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Journal articles on the topic 'Alkylation'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Saini, Natalie, Joan F. Sterling, Cynthia J. Sakofsky, et al. "Mutation signatures specific to DNA alkylating agents in yeast and cancers." Nucleic Acids Research 48, no. 7 (2020): 3692–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa150.

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Abstract Alkylation is one of the most ubiquitous forms of DNA lesions. However, the motif preferences and substrates for the activity of the major types of alkylating agents defined by their nucleophilic substitution reactions (SN1 and SN2) are still unclear. Utilizing yeast strains engineered for large-scale production of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), we probed the substrate specificity, mutation spectra and signatures associated with DNA alkylating agents. We determined that SN1-type agents preferably mutagenize double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), and the mutation signature characteristic of the ac
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2

Garcia-Ramos, Yesica, Caroline Proulx, and William D. Lubell. "Synthesis of hydrazine and azapeptide derivatives by alkylation of carbazates and semicarbazones." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 90, no. 11 (2012): 985–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v2012-070.

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Hydrazine and azapeptide analogs were synthesized effectively by alkylation of alkylidene carbazates and semicarbazones. In comparisons of benzylidene, benzhydrylidene, and fluorenylidene tert-butyl carbazates in alkylations using bases of different pKb character, superior conversion was obtained using the fluorenone derivative. Mild alkylation conditions were found employing Et4NOH as base and used to convert fluorenylidene tert-butyl carbazate into 13 different protected hydrazines. Moreover, racemization was avoided during alkylation of fluorenylidene semicarbazide in the synthesis of aza-p
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3

Hadzic, Pavle, Mirjana Popsavin, and Suncica Borozan. "Alkylating ability of carbohydrate oxetanes: Practical synthesis of bolaform skeleton derivative." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 80, no. 10 (2015): 1273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc150224033h.

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Alkylating ability of oxetane ring in carbohydrate structure was investigated and flexible method for bolaform amphiplile skeleton construction with xylose as polar heads is proposed. The method is based on oxetane ring opening in easily accessible 3,5-anhydro-1,2-O-cyclohexylidenexylofuranose (1). One step nitrogen alkylation in terminal diamines with 1 gave basic cationic bolaform skeleton with xylose as potential polar heads and deliberately chosen length of non polar spacer. Under similar experimental conditions, but with appropriate molar ratio of alkylating agent, alkylation reaction pro
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4

McIntosh, John M., and Pratibha Mishra. "Alkylation of camphor imines of glycinates. Diastereoselectivity as a function of electronic factors in the alkylating agent." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 4 (1986): 726–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v86-117.

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Alkylation of the (R)-camphor imine of tert-butyl glycinate with a variety of alkylating agents gave diastereoselectivities ranging from 0–100%. Simple alkyl halides larger than methyl give de's (diastereomeric excesses) of ca. 50% whereas those derived from allylic type systems afford de's of 75–100%. The results are best explained by invoking a transition state interaction between the π system of the alkylating agent and the imine which, for steric reasons, requires alkylation to occur from the pro-R face.
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5

Shimkin, Kirk W., та Donald A. Watson. "Recent developments in copper-catalyzed radical alkylations of electron-rich π-systems". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 11 (23 листопада 2015): 2278–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.11.248.

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Recently, a number of papers have emerged demonstrating copper-catalyzed alkylation reactions of electron-rich small molecules. The processes are generally thought to be related to long established atom-transfer radical reactions. However, unlike classical reactions, these new transformations lead to simple alkylation products. This short review will highlight recent advances in alkylations of nitronate anions, alkenes and alkynes, as well as discuss current mechanistic understanding of these novel reactions.
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6

Platzek, T., G. Bochert, U. Rahm, and D. Neubert. "Embryotoxicity Induced by Alkylating Agents. Some Methodological Aspects of DNA Alkylation Studies in Murine Embryos Using Ethylmethanesulfonate." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 42, no. 5 (1987): 613–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1987-0519.

