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1
Seemann, Ingar, Johannes A. M. te Poele, Saske Hoving, and Fiona A. Stewart. "Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells Do Not Restore Radiation-Induced Microvascular Damage." ISRN Cardiology 2014 (March 27, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/506348.
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Background. Radiotherapy is commonly used to treat breast and thoracic cancers but it also causes delayed microvascular damage and increases the risk of cardiac mortality. Endothelial cell proliferation and revascularization are crucial to restore microvasculature damage and maintain function of the irradiated heart. We have therefore examined the potential of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (BM-derived EPCs) for restoration of radiation-induced microvascular damage. Material & Methods. 16 Gy was delivered to the heart of adult C57BL/6 mice. Mice were injected with BM-derived EPCs, obtained from Eng+/+ or Eng+/− mice, 16 weeks and 28 weeks after irradiation. Morphological damage was evaluated at 40 weeks in transplanted mice, relative to radiation only and age-matched controls. Results. Cardiac irradiation decreased microvascular density and increased endothelial damage in surviving capillaries (decrease alkaline phosphatase expression and increased von Willebrand factor). Microvascular damage was not diminished by treatment with BM-derived EPCs. However, BM-derived EPCs from both Eng+/+ and Eng+/− mice diminished radiation-induced collagen deposition. Conclusion. Treatment with BM-derived EPCs did not restore radiation-induced microvascular damage but it did inhibit fibrosis. Endoglin deficiency did not impair this process.
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Gonzalez, Francisco, Antonio Vargas, Jose M. Arias, and Enrique Montoya. "Phosphatase activity during development cycle of Myxococcus xanthus." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 37, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m91-011.
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Cell-bound and extracellular acid and alkaline phosphatase activity have been studied in Myxococcus xanthus strains DK101, DK1050, DK2834, and DK2836. Both phosphatases were released into a liquid medium during vegetative growth and the levels were similar in all strains. On solid media, M. xanthus DK101 showed maximum activity at the end of the developmental process, when mature myxospores appeared. An increase in phosphatase activity was also observed in glycerol-induced myxospores. A transitory increase in phosphatase activity occurred during the germination of both glycerol-induced and fruiting-body myxospores, although the activity of both phosphatases in fruiting-body myxospores was greater than that in glycerol-induced ones. Key words: acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, Myxococcus xanthus.
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Badwey, J. A., and J. M. Robinson. "Biochemical and cytochemical studies on enzymes that dephosphorylate inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate in neutrophils." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 39, no. 3 (March 1991): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/39.3.1847159.
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Guinea pig neutrophils contain membrane-bound and soluble phosphatases that catalyze the dephosphorylation of inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3]. The activities were 5.1 +/- 0.2 and 1.3 +/- 0.2 (SD; n = 5) nmoles phosphate (Pi) released/min/10(7) cell equivalents, respectively. The membrane-bound enzyme dephosphorylated many substrates (e.g., beta-glycerophosphate), exhibited alkaline pH optima, and was inhibited by levamisole. In contrast, the soluble phosphatase was specific for Ins(1,4,5)P3, exhibited a neutral pH optimum, and was insensitive to levamisole. A cerium-based ultrastructural cytochemical procedure was employed to identify the subcellular sites of the membrane-bound activity. Staining was observed on the exterior of the plasmalemma and in a population of granules. Staining in the granules was observed only in permeabilized cells. Treatment of neutrophils with p-diazobenzenesulfonate (DBSA) (4.0 mM) for 20 min at 37 degrees C blocked the cytochemical reaction on the cell surface using beta-glycerophosphate as the substrate, but did not affect the staining of the granules on subsequent permeabilization. In biochemical studies, this treatment with DBSA inhibited the membrane-bound activity by c. 50% but did not affect the soluble phosphatase. Therefore, the membrane-bound phosphatase is, in fact, an alkaline phosphatase that resides in locales not accessible to Ins(1,4,5)P3 generated during cell stimulation. Breakdown of Ins(1,4,5)P3 generated during cell stimulation, therefore, would be catalyzed by the soluble enzyme.
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Lee, Margaret T., Tania Small, Muhammad Amar Khan, Erika Berman Rosenzweig, Robyn J. Barst, and Gary M. Brittenham. "Pulmonary Hypertension Is Not Associated with An Increased Risk of Death in Children with Sickle-Cell Disease Followed for a Mean of 3 Years." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 1443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.1443.1443.
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Abstract To determine if pulmonary hypertension (PH) is associated with increased mortality in children with sickle-cell disease (SCD), we prospectively followed 88 pediatric patients for a mean of 3 years after echocardiographic screening for PH. Subjects (45 males, 43 females) were 5–20 years old (median 13) at initial screening and included 59 SS, 23 SC, 4 S/β0Thalassemia, 1 S/β+Thalassemia and 1 S/HPFH. PH was defined as tricuscipid regurgitant jet velocity (TRV) of ³2.5 m/s. Of the 88 subjects, 18 (20%) had TRV ³2.5 m/s (median 2.6, range 2.5–3.1). Subjects with PH ranged from 7 to 19 years old (median 15), were predominantly male (12 of 18) and included 14 (78%) SS, 2 SC, 2 S/β0Thalassemia. After a mean follow-up of 36.3 ± 9.4 (SD) months, all 18 patients with PH were alive. None had received specific treatment for PH; one had undergone a successful bone marrow transplant from a matched sibling donor. After a mean follow-up of 33.5 ± 13.3 months, 67 subjects with normal TRV were alive; 3 had been lost to follow-up. To compare risk factors for PH in our children with those reported for adults, we reviewed the clinical data for our subjects. Children with PH had significantly increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; P=0.04), higher platelet count (P=0.02), and, in males, a history of priapism (P=0.009). No significant differences were observed with respect to age, gender, sickle-cell type, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, reticulocyte count, bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, ferritin, history of painful crisis, acute chest syndrome, asthma, splenectomy, or hydroxyurea therapy. To further examine the association of PH and hemolysis, a subanalysis was done excluding 18 chronically transfused patients because transfusion can alter laboratory indicators of hemolysis. Independent variables with P≤0.1 on univariate analysis (LDH, female gender, and platelet count) were entered into a logistic regression model. Only LDH was independently associated with PH (Odds Ratio=1.6, 95% CI=1.2–2.1, P=0.004). Our results show that PH diagnosed by Doppler echocardiography was not associated with an increased risk of death in children with SCD followed for a mean of 3 years. A greatly increased risk of death (rate ratio, 10.1) has been reported in adults followed for a mean of 1.5 years (N Eng J Med2004;350:886–95). In our children, as in the adults, increased LDH, a marker of hemolysis, and, in males, a history of priapism were associated with PH. By contrast, our children with PH did not have increases in serum creatinine, direct bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and ferritin that have been linked epidemiologically to PH in adults with SCD (Pediatr Hematol Onc2007;24:159–70). These findings suggest that PH of itself may not be a direct cause of death in SCD. Rather, PH may be a manifestation of progressive, cumulative organ damage resulting from chronic hemolysis and systemic vasculopathy that ultimately leads to increased mortality in adulthood. Early recognition and preventive therapy for increased hemolysis may be needed to avert premature death in adults with SCD.
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Høyer, P. E., and S. Kirkeby. "The impact of fixatives on the binding of lectins to N-acetyl-glucosamine residues of human syncytiotrophoblast: a quantitative histochemical study." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 44, no. 8 (August 1996): 855–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/44.8.8756758.
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We describe a quantitative histochemical method for demonstration of five N-acetyl-glucosamine binding lectins in the syncytiotrophoblast of human term placenta. The method employs biotinylated lectins and alkaline phosphatase-conjugated avidin. The alkaline phosphatase activity is detected by using 5-bromo-4-chloro-indoxyl phosphate as the substrate and nitroblue tetrazolium as the capture agent. The effect of 13 fixative solutions on specific lectin binding and nonspecific background staining was quantified by microspectrophotometry. Acid fixatives or fixatives containing mercuric chloride, e.g., Carnoy's and Zenker's fixatives, gave intense specific lectin binding and low background staining. Glutaraldehyde, carbodiimide, and ethanol resulted in low specific lectin binding and a very high background staining that was mainly due to endogenous placental alkaline phosphatase. Lectin binding to N-acetyl-galactosamine, mannose, galactose, and fucose was also significantly higher in sections from tissues fixed in an acid fixative compared with a neutral buffered fixative. Unfixed cryosections revealed a considerably lower degree of specific lectin binding compared with sections from fixed tissues. The activity of endogenous placental alkaline phosphatase was inhibited dose-dependently by mercuric chloride and decreased with L-phenylalanine concentration over the range of 7.8 x 10(-4) M to 5 x 10(-2) M, after which there was no further inhibition. Calf intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase conjugated to avidin was not inhibited by 5 x 10(-2) M L-phenylalanine. Endogenous placental biotin did not contribute significantly to background staining. Despite the high level of placental alkaline phsophatase, the intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase can be used as a marker enzyme in the sensitive ABC technique, provided that the nonspecific background is measured and substracted. Moreover, it is advisable to use an acid- and/or mercuric chloride-containing fixative and to add L-phenylalanine during incubation steps.
