail, and Abdul Hadi. "Overview: Modification of Cerium Oxide in Three-Way Catalysts." Applied Mechanics and Materials 575 (June 2014): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.575.97.

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An overview of modification of cerium oxide, CeO2which is employed in the three-way catalyst (TWCs) is presented in this article. The modifications of cerium oxide, CeO2incorporated with the metal oxides for the improvement of thermal stability, microstructure and oxygen storage capacity (OSC) are discussed. In view of that, the types of metal oxide are grouped into transition metals, rare earth metals, and alkaline metals and the effect of each group into cerium oxide, CeO2are elaborated.

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2

Tavizón-Pozos, Jesús Andrés, Gerardo Chavez-Esquivel, Víctor Alejandro Suárez-Toriello, Carlos Eduardo Santolalla-Vargas, Oscar Abel Luévano-Rivas, Omar Uriel Valdés-Martínez, Alfonso Talavera-López, and Jose Antonio Rodriguez. "State of Art of Alkaline Earth Metal Oxides Catalysts Used in the Transesterification of Oils for Biodiesel Production." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041031.

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Biodiesel produced through catalytic transesterification of triglycerides from edible and non-edible oils and alcohol is considered an alternative to traditional petro-diesel. The interest in the use of alkaline earth metal oxides as heterogeneous basic catalysts has increased due to their availability, non-toxicity, the capacity to be reused, low cost, and high concentration of surface basic sites that provide the activity. This work is a compilation of the strategies to understand the effect of the source, synthesis, and thermal treatment of MgO, CaO, SrO, and BaO on the improvement of the surface basic sites density and strength, the morphology of the solid structure, stability during reaction and reusability. These parameters are commonly modified or enhanced by mixing these oxides or with alkaline metals. Also, the improvement of the acid-base properties and to avoid the lixiviation of catalysts can be achieved by supporting the alkaline earth metal oxides on another oxide. Additionally, the effect of the most relevant operation conditions in oil transesterification reactions such as methanol to oil ratio, temperature, agitation method, pressure, and catalysts concentration are reviewed. This review attempts to elucidate the optimum parameters of reaction and their application in different oils.

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3

Broqvist, Peter, Henrik Grönbeck, and Itai Panas. "Surface properties of alkaline earth metal oxides." Surface Science 554, no. 2-3 (April 2004): 262–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2004.02.014.

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4

Welham, N. J. "Mechanically induced reaction between alkaline earth metal oxides and TiO2." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 6 (June 1998): 1607–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0221.

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This paper outlines the formation of alkaline earth metal titanates, of the general formula MTiO3, directly from the metal oxides and rutile by mechanical activation in a laboratory ball mill at room temperature. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the reaction was essentially complete within 100 h for all metals except magnesium. The titanates formed all had a Scherrer crystallite size of 11–12 nm and a lattice strain of 0.5–0.6%, neither of which were affected by extended milling. Annealing studies confirmed that the titanate was formed during milling and showed that grain growth could be achieved at temperatures below that generally used for their formation. Mixed cation titanates could also be formed by milling, but tended to be barium rich until annealed.

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5

Musaeva, D., and M. Eshmuhamedov. "THE MECHANISM OF THE CONVERSIONS OF THE PRODUCTS OF THE INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION ON POLIMETALL ADSORBTIONKATALISIS- CHEMOSORBCION SYSTEM." Technical science and innovation 2019, no. 2 (August 2, 2019): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.51346/tstu-01.19.2.-77-0023.

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In article is considered possibility of the catalytic conversion and chemosorption of the products of the incomplete combustion on actuated oxides alkaline, alkaline earth and amphoteric metal and metal with connecting valence sufficient as iron and manganese, bring about forming the join metal at peelings of the gas flow from products of the incomplete combustion. It is determined that in process chemosorption is formed join metal, which is accumulated in time sorption-catalytic system. The studied mechanism of the oxidation of the products of the incomplete combustion on oxides alkaline, alkaline earth, amphoteric metal and metal with connecting valence, as iron and manganese containing systems. Physics-chemical and spectral analysis is installed that, at xemosorbtion of the products of the incomplete combustion ion Mn4+, Mn3+ and Fe3+ moves over to undermost valence of the condition and form to salts. It is revealed that clear industrial gas surge from products of the incomplete combustion on easy porous have eaten metallic oxides with manganese by concoction is accompanied simultaneous increase being kept in him metal in the manner of metal of the organic join

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6

Saadi, A., Z. Rassoul, and M. M. Bettahar. "Reduction of benzaldehyde on alkaline earth metal oxides." Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 258, no. 1-2 (October 2006): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2006.05.029.

