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1
Han, Sunkyu, Sangbin Jeon, and Joonoh Park. "Syntheses of Dimeric Securinega Alkaloids." Synlett 28, no. 18 (August 22, 2017): 2353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1590864.
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The isolation of flueggenines A and B by Yue and co-workers in 2006 has triggered a burst of isolation reports of dimeric and oligomeric securinega alkaloid natural products. The compelling molecular structures of these compounds with various modes of connection between monomeric securinega units have posed intriguing challenges to the synthetic organic community. Herein, we have categorized high-order securinega alkaloids based on their biosynthetic mode of dimerization or oligomerization. We then have compiled all reported syntheses of dimeric securinega alkaloids based on our classification.1 Introduction2 Categorization of High-Order Securinega Alkaloid Natural Products3 Syntheses of Type I Dimeric Securinega Alkaloids4 Syntheses of Type II Dimeric Securinega Alkaloids5 Synthesis of Type III Dimeric Securinega Alkaloid6 Conclusion
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Věžník, František, Eva Táborská, Hana Bochořáková, František Tureček, Vladimír Hanuš, and Jiří Slavík. "Alkaloids of Papaver nudicaule SUBSP. xanthopetalum (TRAUTV.) FEDDE and P. nudicaule SUBSP. album (REGEL) FEDDE from the section Scapiflora REICHB." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 52, no. 6 (1987): 1634–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19871634.
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The alkaloidal composition in the two title taxa differs only quantitatively. Both contain amurine as the main alkaloid. P. nudicaule ssp. xanthopetalum contains muramine, protopine and alkaloid PN1 (probably identical with (±)-nudaurine (Ia)) as dominant alkaloids; further were isolated amurensine, epialpinine, cryptopine, mecambridine and alpinigenine. Allocryptopine, papaverrubines A, B, D and G, palmatine and coptisine were detected chromatographically. The quaternary alkaloid fraction afforded cis-N-methylstylopinium hydroxide (as the iodide II) which was isolated for the first time from P. nudicaule. In P. nudicaule ssp. album the alkaloid PN1, epialpinine, amurensine and muramine represented the dominant alkaloids, accompanied with mecambridine, protopine, cryptopine, allocryptopine and alpinigenine. Among the quaternary alkaloids N-methylstylopinium hydroxide was found.
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El-Shazly, A., A. M. Ateya, L. Witte, and M. Wink. "Quinolizidine Alkaloid Profiles of Retama raetam, R. sphaerocarpa and R. monosperma." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 51, no. 5-6 (June 1, 1996): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1996-5-607.
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Abstract About 28 quinolizidine alkaloids and the dipiperidine alkaloids am modendrine, dehydroammodendrine and N -formylammodendrine were identified in the alkaloidal extracts of Retama raetam, Retama sphaerocarpa and Retama monosperma by capillary GLC and GLCMS. Alkaloid profiles of the three Retama species with a Mediterranean distribution are more similar than alkaloid patterns of different organs of the same plant. Whereas sparteine and retamine are the major components of stems, lupanine, retam ine, N-methylcytisine and cytisine dominate in flowers and pods, and cytisine in seeds indicating a high degree of organ specificity of alkaloid storage.
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Wink, M., and L. Witte. "Quinolizidine Alkaloids as Nitrogen Source for Lupin Seedlings and Cell Cultures." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 40, no. 11-12 (October 1, 1985): 767–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1985-11-1204.
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Abstract The alkaloid patterns during germination and seedling development of Lupinus polyphyllus, L. angustifolius, L. albus, L. pubescens, Cytisus scoparius, Baptisia australis, Spartium junceum and Laburnum anagyroides were studied by capillary glc and EI-MS and CI-MS. The alkaloid contents were relatively high in the seeds and decreased by 20-100% during germination and the early developmental stages. The plants with fully developed leaves were able to synthesize new alkaloids. The decrease of alkaloid concentrations during germination was interpreted in terms of alkaloid turnover and use of the alkaloidal nitrogen for seedling development. The ability of plants to rely on the alkaloidal nitrogen as a nitrogen source could also be shown in lupin cell cultures which could survive and even grow on media which contained sparteine as the sole nitrogen source.
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El-Shazly, Assem. "Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Profiles of Some Senecio Species from Egypt." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 57, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2002): 429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2002-5-604.
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Alkaloid profiles of two Egyptian Senecio species (Senecio aegyptius var. discoideus and S. desfontainei) in addition to a cultivated species (S. cineraria) were studied using capillary GLC and GLC-mass spectrometry with respect to pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Four alkaloids were identified in S. aegyptius var. discoideus, 8 in S. desfontainei and 13 in S. cineraria. Some of these alkaloids have not been reported from these plants. The alkaloidal pattern of different plant organs (flowers, leaves, stem, root) were also investigated. Senecionine has been found to be a one of the major alkaloid in all studied species, it was isolated and its structure was elucidated by 1H- and 13C-NMR.
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Slavík, Jiří, and Leonora Slavíková. "Alkaloids of Meconopsis cambrica (L.) VIG. and M. robusta HOOK. f. et THOMS." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 61, no. 12 (1996): 1815–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19961815.
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Additional alkaloids (+)-roemerine (3b), (+)-corytuberine (3d), (-)-N-methylmecambridinium and alkaloid MC 2 (the last two as iodides) were isolated as minor alkaloidal components from Meconopsis cambrica (L.) VIG. (Papaveraceae) besides of the dominant known alkaloids (-)-mecambrine (1), (-)-mecambridine (2), (-)-flavinantine (4) and (+)-magnoflorine (5), and a small amount of (+)-mecambroline (3a). Minute quantities of protopine, allocryptopine, roemeroline, papaverrubine D and C, berberine, coptisine, corysamine and palmatine were identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC). From M. robusta HOOK. f. et THOMS., protopine, (-)-amurensinine (6) and two incompletely characterized alkaloids MRO 1 and MRO 2 were isolated, and allocryptopine, cryptopine, rhoeadine, 6-methoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline, alkaloid MR 1, coptisine, corysamine, magnoflorine, corytuberine and N-methylamurensininium salt were detected on TLC.
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Berkova, Strahil, and Rawia Zayed. "Comparison of Tropane Alkaloid Spectra Between Datura innoxia Grown in Egypt and Bulgaria." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 59, no. 3-4 (April 1, 2004): 184–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2004-3-409.
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The alkaloid spectra of Datura innoxia plants grown in Egypt and Bulgaria were investigated by GC-MS. Thirty-eight alkaloids were detected in the roots, leaves and fruits of the plants. Five new alkaloids for D. innoxia are reported. Alkaloid spectra of Egyptian and Bulgarian plants differ significantly in respect to their alkaloid composition and main alkaloids accumulated in the plant organs.
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Chaplin, JF. "Die Züchtung von TabakimHinblick auf verschieden hohe Alkaloidgehalte - Tobacco Breeding in View of Different Levels of Alcaloid Contents." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 14, no. 1 (December 1, 1987): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0578.
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AbstractTwo systems of genetic control are involved in the quality and level of total alkaloids in tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.). A single locus controls the conversion of nicotine to nornicotine and two loci control total alkaloid levels. These levels may be further modified by minor genes or quantitative factors. Breeding lines and cultivars of flue-cured tobacco have been developed with varying levels of total alkaloids (nicotine). Levels of nicotine in tobacco range from near zero in cigar strains up to 4.5 % in Burley varieties. Within the collection of N. tabacumgermplasm and Nicotiana species maintained by the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, total alkaloid levels range from 0.20 % to 7.87 %. Flue-cured lines of tobacco with varying levels of total alkaloids have been developed and characterized. In general the high alkaloid lines had the highest grade indexes. All of the extremely low alkaloid lines were also lower in grade index indicating that total alkaloids do have some relationship with the grade index. The high total alkaloid lines were lower in yield. However, it is believed that the levels of total alkaloids reported do not result from yield variation. N. rustica generally has considerably higher total alkaloid levels, based on percent dry weight, than N. tabacum. With the stabilizing of a low total alkaloid line of N. tabacum (0.20 %) it was feasible to introgress the gene(s) for alkaloid production from N. rustica into N. tabacum. Indications are that more than one gene is responsible for total alkaloid production in this material. Also preliminary indications are that the genes for total alkaloid production in N. rustica may be the same as those in N. tabacum.