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Wang, Yan, Ying Yan, Xinfa Liu, and Changbei Ma. "An Exonuclease I-Aided Turn-Off Fluorescent Strategy for Alkaline Phosphatase Assay Based on Terminal Protection and Copper Nanoparticles." Biosensors 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11050139.
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As an important DNA 3′-phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase can repair damaged DNA caused by replication and recombination. It is essential to measure the level of alkaline phosphatase to indicate some potential diseases, such as cancer, related to alkaline phosphatase. Here, we designed a simple and fast method to detect alkaline phosphatase quantitively. When alkaline phosphatase is present, the resulting poly T-DNA with a 3′-hydroxyl end was cleaved by exonuclease I, prohibiting the formation of fluorescent copper nanoparticles. However, the fluorescent copper nanoparticles can be monitored with the absence of alkaline phosphatase. Hence, we can detect alkaline phosphatase with this turn-off strategy. The proposed method is able to quantify the concentration of alkaline phosphatase with the LOD of 0.0098 U/L. Furthermore, we utilized this method to measure the effects of inhibitor Na3VO4 on alkaline phosphatase. In addition, it was successfully applied to quantify the level of alkaline phosphatase in human serum. The proposed strategy is sensitive, selective, cost effective, and timesaving, having a great potential to detect alkaline phosphatase quantitatively in clinical diagnosis.
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Dwibedi, Debasmita, Ritambhara Gond, Krishnakanth Sada, Baskar Senthilkumar, and Prabeer Barpanda. "Electrocatalytic Activity of Some Cobalt Based Sodium Phosphates in Alkaline Solution." MRS Advances 3, no. 22 (2018): 1215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.136.
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ABSTRACTThe development of efficient water oxidation catalyst is a major path to realize water splitting systems, which could benefit high performance and cost-effective metal-air batteries, fuel cells and solar energy conversion. To date, the rare crustal abundant platinum group metals rule this sector with Pt-alloys being the best for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and ruthenium oxides for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic solution. However, they show poor stability and are too expensive for large scale applications. Moreover, oxygen reduction in basic solutions can otherwise be catalysed by metal oxide with non-precious earth abundant transition metals (e.g. Fe, Co, Ni). Hence, there is a massive demand to explore noble metal free bifunctional electrocatalysts. In this work, we present the electrocatalytic activity of three cobalt based sodium phosphates namely NaCoPO4 (with one phosphate), Na2CoP2O7 (with two phosphate) NaFe2Co(PO4)3 (with three phosphate). Synthesized by solution combustion route, all these phosphates confirmed phase purity. NaCoPO4 and Na2CoP2O7 adopted orthorhombic structure with Pnma and Pna21 space group respectively; whereas NaFe2Co(PO4)3 crystallized in monoclinic (C2/c) framework. Electrocatalytic activity of these cobalt phosphates were inspected by linear sweep voltammetry with rotating disk electrode (RDE). All three showed promising bifunctional activity. In fact, the ORR activities of both orthorhombic cobalt phosphates are comparable to Vulcan carbon and Pt/C. OER activity of Na2CoP2O7 overrode other phosphates. The bifunctional activity and good stability of these sodium cobalt phosphates stem from cobalt ions and stabilization of the catalytic centres by the phosphate frameworks. The present work builds a detail structure-property correlation in these phosphate systems and also demonstrates the possibility of utilizing these sodium cobalt phosphates as alternate cost-effective, novel electrocatalysts for efficient OER/ORR activity in alkaline solution.
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Kricka, L. J. "Chemiluminescent and bioluminescent techniques." Clinical Chemistry 37, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 1472–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/37.9.1472.
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Abstract Light-emitting chemical reactions (chemiluminescence, CL) and biological reactions (bioluminescence, BL) have a diverse range of analytical applications but relatively few have been adopted by routine clinical laboratories. Advantages of CL and BL assays include sensitivity (attomole and sub-attomole detection limits), speed (signal generated in a few seconds and in some cases stable for several hours), nonhazardous reagents, and simple procedures. The most promising clinical applications are in immunoassay, protein blotting, and DNA probe assays. Chemiluminescent molecules exploited as labels include luminol, isoluminol, acridinium esters, thioesters and sulfonamides, and phenanthridinium esters. Separation and nonseparation assays have been devised, based on isoluminol and acridinium ester labels. The combination of the amplification properties of an enzyme and a CL or BL detection reaction provides a highly sensitive analytical system. Since 1983, CL and BL methods have been developed for many enzyme labels, e.g., alkaline phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, horseradish peroxidase, Renilla luciferase, and xanthine oxidase. Currently, the most successful enzyme assays are the enhanced CL method for a peroxidase label involving a mixture of luminol, hydrogen peroxide, and an enhancer (e.g., p-iodophenol) and the direct CL method for alkaline phosphatase, with an adamantyl 1,2-dioxetane phenyl phosphate as substrate. Both systems are very sensitive (the detection limit for alkaline phosphatase when using the dioxetane reagent is 0.001 amol) and produce long-lived light emission (greater than 30 min), which is ideal for membrane applications in which light emission is detected with photographic film or a charge-coupled device camera.
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Tamaki, Yoshinori, and Shozo Watanabe. "Chicken plasma alkaline phosphatase isozyme types and egg production." Animal Blood Groups and Biochemical Genetics 8, no. 1 (April 24, 2009): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.1977.tb01653.x.
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Bates, William R., and William R. Jeffery. "Alkaline phosphatase expression in ascidian egg fragments and andromerogons." Developmental Biology 119, no. 2 (February 1987): 382–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(87)90043-1.
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Kuraishi, R., and L. Osanai. "Contribution of maternal factors and cellular interaction to determination of archenteron in the starfish embryo." Development 120, no. 9 (September 1, 1994): 2619–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.9.2619.
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Contribution of maternal cytoplasmic factors and cellular interaction to determination of archenteron in a starfish embryo was analyzed by (1) examining temporal and positional pattern of expression of an endoderm-specific enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, (2) deleting the vegetal polar fragment from an immature oocyte and (3) changing the orientation of a blastomere within an early stage embryo. The archenteron (and the differentiated digestive tract) of Asterina pectinifera was divided into three areas based on the time of start of alkaline phosphatase expression. At 27 hours after 1-methyladenine treatment, the whole archenteron except the anterior end started to express alkaline phosphatase. The anterior negative area differentiated into mesodermal tissues such as mesenchyme cells and anterior coelomic pouches (anterior mesodermal area). The alkaline-phosphatase-positive area 1 gave rise to the esophagus and the anterior end of the stomach. Alkaline-phosphatase-positive area 2, which was gradually added to the posterior end of the archenteron after 30 hours, became alkaline-phosphatase- positive and formed the middle-to-posterior part of the stomach and the intestine. When the vegetal oocyte fragment, the volume of which was more than 8% of that of the whole oocyte, was removed from the immature oocyte, archenteron formation was strongly suppressed. However, when the volume deleted was less than 6%, most of the larvae started archenteron formation before the intact controls reached the mesenchyme-migration stage (30 hours). Although cells in the alkaline-phosphatase-positive area 2 are added to the posterior end of the archenteron after 30 hours in normal development (R. Kuraishi and K. Osanai (1992) Biol. Bull. Mar. Biol. Lab., Woods Hole 183, 258–268), few larvae started gastrulation after 30 hours. Estimation of the movement of the oocyte cortex during the early development suggested that the area that inherits the cortex of the 7% area coincides with the combined area of anterior mesodermal area and alkaline-phosphatase-positive area 1. When one of the blastomeres was rotated 180° around the axis of apicobasal polarity at the 2-cell stage to make its vegetal pole face the animal pole of the other blastomere, two archentera formed at the separated vegetal poles. Intracellular injection of tracers showed that cells derived from the animal blastomere, which gives rise to the ectoderm in normal development, stayed in the outer layer until 30 hours; a proportion of them then entered the archenteron gradually. The involuted animal cells expressed alkaline phosphatase and were incorporated into the middle-to-posterior part of the stomach and the intestine. These results suggest that anterior mesodermal area and alkaline-phosphatase-positive area 1 are determined by cytoplasmic factor(s) that had already been localized in their presumptive areas. In contrast, alkaline-phosphatase-positive area 2 becomes the endoderm by homoiogenetic induction from the neighboring area on the vegetal side, namely alkaline-phosphatase-positive area 1.
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Natikar, Jyothi A., Asha G, and Alapaty Shailaja. "Role of Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Levels as an Early Marker of Disease Progression in Chronic Kidney Disease." Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 6, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/gijhsr.20210701.