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7

Sch�n, J. C. "Enthalpy Landscapes of the Earth Alkaline Metal Oxides." Zeitschrift f�r anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 630, no. 13-14 (November 2004): 2354–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.200400289.

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8

Chen, Yu-Wen, Hsueh-Ying Chen, and Wen-Fa Lin. "Basicities of alumina-supported alkaline earth metal oxides." Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters 65, no. 1 (September 1998): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02475319.

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9

Zhao, Shunzheng, Honghong Yi, Xiaolong Tang, Shanxue Jiang, Fengyu Gao, Bowen Zhang, Yanran Zuo, and Zhixiang Wang. "The Hydrolysis of Carbonyl Sulfide at Low Temperature: A Review." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/739501.

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Catalytic hydrolysis technology of carbonyl sulfide (COS) at low temperature was reviewed, including the development of catalysts, reaction kinetics, and reaction mechanism of COS hydrolysis. It was indicated that the catalysts are mainly involved metal oxide and activated carbon. The active ingredients which can load on COS hydrolysis catalyst include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal oxides, rare earth metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, and nanometal oxides. The catalytic hydrolysis of COS is a first-order reaction with respect to carbonyl sulfide, while the reaction order of water changes as the reaction conditions change. The controlling steps are also different because the reaction conditions such as concentration of carbonyl sulfide, reaction temperature, water-air ratio, and reaction atmosphere are different. The hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide is base-catalyzed reaction, and the force of the base site has an important effect on the hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide.

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10

Wang, P. F., Zhi Hong Li, and Y. M. Zhu. "Influences of Alkaline-Earth Metal Oxides on the Properties of Vitrified Bond." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 1405–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.1405.

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Alkaline-earth metal oxides (MgO, CaO, SrO and BaO) were introduced to Na2O-B2O3-Al2O3- SiO2 vitrified bond, and their effects on the properties of the vitrified bond were investigated through the measurements of refractoriness, fluidity and bending strength. The results showed the refractoriness of the vitrified bond was reduced and the fluidity of the bond increased with the addition of alkaline earth metal oxides in the order of CaO>SrO>BaO>MgO. When 2-10wt% MgO, CaO and BaO was added into the bond respectively, the vitrified bond was relatively dense due to high viscosity, and the strength was all improved to some extent. However, when more than 4wt% SrO was added, the strength decreased sharply because of the deterioration of microstructure. It was concluded that the bending strength of the bond was affected by alkaline-earth metal oxides in the order of CaO>MgO>BaO>SrO.

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11

Kasenov, B. K. "SYNTHESIS AND X-RAY INVESTIGATION OF NOVEL NANOSTRUCTURED COPPER-ZINC MANGANITES OF LANTHANUM AND ALKALI METALS." Eurasian Physical Technical Journal 18, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2021no1/29-33.

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The aim of this work is to synthesize new nanostructured copper-zinc lanthanum and alkaline metal manganites. Polycrystalline copper-zinc manganites of lanthanum and alkali metals were synthesized by the method of ceramic technology from lanthanum (III), copper (II), zinc (II), manganese (III) oxides, and lithium, sodium, and potassium carbonates in the range of 800-1200 oC. Nanostructured particles were obtained by grinding the synthesized polycrystalline compounds at the «MM301» vibration mill of «Retsch» (Germany). By indexing X-ray images of nanostructured copper-zinc lanthanum and alkaline metal manganites, it was found that they crystallize in cubic syngony. Their lattice parameters are determined. There is a pattern in the change of the lattice parameters from the ionic radii of alkaline metals.

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12

Xiao, Zhuo Hao, An Xian Lu, and Fei Lu. "Relationship between the Thermal Expansion Coefficient and the Composition for R₂O-MO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ System Glass." Advanced Materials Research 11-12 (February 2006): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.11-12.65.