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Sun, Bo, Yu-Xiao Tian, Fen Zhang, Qing Chen, Yong Zhang, Ya Luo, Xiao-Rong Wang, Fu-Cheng Lin, Jun Yang, and Hao-Ru Tang. "Variations of Alkaloid Accumulation and Gene Transcription in Nicotiana tabacum." Biomolecules 8, no. 4 (October 15, 2018): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom8040114.
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To increase the understanding of alkaloid biosynthesis in Nicotiana tabacum during whole plant growth periods, variations of the contents of alkaloids and the transcription of key biosynthetic genes in fresh leaves were investigated in three varieties at five developmental stages. Six alkaloids were analyzed by gas chromatograph–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and the most abundant alkaloid was observed during the upper leaves maturing stage in the varieties, among which the alkaloid content of K326 was the highest. Considering the genetic effect, variance analysis indicated that the developmental stage played a predominant role in alkaloid accumulation. Moreover, the levels of biosynthetic gene transcripts in the leaves at the vigorous growing stage might contribute to the contents of alkaloids in the leaves during the maturing stages. To further illuminate the metabolism of alkaloid biosynthesis, a correlation among alkaloids was also documented.
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Doncheva, Tsvetelina, Gabriela Yordanova, Vassil Vutov, Nadezhda Kostova, and Stefan Philipov. "Comparative Study of Alkaloid Pattern of Four Bulgarian Fumaria Species." Natural Product Communications 11, no. 2 (February 2016): 1934578X1601100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601100220.
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The alkaloid pattern of four Fumaria species ( Fumaria kralikii, Fumaria rostellata, Fumaria schleicherii, Fumaria thuretii) growing in Bulgaria was investigated by GC-MS and twenty isoquinoline alkaloids were determined. Phytochemical investigation of the alkaloid composition on Fumaria thuretii Boiss was made for the first time. The alkaloid profile of the species was compared at two levels, between different species and within two species from different habitats. Two chemotypical groups, based on the types of isoquinoline alkaloids were suggested. To group A belong species F. kralikii, F. rostellata (F. r. 1) and F. thuretii containing more than 50% spirobenzylisoquinoline alkaloids of the crude alkaloid mixtures. To group B belong species F. rostellata (F. r. 2) and F. schleicherii containing more than 40% protopine alkaloids and relatively high percentage phthaldeisoquinoline alkaloids (11–19%). In group A phthaldeisoquinoline alkaloids were not detected.
11
Đukić, Miloš, Jelena Jovanović, Gordana Stojanović, and Snežana Jovanović. "Chemical composition of the alkaloid extract isolated from Hylotelephium spectabile (Boreau) H. Ohba x telephium (L.) H. Ohba aerial parts." Advanced Technologies 10, no. 2 (2021): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/savteh2102005d.
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There are many motives to study alkaloids within Crassulaceae family, such as chemotaxonomic consideration of alkaloid distribution and evaluation of their biological potential. Data on alkaloids from Sedum telephium (syn. H. telephium) aroused interest for further alkaloid investigation within the genus Hylotelephium H. Ohba. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate and characterize other plant sources of alkaloids from the same genus. An alkaloid extract (AE-HS) was isolated from fresh aerial parts of a cultivated hybrid H. spectabile x telephium. The chemical composition of AE-HS was determined by GC-MS (gas chromatography - mass spectrometry) method. Eight components were identified, which made up 91.8% of the sample. The most present component of AE-HS was g-crotonolactone (78.6%) followed by 3-methyl-2-butenal (8.6%) and (E)-coniferyl alcohol (2.8%). Nicotine was identified as the only alkaloid in the AE-HS (0.4%). Along with many non-alkaloid compounds, a previous study found six alkaloids in AE of S. telephium (~7%), suggesting differences from our results. Additionally, alkaloid distribution is limited within other genera of the family and belonging to the same genus does not mean a uniform qualitative composition. Further analyzes of AEs of Hylotelephium taxa would certainly shed light on the pattern of alkaloid distribution.
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Meles, Dewa Ketut, Wurlina Wurlina, and Dewa Putu Anom Adnyana. "Measurement of Alkaloids Achyranthes Aspera Linn Level Using Thin Layer Chromatography Method and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." KnE Life Sciences 3, no. 6 (December 3, 2017): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i6.1146.
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One of the plants with the potential to be developed into a raw material for anti-breast cancer drugs is jarong (Achyranthes aspera linn). Allegedly alkaloid of Achryranthes aspera linn leaves showed anticancer activity in vitro in mice myeloma cells is extremely potent. In vivo study showed that the alkaloid Achyranthes aspera linn causes apoptosis and healing in breast cancer cells in mice induced by benzopyrene. Alkaloids of Achyranthes aspera linn leaves as anticancer been listed on Incestual Property Rights (IPR) since October 12, 2012, with number P00201299839. This study aims to prove the existence of alkaloids in the leaves of Achyranthes aspera linn using thin layer chromatography (TLC), determine the level of alkaloids in the leaves alkaloid fraction of Achyranthes aspera using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and alkaloid fraction dose as an anticancer and dosing for the study. Alkaloid qualitative measurement results with thin layer chromatography showed alkaloid in orange. Alkaloid levels using HPLC has a retention time of 3.482 minutes, a wavelength of 254 nm, there are 13 kinds of chemical substances with the major components amounted to 52.36% alkaloids, the other component is the green substance with a peak area of 13.0624%, while other chemical substances in a very small peak area of between 0.428% until 8.3598%. Alkaloid fraction dose of Achyranthes aspera used in the study as anticancer is controlled the dose of 0 mg/kg, 1 treatment dose of 60 mg/kg, 2 treatment dose of 75 mg/kg and 3 treatment dose of 90 mg/kg. Keywords: Alkaloids, Achyranthes aspera linn, TLC, HPLC.
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Eliza, Eliza, and Dasril Basir. "Some of South Sumatran Plants Containing Alkaloids." Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry 7, no. 1 (February 20, 2022): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24845/ijfac.v7.i1.32.
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A phytochemical survey for alkaloid-containing plants has been conducted in South Sumatra including traditional medicinal plants. During the survey 180 satisfactory herbarium sample were obtained and all of them were tested for alkaloids. The results showed that 33 species gave a positive test for alkaloids, and high alkaloid contents were shown by: Alstonia scholaris, Alstonia angustiloba, Ervatamia coronariaa, Voacanga foetida Bl. K. Schum, Litseaacceden toides K & V, Litsea angualata, Litsea tomentosa, Fibraurea chloroleuca Miers (root), and Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr. The aboved survey was also continued to be an intensively phytochemical work focusing on alkaloid of Fibraurea chloroleuca Miers root. A quaternary isoquinoline alkaloid as a yellowish crystal, m.p. 214-215 oC; MS (FAB) m/z 352 has been successfully isolated and tested for antibacterial activity. This isolated alkaloid significantly inhibited Bacilus substilis, Shigela dysentriae, Staphylococus aireus, and Pseudomonas sp growth at 1 mg/mL. As a result, all of these alkaloid-containing plants are potential to explore their alkaloids and utilitarian for traditional medicines.
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Bäumel, P., W. D. Jeschke, L. Witte, F. C. Czygan, and P. Proksch. "Uptake and Transport of Quinolizidine Alkaloids in Cuscuta reflex a Parasitizing on Lupinus angustifolius." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 48, no. 5-6 (June 1, 1993): 436–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1993-5-607.
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Abstract Cuscuta reflexa, Lupinus angustifolius, Quinolizidine Alkaloids, Parasitism During parasitism on Lupinus angustifolius the phanerogamic parasite Cuscuta reflexa takes up quinolizidine alkaloids from L. angustifolius via haustoria that tap xylem and phloem vessels of the host. The alkaloid pattern of the haustorial region of C. reflexa as revealed by GLC as well as by GLC-M S closely resembles that of infested lupin stems. With increasing distance from the haustoria towards the apex of C. reflexa the complex alkaloid pattern of the host is significantly reduced. Whereas alkaloid esters such as 13-benzoyloxylupanine and 13-cinnamoyloxy-lupanine are prominent peaks in the alkaloid profiles of the host as well as of the haustorial region of the parasite they are not detected in the apex of C. reflexa but are replaced by their respective alcohol com ponent 13-hydroxylupanine. This change of alkaloid profiles is accompanied by a strong decline of alkaloid concentration which drops from ap proximately 11 m g/g dry wt. in the haustorial region of C. reflexa to 0.2 m g/g dry wt. in the apex. Alkaloid analyses of xylem sap and phloem exudate from L. angustifolius suggest that uptake of host plant alkaloids by C. reflexa is mainly via the phloem even though a contribution of xylem sap to the supply of alkaloids to the parasite can not be excluded.