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Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an emerging condition with increasing morbidity and mortality. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), disturbance of several metabolic regulatory mechanisms cause premature ageing, accelerated cardiovascular disease (CVD), and mortality. CKD is associated with disturbances in alkaline phosphatase levels significantly in stage 4 and 5. Serum ALP levels has been shown to have a promoting effect on vascular calcification which leads to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complication. Aims and Objectives: To estimate the serum ALP levels and to correlate its association with CKD patients Material & methods: 50 cases of CKD and 50 controls were included in the study. Serum Urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase were measured in both cases and controls. Statistically significant increases in levels of all parameters were seen. The levels of alkaline phosphatase were also increased in cases but it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Elevated ALP levels are associated with an increased risk of End Stage Renal Disease and all-cause mortality in patients with CKD. Alkaline phosphatase levels can be used as an alternate marker for early identification of complications in CKD. Keywords: CKD-Chronic kidney disease, ALP-Alkaline phosphatase, ESRD-End stage renal disease
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Sanderink, G. J., Y. Artur, F. Paille, M. M. Galteau, and G. Siest. "Micro-scale two-dimensional electrophoresis of alkaline phosphatase from serum." Clinical Chemistry 34, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 730–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/34.4.730.
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Abstract Isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) were separated by micro-scale two-dimensional electrophoresis, with isoelectric focusing in capillary gels in the first dimension and polyacrylamide gradient-gel electrophoresis in the second. The isoenzymes detected were identified by several treatments--e.g., incubation with sialidase, papain, Triton X-100, and wheat-germ agglutinin--and by comparison with alkaline phosphatase from liver microsomes. Liver and bone isoforms in normal sera showed overlapping isoelectric points but differed in molecular mass, estimated as 172 and 185 kDa, respectively. Sera of patients with liver disease showed several additional groups of alkaline phosphatase isoforms, two of which were found to consist of multi-molecular complexes. Others probably correspond to incompletely glycated enzyme proteins. A further isoform with a mass of about 250 kDa does not seem to correspond to any known isoform of alkaline phosphatase in serum. With this technique, we demonstrated intra- and interindividual variations of the placental alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme in pregnancy sera.
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Chandran, P. K. G., T. J. Ulahannan, and M. Skiles. "Biochemical Changes following Parathyroidectomy." International Journal of Artificial Organs 16, no. 10 (October 1993): 700–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139889301601004.
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Biochemical changes that had appeared after subtotal parathyroidectomy (PTx) in 26 patients with end-stage renal failure were observed. The volume of excised parathyroid glands was also measured. Serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus levels fell after PTx; only to rise in due course. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels rose after PTx, reaching a peak by the 14th postoperative day. These elevated levels returned to normal range at about three months after PTx. Strong correlation was noted among the degree of postoperative hypocalcemia, and increase in serum alkaline phosphatase, but not between absolute pre or postoperative alkaline phosphatase levels and changes in serum calcium or phosphorus concentrations. Nevertheless, significant correlation was seen between pre-PTx levels of alkaline phosphatase and its short-lived postoperative rise, indicating hastened osteoblastic activity.
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Revoredo, Marcos Donizeti, and Wanderley José de Melo. "Enzyme activity and microbial biomass in an Oxisol amended with sewage sludge contaminated with nickel." Scientia Agricola 64, no. 1 (February 2007): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162007000100009.
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The role of nickel in soils of tropical areas under the application of sewage sludge is still not very well known. This study was carried out under greenhouse conditions in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil, with the objective of evaluating the impact of the application of sewage sludge previously contaminated with rates of nickel (329, 502, 746 and 1119 mg kg-1, dry basis) on a soil cropped with sorghum, in relation to soil enzyme activity and soil microbial biomass. Soil samples were collected at the beginning and the end of the experiment. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments (control and four rates of Ni in the sewage sludge) and four replications. C and N of the soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities (acid and alkaline phosphatases) were sensitive indicators for impact evaluation caused by sewage sludge contaminated with nickel. There were positive correlations between "total" and extractable nickel (Mehlich 1) with C-microbial biomass and negative with the microbial C/N relationship. N-microbial biomass correlated positively with "total" and extractable Ni at the last sampling. At the end of the experiment, the acid phosphatase activity correlated negatively with "total" Ni while the alkaline phosphatase correlated with both forms of the metal.
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Iqbal, S. J., A. Brain, T. M. Reynolds, M. Penny, and S. Holland. "Relationship between Serum Alkaline Phosphatase and Pyridoxal-5′-Phosphate Levels in Hypophosphatasia." Clinical Science 94, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0940203.
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1. Hypophosphatasia is a disorder characterized by low serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and a range of skeletal deformities. The levels of a number of phosphorylated metabolites, namely phosphoethanolamine and pyrophosphate, are characteristically raised. Levels of pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) have also been reported to be raised. 2. Hypophosphatasia is a rare disease and experience of measuring PLP in patients is lacking. We have had the chance to look at PLP levels in four families with hypophosphatasia, specifically to examine the quantitative relationship between ALP and PLP which has not been described before. 3. We confirmed that PLP levels are raised in hypo-phosphatasia and related to the disease severity. A significant negative linear relationship was found between the log PLP and log ALP (log PLP = 5.99−2.76 log ALP; r = − 0.85, P < 0.001). 4. Measurement of PLP is simpler than some of the phosphorylated compounds, e.g. pyrophosphate. PLP may be a useful measure in patients with a suspected diagnosis of hypophosphatasia or for screening family members to detect potential heterozygotes and to monitor any response to therapy. 5. There did not appear to be any adverse clinical effects in relation to disturbed vitamin B6 metabolism in hypophosphatasia. 6. Vitamin B6 is used therapeutically in a number of conditions with monitoring of PLP levels. In these conditions PLP levels should be interpreted in conjunction with the prevailing serum ALP levels as the metabolism of these compounds is closely inter-related.
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MONTICELLI, LUIS S., ROSABRUNA LA FERLA, and GIOVANNA MAIMONE. "Dynamics of bacterioplankton activities after a summer phytoplankton bloom period in Terra Nova Bay." Antarctic Science 15, no. 1 (February 19, 2003): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102003001081.
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A late summer study of marine bacteria activities, and the interrelationships with the microbial loop and the microbial food chain was carried out from 22 January to 10 February 2000 in a coastal area of Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea). The objective was to investigate the transition from the end of a phytoplanktonic bloom to the start of winter. Intense bacterial activities, comparable to those of temperate marine environments, were observed. The carbon potentially mobilized from proteinaceous matter was quantitatively the most important source of carbon for the bacterioplankton. The leucine aminopeptidase activity was higher in January samples and decreased towards 10 February whereas an opposite trend was observed for alkaline phosphatase and �-glucosidase activities. The bacterial production was supported by c. 0.2% of the amounts of dissolved organic carbon mobilised by hydrolytic activities and by 7% of inorganic phosphate mobilised by alkaline phosphatase activity. A sharp reduction in the bacterial biomass, possibly due to zooplankton grazing or viral lysis, was observed for the first time in Terra Nova Bay.
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Pick, F. R. "Interpretations of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Lake Ontario." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 2087–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-258.
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Alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) in Lake Ontario reached maximum levels of 0.25 μMP released∙h−1 during 1982. Relatively high values were first detected in nearshore surface water in May concurrent with thermal bar development and at a later date (end of June) at a midlake station following transport of nearshore water to the middle. APA remained detectable throughout the summer but declined in mid-August as a result of upwelling events. With fall mixing, APA persisted throughout the entire water column. Additions of phosphate did not inhibit APA until enrichments were much greater than maximum ambient concentrations of soluble reactive P. The findings suggest that APA is not a sensitive indicator of P deficiency. APA activity was correlated with nanoplankton (2–20 μm) plus picopiankton (0.2–2 μm) biomass but not with total algal biornass. APA associated with particles greater than 12 μm was relatively unimportant.
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Ho, Iwan. "Acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and nitrate reductase activity of selected ectomycorrhizal fungi." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 750–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-101.
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Seventeen isolates, encompassing five genera and eight species of ectomycorrhizal fungi, were compared for acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and nitrate reductase activity. Isolates within species differed in enzyme activity and isozyme patterns by host specificity and site (as exemplified by the genus Suillus). Host and site may have affected phosphatase enzyme activity. Generally, the Douglas-fir associates, which dominate in mesic sites, have higher acid phosphatase activity than pine associates, which mostly occupy xeric sites; however, pine associates from mesic sites also have higher acid phosphatase activity (e.g., S. tomentosus). In four isolates of Amanita muscaria, the effect of site was also apparent. Two of them, which have significantly higher acid phosphatase activity than the others, were isolated from mesic sites. The isozyme pattern of the genus Suillus appeared to be separated by host groups. Other isolates with only one species also differed more or less by host groups. They shared at least one band within host groups, except for the two isolates of Paxillus involutus from different hosts. The P. involutus S-403 isolated from an orchard showed much higher nitrate reductase activity than all other isolates. No apparent differences in nitrate reductase activity were found between the other isolates.
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Jovanovic, Natasa, Mirjana Lausevic, and Biljana Stojimirovic. "Dynamic changes in calcium and phosphate plasma concentrations in the patients on peritoneal dialysis." Vojnosanitetski pregled 63, no. 1 (2006): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp0601027j.
