Academic literature on the topic 'All Risks Yield'
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Journal articles on the topic "All Risks Yield"
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Thorpe, Robert B., Simon Jennings, and Paul J. Dolder. "Risks and benefits of catching pretty good yield in multispecies mixed fisheries." ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 8 (May 2, 2017): 2097–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx062.
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Abstract Multispecies mixed fisheries catch ecologically interacting species with the same gears at the same time. We used an ensemble of size-based multispecies models to investigate the effects of different rates of fishing mortality (F) and fleet configurations on yield, biomass, risk of collapse and community structure. Maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and FMSY for 21 modelled species’ populations in the North Sea were defined at the Nash equilibrium, where any independent change in F for any species would not increase that species’ MSY. Fishing mortality ranges leading to “Pretty Good Yield” (F-PGY), by species, were defined as ranges yielding ≥0.95 × MSY. Weight and value of yield from the entire fishery increased marginally when all species were fished at the upper end of F-PGY ranges rather than at FMSY, but risk of species’ collapse and missing community targets also increased substantially. All risks fell markedly when fishing at the lower end of F-PGY ranges, but with small impacts on total fishery yield or value. While fishing anywhere within F-PGY ranges gives managers flexibility to manage trade-offs in multispecies mixed fisheries, our results suggest high long-term yields and disproportionately lower risks of stock collapse are achieved when F ≤ FMSY for all component stocks.
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Li, Xiang. "Optimal procurement strategies from suppliers with random yield and all-or-nothing risks." Annals of Operations Research 257, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2015): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10479-015-1923-4.
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De Wet, Milan Christian. "Geopolitical Risks and Yield Dynamics in the Australian Sovereign Bond Market." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 16, no. 3 (February 22, 2023): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16030144.
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Geopolitical risks and shocks such as military conflicts, terrorist attacks, and war tensions are known to cause significant economic downturns. The main purpose of this paper is to determine the dynamics between Australian sovereign bond yields and geopolitical risk. This is achieved by employing a quantile regression analysis. The findings of this study indicate that the impact of geopolitical risk on Australian sovereign yield dynamics is asymmetrical. Furthermore, an increase in geopolitical risk only impacts short-term yields at extreme regimes. However, the impact is, by and large, insignificant. On the other hand, an increase in geopolitical risk does have a statistically significant positive impact on medium- and long-term yields across most quantiles. Lastly, an increase in geopolitical risk tends to result in a steeper yield curve at the belly of the curve but causes the yield curve to flatten at the long end. This study is the first study that holistically examines the dynamics between geopolitical risk and Australian sovereign bond yields. The study thereby contributes to the body of knowledge on Australian bond yields, specifically, and adds to the sparse body of knowledge on the dynamics between geopolitical risk and sovereign bond yields. The findings of this study have implications for monetary policy makers, given that shifts in sovereign bond yields could impact all three core mandates of the Australian Reserve Bank. Furthermore, changes in the slope of the yieldcurve could be used by monetary policy makers to pre-empt changes in future economic growth. The results of this study also relate to fiscal policy formulation, given that yields directly impact the cost of government borrowing. Lastly, portfolio managers could benefit from the results of this study, as these results provide information on the ability of Australian sovereign bonds to hedge against geopolitical risk.
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Ochieng, Hannington O., John O. Ojiem, Simon M. Kamwana, Joyce C. Mutai, and James W. Nyongesa. "Multiple-bean varieties as a strategy for minimizing production risk and enhancing yield stability in smallholder systems." Experimental Agriculture 56, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479719000085.