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Doncheva, Tsvetelina, Nadezhda Kostova, Radostina Toshkovska, Stefan Philipov, Nam Vu, Dat Nguyen, Trung Nguyen, Giang Do, and Hau Dang. "Alkaloids from Pandanus amaryllifolius and Pandanus tectorius from Vietnam and Their Anti-inflammatory Properties." Proceedings of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 75, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 812–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2022.06.04.
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Phytochemical investigation of the alkaloid composition in Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. and Pandanus tectorius Parkinson was carried out. Nine pandane alkaloids were isolated and determined. The alkaloids pandamarilactonine B, N-acetylnorpandamarilactonine A and pandamarilactonine G were found for the first time in P. tectorius. The total alkaloid mixtures and alkaloid fractions of the species were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity using in vitro experimental models.
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Jones, Nadiá M., M. Gabriela Bernardo-Gil, and M. Graço Lourenco. "Comparison of Methods for Extraction of Tobacco Alkaloids." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 84, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/84.2.309.
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Abstract Ultrasound and microwave techniques were used to extract tobacco alkaloids, and response surface methodology was used to optimize extraction conditions. Ultrasonic technique factors were temperature, 30–85°C; time, 3–45 min; solvent volume, 8–80 mL. Microwave extraction factors were pressure, 15–75 psi; time, 3–40 min; power, 30–90% of the maximum magnetron power of 650 W. Soxhlet and solvent AOAC-modified extraction methods were also applied after some improvements. Nicotine, nornicotine, anabasine, and anatabine were quantified by gas chromatography. A steam distillation International Standards Organization method for total alkaloid evaluation was used as reference. The results obtained by the different methods were compared using a least squares deviation test. The ultrasonic and the proposed modified-AOAC extraction method were the more convenient with regard to practicability and precision. The relative deviations (n = 5) were as follows: For the ultrasonic method in low-level alkaloid tobaccos, 0.7% nicotine and 1.4–14% minor alkaloids; in high-level alkaloid tobaccos, 2.4% nicotine and 4.5–5.1% minor alkaloids. For the modified AOAC method in low-level alkaloid tobaccos, 0.9% nicotine and 2.4–11.6% minor alkaloids; and in high-level alkaloid tobaccos, 1.7% nicotine and 2.0–2.4% minor alkaloids.
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Likar, Matevž, Marjana Grandič, Breda Jakovac Strajn, Katarina Kos, and Franci Aco Celar. "Links Between Genetic Groups, Host Specificity, and Ergot-Alkaloid Profiles within Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. on Slovenian Grasses." Plant Disease 102, no. 7 (July 2018): 1334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-17-1179-re.
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In the present study, the genetic relationships and ergot-alkaloid production of the fungus Claviceps purpurea on grasses were investigated, to determine any associations between grass host specificity, ergot-alkaloid production, and geographic origin. C. purpurea sclerotia were obtained from wild and cultivated grasses along a 300-km climatic gradient, from sub-Mediterranean to continental climates. Twenty-one infected grass samples provided 39 sclerotia for analysis of the ergot alkaloids ergometrine, ergosine, ergotamine, ergocornine, ergocryptine, and ergocristine, and their “-inine” epimers, using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. C. purpurea ribosomal DNA underwent molecular classification to determine any grass host or geographic specificity of ergot-alkaloid composition for the different operational taxonomic units. Molecular analysis of sclerotia ribosomal DNA showed three genetic groups, with some associations with specific grass host taxonomic groups. The ergot-alkaloid composition data were in agreement with the data obtained by molecular methods. The most frequent ergot-alkaloid epimers were ergocristine, and ergosine. The total ergot-alkaloid concentrations in sclerotia varied from 59 to 4,200 mg kg–1, which corresponds to 0.059 to 4.2 mg kg–1 in animal feed (assuming ergot alkaloids at 1,000 mg kg–1 sclerotia). Therefore, grasses can be associated with significant levels of ergot alkaloids. In addition, the ergot-alkaloid compositions of C. purpurea sclerotia can be different for infections with different C. purpurea genetic groups, because these show different ergot-alkaloid compositions.
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Huang, Yi, Yong Fang, Jinmin Wu, Jennifer M. Dziadyk, Xueming Zhu, Meihua Sui, and Weimin Fan. "Regulation of Vinca alkaloid-induced apoptosis by NF-κB/IκB pathway in human tumor cells." Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 3, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.271.3.3.
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Abstract Antimicrotubule Vinca alkaloids, such as vinblastine and vincristine, interfere with the dynamics of microtubules and have shown significant cell killing activity in a variety of tumor cells through induction of apoptosis. The mechanism by which Vinca alkaloids induce apoptosis is not entirely clear. In this study, we found that glucocorticoids inhibit Vinca alkaloid-induced apoptosis without affecting G2-M arrest in human breast cancer BCap37 cells and human epidermoid tumor KB cells, suggesting that Vinca alkaloid-induced apoptosis may occur via a pathway independent of cell cycle arrest. Further analyses indicated that Vinca alkaloids cause significant degradation of IκBα, which in turn results in nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. Transfection of antisense IκBα in BCap37 cells sensitizes Vinca alkaloid-induced apoptosis. Moreover, in vitro kinase assays show that the activity of IκB kinase (IKK) was activated by Vinca alkaloids and was not affected by glucocorticoids. Stable transfection of dominant-negative deletional mutant IκBα, which is insensitive to IKK-mediated phosphorylation and degradation, resulted in the inhibition of Vinca alkaloid-induced NF-κB activation and reduced sensitivity of tumor cells to Vinca alkaloid-induced apoptosis. These findings suggest that the NF-κB/IκB signaling pathway may contribute to the mediation of Vinca alkaloid-induced apoptosis in human tumor cells.
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Salma, Tarannum. "SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ESTIMATION OF TOTAL ALKALOIDS IN CHITRAKA (PLUMBAGO ZEYLANICA LINN) USING BROMOCRESOL GREEN." Avishkara 01, no. 01 (2022): 03–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.56804/avishkara.2022.1102.
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Background: Plumbago zeylanica L. (Plumbaginaceae) commonly known, as Chitraka is pharmacologically important plant. Various studies have been undertaken to assess the pharmacological potential of different parts of the plant namely like roots, stem, flower, and leaves as antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, anticancer, antifertility, antiulcer, antifungal and wound healing. Chitraka is rich in alkaloids hence present study is taken. Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine the total alkaloid content in Chitraka Materials & Methods: The presence of alkaloids was confirmed by qualitative dragendroffs method subjected to quantification, the total alkaloid content (TAC) was estimated spectrophotometric ally using Bromocresol green method with Atropine as standard. Results: The results showed that root of Chitraka are rich source of alkaloids. The root extract of chitraka showed highest alkaloid content 83.4mg/g Atropine equivalent. Conclusion: The total alkaloid content of Chitraka was well established by spectrophotometric studies. And it is direct, simple & sensitive spectrophotometric method for determination of total alkaloid based on the reaction with Bromocresol green
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Grusie, T., V. Cowan, J. Singh, J. McKinnon, and B. Blakley. "Proportions of predominant Ergot alkaloids (Claviceps purpurea) detected in Western Canadian grains from 2014 to 2016." World Mycotoxin Journal 11, no. 2 (April 25, 2018): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2017.2241.