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Background/Aim. The disturbances of active forms of vitamin D synthesis and disturbances in calcium and posphate metabolism develop early in chronic renal failure, when creatinine clearance is about 30 ml/min. Chronic hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis only partially correct the biochemical environment of patients on chronic renal replacement therapy because of end-stage renal disease. These dialysis modalities can?t significantly affect the endocrine disturbances of chronic renal failure and they have minimal modulatory effect. The management of disturbed calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) metabolism and the maintainance of Ca ? P product below 4.4 mmol/l thanks to the use of dialysate solutions with the appropriate calcium concentration and the careful dosage of phosphate binders, calcium and active vitamin D metabolits, are extremely important for the prevention of renal osteodystrophy, secondary hyperparathyroidism as well as low-bone turnover disease. The aim of the study was to analyze the plasma levels of calcium, phosphate, albumin, alkaline phosphatase and parathormon (PTH) in 58 patients who were treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) from March to August 2003. The use of phosphate binders and the substitution with active vitamin D metabolits were also analyzed. Methods. We examined 58 patients, 30 males and 28 female, mean-age 52 years (range, 26-78 years), affected by end-stage renal disease of the different leading cause. The average time on peritoneal dialysis program was 20 months (2-66 months). Most of the patients were treated by CAPD, while only few of them performed automatic, cyclic or intermittent peritoneal dialysis. Most of the patients used a dialysate with 1.75 mmol/l calcium concentration. Results. The study showed that our patients on chronic CAPD program during several months had normal calcemia, phosphatemia and the level of alkaline phosphatase, and that they had Ca ? P product in the recommended range. PTH serum level ranged from 16 to 490 pg/l in our patients. Conclusion. The study showed that a balanced diet and a correct dosage of phosphate binders, as well as a careful substitution with active vitamin D metabolits render a good control of calcium and phosphate serum balance, as well as an effective prevention of renal osteodystrophy development in the patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis treatment.
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Pospíšilová, Blanka, Dáša Slížová, Olga Procházková, Otakar Krs, and Petr Bílek. "Activity of Alkaline Phosphatase in the Major Salivary Glands of Mice at Various Ages of Postnatal Life, and During Pregnancy and Lactation." Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) 41, no. 2 (1998): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2019.167.
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Activity of alkaline phosphatase in the major salivary glands of male and female mice at various ages of postnatal life, and in females during pregnancy and lactation was studied histochemically. Enzyme activity was not detected on the day of birth, but was found in the terminal tubules of all major salivary glands during the first postnatal week. Alkaline phosphatase activity was increasing gradually with age and a definitive enzymatic pattern was observed by the age of 6 weeks. No difference in enzyme activity was found among the major salivary glands of young adult and old animals. The parenchyma of fully differentiated submandibular glands showed clear sexually dimorphic patterns of alkaline phosphatase activity. During pregnancy, a significant increase of alkaline phosphatase activity was detected in submandibular gland. From gestation day 15 to the end of pregnancy, enzymic pattern of granular convoluted tubules of pregnant females was the same as in the adult males. Histochemical masculinization of the submandibular gland during pregnancy suggests that besides androgens also progesterone exerts masculinization of the murine submandibular salivary gland.
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Pechalova, Petia F., and Elena G. Poriazova. "BROWN TUMOR AT THE JAW IN PATIENTS WITH SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM DUE TO CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE." Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) 56, no. 2 (2013): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2014.29.
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Brown tumors are bony lesions caused by rapid osteoclastic activity, which rare involved jaws. Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) is associated with different pathogenetic mechanisms – disorder of calcium-phosphate metabolism, impaired metabolism of vitamin D, increased parathyroid activity that lead to extreme concentrations of parathormone. The authors report two cases of jaw enlargement in patients received haemodialysis with excessive increase values of alkaline phosphatase and parathormone in serum. The patients were treated surgically with corrective procedures in maxillo-facial area.ROD of the jaws could be severe complication in dialysis patients with end stage of CKD if no appropriate care aimed at correction or prevention of parathyroid hyperfunction was applied to them.
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Böger, Beatriz, Marion Wacht, Michaela Leuck, Raquel de O. Vilhena, Maria Riese, and Klaus Fischer. "Inhibition of the activated sludge-associated enzyme phosphatase by transition metal oxyanions." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 11 (May 5, 2021): 2629–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.172.
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Abstract Organic esters of phosphoric acid and other organophosphorous compounds are enzymatically hydrolyzed during wastewater treatment by microbial phosphoesterases, especially by phosphomonoesterase (phosphatase). For physiological reasons, the enzyme is inhibited by its main inorganic reaction product, ortho-phosphate. It is known that oxyanions of transition metals, resembling the molecular topology of ortho-phosphate, e.g. vanadate and tungstate, are more potent inhibitors for microbial alkaline phosphatase than phosphate. To proof this effect for activated sludge, a multitude of samples from a communal wastewater treatment plant was exposed at pH values from 7.00 to 8.50 to tungstate, vanadate, and molybdate. Inhibition effects were determined by a sensitive fluorimetric microplate assay and characteristic parameters (IC50 and IC20 concentrations) were deduced from modelled dose-response functions. Mean inhibitor concentrations (in brackets: ranges) causing 50% inactivation (IC50) at pH 7.50 were 2.5 (1.3–4.1) μM tungstate, 2.9 (1.6–5.5) μM vanadate, and 41.4 (33.6–56.7) μM molybdate. Vanadate and tungstate concentrations between 0.6 and 0.7 μM provoked a 20% (IC20) inhibition. The inhibition efficiency of tungstate and molybdate decreased with increasing pH, whereas vanadate reacted pH independently. These results underline the necessity to consider enzyme inhibition assessing the limitations and potentials of biological wastewater treatment processes.
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Choi, Sharon H., Rebecca L. Davis-Harrison, Stephanie A. Smith, Julie N. R. Collins, Chad M. Rienstra, and James H. Morrissey. "Covalent End-Labeling of Polyphosphate Facilitates Studies of Its Procoagulant Activities and Development of Enhanced Agents to Treat Bleeding." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.1138.1138.
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Abstract Abstract 1138 Introduction: Inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) are negatively charged, linear phosphate polymers that are abundant in platelet dense granules and secreted upon platelet activation. We recently reported that polyP may be the long-sought (patho)physiologic activator of the contact pathway with important roles in inflammation and thrombosis. We also reported that polyP opposes the action of many anticoagulant drugs and thus has potential as a general procoagulant agent to treat bleeding. Studies of the role of polyP in blood clotting would be facilitated by being able to covalently attach probes – including fluorophores and biotin – to the ends of polyP. For therapeutic applications, it would also be advantageous to covalently immobilize polyP onto solid supports like collagen sponges and wound dressings. We now report that a wide variety of primary amine-containing compounds can be covalently attached to the terminal phosphates of polyP via phosphoramidate linkages. This allows essentially the full armamentarium of protein chemistry to be employed in modifying polyP. Methods: We have developed and optimized reaction conditions under which EDAC (1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide) efficiently promotes the covalent coupling of compounds with primary amines to polyP via the formation of stable phosphoramidate linkages with the terminal phosphate groups (see figure). Results & Conclusions: Using 31P NMR, we have confirmed that EDAC-mediated reaction between primary amines and polyP results in stable phosphoramidate linkages with the terminal phosphate groups. We have used this chemistry to efficiently float polyP onto amine-derivatized microtiter plates and chromatography beads, and have used this presentation of polyP to quantify the binding affinities of thrombin, kallikrein, and factor XIa for polyP. We have also successfully attached fluorescent probes to the termini of polyP and thereby visualized the incorporation of polyP into fibrin clots. We have also demonstrated that polyP covalently attached to solid supports via phosphoramidate linkages retains potent procoagulant activity. And finally, we have found that attaching small organic molecules to the terminal phosphates of polyP protects polyP from degradation by exopolyphosphatases such as alkaline phosphatase, which should prolong its in vivo half-life considerably. These findings facilitate more extensive studies of the biological role(s) of polyP, as well as development of enhanced polyP-based treatments for bleeding. Disclosures: Smith: University of Illinois: Patents & Royalties. Morrissey:University of Illinois: Patents & Royalties.
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Debuire, B., A. Chabli, and N. Frenoy. "Fast, manual, nonradioactive method for DNA sequencing." Clinical Chemistry 39, no. 8 (August 1, 1993): 1682–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/39.8.1682.
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Abstract We describe a protocol that allows nonradioactive detection of sequencing products after manual, direct, solid-phase sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-amplified DNA. The amplified DNA fragment to be studied is biotinylated at the 5' end of one of the two oligonucleotide primers used for amplification, allowing coupling to streptavidin-coated magnetic beads. The immobilized double-stranded DNA is then separated into single strands by alkaline treatment. A 5'-biotinylated sequencing primer is used after saturating with a biotin solution any possible remaining affinity sites on the streptavidin-coated magnetic beads. Sequencing is performed by using T7 DNA polymerase, and the sequencing products are electrophoresed in denaturing polyacrylamide sequencing gel. After transfer of the products to a nylon membrane, the sequencing pattern is revealed by chemiluminescence. Biotinylated alkaline phosphatase is bound to the 5' end of the sequencing primer via a streptavidin bridge and catalyzes the reaction by cleaving a phosphate group from a chemiluminescent substrate. The emitted photons are detected by exposing the membrane to x-ray film. This method is simple, rapid, and consistently successful and reproducible.