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The R2O-MO- Al2O3-SiO2 system glasses were prepared by conventional melt quenching technology. The composition mass fraction range of the glass is SiO2 (55%∼65%), MgO (0%∼15.2%), CaO (0%∼15.2%), SrO (0%∼15.2%), BaO (0%∼15.2%), Na2O (0%∼15.6%), K2O (0%∼15.6%). The relationship between the composition and the thermal expansion coefficient of the glass was investigated by comparing the thermal expansion coefficients of the glasses with different chemical composition. The results show that the thermal expansion coefficient of the glass increases sharply with the increase of alkali-metal oxide content and when K+, Na+ and Li+ exist simultaneously in the structure of the glass, the complex “mixed alkali effect” can be observed from the composition–thermal expansion coefficient curve. When introducing different kind but same quantity alkaline-earth metal oxide, the thermal expansion coefficient of the glasses increased obviously with the rising of the radius of alkaline-earth metal ions but the “mixed alkali effects” can also be observed for the glasses containing a few kinds of alkaline-earth metal oxides.

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13

Matveeva, Ekaterina, Elena Sharova, Alexander Turanov, Vasilii Karandashev, and Irina Odinets. "Extraction properties of β-aminophosphine oxides towards lanthanides and alkaline earth metals." Open Chemistry 10, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 1933–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-012-0124-0.

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AbstractThe investigation of the extraction properties of a series of polyoligodentate β-aminophosphine oxides 1–8 bearing from one to six phosphine oxide groups in a molecule towards Ln(III) and alkaline earth metals ions from neutral media has revealed that, using common diluents, the extraction efficiency increases with an increase of a number of P=O functions in a ligand. The addition of ionic liquid, namely 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide ([bmim][NTf2]), significantly increasing the extraction efficiency and application of IL concentration of 0.05 M (in 1,2-dichloroethane) providing the maximum recovery of metal ions with Lu/La separation factor reaching up to 91. Hexapodal tris[bis(2-diphenylphosphorylethyl)aminoethyl]amine 8 demonstrates the highest extraction under all conditions applied and the separation factor for U and Eu of this compound exceeded 103.

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14

Li, Mengxue, Jianyong Liu, Yunfeng Xu, and Guangren Qian. "Phosphate adsorption on metal oxides and metal hydroxides: A comparative review." Environmental Reviews 24, no. 3 (September 2016): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2015-0080.

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Phosphorus removal from wastewater is important for eutrophication control of water bodies. Metal oxides and metal hydroxides have always been developed and investigated for phosphorus removal, because of their abundance, low cost, environmental friendliness, and chemically stability. This paper presents a comparative review of the literature on the preparation methods, adsorption behaviors, adsorption mechanisms, and the regeneration of metal (hydr)oxides (e.g., Fe, Zn, Al, etc.) with regard to phosphate removal. The contrasting results showed that metal hydroxides could offer an effective and economic alternative to metal oxides, because of their cost–benefit synthesis methods, higher adsorption capacities, and shorter adsorption equilibrium times. However, the specific surface area of metal oxides is larger than that of metal hydroxides because of the calcination process. Metal oxides with a higher pH at the zero point of charge have wider optimal adsorption pH ranges than metal hydroxides because of their surface precipitation in alkaline solutions. The regeneration of metal oxides using acids, bases, and salts and that of metal hydroxides using acids and bases has been critically examined. Further research on uniform metal (hydr)oxides with small particle size, high stabilities, low cost, and that are easily regenerated with promising desorbents are proposed. In addition, quantitative mechanism study and application in continuous-mode column trials are also suggested.

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15

Maltseva, Tetyana, and Valeriy Kublanovsky. "ELECTROCATALYSIS OF THE OXYGEN REACTION ON THE MULTICOMPONENT OXIDES OF TRANSITION METALS." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 86, no. 12 (January 15, 2021): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/2708-129x.86.12.2020.103-123.