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Ergot alkaloids, produced by the fungus Claviceps purpurea, are contaminants of cereal crops. Depending on various factors, the relative composition of individual ergot alkaloids can differ among samples. The objective was to determine if the percentage of individual ergot alkaloids were similar across different cereal grains (barley n=39, rye n=7, triticale n=9, wheat n=94) collected in Western Canada over different years. Ergocristine was the predominant alkaloid accounting for half of the total alkaloids in all grain types. This study documented that barley, rye, triticale and wheat collected across Western Canada had similar percentages of ergocornine (6±1%, P=0.201), ergocristine (48±2%, P=0.939), ergocryptine (17±2%, P=0.302) and ergosine (5±0.5%, P=0.239). There were differences between grain types for ergometrine (P=0.027) and ergotamine (P=0.011), which ranged between 6 to 13% and 11 to 24%, respectively, of the total alkaloid content in different cereals. Both barley and wheat alkaloid percentages were similar between 2015 and 2016; ergocornine (7±1%, P=0.969), ergocristine (47±2%, P=0.680), ergocryptine (18±2%, P=0.572), ergometrine (8±1%, P=0.080), ergosine (15±1%, P=0.119) and ergotamine (P=0.189). The ergocornine percentage was higher in wheat (P=0.017) as compared to barley for 2015/2016 samples. Ergometrine was higher in barley (P=0.002) as compared to wheat for 2015/2016 samples. While two of the alkaloid proportions varied statistically, overall proportions of the six ergot alkaloids were comparable among the four grain types collected across Western Canada. If proportions of ergot alkaloids are similar across a region, then it may be deemed acceptable to recommend a maximum total ergot alkaloid concentration for that region. However, areas that exhibit variation among the ergot alkaloid proportions, individual ergot alkaloid guidelines based on a toxic equivalence factor, may be more appropriate. In contrast, since major differences were not seen between years or grain type, from a producer perspective there may be limited biological/toxicological significance for individual alkaloid guidelines.
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Turner, Matthew, Roberto Cruz, Jordan Elwell, John French, Jared Mattos, and Owen McDougal. "Native V. californicum Alkaloid Combinations Induce Differential Inhibition of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling." Molecules 23, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 2222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092222.
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Veratrum californicum is a rich source of steroidal alkaloids such as cyclopamine, a known inhibitor of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Here we provide a detailed analysis of the alkaloid composition of V. californicum by plant part through quantitative analysis of cyclopamine, veratramine, muldamine and isorubijervine in the leaf, stem and root/rhizome of the plant. To determine whether additional alkaloids in the extracts contribute to Hh signaling inhibition, the concentrations of these four alkaloids present in extracts were replicated using commercially available standards, followed by comparison of extracts to alkaloid standard mixtures for inhibition of Hh signaling using Shh-Light II cells. Alkaloid combinations enhanced Hh signaling pathway antagonism compared to cyclopamine alone, and significant differences were observed in the Hh pathway inhibition between the stem and root/rhizome extracts and their corresponding alkaloid standard mixtures, indicating that additional alkaloids present in these extracts are capable of inhibiting Hh signaling.
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Nicola, Carla, Mirian Salvador, Adriana Escalona Gower, Sidnei Moura, and Sergio Echeverrigaray. "Chemical Constituents Antioxidant and Anticholinesterasic Activity ofTabernaemontana catharinensis." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/519858.
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The present work aimed to analyze the alkaloid content of the ethanolic extract ofTabernaemontana catharinensis(Apocynaceae family) and its fractions as well as to evaluate their antioxidant and anticholinesterasic activities. The analyses of the ethanolic extract ofT. catharinensisby mass spectrometry allowed identifying the presence of the alkaloids 16-epi-affinine, coronaridine-hydroxyindolenine, voachalotine, voacristine-hydroxyindolenine, and 12-methoxy-n-methyl-voachalotine, as well as an alkaloid withm/z385.21 whose spectrum suggests a derivative of voacristine or voacangine. The extract and its alkaloid rich fractions showed antioxidant activity, especially those that contain the alkaloidm/z385.21 or 16-epi-affinine with DPPH scavenging activity (IC50) between 37.18 and 74.69 μg/mL. Moreover, the extract and its fractions exhibited anticholinesterasic activity, particularly the fractions characterized by the presence of 12-methoxy-n-methyl-voachalotine, with IC50= 2.1 to 2.5 μg/mL. Fractions with 16-epi-affinine combined good antioxidant (IC50= 65.59 to 74.69 μg/mL) and anticholinesterasic (IC50= 7.7 to 8.3 μg/mL) activities, representing an option for further studies aimed at treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Sarikaya, Buket Bozkurt, Nehir Unver Somer, Gulen Irem Kaya, Mustafa Ali Onur, Jaume Bastida, and Strahil Berkov. "GC-MS Investigation and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of Galanthus rizehensis." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 68, no. 3-4 (April 1, 2013): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2013-3-407.
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GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analyses of alkaloids in the aerial parts and bulbs of Galanthus rizehensis Stern (Amaryllidaceae), collected during two different vegetation periods, was performed. Twenty three alkaloids were identified in four different alkaloid extracts. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities of the alkaloid extracts were tested. Both the highest alkaloid diversity and the most potent inhibitory activity (IC50 12.94 μg/ml) were obtained in extracts from the bulbs of G. rizehensis collected during the fruiting period.
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Berkov, Strahil, Luba Evstatieva, and Simeon Popov. "Alkaloids in Bulgarian Pancratium maritimum L." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 59, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2004): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2004-1-214.
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A GC/MS analysis of alkaloids from leaves, bulbs and roots of Pancratium maritimum was performed. From the identified 16 alkaloids, 5 alkaloids were reported for the first time for this plant. Several compounds with pharmacological activity were found. Haemanthamine was main alkaloid in the leaves and bulbs whereas galanthane was found to be main alkaloid in roots.
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AL-Khateeb, Iqbal Hasan. "A New Method for the Isolation and Purification of Trigonelline as Hydrochloride from Trigonella foenum-graecum L." Baghdad Science Journal 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 0550. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2019.16.3.0550.
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Separation of Trigonelline, the major alkaloid in fenugreek seeds, is difficult because the extract of these seeds usually contains Trigonelline, choline, mucilage, and steroidal saponins, in addition to some other substances. This study amis to isolate the quaternary ammonium alkaloid (Trigonelline) and choline from fenugreek seeds (Trigonella-foenum graecum L.) which have similar physiochemical properties by modifying of the classical method. Seeds were defatted and then extracted with methanol. The presence of alkaloids was detected by using Mayer's and Dragendorff's reagents. In this work, trigonilline was isolated with traces of choline by subsequent processes of purification using analytical and preparative TLC techniques. Further identification was done by using HPLC, IR and MP. Pure Trigonelline was isolated from the seeds of Trigonella-foenum graecum excluding other alkaloid like choline. In this study, a new, fast and convenient method for isolation and purification of Trigonelline from fenugreek seeds has been established. Unlike other methods, this one excludes all the non-alkaloidal components from the fenugreek seeds extract.
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Coyle, Christine M., and Daniel G. Panaccione. "An Ergot Alkaloid Biosynthesis Gene and Clustered Hypothetical Genes from Aspergillus fumigatus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 6 (June 2005): 3112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.6.3112-3118.2005.
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ABSTRACT The ergot alkaloids are a family of indole-derived mycotoxins with a variety of significant biological activities. Aspergillus fumigatus, a common airborne fungus and opportunistic human pathogen, and several fungi in the relatively distant taxon Clavicipitaceae (clavicipitaceous fungi) produce different sets of ergot alkaloids. The ergot alkaloids of these divergent fungi share a four-member ergoline ring but differ in the number, type, and position of the side chains. Several genes required for ergot alkaloid production are known in the clavicipitaceous fungi, and these genes are clustered in the genome of the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea. We investigated whether the ergot alkaloids of A. fumigatus have a common biosynthetic and genetic origin with those of the clavicipitaceous fungi. A homolog of dmaW, the gene controlling the determinant step in the ergot alkaloid pathway of clavicipitaceous fungi, was identified in the A. fumigatus genome. Knockout of dmaW eliminated all known ergot alkaloids from A. fumigatus, and complementation of the mutation restored ergot alkaloid production. Clustered with dmaW in the A. fumigatus genome are sequences corresponding to five genes previously proposed to encode steps in the ergot alkaloid pathway of C. purpurea, as well as additional sequences whose deduced protein products are consistent with their involvement in the ergot alkaloid pathway. The corresponding genes have similarities in their nucleotide sequences, but the orientations and positions within the cluster of several of these genes differ. The data indicate that the ergot alkaloid biosynthetic capabilities in A. fumigatus and the clavicipitaceous fungi had a common origin.