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Bonson, S., B. G. Jeansonne, and T. E. Lallier. "Root-end Filling Materials Alter Fibroblast Differentiation." Journal of Dental Research 83, no. 5 (May 2004): 408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910408300511.
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Root-end filling materials are commonly used following endodontic surgical procedures; however, their effect on adjacent soft tissues is poorly understood. We predict that, due to the differences in their chemical composition, these materials will have profoundly different effects on the survival and differentiation of fibroblasts. Many of the root-end filling materials examined were initially cytotoxic to both PDL and gingival fibroblasts in co-culture experiments; however, this was reduced after the materials were washed in either mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) or hybrid ionomere composite resin (HICR) for 2 wks. Additionally, PDL fibroblasts displayed enhanced proliferation on MTA and survival on amalgam when compared with gingival fibroblasts. MTA preferentially induced alkaline phosphatase expression and activity in both PDL and gingival fibroblasts. In contrast, HICR inhibited alkaline phosphatase expression and activity. In addition, MTA and HICR repressed pleiotrophin in PDL fibroblasts, while HICR repressed periostin in both fibroblasts. Thus, root-end filling materials differentially affect periodontal fibroblast differentiation. Abbreviations: mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), zinc-oxide eugenol cement (ZOEC), hybrid ionomer composite resin (HICR), reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain-reaction (RT-PCR).
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Haque, MA, MM Ali, and MSH Bhuiyan. "Production of phospho-vermicompost by earthworms mediated bio-conversion of organic residues and rock phosphate." Progressive Agriculture 31, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v31i3.52124.
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A glass house experiment was conducted to develop phospho-vermicompost using different combination of organic residues amended with rock phosphate and earthworms at the Soil Science Division, BINA, Mymensingh. The experiment was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design with eight treatments and three replications. The treatments were as T1:50% Cowdung (CD) + 50% Mustard straw (MST), T2:50% CD + 50% Water hyacinth (WH), T3:50% CD + 50% Rice straw (RST), T4:50% CD + 25% WH + 25% RST, T5:50% CD + 50% MST + 4% Rock phosphate (RP), T6:50% CD + 50% WH + 4% RP, T7:50% CD + 50% RST + 4% RP, T8:50% CD + 25% WH + 25% RST + 4% RP. About 150 earth worms (Eisenia foetida or Red wiggler earthworms) were released on partial decomposed residues into the pots. At the end of the incubation, population of earthworms, total bacteria and phosphate solubilizing bacteria were determined from prepared vermicompost. pH, organic carbon, total N, P, K, S, available P and alkaline phosphatase activity were also determined from prepared vermicomposts. pH was found almost similar in all the treatment combinations but with rock phosphate amended treatments showed greater pH than without rock phosphate amended treatments. The treatment T8 (50% cowdung +25% water hyacinth +25% rice straw with 4% rock phosphate powder + red wiggler earthworms) showed significantly highest population of earthworms, total bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALPA) and gave lower C:N and C:P ratio which might be resulted the higher amount of nutrients including available P in mature vermicompost. However, among the treatments, the treatments T8 gave the highest total N (1.42%), P (1.45%), K (1.52%) and S (0.35%) and available P contents than that of other treatments which indicated the better quality of phospho-vermicompost. Therefore, 50% cowdung +25% water hyacinth +25% rice straw with 4% rock phosphate powder and red wiggler earthworms could be used for the production of phospho-vermicompost. The developed phospho-vermicompost could be used for supplement of phosphatic fertilizer and other chemical fertilizers in the cultivation of different crops and also could be saved of chemical fertilizers.
Progressive Agriculture 31 (3): 195-204, 2020
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Vrbanac, Zoran, Nika Brkljaca Bottegaro, Branimir Skrlin, Krunoslav Bojanic, Vesna Kusec, Damir Stanin, and Maja Belic. "The Effect of a Moderate Exercise Program on Serum Markers of Bone Metabolism in Dogs." Animals 10, no. 9 (August 23, 2020): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091481.
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The beneficial effect of physical activity on the musculoskeletal health in dogs is well recognized, but the level of intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise is not fully described. Measurement of serum markers of bone metabolism (bone alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin as bone formation markers and C-terminal telopeptide as bone resorption marker) during four months of organized moderate-intensity physical training in Labrador retriever and Golden retriever dogs aged between 11.7–24.4 months, showed variations of bone metabolism. Dogs were included in treadmill running sessions for 25 min, three times per week. Blood samples were taken at the beginning of the program (baseline), after two months (mid-term) and at the end of the study after four months. The values of bone alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin significantly decreased following two months of exercise program. Bone alkaline phosphatase increased by the end of four-month training cycle, but did not reach baseline value. Osteocalcin levels continued to decrease towards the end of the study. C-terminal telopeptide concentrations did not significantly change throughout the study duration. The results of this study show that aerobic exercise of moderate-intensity caused an initial decrease in bone formation followed by an increase of bone alkaline phosphatase and a further decrease of osteocalcin concentration. The response of two formation markers can be explained by the different stage of osteoblast activity that they express. In summary, moderate exercise resulted in no change in bone resorption, and a mild bone formation in young developing dogs.
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Randolph-Habecker, J., J. A. Lott, and R. J. Tesi. "Alkaline phosphatase isoforms in serum after liver allograft surgery." Clinical Chemistry 40, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 1272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/40.7.1272.
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Abstract Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is now the only available treatment for end-stage liver disease; the major postoperative complications of OLT are rejection and infection. Fractionation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) isoforms in serum by isoelectric focusing can be used to identify patients with complications. Reference ranges for liver-function tests (LFT) and liver ALP isoforms were established for post-OLT patients with stable postoperative courses and compared with those of patients with complications. We found canalicular, hepatocyte, and high-molecular-mass ALP to be statistically higher in nearly all patients with complications as compared with patients who had a stable postoperative course; these tests may identify patients requiring a liver biopsy. When used in conjunction with LFT and other clinical findings, ALP isoforms could aid in the monitoring of complications and treatment and in the adjustment of immunosuppressive therapy in stable OLT cases.
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Poutafkand, Fereshte, Hamid Marefati, and Hossein Taherichadorneshin. "A Comparison of the Effects of Resistance and Endurance Training Protocols on Serum Irisin Level and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Sedentary Obese Women." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 27, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2020-0023.
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Abstract Introduction. Studies have revealed that the anabolic effect of irisin on bone is mediated by an increase in alkaline phosphatase. However, few studies have investigated the interactive effect of irisin on alkaline phosphatase after exercise training. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the impact of endurance and resistance training protocols on serum irisin concentration and total alkaline phosphatase activity in sedentary obese women. Material and methods. Forty-five sedentary obese women (age: 48.96 ± 5.2 years, body mass index 32.24 ± 3.76 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to control, endurance, and resistance groups. Endurance (45 to 75 minutes at an intensity corresponding to 50 to 80% of heart rate reserve) and resistance exercise training (3 sets, 10-15 repetitions at an intensity corresponding to 50 to 65% of one-repetition maximum) were conducted for 8 weeks, 3 days per week. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was estimated using the modified Bruce protocol treadmill test. Fasting blood samples were taken before the first and 48-hr after the last exercise training sessions. The serum concentrations of irisin and total alkaline phosphatase activity were measured using the sandwich ELISA method and photo-metric method, respectively. Results. Both endurance and resistance exercise training protocols caused a significant reduction in BMI and BFP of obese women. In contrast, VO2max significantly increased after both exercise training protocols. However, neither endurance nor resistance training protocols had a significant impact on the serum concentrations of irisin and total alkaline phosphatase activity. No significant inter-group differences were observed between the subjects’ BMI, BFP, VO2max, total alkaline phosphatase, and irisin at the end of protocols. Conclusions. The finding of the current study revealed that neither of the training protocols had a significant impact on bone anabolic parameters. However, performing these types of exercise is suggested for weight management in obese women.
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Schrenkhammer, Petra, Ina C. Rosnizeck, Axel Duerkop, Otto S. Wolfbeis, and Michael Schäferling. "Time-Resolved Fluorescence-Based Assay for the Determination of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity and Application to the Screening of Its Inhibitors." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 13, no. 1 (November 26, 2007): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057107312031.
