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Journal articles on the topic 'Alkyne protecting groups'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Breckle, Gregor, Kurt Polborn, and Thomas Lindel. "Synthesis of the Pyrrole-Imidazole Alkaloid Sventrin from the Marine Sponge Agelas sventres." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 58, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2003-0516.

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The marine pyrrole-imidazole alkaloid sventrin (1) and the hitherto unknown dehydrooroidin (3) have been synthesized stereoselectively via alkyne intermediates. The pathways start from a 2-azido-4-alkynylimidazole which can be chemo- and stereoselectively reduced to the corresponding amino alkene using NaAlH2(OCH2CH2OMe)2 (Red-Al) or, alternatively, to the amino alkyne. Selective removal of simultaneously present Boc or trityl protecting groups was possible employing either p-TsOH or acetic resp. formic acid.

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2

Valverde, Ibai E., Agnès F. Delmas, and Vincent Aucagne. "Click à la carte: robust semi-orthogonal alkyne protecting groups for multiple successive azide/alkyne cycloadditions." Tetrahedron 65, no. 36 (September 2009): 7597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2009.06.093.

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3

Saneyoshi, Hisao, Kazuhiko Kondo, Koichi Iketani, and Akira Ono. "Alkyne-linked reduction-activated protecting groups for diverse functionalization on the backbone of oligonucleotides." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 25, no. 13 (July 2017): 3350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.020.

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4

Wintergerst, Pascal, Kamil Witas, Djawed Nauroozi, Marie‐Ann Schmid, Ebru Dikmen, Stefanie Tschierlei, and Sven Rau. "Minimizing Side Product Formation in Alkyne Functionalization of Ruthenium Complexes by Introduction of Protecting Groups." Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 646, no. 13 (April 6, 2020): 842–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.202000042.

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5

Sydnes, Leiv K., Ole H. Kvernenes, and Stig Valdersnes. "From 3,3,4,4-tetraethoxybutyne to carbohydrate mimics." Pure and Applied Chemistry 77, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200577010119.

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3,3,4,4-Tetraethoxy-1-butyne, available in high yield in four simple steps from ethyl vinyl ether, is a highly functionalized alkyne, which appears to be a versatile starting material for the synthesis of a range of alkylated, more-or-less deoxygenated carbohydrate mimics. However, many of the reactions used to achieve extension and subsequent structural modification of the carbon chain as well as removal of the protecting groups turn out to be rather sensitive to the substituents’ steric and electronic influence. As a result, the reactivity pattern that emerges is somewhat complex.

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6

Carvalho, M. Fernanda N. N., Rudolf Herrmann, and Gabriele Wagner. "Synthesis of alkynyl-substituted camphor derivatives and their use in the preparation of paclitaxel-related compounds." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 13 (June 26, 2017): 1230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.122.

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Compounds containing two alkyne groups in close vicinity at the rigid skeleton of camphorsulfonamide show unique reactivities when treated with electrophiles or catalytic amounts of platinum(II). The formed product structures depend not only on the reagents used but also on the substituents attached to the triple bonds. Cycloisomerisations with perfect atom economy lead to polycyclic heterocycles that resemble to some extent the AB ring system of paclitaxel. Herein, we present practical synthetic methods for the selective synthesis of precursor dialkynes bearing different substituents (alkyl, aryl) at the triple bonds, based on ketals or an imine as protecting groups. We show for isomeric dialkynes that the reaction cascade induced by Pt(II) includes ring annulation, sulphur reduction, and ring enlargement. One isomeric dialkyne additionally allows for the isolation of a pentacyclic compound lacking the ring enlargement step, which we have proposed as a potential intermediate in the catalytic cycle.

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7

Hu, Zhifang, Lifen Peng, Renhua Qiu, and Akihiro Orita. "Recent Progress of Protecting Groups for Terminal Alkynes." Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry 40, no. 10 (2020): 3112. http://dx.doi.org/10.6023/cjoc202005094.