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The review presents the current state of research on oxides of transition metals as electrocatalysts for the both reactions of oxygen reduction and evolution, which are of key importance ones for electrochemical devices of alternative energy: metal-air rechargeable batteries and fuel cells with an oxygen electrode. The review includes the consideration of the thermodynamic, electronic and adsorption conditions for activation of the molecular oxygen by oxide surface, as well as the advantages of the oxide surfaces as catalysts in the alkaline electrolytes. The influence of the chemical composition and structural features of oxides of transition elements on the adsorption and chemisorption of water and oxygen, the formation of ionic forms at adsorption and the main factors, which influence on transfer of electrons, protons and oxygen, are considered. Synthesis of double and other multicomponent oxides and the usage of cationic doping expands the possibilities of forming the necessary properties of the electrocatalysts: porosity, thickness of hydrated layers, electronic and ionic conductivity, proton and electron-donor (acceptor) properties in a optimal combination. The oxide should have a metal with variable valence, and even better if there are two ones. Such oxides can be various structures based on Co2O3, MnO2, Ni2O3, Mn3O4, Fe2O3, and others. A qualitative leap in improving the performance of catalysts for electrode reactions with oxygen was made possible by the synthesis of nanoparticles, as well as nanocomposites with metallic and carbon materials. The some characteristics of the electrocatalytic activity of promising oxide electrocatalysts, mainly, multicomponent ones, as well as the results of studies of oxide composites with carbon nanomaterials, are presented. Several of the most well-known oxide structures (spinel, perovskite, pyrochlor) are currently being studied as the most promising matrices for the efficient transfer of charge, oxygen, and metal ions. All of them are multicomponent. The most active non-platinum bifunctional catalysts for oxygen reactions concluded to be cobaltites with spinel structure. Nanocomposites based on cobalt and cobalt-manganese spinel are the most promising materials for use in alkaline rechargeable batteries, both in terms of cost and in terms of electrocatalytic activity as well as in terms of corrosion resistance.

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16

Vineesh, Thazhe Veettil, Archana Sekar, Sivamathini Rajappa, Shubhadeep Pal, Subbiah Alwarappan, and Tharangattu N. Narayanan. "Non-Precious Metal/Metal Oxides and Nitrogen-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide based Alkaline Water-Electrolysis Cell." ChemCatChem 9, no. 22 (November 14, 2017): 4295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201701018.

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17

Dadsetani, M., and R. Beiranvand. "Optical properties of alkaline-earth metal oxides from first principles." Solid State Sciences 11, no. 12 (December 2009): 2099–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2009.08.018.

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18

Matsukata, Masahiko, Shinya Sekine, Kenichiro Kobayashi, Eiichi Kikuchi, and Yoshiro Morita. "Hexane—carbon dioxide reaction catalyzed by alkaline earth metal oxides." Applied Catalysis 41 (July 1988): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-9834(00)80392-9.

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19

Weckhuysen, Bert M., Gerhard Mestl, Michael P. Rosynek, Thomas R. Krawietz, James F. Haw, and Jack H. Lunsford. "Destructive Adsorption of Carbon Tetrachloride on Alkaline Earth Metal Oxides." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 102, no. 19 (May 1998): 3773–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp980185k.

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20

Hai-Hu, Wen, Yang Hai-Peng, Lu Xi-Feng, and Yan Jing. "Superconductivity at 31 K in Alkaline Metal-Doped Cobalt Oxides." Chinese Physics Letters 20, no. 5 (April 24, 2003): 725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/20/5/338.

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21

Li, Yuwei, David J. Singh, Mao-Hua Du, Qiaoling Xu, Lijun Zhang, Weitao Zheng, and Yanming Ma. "Design of ternary alkaline-earth metal Sn(ii) oxides with potential good p-type conductivity." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 20 (2016): 4592–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc00996d.

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22

Ha, Seong Ho, Young Ok Yoon, Nam Seok Kim, Sung Hwan Lim, and Shae K. Kim. "Oxide Scale Behavior and its Effect on Oxidation Resistance in Al Alloys Containing Alkaline Earth Metal Elements." Defect and Diffusion Forum 380 (November 2017): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.380.120.

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Oxide scale behaviors by surface segregation of Mg, Ca and Be in Al and their effects on oxidation resistance at melt temperature were investigated. With the addition of Ca and Be in Al-7.5mass%Mg alloy, the samples showed a suppressed weight gain. However, in the initial oxidation, Ca added samples exhibited improved oxidation resistance. As a result of oxide layer observation by microscopy, Ca added Al-7.5mass%Mg alloy exhibited the region overlapped by constituent elements, indicating multi-element oxide is formed on the surface. In the oxidation of Al-Mg-Be system, BeO is formed as primary oxide and mixed layer with MgO, while Ca addition in Al-Mg system causes no change in the primary and secondary oxides, but formation of CaMg2Al16O27. BeO and BeAl2O4may contribute to balanced layer by combination between constituent oxides in the Al-Mg-Be system. In the case of Ca addition, CaMg2Al16O27acts as a filler of the cracks in MgO layer.