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Abstract Synthesis and spectroscopic analysis of some alkylated DNA purine bases are described. HPLC separation methods are developed for the determination of DNA alkylation rates in mammalian embryonic tissues. Following treatment of pregnant mice with the ethylating agent ethyl-methanesulfonate (EMS), an appreciable amount of alkylation (ethylation and methylation) was found in the nuclear DNA of the embryos during organogenesis. The results are discussed in context of our thesis that a certain amount of DNA alkylation in the embryos is correlated to the teratogenic potential of alkylating a
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7

Goryunova, Alexandra Konstantinovna, Nina Sergeevna Baklan, Galina Vladimirovna Timofeeva, and Elena Vladimirovna Nosova. "Studies of the Purolite CT151DRY alkylation catalyst by Purolite in the phenol alkylation reaction of ethylene oligomers of the C16-C18 fraction." Oil and gas technologies and environmental safety 2023, no. 3 (2023): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/1812-9498-2023-3-20-26.

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The possibility of using a Purolite alkylation catalyst of the CT151DRY brand in the reaction of alkylation of phenol with ethylene oligomers of the C16-C18 fraction to obtain the target alkylphenol, which is a semi-product in the production of multifunctional additives to lubricants is considered in the article. It is shown that the Purolite CT151DRY catalyst is resistant to mechanical influences and high temperatures within the studied range up to 180 °C and the synthesis duration up to 50 hours while maintaining a high alkylating ability in the reaction of phenol alkylation by ethylene olig
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8

Kaliendina, S., M. Brynzei, M. Kut, S. M. Sukharev, Е. Ostapchuk та M. Onysko. "Kaliendina S., Brynzei M., Kut M., Sukharev S.M., Ostapchuk Е., Onysko M. REGIOSELECTIVITY OF ALKYLATION OF 2-(THIOPHENE-2-IL)THIENO[2,3 d]PYRIMIDINE-4(3H)-ONE". Scientific Bulletin of the Uzhhorod University. Series «Chemistry» 50, № 2 (2024): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2414-0260.2023.2.40-45.

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Thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines are an important class of heterocyclic compounds with a wide range of biological activities. The thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one system is of the greatest interest to scientists, as it is one of a large number of possible thienopyrimidine derivatives. The presence of an amide fragment in these molecules allows for the introduction of various substituents via alkylation reactions. On the other hand, the presence of N- and O-nucleophilic centres makes it possible to form different types of alkylation products.
 In the present work, the alkylation reaction of 5,6-dimeth
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9

Alagoz, Meryem, Owen S. Wells, and Sherif F. El-Khamisy. "TDP1 deficiency sensitizes human cells to base damage via distinct topoisomerase I and PARP mechanisms with potential applications for cancer therapy." Nucleic Acids Research 42, no. 5 (2013): 3089–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt1260.

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Abstract Base damage and topoisomerase I (Top1)-linked DNA breaks are abundant forms of endogenous DNA breakage, contributing to hereditary ataxia and underlying the cytotoxicity of a wide range of anti-cancer agents. Despite their frequency, the overlapping mechanisms that repair these forms of DNA breakage are largely unknown. Here, we report that depletion of Tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) sensitizes human cells to alkylation damage and the additional depletion of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease I (APE1) confers hypersensitivity above that observed for TDP1 or APE1 depletion alon
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10

Yoshikai, Naohiko, and Ke Gao. "Cobalt-catalyzed directed alkylation of arenes with primary and secondary alkyl halides." Pure and Applied Chemistry 86, no. 3 (2014): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-5005.

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Abstract A cobalt–N-heterocyclic carbene catalyst allows ortho-alkylation of aromatic imines with unactivated primary and secondary alkyl chlorides and bromides under room-temperature conditions. The scope of the reaction encompasses or complements that of cobalt-catalyzed ortho-alkylation reactions with olefins as alkylating agents that we developed previously. Stereochemical outcomes of secondary alkylation reactions suggest that the reaction involves single-electron transfer from a cobalt species to the alkyl halide to generate the corresponding alkyl radical. A cycloalkylated product obtai
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11

Fahrer, Jörg, and Markus Christmann. "DNA Alkylation Damage by Nitrosamines and Relevant DNA Repair Pathways." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 5 (2023): 4684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054684.