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8

Ficker, Mario, Søren W. Svenningsen, Thomas Larribeau, and Jørn B. Christensen. "Inexpensive and rapid hydrogenation catalyst from CuSO4/CoCl2 — Chemoselective reduction of alkenes and alkynes in the presence of benzyl protecting groups." Tetrahedron Letters 59, no. 12 (March 2018): 1125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.02.026.

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9

Oliveira, Juliana M., Dayvson J. Palmeira, João V. Comasseto, and Paulo H. Menezes. "Influence of different protecting groups on the regioselectivity of the hydrotelluration reaction of hydroxy alkynes." Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 21, no. 2 (2010): 362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-50532010000200024.

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10

Wünsch, Matthias, David Schröder, Tanja Fröhr, Lisa Teichmann, Sebastian Hedwig, Nils Janson, Clara Belu, et al. "Asymmetric synthesis of propargylamines as amino acid surrogates in peptidomimetics." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 13 (November 15, 2017): 2428–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.240.

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The amide moiety of peptides can be replaced for example by a triazole moiety, which is considered to be bioisosteric. Therefore, the carbonyl moiety of an amino acid has to be replaced by an alkyne in order to provide a precursor of such peptidomimetics. As most amino acids have a chiral center at Cα, such amide bond surrogates need a chiral moiety. Here the asymmetric synthesis of a set of 24N-sulfinyl propargylamines is presented. The condensation of various aldehydes with Ellman’s chiral sulfinamide provides chiralN-sulfinylimines, which were reacted with (trimethylsilyl)ethynyllithium to afford diastereomerically pureN-sulfinyl propargylamines. Diverse functional groups present in the propargylic position resemble the side chain present at the Cαof amino acids. Whereas propargylamines with (cyclo)alkyl substituents can be prepared in a direct manner, residues with polar functional groups require suitable protective groups. The presence of particular functional groups in the side chain in some cases leads to remarkable side reactions of the alkyne moiety. Thus, electron-withdrawing substituents in the Cα-position facilitate a base induced rearrangement to α,β-unsaturated imines, while azide-substituted propargylamines form triazoles under surprisingly mild conditions. A panel of propargylamines bearing fluoro or chloro substituents, polar functional groups, or basic and acidic functional groups is accessible for the use as precursors of peptidomimetics.

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11

Park, Soo J., Gunjan Pandey, Cynthia Castro-Vargas, John G. Oakeshott, Phillip W. Taylor, and Vivian Mendez. "Cuticular Chemistry of the Queensland Fruit Fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt)." Molecules 25, no. 18 (September 12, 2020): 4185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184185.

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The cuticular layer of the insect exoskeleton contains diverse compounds that serve important biological functions, including the maintenance of homeostasis by protecting against water loss, protection from injury, pathogens and insecticides, and communication. Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) is the most destructive pest of fruit production in Australia, yet there are no published accounts of this species’ cuticular chemistry. We here provide a comprehensive description of B. tryoni cuticular chemistry. We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify and characterize compounds in hexane extracts of B. tryoni adults reared from larvae in naturally infested fruits. The compounds found included spiroacetals, aliphatic amides, saturated/unsaturated and methyl branched C12 to C20 chain esters and C29 to C33 normal and methyl-branched alkanes. The spiroacetals and esters were found to be specific to mature females, while the amides were found in both sexes. Normal and methyl-branched alkanes were qualitatively the same in all age and sex groups but some of the alkanes differed in amounts (as estimated from internal standard-normalized peak areas) between mature males and females, as well as between mature and immature flies. This study provides essential foundations for studies investigating the functions of cuticular chemistry in this economically important species.

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12

Chen, Chaohuang, Chuanqi Hou, Pinhong Chen, and Guosheng Liu. "Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Aminotrifluoromethoxylation of Alkenes: Mechanistic Insight into the Effect of N ‐Protecting Groups." Chinese Journal of Chemistry 38, no. 4 (April 2020): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjoc.201900516.

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13

Peterson, Luke J., Jingyi Luo, and John P. Wolfe. "Synthesis of Cyclic Guanidines Bearing N-Arylsulfonyl and N-Cyano Protecting Groups via Pd-Catalyzed Alkene Carboamination Reactions." Organic Letters 19, no. 11 (May 23, 2017): 2817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00946.