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23

Moysiadou, Aliki, and Xile Hu. "Stability profiles of transition metal oxides in the oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline medium." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 45 (2019): 25865–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta10308b.

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24

Sabrowsky, Horst, Petra Mertens, and Fritz Otto Dönhoff. "Neues über ternäre Interalkalimetalloxide und Alkalithallium(I)-oxide / News About Ternary Inter Alkaline Metal Oxides and Alkalinethallium(I)oxides." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 40, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1985-0123.

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Besides KNaO and RbNaO, KLiO is the third example of hitherto unknown and unexpected in- teralkaline metal oxides. The X-ray investigation of the orthorhombic KLiO (Z=8) shows a new structure with separated layers of [xxx] anions in which every lithium atom is co-ordinated by a triangle of three oxygens.The compounds KTlO, RbTlO and CsTlO are already known. Now serveral new ternary alkaline oxides with monovalent thallium have been obtained. In the Na2O-Tl2O system the red compounds NaTlO and Na3TlO2 were found. Further- more KTl3O2, RbTl3O2 and CsTl3O2 have been prepared. Their unit cells (Z=3) correlate to the unit cell of hexagonal Tl2O (Z=6)

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25

Matarrese, R., L. Castoldi, L. Lietti, and P. Forzatti. "Soot combustion: Reactivity of alkaline and alkaline earth metal oxides in full contact with soot." Catalysis Today 136, no. 1-2 (July 2008): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2008.03.022.

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26

Bakare, Idris A., Oki Muraza, Masato Yoshioka, Zain H. Yamani, and Toshiyuki Yokoi. "Conversion of methanol to olefins over Al-rich ZSM-5 modified with alkaline earth metal oxides." Catalysis Science & Technology 6, no. 21 (2016): 7852–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cy00867d.

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27

Chen, Qin, Yanan Chong, Mumin Rao, Ming Su, and Yongcai Qiu. "Boosting Electrochemical Performance of Hematite Nanorods via Quenching-Induced Alkaline Earth Metal Ion Doping." Processes 9, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9071102.

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Ion doping in transition metal oxides is always considered to be one of the most effective methods to obtain high-performance electrochemical supercapacitors because of the introduction of defective surfaces as well as the enhancement of electrical conductivity. Inspired by the smelting process, an ancient method, quenching is introduced for doping metal ions into transition metal oxides with intriguing physicochemical properties. Herein, as a proof of concept, α-Fe2O3 nanorods grown on carbon cloths (α-Fe2O3@CC) heated at 400 °C are rapidly put into different aqueous solutions of alkaline earth metal salts at 4 °C to obtain electrodes doped with different alkaline earth metal ions (M-Fe2O3@CC). Among them, Sr-Fe2O3@CC shows the best electrochemical capacitance, reaching 77.81 mF cm−2 at the current of 0.5 mA cm−2, which is 2.5 times that of α-Fe2O3@CC. The results demonstrate that quenching is a feasible new idea for improving the electrochemical performances of nanostructured materials.

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28

Liu, Yang, Fengmei Wang, Tofik Ahmed Shifa, Jie Li, Jing Tai, Yu Zhang, Junwei Chu, Xueying Zhan, Chongxin Shan, and Jun He. "Hierarchically heterostructured metal hydr(oxy)oxides for efficient overall water splitting." Nanoscale 11, no. 24 (2019): 11736–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr02988e.

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29

Belles, Loukas, Constantinos Moularas, Szymon Smykała, and Yiannis Deligiannakis. "Flame Spray Pyrolysis Co3O4/CoO as Highly-Efficient Nanocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction." Nanomaterials 11, no. 4 (April 5, 2021): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11040925.

