Academic literature on the topic 'Alkaloids – Separation'

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Journal articles on the topic "Alkaloids – Separation"

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Yatsimirsky, Anatoly K. "Host-Guest Chemistry of Alkaloids." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 3 (2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700320.

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Binding of alkaloids by different hosts (native and modified cyclodextrins, cucurbiturils, calixarenes, and metal complexes of porphyrin and Salphen-type ligands), as well as receptor properties of alkaloid based hosts are reviewed. With alkaloids as guests, the largest binding constants and most significant spectral changes, in particular strong fluorescence enhancements induced by complexation with isoquinoline alkaloids, are observed with cucurbituril hosts. Cyclodextrins are successfully employed for improvement of solubility and for chiral separation of alkaloids of different types. Receptor properties of native and modified cinchona and bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids have attracted considerable attention for development of chiral selectors for analysis and separation.
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Petruczynik, Anna. "Analysis of alkaloids from different chemical groups by different liquid chromatography methods." Open Chemistry 10, no. 3 (2012): 802–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-012-0037-y.

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AbstractAlkaloids are biologically active compounds widely used as pharmaceuticals and synthesised as secondary methabolites in plants. Many of these compounds are strongly toxic. Therefore, they are often subject of scientific interests and analysis. Since alkaloids — basic compounds appear in aqueous solutions as ionized and unionized forms, they are difficult for chromatographic separation for peak tailing, poor systems efficiency, poor separation and poor column-to-column reproducibility. For this reason it is necessity searching of more suitable chromatographic systems for analysis of the compounds. In this article we present an overview on the separation of selected alkaloids from different chemical groups by liquid chromatography thus indicating the range of useful methods now available for alkaloid analysis. Different selectivity, system efficiency and peaks shape may be achieved in different LC methods separations by use of alternative stationary phases: silica, alumina, chemically bonded stationary phases, cation exchange phases, or by varying nonaqueous or aqueous mobile phase (containing different modifier, different buffers at different pH, ion-pairing or silanol blocker reagents). Developments in TLC (NP and RP systems), HPLC (NP, RP, HILIC, ion-exchange) are presented and the advantages of each method for alkaloids analysis are discussed.
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Slavík, Jiří, and Leonora Slavíková. "Quaternary Alkaloids from Thalictrum minus subsp. elatum (JACQ.) STOY. et STEFANOV." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 57, no. 3 (1992): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19920573.

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Quaternary alkaloids berberine (chloride, 0.18%) and, after transformation into the iodides, magnoflorine (iodide, 1.06%), jatrorrhizine (iodide, 0.066%), thalphenine (iodide, 0.040%) and thalifendine (iodide, 0.021%) were isolated, after separation of the tertiary bases (0.38%) from the root of Thalictrum minus subsp. elatum (JACQ.) STOJ. et STEFANOV of Czechoslovak origin (1.8% alkaloid content). The aerial parts (0.013% alkaloids) in their quaternary fraction contain only negligible amounts of magnoflorine, berberine, and coptisine (which is the first time coptisine was found in the Thalictrum genus).
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Kopp, Thomas, Liesa Salzer, Mona Abdel-Tawab, and Boris Mizaikoff. "Efficient Extraction of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids from Plants by Pressurised Liquid Extraction – A Preliminary Study." Planta Medica 86, no. 01 (2019): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1023-7419.

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AbstractPyrrolizidine alkaloids and their corresponding pyrrolizidine alkaloid-N-oxides are secondary plant constituents that became the subject of public concern due to their hepatotoxic, pneumotoxic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic effects. In contrast to the well-established analytical separation and detection methods, only a few studies have investigated the extraction of pyrrolizidine alkaloids/pyrrolizidine alkaloid-N-oxides from plant material. In this study, we have applied pressurized liquid extraction with the aim of evaluating the effect of various parameters on the recovery of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The nature of the modifier (various acids, NH3) added to the aqueous extraction solvent, its concentration (1 or 5%), and the temperature (50 – 125 °C) were systematically varied. To analyse a wide range of structurally different pyrrolizidine alkaloids, Jacobaea vulgaris (syn. Senecio jacobaea), Tussilago farfara, and Symphytum officinale were included. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids were quantified by HPLC-MS/MS and the results obtained by pressurised liquid extraction were compared with the amount of pyrrolizidine alkaloids determined by an official reference method. Using this approach, increased rates of recovery were obtained for J. vulgaris (up to 174.4%), T. farfara (up to 156.5%), and S. officinale (up to 288.7%). Hence, pressurised liquid extraction was found to be a promising strategy for the complete and automated extraction of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which could advantageously replace other time- and solvent-consuming extraction methods.
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AL-Khateeb, Iqbal Hasan. "A New Method for the Isolation and Purification of Trigonelline as Hydrochloride from Trigonella foenum-graecum L." Baghdad Science Journal 16, no. 3 (2019): 0550. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2019.16.3.0550.