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14

Barker, David, Benjamin Dickson, Nora Dittrich, and Claire E. Rye. "An acyl-Claisen approach to the synthesis of lignans and substituted pyrroles." Pure and Applied Chemistry 84, no. 7 (March 25, 2012): 1557–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-11-09-27.

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The acyl-Claisen rearrangement, also called a zwitterionic aza-Claisen rearrangement, allows for the synthesis of 2,3-syn-substituted morpholine pent-4-eneamides with high levels of diastereoselectivity. A wide variety of alkyl and aryl substituents can be introduced with yields highly dependent on the stoichiometry of the Lewis acid catalyst. The use of these morpholine amides in the synthesis of the tetrasubstituted tetrahydrofuran lignans fragransin A2, talaumidin, and galbelgin is summarized. The conversion of the Claisen-derived amides into aryl tetraline and 1,1-diarylbutanol lignans via alteration of the protecting groups is also described. Nucleophilic addition of an organometallic reagent to the morpholine amide followed by Wacker oxidation of the alkene gives highly substituted 1,4-diketones, which can be easily converted into fully substituted pyrroles.

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15

Waldraff, Christian, Bruno Bernet, and Andrea Vasella. "Glycosylidene Carbenes. Part 24 Reactivity modulation by protecting groups of the addition of glycosylidene carbenes to electron-rich alkenes." Helvetica Chimica Acta 80, no. 6 (September 22, 1997): 1882–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19970800612.

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16

WALDRAFF, C., B. BERNET, and A. VASELLA. "ChemInform Abstract: Glycosylidene Carbenes. Part 24. Reactivity Modulation by Protecting Groups of the Addition of Glycosylidene Carbenes to Electron-Rich Alkenes." ChemInform 28, no. 50 (August 2, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199750216.

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17

Gung, Benjamin W., and Mark A. Wolf. "Conformational study of chiral alkenes: the influence of protective groups on the relative stability of ground-state rotational isomers." Journal of Organic Chemistry 58, no. 25 (December 1993): 7038–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00077a023.

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18

Takada, Yuki, Joaquim Caner, Hiroshi Naka, and Susumu Saito. "Photocatalytic hydrogenolysis of allylic alcohols for rapid access to platform chemicals and fine chemicals." Pure and Applied Chemistry 90, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0501.

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AbstractA brief account of our recent work on the chemo-, regio- and stereoselective photocatalytic hydrogenolysis of allylic alcohols to alkenes promoted by palladium-loaded titanium oxide (Pd/TiO2) photocatalysts is presented. Since methanol is employed as the reducing agent, the method does not involve stoichiometric generation of salt waste. The photocatalytic hydrogenolysis proceeds at room temperature, and is compatible with the presence of functional groups such as C=C double bonds and hydroxyl groups at non-allylic positions. The regioselectivity is predictable: the hydrogen atom is predominantly incorporated into the sterically less hindered carbon atom of the allylic moiety. This protocol should provide straightforward green access to a range of platform chemicals (exemplified by the two-step synthesis of propylene from glycerol) and fine chemicals [e.g. (S)-(+)-lavandulol from (R)-(–)-carvone] without the need for protection/deprotection steps.

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19

Charity Gomo, Paramaiah Ch, Nthabeleng Joyce Sakoane, R. Machema,. "GENDER AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY IN LESOTHO." Psychology and Education Journal 57, no. 9 (January 20, 2021): 6522–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v57i9.3352.

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This study applies the Alkire & Foster (2011) approach to estimate gender gaps in multidimensional poverty in Lesotho using 2016 population and housing census dataset. Results show that when using three-dimensions; education, health and living-standards, gender-gaps observed in multidimensional poverty are above 20% in all age groups except for adults implying that females are more vulnerable compared to males. However; when adding the fourth dimension, economic activity that captures employment status leads to larger estimates of male poverty than female. We conclude that overall, poverty seems to be feminized in Lesotho and on average the rural population suffers more from deprivation in all the indicators considered. Two strong policy implications arise from our findings i.e. reduction of the rural-urban poverty gap and gender gap. It is recommended that some serious protective measures to combat poverty should be taken in rural areas to address equality issues to comprehend the Sustainable Development Goals.