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Nitrosamines occur widespread in food, drinking water, cosmetics, as well as tobacco smoke and can arise endogenously. More recently, nitrosamines have been detected as impurities in various drugs. This is of particular concern as nitrosamines are alkylating agents that are genotoxic and carcinogenic. We first summarize the current knowledge on the different sources and chemical nature of alkylating agents with a focus on relevant nitrosamines. Subsequently, we present the major DNA alkylation adducts induced by nitrosamines upon their metabolic activation by CYP450 monooxygenases. We then des
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12

Fadlan, Arif, Heni Masitoh, Bella Ratih Apsari Niadisti, Intan Ali Khusnayaini, Lela Agustin, and Jean Fitriani Roshuna. "Study of Synthesis of Ethyl-2-(4-Allyl-2-Methoxyphenoxy)Acetate in Polar Aprotic Solvents." Walisongo Journal of Chemistry 7, no. 2 (2024): 239–44. https://doi.org/10.21580/wjc.v7i2.23970.

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Eugenol, a phenol-derived aromatic allylbenzene compound, exhibits a wide spectrum of biological activities (antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, analgesic, and antiseptic) and is an active ingredient in various hygiene products. It contains three reactive groups (hydroxy, allyl, and methoxy) and undergoes several reactions, including alkylation. The modification of the hydroxyl group of eugenol through alkylation has been performed using different alkylating agents. Alkylation has been carried out in various solvents (benzene, acetonitrile, methanol, and water) and at diverse temperatures.
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13

Qian, Bo, Hongli Bao, Yuehua Zeng, and Yajun Li. "A Metal-Free Approach for Brønsted Acid Promoted C–H Alkyl­ation of Heteroarenes with Alkyl Peroxides." Synthesis 50, no. 16 (2018): 3250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1609965.

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A metal-free protocol for Minisci C–H alkylation of hetero­arenes using alkyl peroxides as the alkylating reagents and internal oxidants simultaneously under promotion of Brønsted acid has been demonstrated. A series of alkyl substituted heteroarenes were readily prepared by the C–H alkylation in moderate to good yields. A possible pathway involving the addition of alkyl radical to heterocycle followed by rearomatization is described.
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14

Memisoglu, Asli, and Leona Samson. "Contribution of Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, and DNA Recombination to Alkylation Resistance of the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 8 (2000): 2104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.8.2104-2112.2000.

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ABSTRACT DNA damage is unavoidable, and organisms across the evolutionary spectrum possess DNA repair pathways that are critical for cell viability and genomic stability. To understand the role of base excision repair (BER) in protecting eukaryotic cells against alkylating agents, we generated Schizosaccharomyces pombe strains mutant for the mag1 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase gene. We report that S. pombe mag1 mutants have only a slightly increased sensitivity to methylation damage, suggesting that Mag1-initiated BER plays a surprisingly minor role in alkylation resistance in this organism.
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15

Sakamoto, Ryu, Shunya Sakurai, and Keiji Maruoka. "Bis(trialkylsilyl) peroxides as alkylating agents in the copper-catalyzed selective mono-N-alkylation of primary amides." Chemical Communications 53, no. 48 (2017): 6484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc02910a.

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16

Wei, Yahui, Qingqing Xuan, Yao Zhou, and Qiuling Song. "Reductive N-alkylation of primary and secondary amines using carboxylic acids and borazane under mild conditions." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 5, no. 24 (2018): 3510–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8qo00942b.

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17

Chen, Rongzhen, Jin-Tao Yu, and Jiang Cheng. "Metal-free oxidative decarbonylative alkylation of chromones using aliphatic aldehydes." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 16, no. 19 (2018): 3568–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ob00720a.

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18

Li, Dengke, and Xianfu Shen. "Iron-catalyzed regioselective alkylation of 1,4-quinones and coumarins with functionalized alkyl bromides." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 18, no. 4 (2020): 750–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ob02289a.

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19

Sato, Norihiro, Genichiro Tsuji, Yoshihiro Sasaki, et al. "A new strategy for site-specific alkylation of DNA using oligonucleotides containing an abasic site and alkylating probes." Chemical Communications 51, no. 80 (2015): 14885–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc03915k.

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20

Stoltz, Brian, Samantha Shockley, and J. Hethcox. "Intermolecular Stereoselective Iridium-Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation: An Evolutionary Account." Synlett 29, no. 19 (2018): 2481–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610217.