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Separation of Trigonelline, the major alkaloid in fenugreek seeds, is difficult because the extract of these seeds usually contains Trigonelline, choline, mucilage, and steroidal saponins, in addition to some other substances. This study amis to isolate the quaternary ammonium alkaloid (Trigonelline) and choline from fenugreek seeds (Trigonella-foenum graecum L.) which have similar physiochemical properties by modifying of the classical method. Seeds were defatted and then extracted with methanol. The presence of alkaloids was detected by using Mayer's and Dragendorff's reagents. In this work, trigonilline was isolated with traces of choline by subsequent processes of purification using analytical and preparative TLC techniques. Further identification was done by using HPLC, IR and MP. Pure Trigonelline was isolated from the seeds of Trigonella-foenum graecum excluding other alkaloid like choline. In this study, a new, fast and convenient method for isolation and purification of Trigonelline from fenugreek seeds has been established. Unlike other methods, this one excludes all the non-alkaloidal components from the fenugreek seeds extract.
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Correa, Diana Isabel, Edgar Pastene-Navarrete, Luis Bustamante, Marcelo Baeza, and Julio Alarcón-Enos. "Isolation of Three Lycorine Type Alkaloids from Rhodolirium speciosum (Herb.) Ravenna Using pH-Zone-Refinement Centrifugal Partition Chromatography and Their Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activities." Metabolites 10, no. 8 (2020): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10080309.

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Preparative separation of three lycorine type alkaloids from Rhodolirum speciosum (Amaryllidaceae) was successfully carried out using pH-zone-refinement centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) using the solvent system methyl-tert-butyl ether/acetonitrile/water (4:1:5, v/v/v) in descending mode. Using this system, Alkaloid 1 (165.7 mg, 88.2%, purity), 2 (60.1 mg, 97.7% purity) and 3 (12.3 mg, 84.4% purity) were obtained in one step. For structure elucidation, the pure alkaloids were subjected to spectroscopy analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance experiments (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Alkaloids 1, 2, and 3 were identified as 1-O-acetyl-5,6-dehydrolycorine, 1-O-acetyl-lycorine, and 1,2-O-diacetyl-5,6-dehydrolycorine, respectively. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of these alkaloids was IC50 151.1 μg/mL, IC50 203.5 μg/mL, IC50 470.0 μg/mL, and IC50 17.1 μg/mL, respectively.
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ZHANG, Mengting, Dandan GONG, Wanyang SUN, and Guoxiang SUN. "Separation of alkaloids using radial chromatography and its separation efficiency." Chinese Journal of Chromatography 36, no. 10 (2018): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1123.2018.05016.

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Ma, Xiaoli, Hongwei Chen, Sisi Zhu, Pengfei Tu, and Yong Jiang. "Trimeric and Dimeric Carbazole Alkaloids from Murraya microphylla." Molecules 26, no. 18 (2021): 5689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185689.

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Seventeen new carbazole alkaloid derivatives, including a trimeric carbazole racemate, (±)-microphyltrine A (1), 15 dimeric carbazole racemates, (±)-microphyldines A–O (2–16), and a C-6–C-3″-methyl-linked dimeric carbazole, microphyldine P (17), were isolated from the leaves and stems of Murraya microphylla (Merr. et Chun) Swingle. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of HRESIMS and NMR data analysis. The optically pure isomers of these isolated carbazole alkaloids were obtained by chiral HPLC separation and their absolute configurations were determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data analysis.
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Sivagnanam, Kumaran, Emy Komatsu, Susan Patrick, Christoph Rampitsch, Hélène Perreault, and Tom Gräfenhan. "Rapid Screening of Ergot Alkaloids in Sclerotia by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 99, no. 4 (2016): 895–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.16-0117.