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AbstractCommon bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is perhaps the most important grain legume in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) smallholder systems for food security and household income. Although a wide choice of varieties is available, smallholder farmers in western Kenya realize yields that are low and variable since they operate in risky production environments. Significant seasonal variations exist in rainfall and severity of pests and diseases. This situation is worsened by the low and declining soil fertility, coupled with low capacity of farmers to purchase production inputs such as fertilizers, fungicides and insecticides, and land scarcity. The objective of this study was to investigate whether growing multiple-bean varieties instead of a single variety can enable farmers enhance yield stability over seasons and ensure food security. Five common bean varieties were evaluated in multiple farms for 11 seasons at Kapkerer in Nandi County, western Kenya. Data were collected on grain yield, days to 50% flowering and major diseases. In addition, daily rainfall was recorded throughout the growing seasons. The five varieties were combined in all possible ways to create 31 single- and multiple-bean production strategies. The strategies were evaluated for grain yield performance and yield stability over seasons to determine the risk of not attaining a particular yield target. Results indicated that cropping multiple-bean varieties can be an effective way for reducing production risks in heterogeneous smallholder systems. Yield stability can be greatly enhanced across diverse environments, leading to improved food security, especially for the resource-poor smallholder farmers operating in risk-prone environments. Although the results show that some of the single-bean variety strategies were high yielding, their yield stability was generally lower than those of multiple strategies. Resource-poor risk averse farmers can greatly increase the probability of exceeding their yield targets by cropping multiple-bean varieties with relatively low yields but high grain yield stability. Trading-off high grain yield for yield stability might be an important strategy for minimizing bean production risks.
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Lafond, G. P., S. A. Brandt, B. Irvine, W. E. May, and C. B. Holzapfel. "Reducing the risks of in-crop nitrogen fertilizer applications in spring wheat and canola." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 88, no. 5 (September 1, 2008): 907–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps07169.
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Nitrogen is the most limiting nutrient in crop production on the Canadian prairies. There is great interest in managing it more effectively for environmental and economic reasons. Our objective was to study the effectiveness of using different proportions of recommended nitrogen rates at seeding with the balance at different crop growth stages to minimize the risks of potential yield losses from in-crop nitrogen applications in spring wheat and canola. The field trials with wheat were conducted at three locations from 2003 to 2006 and at two locations for canola from 2004 to 2006. The treatments consisted of applying 100, 67, 50, 33 or 0% of the targeted N rate at seeding using urea in mid-row bands and the balance in-crop at the 1.5, 3.5 or 5.5 leaf stages in spring wheat and at the 5-6 leaf stage, bolting or start of flowering stage in canola using surface dribble band of liquid urea-ammonium nitrate. With spring wheat, applying 33% of the recommended N rate at seeding with the balance in-crop resulted in similar yields to when all the nitrogen was applied at seeding in one study while, in the other, some yield loss was observed at the 3.5 leaf stage. This indicates that a higher proportion, such as 50%, would be more appropriate. With canola, a minimum of 50% of the recommended nitrogen rate was required at seeding and the in-crop application at or before the bolting phase to give yields equivalent to when all fertilizer was applied at seeding. Consequently, applying 50% or more of the recommended N at seeding enhances the opportunity for in-crop applications of nitrogen in spring wheat and canola to better match the soil and climatic conditions. Key words: Canola, wheat, split applications, liquid urea-ammonium nitrate, grain yield, grain protein
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Faye, Adama, Georges A. Abbey, Amadou Ndiaye, and Mbaye Diop. "Climate-Related Risks and Agricultural Yield Assessment in the Senegalese Groundnut Basin." Atmosphere 15, no. 10 (October 18, 2024): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101246.