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Our lab has long been interested in the development of methods for the creation of enantioenriched all-carbon quaternary stereocenters. Historically, our interest has centered on palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation, though recent efforts have moved to include the study of iridium catalysts. Whereas palladium catalysts enable the preparation of isolated stereocenters, the use of iridium catalysts allows for the direct construction of vicinal stereocenters via an enantio-, diastereo-, and regioselective allylic alkylation. This Account details the evolution of our research program from incept
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21

Bouziane, M., F. Miao, N. Ye, G. Holmquist, G. Chyzak, and T. R. O'Connor. "Repair of DNA alkylation damage." Acta Biochimica Polonica 45, no. 1 (1998): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.1998_4333.

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Alkylation damage of DNA is one of the major types of insults which cells must repair to remain viable. One way alkylation damaged ring nitrogens are repaired is via the Base Excision Repair (BER) pathway. Examination of mutants in both BER and Nucleotide Excision Repair show that there is actually an overlap of repair by these two pathways for the removal of cytotoxic lesions in Escherichia coli. The enzymes removing damaged bases in the first step in the BER pathway are DNA glycosylases. The coding sequences for a number of methylpurine-DNA glycosylases (MPG proteins) were cloned, and a comp
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22

Schönbauer, David, Manuel Spettel, Robert Pollice, Ernst Pittenauer, and Michael Schnürch. "Investigations of the generality of quaternary ammonium salts as alkylating agents in direct C–H alkylation reactions: solid alternatives for gaseous olefins." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 17, no. 16 (2019): 4024–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ob00243j.

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23

Mo, Fanyang, та Guangbin Dong. "Regioselective ketone α-alkylation with simple olefins via dual activation". Science 345, № 6192 (2014): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1254465.

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Alkylation of carbonyl compounds is a commonly used carbon-carbon bond–forming reaction. However, the conventional enolate alkylation approach remains problematic due to lack of regioselectivity, risk of overalkylation, and the need for strongly basic conditions and expensive alkyl halide reagents. Here, we describe development of a ketone-alkylation strategy using simple olefins as the alkylating agents. This strategy employs a bifunctional catalyst comprising a secondary amine and a low-valent rhodium complex capable of activating ketones and olefins simultaneously. Both cyclic and acyclic k
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24

Lambert, Georg, Ian C. Forster, Gerti Stange, Jürg Biber, and Heini Murer. "Properties of the Mutant Ser-460-Cys Implicate This Site in a Functionally Important Region of the Type Iia Na+/Pi Cotransporter Protein." Journal of General Physiology 114, no. 5 (1999): 637–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.114.5.637.

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The substituted cysteine accessibility approach, combined with chemical modification using membrane-impermeant alkylating reagents, was used to identify functionally important structural elements of the rat type IIa Na+/Pi cotransporter protein. Single point mutants with different amino acids replaced by cysteines were made and the constructs expressed in Xenopus oocytes were tested for function by electrophysiology. Of the 15 mutants with substituted cysteines located at or near predicted membrane-spanning domains and associated linker regions, 6 displayed measurable transport function compar
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25

Xu, Qing, Huamei Xie, Er-Lei Zhang, et al. "Selective catalytic Hofmann N-alkylation of poor nucleophilic amines and amides with catalytic amounts of alkyl halides." Green Chemistry 18, no. 14 (2016): 3940–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6gc00938g.

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A selective Hofmann N-alkylation reaction of amines/amides catalytic in alkyl halides is achieved by using alcohols as the alkylating reagents, affording mono- or di-alkylated amines/amides in high selectivities.
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26

Huseynova, G. A., G. A. Gasimova, N. M. Aliyeva, and S. N. Osmanova. "Technological Features of Producing High-Index Oils in the Alkylation Process." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 27, no. 2 (2025): 149–58. https://doi.org/10.18321/ectj1662.

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This article presents the results of studies on key technological parameters-namely temperature and the use of modified ZSM-5 catalysts with Zr and Fe-in the alkylation process aimed at producing high-viscosity-index oils. The development of novel modified catalyst compositions exhibiting high activity in alkylation, to enhance oil viscosity indices to meet global standards, holds significant scientific and practical importance. Modified catalysts based on ZSM-5 zeolite incorporating ZrO2 and Fe2O3 (ZSM-5-ZrO2 and ZSM-5-Fe2O3), along with their regenerated forms after use in alkylation, were e
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27

Hume, Paul A., Margaret A. Brimble, and Jóhannes Reynisson. "The Bioreductive Alkylation of DNA by Kalafungin: A Theoretical Investigation." Australian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 4 (2012): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch12018.