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Abstract Ergot is a common disease of wheat and other cereal grains that is predominantly caused by Claviceps purpurea in the field, often affecting crop yield in addition to the environment. Infected grain can be contaminated with dark sclerotia, which contain fungal metabolites such as ergot alkaloids. The occurrence of ergot alkaloids in cereal grain is a major health concern for humans and livestock. Effective and rapid screening of these mycotoxins is crucial for producers, processors, and consumers of cereal-based food and feed grain. Established methods of ergot alkaloid screening based on LC-MS or GC-MS require laborious processes. A novel method using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)–time-of-flight (TOF) MS was developed to identify four ergot alkaloids. Using dihydroxybenzoic acid as the matrix, ergosine, ergocornine, ergocryptine, and ergocristine were readily detected in individual sclerotia of C. purpurea. The accuracy of the identified ergot alkaloids was further confirmed by tandem MS analysis. MALDI-TOF MS is suitable for high-throughput screening of ergot alkaloids because it permits rapid and accurate identification, simple sample preparation, and no derivatization or chromatographic separation.
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Dymek, Aleksandra, Jarosław Widelski, Krzysztof Kamil Wojtanowski, Paulina Płoszaj, Rostyslav Zhuravchak, and Tomasz Mroczek. "Optimization of Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Lycopodiaceae Alkaloids Obtained from Two Lycopodium Species." Molecules 26, no. 6 (2021): 1626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061626.

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Alkaloids of the Lycopodiaceae family are of great interest to researchers due to their numerous properties and wide applications in medicine. They play a very important role mainly due to their potent antioxidant, antidepressant effects and a reversible ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity. This property is of immense importance due to the growing problem of an increasing number of patients with neurodegenerative diseases in developed countries and a lack of effective and efficient treatment for them. Numerous studies have shown that Lycopodiaceae alkaloids are a rich source of AChE inhibitors. In the obtaining of new therapeutic phytochemicals from plant material, the extraction process and its efficiency is crucial. Therefore, the aim of this work was to optimize the conditions of modern PLE to obtain bioactive alkaloids from two Lycopodium species: L. clavatum L. and L. annotinum L. Five different solvents of different polarity were used for prepared plant extracts in order to compare the alkaloid content in and thereby effectiveness of the entire extraction. PLE parameters were used based on multiple studies conducted that gave the highest alkaloids recovery. Crude extracts were purified using solid-phase extraction (SPE) on Oasis HLB cartridge and examined by HPLC/ESI-QTOF–MS of the highly abundant alkaloids. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such high recoveries have been obtained for known Lycopodiaceae alkaloids. The best extraction results of alkaloid-lycopodine were detected in the dichloromethane extract from L. clavatum, where the yield exceeded 45%. The high recovery of annotinine above 40% presented in L. annotinum was noticed in dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts. Moreover, chromatograms were obtained with all isolated alkaloids and the best separation and quality of the bands in methanolic extracts. Interestingly, no alkaloid amounts were detected in cyclohexane extracts belonging to the non-polar solvent. These results could be helpful for understanding and optimizing the best conditions for isolating potent AChE inhibitors.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Alkaloids – Separation"

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Tsurubou, Shigekazu. "Studies on Separation Method Using the Interactions between Cinchona Alkaloids and Optical Isomers." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/168808.

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本文データは平成22年度国立国会図書館の学位論文(博士)のデジタル化実施により作成された画像ファイルを基にpdf変換したものである<br>Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・論文博士<br>理学博士<br>乙第7443号<br>論理博第1129号<br>新制||理||737(附属図書館)<br>UT51-91-E220<br>(主査)教授 松井 正和, 教授 花井 哲也, 教授 大野 惇吉<br>学位規則第5条第2項該当
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Spáčil, Zdeněk. "Mass Spectrometry of Biologically Active Small Molecules : Focusing on polyphenols, alkaloids and amino acids." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för analytisk kemi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-33233.