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Yue, Hong Kun, Ming Chang, Si Jie Liu, and Ran Zhou. "Determination of Content of the Four Alkaloids and the Total Alkaloid in Co-Dergocrine Mesyiate Tablets by HPLC." Advanced Materials Research 884-885 (January 2014): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.884-885.419.
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Objective: To determine the four kinds of alkaloid and the total alkaloid in Co-dergocrine Mesyiate tablets by HPLC. Methods: HPLC was used. C18column (250mm×4.6mm5μm) was selected, the mobile phase was acetonitrile-H2O-triethylamine (50:150:5).Detection was performed by UV with wavelength of 280nm.Results:A linearity of alkaloid I was obtained from 240.336 to 961.344μg/mL with good correlation (r=0.9997). The average recovery of alkaloid Iwas 101.16%, and RSD was0.92%. A linearity of alkaloidII(α isomer) was obtained from 240.336 to 961.344μg/mL with good correlation (r=0.9998). The average recovery of α-alkaloidII was 99.31%, and RSD was1.14%. A linearity of alkaloidII(β isomer) was obtained from 240.336 to 961.344μg/mL with good correlation (r=0.9999). The average recovery of β-alkaloidII was 97.31%, and RSD was1.96%. A linearity of alkaloid IIIwas obtained from 240.336 to 961.344μg/mL with good correlation (r=0.9998).The average recovery of alkaloidIII was 102.02%, and RSD was 1.38%.Conclusion:The HPLC is sensitive and accurate in determining the four kinds of alkaloid in Co-dergocrine Mesyiate tablets. It can be applied efficiently.
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Lorenz, Nicole, Jana Olšovská, Miroslav Šulc, and Paul Tudzynski. "Alkaloid Cluster Gene ccsA of the Ergot Fungus Claviceps purpurea Encodes Chanoclavine I Synthase, a Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide-Containing Oxidoreductase Mediating the Transformation of N-Methyl-Dimethylallyltryptophan to Chanoclavine I." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 6 (January 29, 2010): 1822–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00737-09.
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ABSTRACT Ergot alkaloids are indole-derived secondary metabolites synthesized by the phytopathogenic ascomycete Claviceps purpurea. In wild-type strains, they are exclusively produced in the sclerotium, a hibernation structure; for biotechnological applications, submerse production strains have been generated by mutagenesis. It was shown previously that the enzymes specific for alkaloid biosynthesis are encoded by a gene cluster of 68.5 kb. This ergot alkaloid cluster consists of 14 genes coregulated and expressed under alkaloid-producing conditions. Although the role of some of the cluster genes in alkaloid biosynthesis could be confirmed by a targeted knockout approach, further functional analyses are needed, especially concerning the early pathway-specific steps up to the production of clavine alkaloids. Therefore, the gene ccsA, originally named easE and preliminarily annotated as coding for a flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing oxidoreductase, was deleted in the C. purpurea strain P1, which is able to synthesize ergot alkaloids in axenic culture. Five independent knockout mutants were analyzed with regard to alkaloid-producing capability. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), ultrapressure liquid chromatography (UPLC), and mass spectrometry (MS) analyses revealed accumulation of N-methyl-dimethylallyltryptophan (Me-DMAT) and traces of dimethylallyltryptophan (DMAT), the first pathway-specific intermediate. Since other alkaloid intermediates could not be detected, we conclude that deletion of ccsA led to a block in alkaloid biosynthesis beyond Me-DMAT formation. Complementation with a ccsA/gfp fusion construct restored alkaloid biosynthesis. These data indicate that ccsA encodes the chanoclavine I synthase or a component thereof catalyzing the conversion of N-methyl-dimethylallyltryptophan to chanoclavine I.
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Cahlíková, Lucie, Radim Kučera, Anna Hošt’álková, Jiří Klimeš, and Lubomír Opletal. "Identification of Pavinane Alkaloids in the Genera Argemone and Eschscholzia by GC-MS." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 10 (October 2012): 1934578X1200701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200701008.
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The genera Eschscholtzia and Argemone(Papaveraceae) represent a rich source of pavinane alkaloids, the identification of which in alkaloid extracts is generally problematic without standards. The alkaloid extracts of three Argemone and four Eschscholtzia species were analyzed using GC-MS. The alkaloids were identified based on comparison of their mass spectra with commercial libraries, with reported data in the literature and with spectra of reference compounds. A total of 23 alkaloids of six structural types (pavinane, protopine, benzylisoquinoline, benzophenanthridine, aporphine and protoberberine) were identified. The fragmentation pathway of pavinane alkaloids was used for their identification. O-Methylneocaryachine has been reported for the first time from a natural sources and the alkaloid pattern of Eschscholzia pulchella has been analyzed and described for the first time.
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Sidibe, Mamadou Sadialiou, Olimjon Panjiyev, Rikhsivoy ZIYAEV, Sory Fofana, and Golib Shodiyev. "Alcaloides Des Annonacees : Xyloethiopine, Un Nouvel Alcaloide De Xylopia Aethiopica A.Rich." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 1635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41036.
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Abstract: We studied the alkaloid composition of Xylopia aethiopica A. Rich ( Annona-ceae) leaves collected in republic of Guinea and isolated for the first time and identified the 3 benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines alkaloids: armépavine; coclaurine ; Nméthylcoclaurine, and a new alkaloid - xyloethiopine Keywords: Annonaceae; Xylopia aethiopica A. Rich., Alkaloids: benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines: armépavine ; coclaurine ; Nméthylcoclaurine ; xyloethiopine.
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Liu, Jing, Kaifeng Shi, Jia Shi, Yunluan Feng, Chenyang Hao, Jing Peng, and Sha Chen. "A simple strategy to monitor the temporal and spatial distribution of alkaloids in sacred lotus leaves." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 85, no. 6 (March 13, 2021): 1332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbab038.
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ABSTRACT Owing to the high degree of diversity of metabolite pools and complexity of spatial and temporal distributions within biological tissues, currently available methods for metabolite characterization face large challenges. In this study, the temporal and spatial distributions of the alkaloid components of the medicinal plant lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) were investigated over various growth phases. The results showed that alkaloid biosynthesis in lotus leaf is regulated by development and that there is maximum accumulation of alkaloids when the lotus leaf was completely expanded. Furthermore, alkaloid content tended to be stable in mature lotus leaves. However, there was significant variation in the alkaloid content of lotus leaves with different genotypes, suggesting that genetic background is an important factor that affects the temporal and spatial distributions of alkaloids in sacred lotus leaves. The dynamic contents of alkaloids during the growth and development of lotus leaves provide insight into basic biological differences when sampling.
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Chizzola, Remigius. "Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Adenostyles alliariae and A. glabra from the Austrian Alps." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 7 (July 2015): 1934578X1501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501000710.
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The alkaloid content of Adenostyles alliariae and A. glabra (Asteraceae) has been evaluated. Both species contain toxic macrocyclic unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids with seneciphylline as the main compound accounting for more than 90% of the alkaloid fraction in all above ground plant parts. Further alkaloids were spartioidine, acetyl-senciphylline and senecionine. Inflorescences showed the highest alkaloid contents with 21.1 and 13.4 mg/g in A. alliariae and A. glabra, respectively. Stems and leaves had 2–3 times lower contents. Therefore, these Adenostyles species must be considered as highly toxic plants.
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Setyaningrum, Lindawati, and Dhina Ayu Susanti. "PENETAPAN KADAR ALKALOID TOTAL PADA EKSTRAK N-HEKSAN DAN ETANOL BIJI KETUMBAR (Coriandrum sativum) MENGGUNAKAN SPEKTROFOTOMETER UV-Vis." Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 353–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v4i3.268.
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Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) is one of the medicinal plants which is known to contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, and alkaloids. Alkaloids have therapeutic effects as antimalarials and cancer. Research in determining the alkaloids in coriander was carried out by separating the alkaloids from other substances using the soxhlet method extraction with two solvents ethanol and n-hexane. The total alkaloid content is determined using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer at wavelength 351,5 nm. The reaction of alkaloids with Bromocresol green (BCG) is obtained to form a yellow product. The use of berberine standard was obtained the total alkaloid content of ethanol and n-hexane extract in coriander seed (Coriandrum sativum) were 0.524% and 0.583% respectively, and the ratio of total alkaloid content of ethanol extract was smaller than that of n-hexane extract.