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The thermochemical cascades for the bioreductive alkylation of DNA by kalafungin were calculated using density functional theory (DFT). Guanine (G) was used as a model nucleotide. According to the calculations both one- and two-electron reduction of kalafungin is possible in vivo. Furthermore, a clear pathway was found for both mono- and bis-alkylations of G with the former favoured. Alkylation at C-8 position of G is considerably more exothermic than on the N2-exocyclic amine. In the absence of experimentally identified adduct structures of kalafungin, the results presented here support the i
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28

Meng, Guangrong, Mehulkumar Patel, Feixiang Luo та ін. "Graphene oxide catalyzed ketone α-alkylation with alkenes: enhancement of graphene oxide activity by hydrogen bonding". Chemical Communications 55, № 37 (2019): 5379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc02578b.

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The first ketone-alkylation using olefins and alcohols as simple alkylating agents catalyzed by graphene oxide is reported. Extensive studies of the graphene surface suggest a pathway involving dual activation of both coupling partners.
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29

Horňáček, Michal, Miroslava Bérešová, and Pavol Hudec. "An Environmentally Friendly Catalyst for Aromatic Hydrocarbons Alkylations with 1-alkenes." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 20 (December 16, 2024): 835–43. https://doi.org/10.37394/232015.2024.20.78.

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Nowadays, the alkylation of aromatic compounds using 1-alkenes is still conducted in industrial applications using Friedel-Crafts alkylations. The most commonly used catalysts are aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and hydrofluoric acid (HF), both of which pose significant environmental concerns. An alternative approach involves the use of solid acid catalysts, specifically zeolites, which may offer a more environmentally acceptable option. In this study, the alkylation of toluene with 1-decene was performed in a batch reactor under autogenous pressure in the liquid phase at a temperature of 100 °C. Ze
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30

Ramadan, Sayed K., Wael S. I. Abou-Elmagd, and Ahmed I. Hashem. "Alkylation of 2(3H)-Furanones: Inter- versus Intra-Molecular." Letters in Organic Chemistry 17, no. 6 (2020): 430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570178617666191203102528.

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In this review, a survey on the behavior of 2(3H)-furanones as alkylating agents is systematized. It is obvious that the direction of the reaction was mainly dependent on the solvent used. Furanones reacted with AlCl3 in excess benzene, toluene, or anisole to give the corresponding butadienecarboxylic acids via an intermolecular alkylation mode. Carrying out the reaction in tetrachloroethane and nitrobenzene as solvents, the reactions may lead to intramolecular alkylation mode or fail to give any product and the unreacted furanones were isolated, depending upon the electron density on C-2 at t
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31

Rana, Jagannath, Virendrakumar Gupta та Ekambaram Balaraman. "Manganese-catalyzed direct C–C coupling of α-C–H bonds of amides and esters with alcohols via hydrogen autotransfer". Dalton Transactions 48, № 21 (2019): 7094–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt05020a.

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Mn-catalyzed C-alkylation of amides and tert-butyl acetate using alcohols as alkylating agents is reported. This approach exhibits a broad substrate scope providing the C(α)-alkylated amides in good yields via hydrogen auto-transfer strategy.
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32

Begleiter, Asher. "The contribution of alkylation to the activity of quinone antitumor agents." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 64, no. 5 (1986): 581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y86-096.

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Studies have shown that the quinone group can produce tumor cell kill by a mechanism involving active oxygen species. This cytotoxic activity can be correlated with the induction of DNA double strand breaks and is enhanced by the ability of the quinone compound to bind to DNA by alkylation. The cytotoxic activity and the production of DNA damage by model quinone antitumor agents were compared in L5178Y cells, sensitive and resistant to alkylating agents, to assess the contribution of alkylation to the activity of these agents. The resistant L5178Y/HN2 cells were found to be two fold and six fo
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33

Khatri, Praveen K., Manvi Manchanda, Indrajit K. Ghosh, and Suman L. Jain. "Polymer impregnated sulfonated carbon composite solid acid catalyst for alkylation of phenol with methyl-tert-butyl ether." RSC Advances 5, no. 5 (2015): 3286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra11033a.