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A single-step end point method is presented for determination of the activity of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) using the effect of enhancement of fluorescence of the easily accessible europium(III)-tetracycline 3:1 complex (Eu3TC). Its luminescence, peaking at 616 nm if excited at 405 nm, is enhanced by a factor of 2.5 in the presence of phosphate. Phenyl phosphate was used as a substrate that is enzymatically hydrolyzed to form phenol and phosphate. The latter coordinates to Eu3TC and enhances its luminescence intensity as a result of the displacement of water from the inner coordination sphere of the central metal. The assay is performed in a time-resolved (gated) mode, which is shown to yield larger signal changes than steady-state measurement of fluorescence. The limit of detection for ALP is 4 µmol L—1. Based on this scheme, a model assay for theophylline as inhibitor for ALP was developed with a linear range from 14 to 68 µmol L— 1 of theophylline. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2008:9-16)
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Gerrits, P. O., R. W. Horobin, and M. J. Hardonk. "Use of tissue-free glycol methacrylate sections as semi-permeable membranes: a simple way to shorten incubation times and to improve localization in enzyme histochemistry." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 37, no. 2 (February 1989): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/37.2.2642939.
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Placing 2-microns sections of tissue-free glycol methacrylate on top of tissue sections is a simple way of forming semipermeable membranes to enhance enzyme histochemical staining. For demonstrating alkaline phosphatase in glycol methacrylate-embedded kidney by a standard azo dye method, such membranes enabled incubation times to be reduced to 1-2 hr, with azo dye reaction product being more crisply localized as compared to sections stained without membranes. Such effects are possible because the membranes are highly permeable to small molecules (e.g., substrate and diazonium salt), slightly permeable to molecules of moderate size (e.g., the final reaction product), and impermeable to large molecules (e.g., alkaline phosphatase and other tissue biopolymers). The implications of these findings for enzyme histochemistry and for enzyme-labeled antibody staining are discussed.
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Duarte, Maria Eugênia Leite, Ana Lúcia Passos Peixoto, Andréa da Silva Pacheco, Angela Vieira Peixoto, Rodrigo Dezerto Rodriguez, Jocemir Ronaldo Lugon, and Elisa Albuquerque Sampaio da Cruz. "The spectrum of bone disease in 200 chronic hemodialysis patients: a correlation between clinical, biochemical and histological findings." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 116, no. 5 (September 1998): 1790–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31801998000500002.
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INTRODUCTION: Renal osteodystrophy includes the complete range of mineral metabolism disorders that affect the skeleton in patients with chronic renal failure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 200 patients with end-stage renal disease and on dialysis were investigated regarding the clinical, biochemical and histological findings of bone disease. RESULTS: The spectrum of renal osteodystrophy consisted mainly of high turnover bone lesions (74.5%), including osteitis fibrosa in 57.5%. Patients with mild bone disease were on dialysis for shorter periods of time and were mostly asymptomatic. Patients with aluminum-related bone disease (16.5%) had the greatest aluminum exposure, either orally or parenterally, and together with patients with high turnover mixed disease, were the most symptomatic. Although on a non-regular basis, the vast majority of the patients (82.5%) had been receiving vitamin D. The incidence of adynamic bone disease was high (n=8) among parathyroidectomized patients (n=12). Significantly higher serum levels of alkaline phosphatase were observed in osteitis fibrosa. CONCLUSIONS: The use of calcitriol and phosphate-binding agents on a non-regular basis seems to be the reason for the apparent reduced response to the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Alkaline phosphatase has been shown to be a fair marker for bone turnover in patients with osteitis fibrosa. The severity of the clinical manifestations of bone disease correlates with the histological features of bone lesion and to the time spent on dialysis.
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Niederst, C., and M. Dauça. "Activités des hydrolases rénales au cours du développement pré- et post-natal de la souris." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 63, no. 6 (June 1, 1985): 731–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y85-119.
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The fetal and postnatal activity patterns of different hydrolytic enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, trehalase, maltase, glucoamylase, lactase, and sucrase) have been examined in mouse renal homogenates. Alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activities presented approximately similar changes. They increased from 18 days of gestation up to 30 days after birth. These activities showed marked increases during the 3rd and 4th postnatal weeks. A similar important rise was observed for trehalase activity at the end of the suckling period. Maltase activity increased gradually after birth. Traces of lactase, sucrase, and glucoamylase activities were detected at each developmental stage.
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Saha, Kamana Rani, Susmita Das, Shahidul Islam, AHM Hasan, Rafika Afrose, and Md Abdur Razzaque Mia. "Changes in Serum Calcium, Albumin and Alkaline Phosphatase Levels of Postmenopausal Women." Community Based Medical Journal 8, no. 2 (August 5, 2019): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cbmj.v8i2.55769.
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A case-control cross-sectional study was carried out to observe the changes in serum calcium, albumin and alkaline phosphatase levels of postmenopausal women compared to their premenopausal counterparts. This is to enable us ascertain the relative risk of developing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women in Bangladesh. One hundred and eighteen (118) apparently healthy females (59 premenopausal=control and 59 postmenopausal=case) were selected for the study. The study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Mymensingh Medical College in cooperation with the Department of Gynecology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital and Community Based Medical College Hospital Bangladesh during the period from January to December 2009. Data were collected through clinical evaluation from pre-selected questionnaires. Fasting venous blood samples were taken for laboratory investigations. Serum calcium and albumin was determined using colorimetric method and enzymatic end point method was used to determine serum alkaline phosphatase levels. Statistical significance of difference between two groups were evaluated by using Student's unpaired 't' test with the help of SPSS software package. The results showed statistically significant decrease in serum calcium and albumin (p<0.01) of menopausal women compared to reproductive age group. The postmenopausal women had significantly higher (p<0.01) concentrations of serum alkaline phosphatase than the premenopausal women with regular menstruation. Therefore, it can be concluded that menopause leads to the increased risk of osteoporosis by decreasing serum calcium and albumin and by increasing alkaline phosphatase levels. The decreased serum calcium and increased alkaline phosphatase levels indicate that menopause is an independent risk factor for developing osteoporosis in women of Bangladesh.
CBMJ 2019 July: Vol. 08 No. 02 P: 30-35
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Chaudhary, Santosh, Narayan Gautam, Manoj Karki, Sunkeshari Deshar, Archana Jayan, Amit Chandra Jha, Binaya Tamang, Buddhi Raj Pokhrel, Jharana Shrestha, and Raju Kumar Dubey. "Estimation of Serum Vitamin D2, Growth Hormone, Alkaline Phosphatase and Calcium Phosphate Product in Patients with End Stage Renal Disease." Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences 9, no. 01 (June 22, 2021): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v9i01.37979.
Full textAbstract:
INTRODUCTION
The chronic kidney disease (CKD) patient's calcium phosphate product, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), vitamin-D2 and human growth hormone (hGH) are altered under haemodialysis. This study aimed to evaluate these biochemical variables in conjunction with haemoglobin and blood pressure to find out their association in End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This cross-sectional study comprised of 104 patients with ESRD undergoing haemodialysis. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by Cockcroft-Gault (CG) equation and calcium, phosphorus, ALP were measured by fully automated analyzer whereas vitamin-D2 and hGH were measured by sandwich and competitive enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) techniques.
RESULTS
The mean age of patients was 53.12 ±16.37 years comprising 68% male. The hypovitaminosis D was 57.7% deficiency and 23.1% insufficiency states whereas hGH insufficiency was 22.1%. The calcium phosphate product was found to be increased in only 39.9% cases. The increased ALP level was observed in 64.4% cases. There was statistically significant association between hGH and Hb status (p=0.03). The significant difference in mean sodium and Ca×P of ESRD cases was observed with hypertension status (p=0.03 and p=0.01) respectively. Moreover, the significant difference in mean eGFR and hGH was observed with haemoglobin status (p=0.0001and p=0.01) respectively.
CONCLUSION
Increased level of ALP and hypovitaminosis-D was very common in ESRD patients undergoing dialysis with less prevalence of hGH insufficiency and calcium phosphate product increment. The anaemia and hypertension status can be pre-existing condition with ESRD which are cumbersome to control if not monitor in these patients.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Plasma alkaline phosphatase polymer phism and it’s association with productivity in Iraqi fowl." Baghdad Science Journal 5, no. 2 (June 2, 2008): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.5.2.178-181.
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Plasma alkaline phosphatase isozyme in Iraqi fowl was studied by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two phenotypes fast and slow, were observed. These two phenotypes have been shown to be controlled by one single autosomal locus with two allel AKPF and AKPS. The gene frequency of AKPS is dominant over the AKPF. The result indicated that gene frequency of AKPF in leghorn and new hamshire was more frequent than in local Iraqi birds. Birds of fast isozyme type had higher 90 – day's egg production and egg weights as compared to those with slow isozyme. It is concluded that the fast isozyme can be used as gene marker for spotting out pullets with high body weight sexual maturity, high egg production and high egg weight.
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Cook, D. B., and C. H. Self. "Determination of one thousandth of an attomole (1 zeptomole) of alkaline phosphatase: application in an immunoassay of proinsulin." Clinical Chemistry 39, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): 965–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/39.6.965.
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Abstract Enzyme amplification has proved to be a highly sensitive quantification technique for immunoassays. We have shown that by using a fluorescent end-point, even more sensitive enzyme amplification assays can be generated than hitherto reported. We describe some general properties of this system and demonstrate its application in an assay for human proinsulin in plasma. The detection system can be used to measure less than one thousandth of an attomole (1 zeptomole) of alkaline phosphatase, equivalent to about 350 molecules of alkaline phosphatase per well of a microtiter plate. We have used this system to construct a proinsulin assay with a sensitivity of 0.017 pmol/L.