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20

Bas, S., A. Hoet, P. Rajala-Schultz, D. Sanders, and G. M. Schuenemann. "10 EFFECT OF USING PROTECTIVE AI COVER SHEATHS ON FERTILITY OF LACTATING DAIRY COWS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 1 (2010): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv22n1ab10.

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An adequate and clean artificial insemination (AI) technique is recommended to maximize reproductive outcomes in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using protective sheaths (PS; Continental Plastic Inc., Delavan, WI, USA) to minimize contamination of the AI catheter (AIC) on pregnancies per AI (P/AI) in lactating dairy cattle. A previous study reported no improvement on cattle fertility when using PS during first service AI (King et al. 1984 Can. Vet. J. 25, 327). Lactating cows housed in free-stall barns on a commercial dairy farm with a rolling herd milk production average of 10.140 kg were presynchronized with 2 injections of PGF2α (25 mg; Lutalyse, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI, USA) given 14 days apart (starting at 26 ± 3 d postpartum) followed by Ovsynch [OV; GnRH-7 d-PGF2α-56 h-GnRH-16 h-timed-AI(TAI)] 12 days later. Cows presenting signs of standing heat any time during the protocol received AI, whereas the remaining animals were subjected to TAI16 h after second OV GnRH (100 μg; Cystorelin, Merial, Duluth, GA, USA). At the moment of AI (one AI technician), 996 services from lactating dairy cows were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 groups; with (TRT, n = 487) or without (CON, n = 509) the use of PS. In the TRT group, the AIC protected with a PS was introduced into the vagina; once in the cranial portion of the vagina adjacent to the cervical os, the PS was pulled back and only the AIC was manipulated through the cervix into the uterine body for semen deposition. In the CON group, cows received AI without the PS. Additionally, sterile cotton swab (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) samples were taken from AIC (n = 51) after AI from both treatment groups. Pregnancy diagnosis was determined by ultrasonography 42 ± 3 d after AI. Data analyses were performed using GLIMMIX (P/AI) and FREQ (culture) procedures of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Cultured swab samples revealed that the use of PS was effective in minimizing contamination of the AIC (bacterial growth on AIC; TRT = 57.7% v. CON = 100%; P < 0.0002). Overall, the proportion of cows pregnant (all services) was greater (P = 0.03) for cows in TRT (42.7 ± 2.2%) compared with CON group (36.1 ± 2.1%). For first services postpartum, P/AI did not differ (P = 0.87) between CON (43.01 ± 4.4%) and TRT (43.8 ± 4.6%) groups. However, P/AI for second or greater services (≥2S) were greater (P = 0.007) in TRT (43.8 ± 2.9%) than in CON cows (32.3 ± 2.6%). Results from this study suggested that the use of PS during AI improved P/AI for ≥2S in lactating dairy cows. Performing a clean AI technique through the use of PS may be a cost-effective strategy to improve reproductive outcomes in dairy cattle. Further investigation is needed under various reproductive management conditions to confirm and determine the underlying mechanisms for these findings. Authors thank Coba/Select Sires Inc. (Columbus, OH, USA) for the donation of the AI protector sheaths, Meerland Dairy for providing the animals and Brian Alkire (Coba’s AI technician).

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21

Sahoo, Dhananjaya, Susanne Thiele, Miriam Schulte, Navid Ramezanian, and Adelheid Godt. "Polar tagging in the synthesis of monodisperse oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene)s and an update on the synthesis of oligoPPEs." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 6 (June 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.6.57.