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A polymer impregnated sulfonated carbon composite solid acid catalyst was synthesized via sulfonation of a composite material and used for the alkylation of phenol using methyl-tert-butyl ether as an alkylating agent in a pressure reactor under autogenous pressure.
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34

Zhang, Qiao Y., Xin J. Cheng, Xin Y. Zhao, La M. Wu, Long F. Jin, and Hui J. Zhang. "Combined Alkylating Agents as a Resolution for Highly Selective N-Alkylation of 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Acylhydrazones." Synlett 30, no. 11 (2019): 1334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1611823.

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Although 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde acylhydrazones, such as salicylaldehyde acylhydrazones, are intriguing bioactive molecules, few of their N-alkylated derivatives are known, and only methyl analogues have been reported previously. We achieved selective N-alkylation of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde acylhydrazones, as their Fe(III) complexes, by using combinations of alkylating agents (for example, an alkyl bromide and a dialkyl sulfate). Fifteen substrates were examined, and 45 new 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde acyl(alkyl)hydrazones were synthesized in moderate to good yields. In all cases, the target products we
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35

Samruddhi, Mane, Akash Bhatkar, Marimuthu Prabu, et al. "Selective O-alkylation of Phenol Using Dimethyl Ether." Reactions 3, no. 4 (2022): 602–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/reactions3040040.

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Anisole is a straw-colored aromatic compound mainly used in making solvents, flavoring agents, perfumes, fuel additives, and in the synthesis industries. Anisole, also known as methoxybenzene, is synthesized from sodium phenoxide or phenol using various methylating agents. The use of dimethyl ether (DME) as an alkylating agent is seldom reported in the literature. Herein, we have synthesized anisole through the O-alkylation process of phenol and DME to obtain zero discharge from this process. The thermodynamic equilibrium for the reaction of phenol and DME is simulated by using Aspen HYSYS (Hy
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36

Liu, Chang, Jianwei Sun, and Pengfei Li. "Chiral Phosphine Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation of Benzylidene Succinimides with Morita–Baylis–Hillman Carbonates." Molecules 28, no. 6 (2023): 2825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062825.

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Owing to their unique chemical properties, α-alkylidene succinimides generally act as versatile synthons in organic synthesis. Compared with well-established annulations, nucleophilic alkylations of α-alkylidene succinimides are very limited. Accordingly, an organocatalytic allylic alkylation of α-benzylidene succinimides with Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) carbonates was established. In the presence of a chiral phosphine catalyst, α-benzylidene succinimides reacted smoothly with MBH carbonates under mild conditions to furnish a series of optical active succinimides in high yields and enantiosele
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37

Keglevich, György, Nóra Kiss, Alajos Grün, Erika Bálint, and Tamara Kovács. "Advantages of the Microwave Tool in Organophosphorus Syntheses." Synthesis 49, no. 14 (2017): 3069–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1589031.

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The microwave (MW) technique has become an important tool also in the organophosphorus field of organic chemistry. On the one hand, otherwise reluctant reactions, such as the esterification of P-acids, may be enhanced by the effect of MW, while on the other hand, catalysts may be omitted, or catalyst systems may be simplified on MW irradiation. This later group includes the Kabachnik–Fields reactions, alkylation of active methylene-containing compounds, O-alkylations, deoxygenations, as well as the Hirao reaction. It is also the purpose of this review to elucidate the scope and limitations of
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38

Xu, Di, Lena Frank, Tina Nguyen, et al. "Magnesium-Catalyzed N2-Regioselective Alkylation of 3-Substituted Pyrazoles." Synlett 31, no. 06 (2019): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690160.

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A highly regioselective Mg-catalyzed alkylation of 3-substituted pyrazoles has been developed to provide N2-alkylated regioisomers. Using α-bromoacetates and acetamides as alkylating agents, this new method was applied to a variety of 3-substituted and 3,4-disubstituted pyrazoles to produce the N2-alkylated products with high regioselectivities ranging from 76:24 to 99:1 and 44–90% yields.
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39

Gogoi, Dipanta, Lalmalsawm tluangi, and Zodinpuia Pachuau. "Theoretical Study on the Mechanism of Alkylation At 0-6 Position of Guanine by Temozolomide and Bitc-Temozolomide." Science & Technology Journal 6, no. 2 (2018): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22232/stj.2018.06.02.12.