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McCulloch, CA, M. Strugurescu, F. Hughes, AH Melcher, and JE Aubin. "Osteogenic progenitor cells in rat bone marrow stromal populations exhibit self-renewal in culture." Blood 77, no. 9 (May 1, 1991): 1906–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v77.9.1906.1906.
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Abstract Marrow stromal cells are a heterogeneous population, comprising a variety of lineages including osteogenic cells. In the presence of ascorbic acid, sodium beta-glycerophosphate, and dexamethasone, rat bone marrow stromal cells form discrete nodules of mineralized, bonelike tissue. We used nodule formation by rat bone marrow stromal cells to assay for the self-renewal capacity of osteogenic progenitor cell populations. Cultures were subcultured every 5 days up to six times. Osteogenesis was assayed from second to sixth subcultures by counting the number and measuring the areas of mineralized nodules formed in cultures grown with 10(-8) mol/L dexamethasone. Nodule number and area decreased progressively between second and sixth subcultures. Alkaline phosphatase activity associated with individual cells and measured videodensitometrically decreased exponentially between the second and sixth subculture. The number of cells with alkaline phosphatase activity also decreased with progressive subculturing. The proportions of 3H-thymidine-labeled cells after continuous labeling from the beginning of the culture period showed 90% labeling for cells with alkaline phosphatase activity and fibroblastlike cells. Cultures labeled for only the first 3 days exhibited higher labeling of alkaline phosphatase-positive cells than fibroblastlike cells (P less than .05). Cultures that were flash-labeled at the end of the culture period demonstrated low labeling indices for cells with alkaline phosphatase activity and up to 10-fold higher labeling indices for fibroblastlike cells. Separate cultures treated with a cytocidal dose of high specific activity 3H-thymidine did not form nodules. These results indicate that osteogenic progenitor cells or another cell type required for nodules to develop must divide early in culture if nodule formation is to occur, and that osteoprogenitor cells express a limited capacity for self-renewal.
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McCulloch, CA, M. Strugurescu, F. Hughes, AH Melcher, and JE Aubin. "Osteogenic progenitor cells in rat bone marrow stromal populations exhibit self-renewal in culture." Blood 77, no. 9 (May 1, 1991): 1906–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v77.9.1906.bloodjournal7791906.
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Marrow stromal cells are a heterogeneous population, comprising a variety of lineages including osteogenic cells. In the presence of ascorbic acid, sodium beta-glycerophosphate, and dexamethasone, rat bone marrow stromal cells form discrete nodules of mineralized, bonelike tissue. We used nodule formation by rat bone marrow stromal cells to assay for the self-renewal capacity of osteogenic progenitor cell populations. Cultures were subcultured every 5 days up to six times. Osteogenesis was assayed from second to sixth subcultures by counting the number and measuring the areas of mineralized nodules formed in cultures grown with 10(-8) mol/L dexamethasone. Nodule number and area decreased progressively between second and sixth subcultures. Alkaline phosphatase activity associated with individual cells and measured videodensitometrically decreased exponentially between the second and sixth subculture. The number of cells with alkaline phosphatase activity also decreased with progressive subculturing. The proportions of 3H-thymidine-labeled cells after continuous labeling from the beginning of the culture period showed 90% labeling for cells with alkaline phosphatase activity and fibroblastlike cells. Cultures labeled for only the first 3 days exhibited higher labeling of alkaline phosphatase-positive cells than fibroblastlike cells (P less than .05). Cultures that were flash-labeled at the end of the culture period demonstrated low labeling indices for cells with alkaline phosphatase activity and up to 10-fold higher labeling indices for fibroblastlike cells. Separate cultures treated with a cytocidal dose of high specific activity 3H-thymidine did not form nodules. These results indicate that osteogenic progenitor cells or another cell type required for nodules to develop must divide early in culture if nodule formation is to occur, and that osteoprogenitor cells express a limited capacity for self-renewal.
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Santonati, Assunta, Andrea Palermo, Ernesto Maddaloni, Daniela Bosco, Antonio Spada, Franco Grimaldi, Bruno Raggiunti, Raffaele Volpe, Silvia Manfrini, and Fabio Vescini. "PTH(1–34) for Surgical Hypoparathyroidism: A Prospective, Open-Label Investigation of Efficacy and Quality of Life." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 100, no. 9 (September 1, 2015): 3590–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-1855.
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Context: Conventional therapy for hypoparathyroidism consists of calcium and calcitriol, but sometimes normal serum calcium cannot be maintained, and/or this approach might lead to nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, or renal insufficiency. Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of 6 months of PTH(1–34) treatment in adult subjects with postoperative hypoparathyroidism and to evaluate quality-of-life changes. Design: This was a 2-year prospective, open-label study. At baseline and after 6 months of PTH(1–34) treatment, calcium and vitamin D supplementation requirements, serum calcium, phosphate, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, uric acid, and 24-hour urinary calcium excretion were evaluated. Quality of life was evaluated by the Rand 36-Item Short Form Health Survey covering eight domains of physical and mental health. Setting: This was an Italian multicentric study. Participants: Participants included 42 subjects with surgical hypoparathyroidism (90% females, age range 34–77 y). Intervention: The intervention included a twice-daily PTH(1–34) 20 μg sc injection. Results: The mean serum calcium levels significantly increased from baseline to 15 days (7.6 ± 0.6 vs 9.1 ± 0.9 mg/dL, P < .001) and remained stable until the end of the observational period, despite a significant reduction in calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Phosphate levels gradually decreased from baseline to the sixth month (P = .005 for the trend), whereas the alkaline phosphatase increased (P < .001). Data from the Rand 36-Item Short Form Health Survey showed a significant improvement in the mean scores of all eight domains (P < .001). Conclusion: This is the largest study that demonstrates the effectiveness of PTH(1–34) in the treatment of adult patients with postsurgical hypoparathyroidism, and it shows that PTH(1–34) may improve the mental and physical health in hypoparathyroid subjects.
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Scialla, Julia J., Rulan S. Parekh, Joseph A. Eustace, Brad C. Astor, Laura Plantinga, Bernard G. Jaar, Tariq Shafi, Josef Coresh, Neil R. Powe, and Michal L. Melamed. "Race, Mineral Homeostasis and Mortality in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease on Dialysis." American Journal of Nephrology 42, no. 1 (2015): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000438999.
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Background: Abnormalities in mineral homeostasis are ubiquitous in patients on dialysis, and influenced by race. In this study, we determine the race-specific relationship between mineral parameters and mortality in patients initiating hemodialysis. Methods: We measured the levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 D) in 184 African American and 327 non-African American hemodialysis patients who enrolled between 1995 and 1998 in the Choices for Healthy Outcomes in Caring for ESRD Study. Serum calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and total alkaline phosphatase levels were averaged from clinical measurements during the first 4.5 months of dialysis. We evaluated the associated prospective risk of mortality using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models stratified by race. Results: PTH and total alkaline phosphatase levels were higher, whereas calcium, phosphorus, FGF23 and 25 D levels were lower in African Americans compared to those of non-African Americans. Higher serum phosphorus and FGF23 levels were associated with greater mortality risk overall; however, phosphorus was only associated with risk among African Americans (HR 5.38, 95% CI 2.14-13.55 for quartile 4 vs. 1), but not among non-African Americans (p-interaction = 0.04). FGF23 was associated with mortality in both groups, but more strongly in African Americans (HR 3.91, 95% CI 1.74-8.82 for quartiles 4 vs. 1; p-interaction = 0.09). Serum calcium, PTH, and 25 D levels were not consistently associated with mortality. The lowest and highest quartiles of total alkaline phosphatase were associated with higher mortality risk, but this did not differ by race (p-interaction = 0.97). Conclusions: Aberrant phosphorus homeostasis, reflected by higher phosphorus and FGF23, may be a risk factor for mortality in patients initiating hemodialysis, particularly among African Americans.
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Foreman, Jennifer E., David A. Blizard, Glenn Gerhard, Holly A. Mack, Dean H. Lang, Kathryn L. Van Nimwegen, George P. Vogler, et al. "Serum alkaline phosphatase activity is regulated by a chromosomal region containing the alkaline phosphatase 2 gene (Akp2) in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice." Physiological Genomics 23, no. 3 (November 17, 2005): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00062.2005.