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One important access to monodisperse (functionalized) oligoPPEs is based on the orthogonality of the alkyne protecting groups triisopropylsilyl and hydroxymethyl (HOM) and on the polar tagging with the hydroxymethyl moiety for an easy chromatographic separation of the products. This paper provides an update of this synthetic route. For the deprotection of HOM protected alkynes, γ-MnO2 proved to be better than (highly) activated MnO2. The use of HOM as an alkyne protecting group is accompanied by carbometalation as a side reaction in the alkynyl–aryl coupling. The extent of carbometalation can be distinctly reduced through substitution of HOM for 1-hydroxyethyl. The strategy of polar tagging is extended by embedding ether linkages within the solubilising side chains. With building blocks such as 1,4-diiodo-2,5-bis(6-methoxyhexyl) less steps are needed to assemble oligoPPEs with functional end groups and the isolation of pure compounds becomes simple. For the preparation of 1,4-dialkyl-2,5-diiodobenzene a better procedure is presented together with the finding that 1,4-dialkyl-2,3-diiodobenzene, a constitutional isomer of 1,4-dialkyl-2,5-diiodobenzene, is one of the byproducts.

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22

Liu, Yan-Hua, Yu-Nong Xia, Tayyab Gulzar, Bingcheng Wei, Haotian Li, Dapeng Zhu, Zhifei Hu, Peng Xu, and Biao Yu. "Facile access to C-glycosyl amino acids and peptides via Ni-catalyzed reductive hydroglycosylation of alkynes." Nature Communications 12, no. 1 (August 13, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25127-z.

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AbstractC-Glycosyl peptides/proteins are metabolically stable mimics of the native glycopeptides/proteins bearing O/N-glycosidic linkages, and are thus of great therapeutical potential. Herein, we disclose a protocol for the syntheses of vinyl C-glycosyl amino acids and peptides, employing a nickel-catalyzed reductive hydroglycosylation reaction of alkyne derivatives of amino acids and peptides with common glycosyl bromides. It accommodates a wide scope of the coupling partners, including complex oligosaccharide and peptide substrates. The resultant vinyl C-glycosyl amino acids and peptides, which bear common O/N-protecting groups, are amenable to further transformations, including elongation of the peptide and saccharide chains.

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23

Grygorenko, Oleksandr O., Rustam Gurbanov, Andriy Sokolov, Sergey Golovach, Kostiantyn Melnykov, and Alexey V. Dobrydnev. "Synthesis of sp3-Enriched β-Fluoro Sulfonyl Chlorides." Synthesis, December 15, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1706101.

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AbstractA three-step approach to the synthesis of sp3-enriched β-fluoro sulfonyl chlorides starting from alkenes is reported. The method was successfully applied to a wide range of acyclic and cyclic substrates, bearing either an exocyclic or an endocyclic double bond. The procedure worked with a wide range of substrates and tolerated a number of functional and protecting groups. Moreover, the target cyclic compounds were obtained as single cis diastereomers on a multigram scale. The title compounds are promising building blocks for drug discovery that can be used to obtain sp3-enriched β-fluoro and α,β-unsaturated sulfonamides.

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24

Aloke, Chinyere, Emmanuel Igwe, Nwogo Obasi, Pascal Amu, and Egwu Ogbonnia. "ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECT OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF Copaifera salikounda (HECKEL) AGAINST ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETES IN RATS." SLOVENIAN VETERINARY RESEARCH 58, no. 2 (June 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.26873/svr-1072-2020.