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Temozolomide, an alkylating prodrug mainly used in the treatment of malignant glioblastoma(brain cancer). However, after giving dose of TMZ, there is a chance of reappearance of cancer cell after few days. The purpose of this study is to shade more light on mechanism of alkylation at O-6 position of guanine by TMZ and BITC-TMZ through computationally. This study will lead to gain of useful information of drug design and development. Along with the geometrical optimization using density functional theory, MEP and FMO parameters are also calculated. As the alkylation takes place at the O-6 of gu
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40

Onizuka, Kazumitsu, Madoka E. Hazemi, Norihiro Sato, et al. "Reactive OFF-ON type alkylating agents for higher-ordered structures of nucleic acids." Nucleic Acids Research 47, no. 13 (2019): 6578–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz512.

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Abstract Higher-ordered structure motifs of nucleic acids, such as the G-quadruplex (G-4), mismatched and bulge structures, are significant research targets because these structures are involved in genetic control and diseases. Selective alkylation of these higher-order structures is challenging due to the chemical instability of the alkylating agent and side-reactions with the single- or double-strand DNA and RNA. We now report the reactive OFF-ON type alkylating agents, vinyl-quinazolinone (VQ) precursors with a sulfoxide, thiophenyl or thiomethyl group for the OFF-ON control of the vinyl re
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41

Mijin, Dusan, Milica Misic-Vukovic, and Slobodan Petrovic. "Alkylation of N-substituted-2-phenylacetamides." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 69, no. 10 (2004): 711–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0410711m.

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Various N-substituted phenylacetamides were alkylated using different alkylating agents under neutral and basic conditions. Reactions were performed at different reaction temperatures and in various solvents. Also, a number of various catalysts were used including phase-transfer catalysts. Reactions were followed using GC or GC-MS technique and the presence as well as the yields of the alkylation products were established. Generally, the best yield and high selectivity in the studied reactions were achieved under basic conditions where in the certain cases some products, mostly N-product were
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42

Morales-Ríos, Martha S., Ernesto Rivera-Becerril, Daphne E. González-Juárez, et al. "Synthesis of Pyrrolidinoindolines from 2-(2-Oxo-3-indolyl)acetates: Scope and Limitations." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 4 (2011): 1934578X1100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100600406.

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A series of 1,3a,8-alkylpyrrolidinoindolines have been synthesized. The scope and limitations of the alkylation of starting methyl oxindol-3-acetates are explored employing electron-rich and electron-poor alkylating agents. Hydrolysis and reductive lactonization of the resulting carboxylic γ-oxindolic acid derivatives proceeds with good yields to afford 2-oxofuroindolines providing ready access to the pyrrolidinoindoline derivatives.
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43

Yudovin-Farber, Ira, Jacob Golenser, Nurit Beyth, Ervin I. Weiss, and Abraham J. Domb. "Quaternary Ammonium Polyethyleneimine: Antibacterial Activity." Journal of Nanomaterials 2010 (2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/826343.

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Quaternary ammonium polyethyleneimine- (QA-PEI-) based nanoparticles were synthesized using two synthetic methods, reductive amination and N-alkylation. According to the first method, QA-PEI nanoparticles were synthesized by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde followed by reductive amination with octanal and further N-methylation with methyl iodide. The second method is based on crosslinking with dialkyl halide followed by N-alkylation with octyl halide and further N-methylation with methyl iodide. QA-PEI nanoparticles completely inhibited bacterial growth (>106bacteria), including both Gram-
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44

Zhao, Zhensheng, Islam Jameel, and Graham K. Murphy. "Vicinal Dichlorination of o-Vinylbiphenyls and the Synthesis of 9-(Arylmethyl)fluorenes via Tandem Friedel–Crafts Alkylations." Synthesis 51, no. 13 (2019): 2648–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1611562.

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Reacting ortho-vinylbiphenyls with (dichloroiodo)benzene (PhICl2) gives vicinal dichlorides, rapidly, and in excellent yield at room temperature. Treating the vic-dichlorides with 50 mol% AlCl3 in the presence of arene nucleophiles results in sequential intramolecular and intermolecular Friedel–Crafts alkylations to generate 9-(arylmethyl)fluorene derivatives. The dichlorination and alkylation reactions are operationally simple and tolerant of a variety of functional groups and substitution patterns, and give the products in moderate to excellent yield.
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45

Liu, Tinglan, Yu Zhou, Junhong Tang, and Chengming Wang. "Recent advancements in iodide/phosphine-mediated photoredox radical reactions." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 19 (November 22, 2023): 1785–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.19.131.