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The foci of this dissertation are on advanced liquid chromatography (LC) separation and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques for the analysis of small bioactive molecules. In addition to discussing general aspects of such techniques the results from analyses of polyphenols (PPs), alkaloids and amino acids published in five appended studies are presented and discussed. High efficiency and well understood principles make LC the method of choice for separating analytes in many kinds of scientific investigations. Moreover, when LC is coupled to an MS instrument, analytes are separated in two stages: firstly they are separated and pre-concentrated in narrow bands using LC and then separated according to their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios in the MS instrument. Some MS instruments can provide highly accurate molecular weight measurements and mass resolution allowing identification of unknown compounds based purely on MS data, thus making prior separation unnecessary. However, prior separation is essential for analyzing substances in most complex matrices – especially useful is the ultra-high performance LC (UHPLC). The advantages of using UHPLC rather than HPLC for the analysis of PPs in tea and wine were evaluated in one of the studies this thesis is based upon. The phenolic composition of red wine was also examined, using a novel LDI technique, following solid phase extraction (SPE). A class of small aromatic molecules (medicinally important alkaloids) also proved to be amenable to straightforward analysis, by thin layer chromatography (TLC) work-up followed by LDI-MS. Finally, a LC-MS method for monitoring neurotoxins (β-N-methyl-amino-L-alanine and 2,3-diaminobutyric acid) in complex biological matrices was developed and applied. Overall, the studies show that careful attention to the physicochemical properties of analytes can provide insights that can greatly facilitate the development of alternative methods to analyze them, e.g. by LDI.<br><p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: In press. Paper 5: Manuscript.</p>
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Wu, An-Cheng, and 吳安正. "Part I:1.Analysis of BBI Alkaloids by HPLC 2.Capillary Electrophoretic Separation of BBI Alkaloids Part II:Analysis of Fluoroquinolone Antibacterials by Capillary Electrophoresis." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80143281584352045309.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>藥學系<br>85<br>This thesis is composed of two parts:Part I : 1. Analysis of Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids by High Performance Liquid Chromatography2. Capillary Electrophoretic Separation of Bisbenzylisoquinoline AlkaloidsPart II : Analysis of Fluoroquinolone Antibacterials by Capillary ElectrophoresisPart I1. Analysis of Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids by High Performance Liquid ChromatographyA well-resolved high- performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the analysis of nine type VI and type VIII bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids ( aromoline, obamegine, berbamine, homoaromoline, colorflammine, thalrugosine, norobaberine, tetrandrine and isotetrandrine. The method used the reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography aided by the photodiode array UV detection. The mobile phase was composed of 27 % volume of acetonitrile and 73 % volume of 0.05 M dihydogen phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) to which 0.1% diethylamine (v/v) and 2 mM sodium heptanesulfonate were added. The method was applied to the analysis of these alkaloids in the stem woods of a Lauraceous plant Dehaasia triandra Merr. Five such alkaloids were identified and their contents were determined. This method should be applicable to the other Lauraceous plants and the various plants containing type VI and type VIII bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids.2. Capillary Electrophoretic Separation of Bisbenzylisoquinoline AlkaloidsIn this study, the use of the overlapping resolution mapping scheme to achieve an optimum capillary electrophoretic separation of eight bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, aromoline, obamegine, berbamine, homoaromoline, colorflammine, thalrugosine, tetrandrine and isotetrandrine was investigated. Three critical parameters of electrophoretic media surfactant (sodium cholate), organic modifier (acetonitrile) and pH were chosen to carry out the process. Eight bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids were baseline-separated within 20 minutes using the predicted conditions of an optimum separation: buffer containing 132 mM sodium cholate, 25.8% acetonitrile (v/v) and pH 7.58.Part IIAnalysis of Fluoroquinolone Antibacterials by Capillary ElectrophoresisTo meet the requirement of quantitative analysis, this work re-investigated the parameters which were relevant to the separation of the seven fluoroquinolone antibacterials, sparfloxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin, based on the method developed previously in this laboratory. With the optimum conditions obtained as follows: electrophoretic media ( 65 mM sodium borate, 35 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 60 mM sodium cholate, pH 7.3 / ACN (72 : 28, v/v); fused silica capillary ( 50 (m I.D., total length 67 cm, effective length 52 cm; injection pressure ( 60 mbar, injection time ( 3 sec; voltage ( 27 kV; detection wavelength ( 275 nm and temperature ( 25℃, the fluoroquinolones were well separated within nine miniutes. After validation with the reproducibility, linearity and accuracy criteria the method was used for the assay of the commercial formulation products. The assay results were within 95~105 % of their labeled claims. The method should be applicable to the analysis of these and other similar formulation products containing these drugs.
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Chen, li-yun, and 陳麗雲. "I. Analysis of aporphine alkaloids by micellar electrokinetic chromatography II. Optimization of capillary electrophoretic separation of the quinolone antibacterials." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08688067615966121419.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>藥學研究所<br>84<br>The aim of the part I of the thesis was to develop a rapid capi- llary electrophoretic method for the analysis of aporphine alka- loids from lauroaceous plants. Micellar electrokinetic chromato- graphic mode of capillary electrophoresis was used to separate nine aporphine alkaloids: lindcarpine, N-methyllindcarpine, boldine, norpredicentrine, isocorydine, laurotetanine, N-methyl- laurotetanine and isoboldine which had been isolated from some lauroaceous plants. Several critical factors affecting the sepa- rations: electrolyte concentration, surfactant concentration, ion-pair reagent, organic solvent and the buffer pH were invest- igated. Under the following conditions: 20 mM sodium borate, 30 mM sodium dodecylsulfate, 5 mM sodium heptanesulfnate, 5% aceto- nitrile (v/v) and pH 9.3, the nine alkaloids were well separated within 9 min. This condition was then used to determine in the leaves of Neolitsea sericea var. aurata. The results correspond- ed with those obtained from HPLC. THe purpose of this part II of the thesis was to develop a rapid capillary electrophoretic method for the separation of fourteen quinolone antibacterials: cinoxacin, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, flumequine, lomefloxacin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, oxolinic acid, pefloxac- in, pipemidic acid, piromidic acid, rosoxacin and sparfloxacin. By appliaction of the overlapping resolution mapping scheme, an optimum separation of the quinolone antibacterials was achieved. The concentrations of three major parameters of electrophoretic media - the surfactant (sodium cholate),the ion-pairing reagent (sodium heptanesulfonate), and organic modifier (acetonitrile) were chosen to carry out the process. The quinolone compounds were baseline-separated within 8 minutes using the predicted co- nditions of an optimum separation: buffer containing 39 mM sodi- m cholate, 8 mM sodium heptanesulfonate, and 28% acetonitrile.
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hua, Kuo ching, and 郭錦樺. "Separation of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids in dehaasia triandra merr,lignans in phyllanthus plants,and anthraquinones and bianthrones in rhubarb by micellar electrokinetic chromatography." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87824638477536887563.