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Climate change and variability pose significant threats to agricultural production, particularly in regions heavily dependent on rainfed agriculture like Senegal. The problem addressed in this study revolves around the impact of climate-related risks on agricultural yields in the Senegalese Groundnut Basin as a key agricultural region. Daily rainfall, temperatures, and yield over 1991–2020 were used. The data were analyzed using multiple regression, trend analysis, and correlation approaches. The results indicate that the overall seasonal precipitation increases over time (98 mm in the north and 103 mm in the south). However, we found that the south Groundnut Basin has a much slower seasonal precipitation rate than the northern zone. Our results also show that the northern zone exhibits a more consistent and predictable growing season, with onset and offset, in contrast with the southern zone, which shows higher variability. The analysis further reveals that both the northern and southern zones are experiencing a warming trend, with the southern zone showing a more pronounced increase in maximum temperatures (+0.7 °C) than to the northern zone (+0.4 °C). Estimates from the regression analysis revealed that total seasonal precipitation and maximum temperature positively and significantly influence groundnut, millet, and maize yields in the northern and southern zones. All the other weather-related parameters have different influences depending on the zone. These findings highlight the heterogeneous nature of the study area and the significant role climatic factors play in crop yield variability in the Groundnut Basin. Understanding these influences is crucial for developing targeted agricultural strategies and climate adaptation measures to mitigate risks and enhance regional productivity. The study provides valuable insights for policymakers and farmers aiming to improve crop resilience and sustain agricultural outputs amidst changing climatic conditions.
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Ülkü, M. Ali, Melek Akgün, Uday Venkatadri, Claver Diallo, and Simranjeet S. Chadha. "Managing Environmental and Operational Risks for Sustainable Cotton Production Logistics: System Dynamics Modelling for a Textile Company." Logistics 4, no. 4 (December 14, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/logistics4040034.
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Effective management of cotton production logistics (CPL) against volatile environmental conditions while maintaining product quality and yield at acceptable costs has become challenging due to increasing global population and consumption and climate change. In CPL, the harvesting, processing, and storage of cotton are all linked, prone to various environmental risks (e.g., flooding) and operational risks (e.g., excess spraying of pesticides). Thus, it is crucial for a resilient and sustainable supply chain management to prioritize risks and chart suitable risk response strategies. For a CPL, we employ a system dynamics (SD) approach to investigate the likelihoods of environmental and operational risks and their impacts in four dimensions: variable costs, fixed costs, quality performance, and yield. Using the case of a textile company in Turkey, we demonstrate an end-to-end framework for mitigating CPL risks. SD simulation results show that increases in seed prices and machine and equipment breakdowns are the risks that most affect the unit cost, whereas pests and plant diseases most hurt cotton harvest yield. Via scenario analyses, we demonstrate that a proper risk response strategy, compared to doing nothing, may reduce variance in cotton quality by about 35% at the expense of about an 11% increase in unit cost variability.
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Turan, Metin, Seda Erenler, Melek Ekinci, Ertan Yildirim, and Sanem Argin. "Intercropping of Cauliflower with Lettuce Is More Effective for Sustainable Fertilizer Management and Minimizing Environmental Risks." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (June 28, 2022): 7874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137874.
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Intercropping systems are one of the sustainable agricultural models as they play an important role in protecting soil fertility, efficient use of resources, maintaining stable yields, and reducing the effectiveness of diseases and pests. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intercropping (IC) cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) with leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. crispa) on the yield and quality parameters of cauliflower and to evaluate the overall productivity of the system under different nitrogen fertilization rates (160, 200, and 240 kg N ha−1). Our results showed that the leaf chlorophyll value (SPAD), plant weight, leaf weight, head diameter, head height, head weight, and total yield of cauliflower were found to increase as the nitrogen dose increased in both the monocropping (MC) and IC systems. The most efficient nitrogen fertilizer doses for cauliflower were 234.7 kg ha−1 for MC and 176.6 kg ha−1 for IC, respectively. When the intercropping system was used the total yield (cauliflower and lettuce) was higher than the yield of cauliflower (MC) for the same total area and fertilizer amount. The land equivalent ratio (LER) values were greater than 1 in the intercropping system at all fertilization rates, which indicated that the IC system was more productive than the MC system for the same unit of land. Our findings also showed that intercropping was an effective method to increase fertilizer use efficiency and the soil organic matter, nitrogen content, plant available P, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu. In conclusion, while intercropping cauliflower with lettuce did not adversely affect the yield of cauliflower, it enabled harvesting more plants (cauliflower and lettuce) from the same land area by using the same amount of fertilizer, which makes intercropping a sustainable, economical, and ecological model that increases the land-use and fertilizer-use efficiencies.