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Photoredox catalysis plays a crucial role in contemporary synthetic organic chemistry. Since the groundbreaking work of Shang and Fu on photocatalytic decarboxylative alkylations in 2019, a wide range of organic transformations, such as alkylation, alkenylation, cyclization, amination, iodination, and monofluoromethylation, have been progressively achieved using a combination of iodide and PPh3. In this review, we primarily focus on summarizing the recent advancements in inexpensive and readily available iodide/phosphine-mediated photoredox radical transformations.
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46

Khlebnikova, Elena, Irena Dolganova, Elena Ivashkina, and Stanislav Koshkin. "Modeling of Benzene with Ethylene Alkylation." International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 8, no. 1 (2017): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijcea.2017.8.1.631.

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47

Araujo-Lima, Carlos F., Larissa S. A. Christoni, Graça Justo, Maria N. C. Soeiro, Claudia A. F. Aiub, and Israel Felzenszwalb. "Atorvastatin Downregulates In Vitro Methyl Methanesulfonate and Cyclophosphamide Alkylation-Mediated Cellular and DNA Injuries." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7820890.

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Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, and this class of drugs has been studied as protective agents against DNA damages. Alkylating agents (AAs) are able to induce alkylation in macromolecules, causing DNA damage, as DNA methylation. Our objective was to evaluate atorvastatin (AVA) antimutagenic, cytoprotective, and antigenotoxic potentials against DNA lesions caused by AA. AVA chemopreventive ability was evaluated using antimutagenicity assays (Salmonella/microsome assay), cytotoxicity, cell cycle, and genotoxicity assays in HepG2 cells. The cells w
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48

Allocca, Mariacarmela, Joshua J. Corrigan, Aprotim Mazumder, Kimberly R. Fake, and Leona D. Samson. "Inflammation, necrosis, and the kinase RIP3 are key mediators of AAG-dependent alkylation-induced retinal degeneration." Science Signaling 12, no. 568 (2019): eaau9216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.aau9216.

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DNA-alkylating agents are commonly used to kill cancer cells, but the base excision repair (BER) pathway they trigger can also produce toxic intermediates that cause tissue damage, such as retinal degeneration (RD). Apoptosis, a process of programmed cell death, is assumed to be the main mechanism of this alkylation-induced photoreceptor (PR) cell death in RD. Here, we studied the involvement of necroptosis (another programmed cell death process) and inflammation in alkylation-induced RD. Male mice exposed to a methylating agent exhibited a reduced number of PR cell rows, active gliosis, and c
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49

Shunkevich, A. A., A. P. Polikarpov, G. V. Medyak, S. D. Filippovich, and Z. I. Akulich. "Synthesis and properties of new strongly basic fibrous anion exchangers." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Chemical Series 58, no. 3 (2022): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8331-2022-58-3-286-293.

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A synthesis method of new fibrous anion exchangers with strong base groups has been developed. The synthesis was carried out by alkylation of weakly basic anion exchangers based on polyacrylonitrile fiber using two alkylating agents: epichlorohydrin and ethylene chlorohydrin. The influence of the reaction conditions on the physicochemical properties of new anion exchangers was investigated. The synthesis parameters were determined: the molar ratio of “amino groups: alkylating agent”, the concentration of the alkylating agent, the reaction time and temperature – to obtain anion exchangers with
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50

Vasil'eva, Elena, Polina Polunina, Egor Balbuckiy, et al. "O-alkylation of 4-hydroxybenzolsulfonamide by N-substituted 2-chloroacetamides and 5-(chloromethyl)-3-aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles." From Chemistry Towards Technology Step-By-Step 5, no. 4 (2024): 88–95. https://doi.org/10.52957/2782-1900-2024-5-4-88-95.

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The paper presents a method for the synthesis of new representatives of the primary benzenesulfonamides class. They are promising agents for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and neurodegenerative diseases. The authors have developed a mechanism for the O-alkylation of 4-hydroxybenzene sulfonamide with alkylating agents of different nature. The method provides mild conditions and selectivity of the process. The paper shows the necessity of activation of N-substituted 2-chloroacetamides and 5-(chloromethyl)-3-aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles by catalytic addition of potassium iodide in O-alkylation re
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