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Shukla, S., H. K. Yadav, A. Rastogi, B. K. Mishra, and S. P. Singh. "Alkaloid diversity in relation to breeding for specifi c alkaloids in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 46, No. 4 (December 14, 2010): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/96/2009-cjgpb.
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Papaver somniferum is a chief source of diverse physiologically active alkaloids, required by the pharmaceutical industry. The present study describes the diversity of the alkaloid spectrum of 122 opium poppy accessions of Indian origin by means of a cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis generalised distances. The accessions could be grouped into 11 clusters according to their relationship between the contents of morphine, codeine, thebaine, narcotine and papaverine in raw opium. The diversity of the alkaloid spectrum of 11 clusters reflected the very low correlations between the contents of the individual alkaloids across the 122 entries, found earlier. The clusters represented almost all possible combinations of the high content of an alkaloid with high or low content of another alkaloid. Although on average the morphine content exceeds the sum of the other four alkaloids, in one cluster the narcotine content (15.3%) was even higher than that of morphine (14.6%) and the content of the remaining alkaloids was also extremely high. The variation range among the clusters was for papaverine between 0.14% to 5.3%, while for morphine between 12.4% to 18.0%. The results indicate a large space for the breeding of opium poppy for individual alkaloids or particular combinations of alkaloids, as required by pharmaceutical industries.
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Virjamo, V., and R. Julkunen-Tiitto. "Variation in piperidine alkaloid chemistry of Norway spruce (Picea abies) foliage in diverse geographic origins grown in the same area." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, no. 4 (April 2016): 456–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0388.
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Volatile piperidine alkaloids are widespread compounds found in low amounts in coniferous species. Here, we investigated the variation of piperidine alkaloid chemistry of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in a provenance-type experiment. Volatile piperidine alkaloids were analysed from current-year mature needles of 12 geographical origins grown for 35 years at the same site. Results indicate that, despite long-lasting similar growth conditions, origins were still showing different alkaloid composition and concentrations, indicating solid genotype variation. The highest total piperidine alkaloid concentrations were detected in the northernmost origins, and a marked positive correlation between piperidine alkaloid concentrations and latitude was found. Positive correlation with latitude seems to be closely linked to negative correlation with annual temperature sum of origins. Interestingly, the changes in concentrations detected were not related to needle size and dilution effect. Regarding the possible herbivore-defense role of P. abies piperidine alkaloids, the high variation between origins could play a role for preventing the invasion of genotypes from different geographical areas.
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Ahmad, Islamudin, Rissyelly Rissyelly, Agus Kurniawan, and Abdul Munim. "SCREENING OF EXTRACTION METHOD FOR ALKALOID ENRICHMENT OF PEPEROMIA PELLUCIDA (L.) KUNTH." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2017): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i7.18426.
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Objective: The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of extraction method modification of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth herbs for alkaloid enrichment and thin layer chromatography (TLC) profile.Methods: The dried herbs were extracted with six different methods (including; method A, B, C, D, and E). The obtained extract solution was evaporated and was analyzed. Alkaloid content identified using Dragendorff spray reagent. The gravimetric method was used to determine of total alkaloid, and TLC profile was analyzed using a densitometer at a wavelength of 254 nm and 366 nm.Results: The results showed a difference from all modification of extraction method for alkaloid enrichment and their TLC profile. The use of eluent dichloromethane (DCM):methanol (95:5) was potential for isolation of the compound. From whole extraction methods, only one that tested positive for alkaloids was method A. Total alkaloids in DCM fraction amounted to 29.59 mg/g piperine.Conclusion: Based on the above results, method A can be applied for isolation of alkaloid compound from this herb.
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Adhikari, Kedar Nath, Owain Rhys Edwards, Shaofang Wang, Thomas James Ridsdill-Smith, and Bevan Buirchell. "The role of alkaloids in conferring aphid resistance in yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.)." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 5 (2012): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12189.
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A key goal in the breeding for aphid resistance of cultivated lupins is to manipulate the levels and distributions of alkaloids. Lupin alkaloids are known to be responsible for resistance to herbivorous insects, but the total seed alkaloid level must remain under 0.02% for animal and human consumption. Yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) is being investigated as a new legume crop for Western Australia (WA), but most lines produced to date have been very susceptible to aphids. In contrast, breeders in WA have had ongoing success releasing narrow-leafed lupin (L. angustifolius L.) cultivars with adequate resistance to aphids. In this study, aphid performance was evaluated on yellow lupin plants in the glasshouse from an F2 population derived from a cross between Teo, a yellow lupin cultivar resistant to aphids and with high total alkaloid levels, and Wodjil, a single plant selection from Teo that is susceptible to aphids and has low total alkaloid levels, and their parents. Resistance in Teo and the F2 progeny was strongly associated with the alkaloids gramine and a gramine analogue. The absence of plants with intermediate levels of these alkaloids in progeny of this cross makes it unlikely that aphid-resistant lines can be generated using Teo as the resistance source. On the other hand, different alkaloids were correlated with aphid resistance in the narrow-leafed lupin cultivar Kalya, and aphid resistance was more evenly distributed among progeny of a cross of the resistant cultivar Kalya with the susceptible cultivar Tallerack. For this reason, additional yellow lupin lines with a more diverse alkaloid profile were selected for further study from the Australian lupin breeding program. A wide variation in the aphid tolerance among lines was observed and aphid tolerance was positively correlated with alkaloid content. However, four lines were identified with moderate levels of aphid resistance in a low alkaloid background. These lines had varying alkaloid profiles, but as expected none were dominated by gramine and its analogues. We believe these lines offer a greater opportunity for aphid resistance breeding in yellow lupins.
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Panaccione, Daniel, James Kotcon, Christopher Schardl, Richard Johnson, and Joseph Morton. "Ergot alkaloids are not essential for endophytic fungus-associated population suppression of the lesion nematode, Pratylenchus scribneri, on perennial ryegrass." Nematology 8, no. 4 (2006): 583–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854106778614074.
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AbstractSeveral endophytic fungi of the genus Neotyphodium form symbiotic associations with Lolium spp. grasses and are renowned for production of bioactive alkaloids such as ergot alkaloids. Some of these endophytes make their grass partners less suitable as hosts for endoparasitic nematodes, including Pratylenchus spp. The potential for ergot alkaloids to affect nematode motility was investigated in vitro. Ergovaline, the ergot alkaloid pathway end product of several Neotyphodium spp., was the only ergot alkaloid tested that inhibited motility of Pratylenchus scribneri. The association of ergot alkaloids with nematode population suppression was examined in glasshouse experiments with strains of the perennial ryegrass endophyte Neotyphodium sp. isolate Lp1 (syn. Neotyphodium lolii × Epichloë typhina) that have been genetically modified to lack ergot alkaloids or to have an altered ergot alkaloid profile. Populations of P. scribneri were significantly smaller in pots of perennial ryegrass containing the wild-type, ergot alkaloid-producing endophyte than in pots of endophyte-free perennial ryegrass. Elimination of certain complex ergot alkaloids (ergovaline and lysergic acid amides) in one gene knockout strain, or complete elimination of ergot alkaloids in another, did not affect the ability of the endophyte to suppress populations of nematode. Presence and concentrations of ergot alkaloids in pseudostems were as expected based on presence and genotype of endophyte in each plant, but frequently were undetectable or in low concentration in roots. The data indicate that ergot alkaloids do not contribute significantly to the endophyte-associated suppression of Pratylenchus spp.
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Scott, Peter M., Gary A. Lombaert, Peter Pellaers, Stanley Bacler, and Judy Lappi. "Ergot Alkaloids in Grain Foods Sold in Canada." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 75, no. 5 (September 1, 1992): 773–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/75.5.773.