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Books on the topic "Alkaloids – Separation"

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Farquharson, A. C. Ptomaines And Other Animal Alkaloids: Their Detection, Separation And Clinical Features. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.

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Farquharson, A. C. Ptomaines And Other Animal Alkaloids: Their Detection, Separation And Clinical Features. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Alkaloids – Separation"

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Cai, D. G., M. J. Gu, G. P. Zhu, et al. "Separation of Three Alkaloids fromSenecio fuberiHemsl by High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography." In ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1995-0593.ch007.

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Petroski, Richard J., and Richard G. Powell. "Preparative Separation of Complex Alkaloid Mixture by High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography." In ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1991-0449.ch031.

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Ilisz, István, Attila Bajtai, Antal Péter, and Wolfgang Lindner. "Cinchona Alkaloid-Based Zwitterionic Chiral Stationary Phases Applied for Liquid Chromatographic Enantiomer Separations: An Overview." In Methods in Molecular Biology. Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_14.

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Verpoorte, R. "ALKALOIDS | Liquid Chromatography." In Encyclopedia of Separation Science. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-226770-2/01421-6.

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Muzquiz, M. "ALKALOIDS | Gas Chromatography." In Encyclopedia of Separation Science. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-226770-2/02561-8.

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Flieger, J. "ALKALOIDS | Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography." In Encyclopedia of Separation Science. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-226770-2/02591-6.

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Yang, Fuquan, and Yoichiro Ito. "Alkaloids: Separation by Countercurrent Chromatography." In Encyclopedia of Chromatography. CRC Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/noe0824727857-11.

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"Separation of Alkaloids by Countercurrent Chromatography." In Encyclopedia of Chromatography 2004 Update Supplement. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482298574-43.

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Van Thi Nguyen, Ngoc, Kim Ngan Huynh Nguyen, Kien Trung Nguyen, Kyeong Ho Kim, and Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein. "Chiral Alkaloid Analysis." In Current Topics in Chirality - From Chemistry to Biology. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96009.

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Alkaloids are distributed in plant kingdom and play important role in protection, germination as well as plant growth stimulants. Most of them are chiral compounds and are clinically administered as the racemic mixture, even though its enantiomers have been known to exert different pharmacological activity. Liquid chromatography using chiral stationary phases (CSP) proved to be an essential tool with a wide range of applications, including analysis of the stereochemistry of natural compounds. This review gives an overview of chiral separation alkaloids that were used in theoretical studies and/or applications in recent years. It shows the possibilities of polysaccharide CSPs have now also been established as the first-choice of chiral phases for enantiomer separation.
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Molyneux, Russell, Kip Panter, and Stephen Lee. "Separation of Enantiomeric Mixtures of Alkaloids and Their Biological Evaluation." In Bioactive Natural Products. CRC Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420006889.ch7.

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