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The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is the rate-limiting reaction in the cathode side of fuel cells. In the quest for alternatives to Pt-electrodes as cathodes in ORR, appropriate transition metal oxide-based electrocatalysts are needed. In the present work, we have synthesized Co3O4 and CoO/Co3O4 nanostructures using flame spray pyrolysis (FSP), as electrocatalysts for ORR in acidic and alkaline media. A detailed study of the effect of (Co-oxide)/Pt ratio on ORR efficiency shows that the present FSP-made Co-oxides are able to perform ORR at very low-Pt loading, 0.4% of total metal content. In acid medium, an electrode with (5.2% Pt + 4.8% Co3O4), achieved the highest ORR performance (Jmax = 8.31 mA/cm2, E1/2 = 0.66 V). In alkaline medium, superior performance and stability have been achieved by an electrode with (0.4%Pt + 9.6% (CoO/Co3O4)) with ORR activity (Jmax = 3.5 mA/cm2, E1/2 = 0.08 V). Using XRD, XPS, Raman and TEM data, we discuss the structural and electronic aspects of the FSP-made Co-oxide catalysts in relation to the ORR performance. Cyclic voltammetry data indicate that the ORR process involves active sites associated with Co3+ cations at the cobalt oxide surface. Technology-wise, the present work demonstrates that the developed FSP-protocols, constitutes a novel scalable process for production of co-oxides appropriate for oxygen reduction reaction electrodes.

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30

Aljama, Hassan, Jens K. Nørskov, and Frank Abild-Pedersen. "Tuning Methane Activation Chemistry on Alkaline Earth Metal Oxides by Doping." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122, no. 39 (September 7, 2018): 22544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b06682.

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31

Rao, K. Balakoteswara, and K. S. Gandhi. "Ionomeric interpretation of thickening of polyesters by alkaline earth metal oxides." Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23, no. 8 (August 1985): 2135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1985.170230806.

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32

Abbott, Daniel F., Margrith Meier, Georg R. Meseck, Emiliana Fabbri, Stefan Seeger, and Thomas J. Schmidt. "Silicone Nanofilament-Supported Mixed Nickel-Metal Oxides for Alkaline Water Electrolysis." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 164, no. 4 (2017): F203—F208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0201704jes.

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33

Hofmann, P., and E. Knözinger. "Surface properties of gas phase deposited mixed earth alkaline metal oxides." Il Nuovo Cimento D 19, no. 11 (November 1997): 1687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03185364.

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34

Fuger, J. "Thermochemistry of the alkali metal and alkaline earth-actinide complex oxides." Journal of Nuclear Materials 130 (February 1985): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(85)90314-9.

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35

Cherginets, V. L., and E. G. Khailova. "On the solubilities of bivalent metal oxides in molten alkaline chlorides." Electrochimica Acta 39, no. 6 (April 1994): 823–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(94)80031-6.

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36

Michailovski, Alexej, Michael Wörle, Denis Sheptyakov, and Greta R. Patzke. "Hydrothermal synthesis of anisotropic alkali and alkaline earth vanadates." Journal of Materials Research 22, no. 1 (January 2007): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0002.

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In the course of a systematic field study, anisotropic alkali and alkaline earth vanadates have been accessed through a straightforward, one-step hydrothermal process. They are formed quantitatively from V2O5 and alkali- or alkaline earth halide solutions after a few days of autoclave treatment in the temperature range between 100 and 220 °C. The presence of ionic additives leads to an interplay between the formation of isotropic crystalline phases and the production of fibrous oxide materials, such as a novel magnesium vanadate. The influence of the hydrothermal parameters and of the alkali/alkaline earth halides on the emerging phases and morphologies has been investigated in the course of a systematic study. The results are compared with other vanadate- and transition metal oxide-based hydrothermal systems, and the emerging trends are discussed with respect to the development of predictive synthetic concepts for nanostructured vanadium oxides.

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37

Cardoso, D. S. P., B. Šljukić, N. Sousa, C. A. C. Sequeira, F. M. L. Figueiredo, and D. M. F. Santos. "On the stability in alkaline conditions and electrochemical performance of A2BO4-type cathodes for liquid fuel cells." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 28 (2018): 19045–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp02114g.

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38

Pandiarajan, T., L. John Berchmans, and S. Ravichandran. "Fabrication of spinel ferrite based alkaline anion exchange membrane water electrolysers for hydrogen production." RSC Advances 5, no. 43 (2015): 34100–34108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra01123j.

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Alkaline anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) is considered to be an alternative to proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE), owing to the use of non-noble meta/metal oxides in AEMWE.

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39

Li, Haoxin, Xiaolin Zhao, Yining Li, Yang Gan, Wujie Qiu, Jifen Wang, and Jianjun Liu. "Alkaline-earth metal substitution stabilizes the anionic redox of Li-rich oxides." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 16 (2021): 10364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta00282a.