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Abstract Six pharmacologically active ergot alkaloids (ergonovine [ergometrine], ergosine, ergotamine, ergocornine, α-ergokryptine, and ergocristine) were determined by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection in over 400 samples of grain foods. The survey was conducted over a 6-year period for rye flour, wheat flour, and bran/bran cereal, and a 5-year period for rye bread/crispbread; triticale flour was analyzed over a total of 3 years. The predominant alkaloids found were ergocristine and ergotamine. Rye flour was the most contaminated food; the incidence of alkaloid-positive samples was 118/128, annual mean concentrations of total alkaloids in positive samples ranged from 70 to 414 ng/g, and 1 sample contained as high as 3972 ng total alkaloids/g. In wheat flour, total alkaloid concentrations were much lower than in rye flour, with annual means in positive samples (68/93) of 15-68 ng/g. Bran/bran cereal had alkaloid concentrations similar to those in wheat flour, with annual means of 12-69 ng total alkaloids/g positive samples (incidence 29/35). Triticale flour was also an important source of ergot alkaloids; incidence was 24/26, and annual mean total alkaloid concentrations in positive samples were 46-283 ng/g. Ergot alkaloids were found in rye bread (46/100) and other heat-processed rye flour products (6/14). Annual mean total alkaloids in positive rye bread/crispbread samples ranged from 4.8 to 100 ng/g; the latter included a sample with 1248 ng total alkaloids/g.
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Nikolic, Milan, and Sinisa Djordjevic. "Alkaloids in the pharmaceutical industry: Structure, isolation and application." Chemical Industry 57, no. 10 (2003): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0310471n.
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By the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century a new era began in medicine, pharmaceutics and chemistry that was strongly connected with alkaloids and alkaloid drugs. Even before that it was known that certain drugs administered in limited doses were medicines, and toxic if taken in larger doses (opium, coke leaves, belladonna roots, monkshood tubers crocus or hemlock seeds). However, the identification, isolation and structural characterization of the active ingredients of the alkaloid drugs was only possible in the mid 20th century by the use of modern extraction equipment and instrumental methods (NMR, X-ray diffraction and others).In spite of continuing use over a long time, there is still great interest in investigating new drugs, potential raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry, as well as the more detailed investigation and definition of bio-active components and the indication of their activity range, and the partial synthesis of new alkaloid molecules based on natural alkaloids. The scope of these investigations, especially in the field of semi-synthesis is to make better use of the bio-active ingredients of alkaloid drugs, i.e. to improve the pharmacological effect (stronger and prolonged effect of the medicine, decreased toxicity and side effects), or to extend or change the applications. A combined classification of alkaloids was used, based on the chemical structure and origin, i.e. the source of their isolation to study alkaloid structure. For practical reasons, the following classification of alkaloids was used: ergot alkaloids, poppy alkaloids, tropanic alkaloids purine derivative alkaloids, carbon-cyclic alkaloids, and other alkaloids. The second part of this report presents a table of general procedures for alkaloid isolation from plant drugs (extraction by water non-miscible solvents, extraction by water-miscible solvents and extraction by diluted acid solutions). Also, methods for obtaining chelidonine and glaucine as hydrochloride bases and salts were presented in more details. Data from leading world pharmacopoeias (Ph. Eur. Ill/s 2000, DAB 1996, USP 23, JP XIII, BP 1993, Ph. Jug. IV) were used in the study of application of the pure alkaloids in pharmaceutical forms with predetermined doses. A comparative study of these data shows that a great number of preparations are produced worldwide based on alkaloids and alkaloids with modified structure. These medicines have found use in modern therapeutic practice in many countries. Most products are produced on the basis of caffeine, theophylline, ephedrine, atropine, scopolamine, reserpine and pilocarpine.
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Slavík, Jiří, and Leonora Slavíková. "Alkaloids from Papaver albiflorum PACZ. subsp. albiflorum and P. cf. stevenianum A. D. Mikheev." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 55, no. 7 (1990): 1812–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19901812.
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Papaver albiflorum PACZ. subsp. albiflorum (tetraploid, 2n = 28; total alkaloid content 0.001%) afforded corytuberine, protopine and allocryptopine as dominant alkaloids; in addition, small amounts of macambrine, thebaine, scoulerine, rhoeadine, papaverrubines D, C, A and E, berberine and coptisine were detected. Papaver cf. stevenianum A. D. MIKHEEV (hexaploid, 2n = 42; total alkaloid content 0.066% and 0.015%, respectively) gave berberine as the principal alkaloid (0.065% and 0.013, respectively) which was responsible for the yellow colour of latex. Corytuberine, allocryptopine, protopine and isocorydine were isolated as minor alkaloids and small amounts of corydine, mecambrine, thebaine, scoulerine, papaverrubines D, C, A and E, coptisine, cis-N-methylcanadinium hydroxide and N-methylthebainium hydroxide were detected. Alkaloid PHC 1, isolated recently as minor constituent from Papaver rhoeas var. chelidonioides O. KUNTZE, has been shown to be identical with isorhoeagenine.
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Veen, Gerhard, Roland Greinwald, Paloma Cantó, Ludger Witte, and F. C. Czygan. "Alkaloids of Adenocarpus hispanicus (Lam.) DC Varieties." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 47, no. 5-6 (June 1, 1992): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1992-0604.
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Alkaloid extracts from different organs of Adenocarpus hispanicus ssp. hispanicus and Adenocarpus hispanicus ssp. gredensis were analyzed by capillary GC. Twenty-four compounds could be identified by the high sensitive method of GLC-MS: the pyrrolizidine alkaloids decorticasine, N-acetylnorloline and N-butyrylnorloline, the bipiperidyl alkaloid ammodendrine, the phenylethylamine tyramine and 19 quinolizidine alkaloids. In contrast to Adenocarpus complicatus, Adenocarpus foliolosus and Adenocarpus viscosus the alkaloid pattern of Adenocarpus hispanicus is characterized by the occurrence of quinolizidine alkaloids with sparteine predominating in the leaves and numerous dehydroderivatives of sparteine. Remarkable is the total absence of adenocarpine which was described as a main compound of the three former species. Our results strongly support the opinion that the genus Adenocarpus should be divided into two phytochemical groups.
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Sari, Eni Kartika, Siti Maimunah, and Mega Karina Putri. "THE EFFECT OF MACERATION TIME ON TOTAL ALKALOID LEVELS IN BROCOLI (Brassica oleracea var. italica) BY USING UV-Vis SPECTROPHOTOMETRY METHOD." Jurnal Jamu Kusuma 2, no. 1 (July 6, 2022): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37341/jurnaljamukusuma.v2i1.29.
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ABSTRACT
Broccoli is known to be very rich in secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, essential oils, and polypeptides. Alkaloids are one of the secondary metabolites that are commonly found in nature and have physiological activities. The extraction time factor is the thing that can affect the quality of the extraction results which in this study is the alkaloid content. This study aims to determine the optimal maceration time so that it can produce optimum total alkaloid content. The stages in this study include sample preparation and then sample extraction by maceration using 96% ethanol with differences in maceration time of 1 day, 2 days and 3 days. Furthermore, identification using TLC and analysis of total alkaloid content using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Kruskal Wallis test was used to determine whether there was an effect of maceration time on total alkaloid content. The results showed that the highest average total alkaloid content in the second sample was maceration for 2 days with a concentration of 17.5%. The Kruskal Wallis test showed that there was no effect between maceration time on total alkaloid content.
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Pawelka, Karl-Heinz, and Joachim Stöckigt. "Indole Alkaloids from Ochrosia elliptica Plant Cell Suspension Cultures." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 41, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1986-0402.
Full textAbstract:
From cell suspension cultures of Ochrosia elliptica Labill. eight different monoterpenoid indole alkaloids were isolated and comprised three alkaloid classes viz. Corynanthe/Heteroyohimbine (tetrahydroalstonine, cathenamine, pleiocarpamine and two methoxylated heteroyohimbines), Strychnos (norfluorocurarine), Apparicine (apparicine and epchrosine). A ll these compounds except the Strychnos alkaloid are biogenetically closely related to the known alkaloids occurring in Ochrosia plants, although such alkaloids have not previously been detected in O. elliptica. Epchrosine has not before been described as a natural product.
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Galek, R., E. Sawicka-Sienkiewicz, D. Zalewski, S. Stawiński, and K. Spychała. "Searching for low alkaloid forms in the Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis) collection." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 53, No. 2 (May 16, 2017): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/71/2016-cjgpb.