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Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses were conducted to identify chromosomal regions that contribute to variability in serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) enzyme activity in mice derived from the C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) inbred strains. Serum AP was measured in 400 B6D2 F2 mice at 5 mo and 400 B6D2 F2 mice at 15 mo of age that were genotyped at 96 microsatellite markers, and in 19 BXD recombinant inbred (RI) strains at 5 mo of age. A QTL on the distal end of chromosome 4 was present in all sex- and age-specific analyses with a peak logarithm of odds (LOD) score of 20.36 at 58.51 cM. The Akp2 gene, which encodes the major serum AP isozyme, falls within this QTL region at 70.2 cM where the LOD score reached 13.2 (LOD significance level set at 4.3). Serum AP activity was directly related to the number of D2 alleles of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the 5′-flanking region of the Akp2 gene, although no strain-related differences in hepatic expression of Akp2 RNA were found. A variety of sequence polymorphisms in this chromosomal region could be responsible for the differences in serum AP activity; the Akp2 gene, however, with several known amino acid substitutions between protein sequences of the B6 and D2 strains, is a leading candidate.
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Murthy, Cherla P., David J. Deeble, and Clemens von Sonntag. "The Formation of Phosphate End Groups in the Radiolysis of Polynucleotides in Aqueous Solution." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 43, no. 7-8 (August 1, 1988): 572–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1988-7-814.
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The polynucleotides poly(U), poly(C), poly(A) and poly(G) have been y-irradiated in N2O- and N2O/O2 (4:1)-saturated aqueous solutions. Hydroxyl radicals from the radiolysis of water react with the polynucleotides thereby producing among other lesions strand breaks. Strand breakage is connected with the formation of phosphomonoester end groups. Such end groups have been determined by measuring inorganic phosphate after a three hour incubation at 37 °C with acid or alkaline phosphatase. In the absence of oxygen G(phosphomonoester end groups) (in units of μmol J-1) are 0.47 (poly(U)), 0.17 (poly(C)) and ≤ 0.04 (poly(A) and poly(G)). In the case of poly(U) and poly(C) on heating the sample for one hour at 95 °C prior to incubation with phosphatases the above values increased by 0.14 and 0.07 μmol J-1, resp., whereas such treatment of the purine polynucleotides still did not produce a measurable yield of phosphomonoester end groups. Comparing these values with G values for strand breakage taken from the literature, about two phosphomonoester end groups are formed per strand break in poly(U) while for poly(C) this ratio is about unity. The purine polynucleotides show very low yields of strand breakage in agreement with the negligible phosphomonoester yields. In the presence of oxygen G(phosphomonoester end groups) are 0.46 (poly(U)), 0.21 (poly(C)), and ≤ 0.04 (poly(A) and poly(G)). On heating, these values increase, most markedly for poly(U) and poly(C). This is possibly linked to the decomposition of unstable hydroperoxides which are formed in high yields in poly(U) and poly(C) (G = 0.7 and 0.19 μmol J-1 resp.). It is known that at least in the case of poly(U), base radicals attack a sugar moiety and are the main precursors of these lesions. G(phosphomonoester end groups) are considerably lower in the case of the purine polynucleotides. Whether this is due to an inability of the base radicals to attack a sugar moiety or has other reasons must remain an open question.
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Bodlaj, Gerd. "Alkaline phosphatase predicts relapse in chronic hepatitis C patients with end-of-treatment response." World Journal of Gastroenterology 16, no. 19 (2010): 2407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v16.i19.2407.
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Dyhrman, Sonya T., and Sheean T. Haley. "Phosphorus Scavenging in the Unicellular Marine Diazotroph Crocosphaera watsonii." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 2 (February 2006): 1452–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.2.1452-1458.2006.
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ABSTRACT Through the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen and photosynthesis, marine diazotrophs play a critical role in the global cycling of nitrogen and carbon. Crocosphaera watsonii is a recently described unicellular diazotroph that may significantly contribute to marine nitrogen fixation in tropical environments. One of the many factors that can constrain the growth and nitrogen fixation rates of marine diazotrophs is phosphorus bioavailability. Using genomic and physiological approaches, we examined phosphorus scavenging mechanisms in strains of C. watsonii from both the Atlantic and the Pacific. Observations from the C. watsonii WH8501 genome suggest that this organism has the capacity for high-affinity phosphate transport (e.g., homologs of pstSCAB) in low-phosphate, oligotrophic systems. The pstS gene (high-affinity phosphate binding) is present in strains isolated from both the Atlantic and the Pacific, and its expression was regulated by the exogenous phosphate supply in strain WH8501. Genomic observation also indicated a broad capacity for phosphomonoester hydrolysis (e.g., a putative alkaline phosphatase). In contrast, no clear homologs of genes for phosphonate transport and hydrolysis could be identified. Consistent with these genomic observations, C. watsonii WH8501 is able to grow on phosphomonoesters as a sole source of added phosphorus but not on the phosphonates tested to date. Taken together these data suggest that C. watsonii has a robust capacity for scavenging phosphorus in oligotrophic systems, although this capacity differs from that of other marine cyanobacterial genera, such as Synechococcus, Prochlorococcus, and Trichodesmium.
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McErlean, Sarah, and Chris King. "Does an abnormally elevated maternal alkaline phosphatase pose problems for the fetus?" BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 4 (April 2019): e229109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-229109.
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We report a potential association between an abnormally raised pregnancy level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). There are few reports of women with abnormally high ALP during pregnancy. However, there is work to suggest an association with placental insufficiency, low birth weight and preterm delivery. In conjunction with a rising ALP, fetal IUGR and intermittent absence of umbilical artery end diastolic flow had evolved. A greatly elevated ALP may be a marker for placental insufficiency and IUGR.
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Terenteva, Mayya, and Nataliya Mardareva. "The intensity of changes in the activity of enzymes in the tissues of the colon in piglets in different phases of postnatal ontogenesis." Agrarian Bulletin of the 194, no. 3 (April 1, 2020): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2020-194-3-66-75.
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Annotation. The purpose is сlarification of patterns of age-related changes in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AsAT), alanine aminotransferase (AlAT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), α-amylase, alkaline phosphatase (AlP) and acid phosphatase (AP ) in tissues of different parts of the cecum in piglets of large white breed, in different phases of nutrition of the early postnatal period of systemic genesis of pig. Methods. Enzyme activities were determined spectrophotometrically (UV-1800) and using a set of reagents from the OJSC Vital Development Corporation, St. Petersburg. The activity of the enzymes AsAT and AlAT was determined by the method of Wrightman and Frenkel, GGT – by the unified colorimetric method at the “end point”. The α-amylase activity was measured by the method of Karavei. The level of AP, AlP was determined by the Bessey – Lowry – Brock method. Results. The degree of structural and chemical changes in the tissues of the cecum in piglets is high in the early phases of the postnatal period, during the first four months of life. They are especially pronounced in transitional phases of nutrition. The most intense age-related changes in metabolic processes in the tissues of the cecum in piglets were revealed between the milk and colostrum and first milk, between the first and second milk, between the third milk and milk-definitive, as well as between the first and second definitive phases. The timing of stabilization of the activity of individual enzymes in the tissues of the cecum is determined. They are detected in piglets in the later phases of feeding. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the nature and intensity of age-related changes in the activity of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, gamma-glutamyl transferase, α-amylase, acidic and alkaline phosphatases in tissues of different parts of the cecum in growing piglets were revealed.
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Mead, Hala M., Samah N. El-Shafiey, and Hend M. Sabry. "Chemical constituents and ovicidal effects of mahlab, Prunus mahaleb L. kernels oil on cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) eggs." Journal of Plant Protection Research 56, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2016-0044.
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Abstract The carried out investigations evaluated ovicidal activity of mahlab, Prunus mahaleb L. kernel oil against cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). The chemical constituents of the fixed oil of mahlab were analyzed using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Timnodonic (33.07%), oleic (28.71%) and linoleic (24.35%) were the basic fatty acids, while the major hydrocarbon and sterol were found to be heneicosane (62.57%) and β-sitosterol (10.57%). The LC50 values for the one-day-old egg masses were found to be more susceptible than 3-day-old ones. Moreover, the leaf dip technique occurred to be more efficient than spraying technique. The results also showed abnormalities in the external morphology of egg shell, chorion surface, shell imprints and aeropyles of S. littoralis eggs treated with mahlab and KZ oils as compared to a control by using scanning electron microscope. Generally, the tested oils significantly reduced the activities of transaminase enzymes (AST and ALT), acid and alkaline phosphatases and total soluble protein except mahlab oil on acid phosphatase as compared to a control. Additionally, the oils of both mahlab and KZ oil affected some biological aspects such as incubation period, larval duration, larval mortality and pupal weight comparing to a control.
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Palczewska, I., and G. Jagodzka. "Cytochemical localization of certain hydrolytic enzymes at various stages of development of Achlya flagellata mycelium." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 41, no. 2 (2015): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1972.020.
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The standard coupling azo dyes techniques were used to reveal the activities of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, esterase and β-galactoidase in the vegetative and reproductive cycle of <i>Achlya flagellata</i>. The end-products of the enzymic reactions, with the exception of E 600 sentisive esterese, which is localized in cytoplasm, occured in cytoplasmic granules. These granules are expected to be spherosomes. Acid phosphatase activity is high in differentiating sporangia, in antheridial hyphae and in degenerating oospheres where hydrolytic processes occur. β-galactosidase is the least active enzyme in the mycelium of <i>Achlya</i>.