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The alkaline earth metal substitution of Li₂MnO₃ with occupying Li⁺ sites could effectively activate cation redox and stabilize lattice oxygen, which is favorable to increase the specific capacity and improve the cyclic performance.

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40

Dwibedi, Debasmita, Ritambhara Gond, Krishnakanth Sada, Baskar Senthilkumar, and Prabeer Barpanda. "Electrocatalytic Activity of Some Cobalt Based Sodium Phosphates in Alkaline Solution." MRS Advances 3, no. 22 (2018): 1215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.136.

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ABSTRACTThe development of efficient water oxidation catalyst is a major path to realize water splitting systems, which could benefit high performance and cost-effective metal-air batteries, fuel cells and solar energy conversion. To date, the rare crustal abundant platinum group metals rule this sector with Pt-alloys being the best for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and ruthenium oxides for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic solution. However, they show poor stability and are too expensive for large scale applications. Moreover, oxygen reduction in basic solutions can otherwise be catalysed by metal oxide with non-precious earth abundant transition metals (e.g. Fe, Co, Ni). Hence, there is a massive demand to explore noble metal free bifunctional electrocatalysts. In this work, we present the electrocatalytic activity of three cobalt based sodium phosphates namely NaCoPO4 (with one phosphate), Na2CoP2O7 (with two phosphate) NaFe2Co(PO4)3 (with three phosphate). Synthesized by solution combustion route, all these phosphates confirmed phase purity. NaCoPO4 and Na2CoP2O7 adopted orthorhombic structure with Pnma and Pna21 space group respectively; whereas NaFe2Co(PO4)3 crystallized in monoclinic (C2/c) framework. Electrocatalytic activity of these cobalt phosphates were inspected by linear sweep voltammetry with rotating disk electrode (RDE). All three showed promising bifunctional activity. In fact, the ORR activities of both orthorhombic cobalt phosphates are comparable to Vulcan carbon and Pt/C. OER activity of Na2CoP2O7 overrode other phosphates. The bifunctional activity and good stability of these sodium cobalt phosphates stem from cobalt ions and stabilization of the catalytic centres by the phosphate frameworks. The present work builds a detail structure-property correlation in these phosphate systems and also demonstrates the possibility of utilizing these sodium cobalt phosphates as alternate cost-effective, novel electrocatalysts for efficient OER/ORR activity in alkaline solution.

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41

Song, Jia, De Ning, and Henny J. M. Bouwmeester. "Influence of alkaline-earth metal substitution on structure, electrical conductivity and oxygen transport properties of perovskite-type oxides La0.6A0.4FeO3−δ (A = Ca, Sr and Ba)." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 21 (2020): 11984–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp00247j.

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42

Yao, Lili, Wenxiu Yang, Huiling Liu, Jianbo Jia, Guohua Wu, Dan Liu, Ting Liu, Taixing Tan, and Cheng Wang. "Synthesis and ORR electrocatalytic activity of mixed Mn–Co oxides derived from divalent metal-based MIL-53 analogues." Dalton Transactions 46, no. 44 (2017): 15512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7dt03386a.

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43

Nakai, Shun-ichi, Tsutomu Mitsuishi, Hidenao Sugawara, Hideki Maezawa, Tokuo Matsukawa, Shichiro Mitani, Kazuo Yamasaki, and Takashi Fujikawa. "OxygenKx-ray-absorption near-edge structure of alkaline-earth-metal and 3d-transition-metal oxides." Physical Review B 36, no. 17 (December 15, 1987): 9241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.36.9241.

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44

Khan, Iltaf, Ning Sun, Ziqing Zhang, Zhijun Li, Muhammad Humayun, Sharafat Ali, Yang Qu, and Liqiang Jing. "Improved visible-light photoactivities of porous LaFeO3 by coupling with nanosized alkaline earth metal oxides and mechanism insight." Catalysis Science & Technology 9, no. 12 (2019): 3149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cy00127a.

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It is significant to improve visible-light photoactivities of porous LaFeO₃ by coupling with nanosized alkaline earth metal oxides as dual-functional platform for accepting the high level electrons and activating CO₂.

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45

Guo, Meng, and Gongxuan Lu. "The difference of roles of alkaline-earth metal oxides on silica-supported nickel catalysts for CO2 methanation." RSC Adv. 4, no. 102 (2014): 58171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra06202g.