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Accumulating evidences have reinforced the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of various ailments as a result of negative side effects associated with conventional drugs. Plant components such as phenols and flavonoids with antioxidant potential have confirmed protective roles against oxidative stress-induced degenerative diseases like diabetes mellitus (DM). The current study was carried out to investigate the effect of seed pod ethanol extract from Copaifera salikounda (SPEECS) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. SPEECS was obtained by maceration of seed pod powder in absolute ethanol for 72 h, filtered, concentrated and dried in-vacuo. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) technique was used to quantitatively elucidate the chemical constituents of SPEECS. Twenty-four male albino rats were randomly allocated into four groups (n=6): normal control, DM control, DM + 200 mg/kg SPEECS and DM + 400 mg/kg SPEECS groups. DM was induced in the Wistar albino rats through intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg body weight of alloxan. After 14 days of treatment, the body weight changes and the fasting blood glucose level were determined in the different groups. Also, serum biochemical parameters such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin (ALB), total protein (TP), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were estimated. The GC-MS results confirm nine bioactive compounds with 9-octadecenoic acid (55.75%) being most abundant. SPEECS (200 and 400 mg/kg) administration significantly (P 0.05) caused gain in weight, decreased fasting blood glucose and reversed the elevated liver function enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) while total TP and ALB were markedly elevated relative to DM control group. Furthermore, SPEECS attenuated the activities of SOD and CAT while the level of MDA was significantly (P 0.05) decreased in dose dependent manner in comparison to the DM control. This study indicated that SPEECS can alleviate hyperglyceamia of DM. Key words: Copaifera salikounda; oxidative stress; medicinal plants; diabetes mellitus; phytochemicals; orthodox ANTIDIABETIČNI UČINEK EKSTRAKTA ETANOLA Copaifera salikounda (HECKEL) NA SLADKORNO BOLEZEN, SPROŽENO Z ALLOXAN-om, PRI PODGANAHIzvleček: Obstaja vedno več dokazov, ki poudarjajo uporabnost zdravilnih rastlin pri zdravljenju različnih bolezni, tudi zaradi različnih negativnih stranskih učinkov, povezanih s konvencionalnimi zdravili. Rastlinske sestavine kot so fenoli in flavonoidi z antioksidativnim potencialom, imajo po nekaterih raziskavah zaščitno vlogo pred degenerativnimi boleznimi, ki jih povzroča oksidativni stres, kot je sladkorna bolezen diabetes mellitus (DM). Študija je bila izvedena z namenom raziskovanja učinka etanolnega semenskega ekstrakta iz rastline Copaifera salikounda (SPEECS) pri podganah s sladkorno boleznijo, ki jo je povzročil alloxan. SPEECS je bil pridobljen z maceracijo praška semen v prahu v absolutnem etanolu 72 ur ter nadaljnjo filtracijo, koncentracijo in sušenjem v vakuumu. Za kvantitativno ugotavljanje kemijskih sestavin SPEECS je bila uporabljena tehnika plinske kromatografije in masne spektrometrije (GC-MS). Štiriindvajset samcev podgan Wistar je bilo naključno razporejenih v štiri skupine (n=6): normalna kontrola, kontrola DM, DM + 200 mg/kg SPEECS in DM + 400 mg/kg SPEECS. DM je bil pri podganah sprožen z intraperitonealno injekcijo 200 mg/kg telesne mase alloxana. Po 14 dneh zdravljenja so bile pri različnih skupinah določene spremembe telesne teže in nivo glukoze v krvi (na tešče). Poleg tega so avtorji raziskave izmerili še nekatere serumske biokemične parametre kot so ravni alaninske aminotransferaze (ALT), aspartatne aminotransferaze (AST), alkalne fosfataze (ALP), albumina (ALB), skupnih proteinov (TP), malondialdehida (MDA), superoksiddismutaze (SOD) in katalaze (CAT). Rezultati GC-MS so v izvlečku SPEECS pokazali devet bioaktivnih spojin, v katerih je največ 9-oktadecenojske kisline (55,75%). SPEECS (200 in 400 mg/kg) je povzročil znatno (P 0,05) povečanje telesne mase, znižanje glukoze v krvi na tešče in znižal raven encimov pokazateljev jetrne funkcije (ALT, AST, ALP), medtem ko je bila raven TP in ALB pri podganah, ki so prejemale SPEECS izrazito povišana v primerjavi z DM kontrolno skupino. Zdravljenje s SPEECS je tudi oslabilo aktivnosti SOD in CAT, medtem ko se je raven MDA znatno zmanjšala (P 0,05) v primerjavi s kontrolno skupino DM. Ta študija je pokazala, da lahko SPEECS ublaži hiperglikemijo pri sladkorni bolezni pri podganah.Ključne besede: Copaifera salikounda; oksidativni stres; zdravilne rastline; sladkorna bolezen; fitokemikalije; ortodoksni

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