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Lafond, G. P., Y. T. Gan, A. M. Johnston, D. Domitruk, F. C. Stevenson, and W. K. Head. "Feasibility of applying all nitrogen and phosphorus requirements at planting of no-till winter wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p00-080.
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The recent advances in no-till seeding technology are providing new N management options for crop production on the prairies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential interaction between P and N fertilizer on winter wheat production in a one-pass seeding and fertilizing system and to determine the feasibility of side-banding all N requirements using urea or anhydrous ammonia at planting as compared with the current practice of broadcasting ammonium nitrate early in the spring. Three forms of N fertilizer (urea, anhydrous ammonia, ammonium nitrate), three rates of N (50, 75 and 100 kg ha–1) and three rates of P (0, 9 and 17 kg P ha–1) were investigated. Urea and anhydrous ammonia were applied during the seeding operation, whereas ammonium nitrate was broadcast the following spring. Applying P fertilizer to the side and below the seed at planting with rates > 9 kg Pha–1 increased grain yield in 3 out of 6 site-years when ammonium nitrate was broadcast early in the spring. The positive yield response to P corresponded to soil test levels of 24 kg P ha–1. With soil test levels greater than 34 kg P ha–1, grain yield response to P fertilizer was not observed. When urea was banded at planting, together with P fertilizer, the yield increases with the increased P rates was shown only in 1 out of 6 site-years. At 5 of th e 6 site-years, grain protein concentration was not affected by P fertilizer; while for 1 site-year, the high rate of P fertilization decreased grain protein concentration. Responses of total grain N and P yields to P fertilization were parallel to the corresponding responses of P fertilization to grain yield, and were rarely associated with N or P concentrations in the grain. Applying N fertilizer at rates of 50 to 100 kg N ha–1 increased winter wheat grain yields by 3 to 8% in 3 out of 6 site-years. The high N rates increased grain protein concentrations in all 6 site-years. Grain protein concentration was 6% greater with N fertilizer applied as ammonium nitrate in early spring than when banding urea or anhydrous ammonia at planting. More consistent improvements in grain yield and grain protein concentration were obtained when the N fertilizer was applied as ammonium nitrate in the spring. Further research is required to determine the benefits of applying some of the crop’s N fertilizer requirements at planting, to reduce the risks of N stresses when the spring application is delayed because of adverse weather or soil conditions. Key words: Ammonium nitrate, anhydrous ammonia, grain yield, nitrogen timing, phosphorus, protein, urea
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Wang, Lei, Ling-Zhi Chen, Bo Peng, and Ying-Tien Lin. "Improved YOLOv5 Algorithm for Real-Time Prediction of Fish Yield in All Cage Schools." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 2 (January 23, 2024): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020195.
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Cage aquaculture makes it easier to produce high-quality aquatic products and allows full use of water resources. 3Therefore, cage aquaculture development is highly valued globally. However, the current digitalization level of cage aquaculture is low, and the farming risks are high. Research and development of digital management of the fish population in cages are greatly desired. Real-time monitoring of the activity status of the fish population and changes in the fish population size in cages is a pressing issue that needs to be addressed. This paper proposes an improved network called CC-YOLOv5 by embedding CoordConv modules to replace the original ConV convolution modules in the network, which improves the model’s generalization capability. By using two-stage detection logic, the target detection accuracy is enhanced to realize prediction of the number of fish populations. OpenCV is then used to measure fish tail lengths to establish growth curves of the fish and to predict the output of the fish population in the cages. Experimental results demonstrate that the mean average precision (mAP) of the improved algorithm increases by 14.9% compared to the original YOLOv5, reaching 95.4%. This research provides an effective solution to promote the intelligentization of cage aquaculture processes. It also lays the foundation for AI (Artificial Intelligence) applications in other aquaculture scenarios.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "All Risks Yield"
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Rein, Steven. "Ermittlung eines All Risk Yield für einen deutschen Immobilienmarkt und Vergleich zum Liegenschaftszinssatz." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11163857.