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46

Kaya, A., and Y. Yukselen. "Zeta potential of clay minerals and quartz contaminated by heavy metals." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42, no. 5 (October 1, 2005): 1280–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t05-048.

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Laboratory and in situ test results show that electrokinetic decontamination is a promising subsurface decontamination method. However, it has also been reported that several problems arise, such as reverse flow and pH gradient across the anode and the cathode during the electrokinetic decontamination process. Variation in pH alters the zeta (ζ) potential of soils, which is one of the factors affecting the efficiency of contaminant removal by the electrokinetic method. The magnitude of the ζ potential controls the fluid flow rate, whereas its sign controls the flow direction. However, research on how the ζ potential of soils changes under various chemical conditions is limited. In this paper, the effect of pore-fluid chemistry on the ζ potential of kaolinite, montmorillonite, and quartz powder is determined with NaCl, LiCl, CaCl2·2H2O, MgCl2·6H2O, CuCl2, CoCl2, ZnCl2, AlCl3, and Pb(NO3)2. The test results reveal that the ζ potential of the minerals with alkali and alkaline-earth metals changes according to the diffuse electrical double-layer theory. The hydrolyzable metal ions produce two points of zero charge (PZCs), one of which is that of the soil; and the other, that of hydrolyzable oxide. The ζ potential of minerals with hydrolyzable metal ions becomes increasingly positive and reaches its maximum value at neutral pH. It then decreases and again reaches very negative values at alkaline pH values (pH ∼ 10), depending on ion concentration and the bulk precipitation pH of hydrolyzable metals as hydrolyzable oxides. On the basis of the results of this study, it is recommended that the ζ potential of the soils be determined before electrokinetic decontamination.Key words: alkaline-earth metals, electrokinetic decontamination, heavy metals, zeta potential.

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Rahman, Mohammed M., M. M. Alam, and Abdullah M. Asiri. "Fabrication of an acetone sensor based on facile ternary MnO2/Gd2O3/SnO2 nanosheets for environmental safety." New Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 18 (2017): 9938–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj01372h.

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The facile hydrothermally synthesized (at low temperature, in alkaline medium of pH 10.5) nanosheets (NSs) of MnO₂/Gd₂O₃/SnO₂ are well crystalline-doped ternary metal oxides.

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48

Karakurkchi, Ann V., Nykolay D. Sakhnenko, Maryna V. Ved’, Ihor S. Luhovskyi, Hryhoriy A. Drobakha, and Maryna V. Mayba. "Features of Plasma Electrolytic Formation of Manganese- and Cobalt-Containing Composites on Aluminum Alloys." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (August 7, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6381291.

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This paper presents the results of studies on the electrochemical treatment characteristics of aluminum and alloys in alkaline electrolytes. It is shown that the heterogeneity of the alloys composition complicates the formation of the surface oxide layer. To homogenize the treated surface and obtain oxide coatings doped with manganese and cobalt, electrolytes based on KOH and K4P2O7 with the addition of KMnO4 and CoSO4 were used. Plasma electrolytic oxidizing (PEO) in these electrolytes in the range of current densities 5–20 A/dm2 allows to obtain mixed oxide coatings which contained both aluminum oxide matrix and doping metal oxides Al2O3·MnOx and Al2O3·CoOy. It is shown that an increase in the PEO current density and the concentration of manganate- and cobalt(II) ions in the solution leads to an increase the content of dopant metals in the coatings outer layer. The incorporation of manganese and cobalt oxides in the composition of the surface layers was confirmed by the results of X-ray structural analysis. The rational modes of aluminum alloys PEO treatment were substantiated to obtain coatings with manganese and cobalt contents up to 25–40 аt.%. Formed oxide systems have a developed surface and high adhesion to the base metal and show an increased corrosion resistance and catalytic activity. This allows us to view them as promising materials for air- and water-cleaning technologies and internal combustion engine waste gas purification systems.

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49

Siwen, Li, Meng Jian, and Ren Yufang. "The electrical and magnetic properties of lanthanide alkaline-earth transition-metal oxides." Materials Research Bulletin 34, no. 10-11 (July 1999): 1569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-5408(99)00179-8.

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50

Aljama, Hassan, Jens K. Nørskov, and Frank Abild-Pedersen. "Theoretical Insights into Methane C–H Bond Activation on Alkaline Metal Oxides." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 121, no. 30 (July 25, 2017): 16440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b05838.

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