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The Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) is the only cultivated species of the genus Lupinus originating from South America. Attempts were made to introduce this species to European soil and climatic conditions. The main disadvantages of the Andean lupin include too long and non-uniform maturation of pods in a plant, dropping flowers and pod buds, and a high alkaloid content (up to 5%). The aim of this study was to identify in post-mutagen treated material genotypes with low alkaloid content in seeds, which would be useful for improving L. mutabilis by breeding. The iodine test was annually performed to test the presence of alkaloids in seeds, using Lugol’s solution (I in KI). Based on the turbidity of the test samples, the investigated plants were divided into four groups, labelled as follows: G – individuals with a high content of alkaloids (very bitter), P – individuals with an intermediate content of alkaloids (bitter), PS – individuals with a low alkaloid content (fairly sweet) and S – individuals with a very low alkaloid level (sweet). For further propagation, mainly individuals from the S and PS groups were selected, and by part from the group P, while all bitter forms (G group) were rejected. Thirty chosen lines were examined for the content and composition of alkaloids by gas chromatography. The alkaloid content did not exceed 0.1% in 13 favourable lines, and even two lines had less than 0.05%. The seeds of the studied material contained 7 to 9 different alkaloids. The prevailing alkaloids in the seeds of the Andean lupin were 4-hydroxylupanine and lupanine. Significant progress has been achieved in reducing the content of alkaloids in subsequent generations of the investigated representatives of Lupinus mutabilis from South America.
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Dawadi, Sujan, Fulya Baysal-Gurel, Karla M. Addesso, Prabha Liyanapathiranage, and Terri Simmons. "Fire Ant Venom Alkaloids: Possible Control Measure for Soilborne and Foliar Plant Pathogens." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060659.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate fire ant venom alkaloids and an alarm pheromone analog against several plant pathogens, including Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora nicotianae, P. cryptogea, Pseudomonas syringae, Phytopythium citrinum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotonia rolfsii, Xanthomonas axonopodis, and X. campestris. All pathogens were tested against red imported fire ant venom alkaloid extract and alarm pheromone compound for growth inhibition in in vitro assay. The venom alkaloid extract inhibited fungal and oomycete pathogens. Neither of the treatments were effective against bacterial pathogens. Three soilborne pathogens, P. nicotianae, R. solani, F. oxysporum, and one foliar pathogen, B. cinerea were selected for further in-vivo assays on impatiens (Impatiens walleriana ‘Super Elfin XP violet’). Total plant and root weight were higher in venom alkaloid treated plants compared to an inoculated control. The venom alkaloid treatment reduced damping-off, root rot severity, and pathogen recovery in soilborne pathogen inoculated plants. Similarly, venom alkaloid reduced Botrytis blight. However, higher venom rates caused foliar phytotoxicity on plants. Therefore, additional work is needed to evaluate rates of venom alkaloids or formulations to eliminate negative impacts on plants. Overall, these results suggest that red imported fire ant venom alkaloids may provide a basis for new products to control soilborne and foliar plant pathogens.
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Wang, Bei, Lu Liu, Ying-Ying Chen, Qiong Li, Dan Li, Ya-Ping Liu, and Xiao-Dong Luo. "Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids from Catharanthus roseus Cultivated in Yunnan." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 12 (December 2015): 1934578X1501001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501001217.
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A new monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, 15,20-dehydro-3α-(2-oxopropyl) coronaridine (1), along with sixteen analogues (2–17) were isolated from the leaves of Catharanthus roseus cultivated in Yunnan. The new alkaloid was elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, and the known alkaloids were identified by comparison with the reported spectroscopic data. Among them, alkaloid 16 was isolated from Catharanthus for the first time.
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Nickisch-Rosenegk, Eva von, Dietrich Schneider, and Michael Wink. "Time-Course of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Processing in the Alkaloid Exploiting Arctiid Moth, Creatonotos transiens." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 45, no. 7-8 (August 1, 1990): 881–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1990-7-822.
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Abstract The processing of dietary pyrrolizidine alkaloids by larvae and adults of the arctiid moth Creatonotos transiens was studied in time-course experiments: In larvae, pyrrolizidine alkaloid uptake is quickly followed by the transformation of the alkaloids into their N-oxides. Further- more, if 7 S-heliotrine is applied, a stereochemical inversion of the hydroxyl group at C 7 to 7 R-heliotrine can be observed within 48 h of feeding. The rate of this biotransformation is substantially higher in males which use the 7 R-form later as a precursor for the biosynthesis of 7 R-hydroxydanaidal, a pheromone. The resorbed pyrrolizidine alkaloids are deposited in the integument within 48 h, where they remain stored during the larval, pupal and partly also the imaginal stages. Virtually no alkaloids are lost during ecdysis. Some pyrrolizidine alkaloids can be recovered from the meconium which is released at eclosion by the imagines especially when disturbed. In the adults pyrrolizidine alkaloids are processed in different ways by the two sexes: In females, about 50-80% of total alkaloids are transferred from the integument to the ovaries and the eggs within 2 - 3 days after eclosion. If females mate with alkaloid-rich males they additionally receive with the spermatophore up to 290 jig pyrrolizidine alkaloid, which are further translocated to the eggs. A biparental endowment of eggs with acquired defence alkaloids is thus achieved. In males, 30-50% of pyrrolizidine alkaloids remain in the integu- ment; about 10 - 30% are transferred to the scent organ, the corema, where they are converted into 7 R-hydroxydanaidal. Another part (about 40%) is passed to the spermatophore. In the laboratory experiments, the sizes of the coremata and their respective 7 R-hydroxydanaidal contents are strongly dependent on the availability of dietary pyrrolizidine alkaloids during L6 and especially L7 stages. In the L7 stage even short-term feeding (4-6 h) on Senecio jaco- haea is sufficient to induce large coremata.
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Yamada, Yasuyuki, and Fumihiko Sato. "Transcription Factors in Alkaloid Engineering." Biomolecules 11, no. 11 (November 18, 2021): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11111719.
Full textAbstract:
Plants produce a large variety of low-molecular-weight and specialized secondary compounds. Among them, nitrogen-containing alkaloids are the most biologically active and are often used in the pharmaceutical industry. Although alkaloid chemistry has been intensively investigated, characterization of alkaloid biosynthesis, including biosynthetic enzyme genes and their regulation, especially the transcription factors involved, has been relatively delayed, since only a limited number of plant species produce these specific types of alkaloids in a tissue/cell-specific or developmental-specific manner. Recent advances in molecular biology technologies, such as RNA sequencing, co-expression analysis of transcripts and metabolites, and functional characterization of genes using recombinant technology and cutting-edge technology for metabolite identification, have enabled a more detailed characterization of alkaloid pathways. Thus, transcriptional regulation of alkaloid biosynthesis by transcription factors, such as basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH), APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF), and WRKY, is well elucidated. In addition, jasmonate signaling, an important cue in alkaloid biosynthesis, and its cascade, interaction of transcription factors, and post-transcriptional regulation are also characterized and show cell/tissue-specific or developmental regulation. Furthermore, current sequencing technology provides more information on the genome structure of alkaloid-producing plants with large and complex genomes, for genome-wide characterization. Based on the latest information, we discuss the application of transcription factors in alkaloid engineering.
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El-Shazly, Assem, Andreas Tei, Ludger Witte, Mäher El-Domiaty, and Michael Wink. "Tropane Alkaloids of Hyoscyamus boveanus, H. desertorum, H. muticus and H. albus from Egypt." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 52, no. 11-12 (December 1, 1997): 729–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1997-11-1203.
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Abstract The alkaloid composition of Hyoscyam us boveanus, H. desertorum, H. muticus and H. albus was investigated by capillary GLC and GLC-mass spectrometry. Altogether 39 alkaloids of the tropane and pyrrolidine types were identified. Several alkaloids were found in the different species for the first time, e.g., 22 alkaloids in H. boveanus, 13 in H. desertorum, 24 in H. muticus and 4 in H. albus. 3β-Hyoscyamine, dehydrohyoscyamine, phyllalbine, 3α-phenylacetyltropane, phenylacetylscopine as well as phygrine and 2,3-diacetonyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidine are apparently new for the genus Hyoscyamus. Alkaloid profiles and alkaloid contents of flowers, fruits, leaves, stems and roots were determined and their chemoecological functions discussed.