Full textBooks on the topic "All Risks Yield"
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Öjendal, Joakim, and Gustav Aldén Rudd. “Something Has to Yield”. Edited by Ken Conca and Erika Weinthal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199335084.013.29.
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As estimations and predictability of water supply in basins around the globe become difficult under a changing global climate, the need for new transboundary water management arises. To avoid international tensions related to water, traditional water agreements between states need to be transformed into more sophisticated and flexible arrangements of water governance. Designing and implementing such arrangements is a huge challenge since they must involve multiple stakeholders, must take into consideration the accelerating global water scarcity, and are dependent on the risks and unknowns of global climate change. Following an exploration of the core literature on the topic and the theoretical underpinnings of how to govern future risks, this chapter takes a closer look at the status of three important transboundary basins: the Meuse, the Mekong, and the Teesta basin. These basins all experience water stress with riparian states at different stages of agreeing on transboundary institutions and institutional cooperation.
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Vincent, Amy, Sead Alihodzic, and Stephen Gale. Risk Management in Elections: A Guide for Electoral Management Bodies. Australian Electoral Commission and the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.62.
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When electoral risks are not understood and addressed, they can undermine the credibility of the process and the results it yields. Electoral management bodies (EMBs) encounter numerous risks across all phases of the electoral cycle. They operate in environments that are increasingly complex and volatile and where factors such as technology, demographics, insecurity, inaccurate or incomplete information and natural calamities, create increasing uncertainty. The experiences of EMBs show that when formal risk management processes are successfully implemented, the benefits are profound. Greater risk awareness helps organizations to focus their resources on where they are most needed, thus achieving cost-effectiveness. Over the last decade it has been observed that EMBs are increasingly moving from informal to formal risk management processes. The purpose of this Guide is to lay out a set of practical steps for EMBs on how to establish or advance their risk management framework. The Guide’s chapters reflect the breadth of key considerations in the implementation process and offer basic resources to assist in the process.
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Baxter, Louis E. Drug Testing and Other Tools for Patient Monitoring (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0012.
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Chapter 12 describes patient monitoring in the setting of addiction or addiction risk, and pain management, to include drug testing. The advantages, disadvantages, and types of available testing for drug use are described, with a discussion of their limitations. Body fluids and tissues for sampling include hair, blood, saliva, sweat, and urine; all yield information regarding drug use within unique limitations and at different levels of convenience. The test methodology imposes a need to know respective sensitivities and specificities, particularly in a forensic setting. Breath testing (alcohol) is not within the scope of this chapter. Recommended frequencies of urine testing are addressed. The utility of other forms of monitoring (self-report, collateral sources, PDMP) is assessed in the final section. Two tables are provided, (1) urine drug detection times, and (2) sources of false positive tests in urine immunoassay studies. Supplemental information sources are cited in a text box.
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Iqbal, Muhammad Waqas, Ghalib Jibara, Michael E. Lipkin, and Glenn M. Preminger. Evaluation of stone formers. Edited by John Reynard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0014.
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Urolithiasis is among the most common urologic disorders with high incidence and recurrence rates. High environmental temperatures, prevalence of the Western diet, obesity, age, gender, and race are among the common risk factors associated with this disease. The primary goal of evaluating these patients is to provide a simple, economic, and effective workup, which yields information that is directly applicable to providing relevant medical preventative measures. The management of urolithiasis requires a relevant history, targeted physical exam, appropriate chemistry, urinary and stone analyses results, radiological imaging to accurately identify number, location, and size of stones, as well as a metabolic evaluation. All stone formers whether single or recurrent should have a basic evaluation to identify any factors that may predispose to recurrent stone formation. Comprehensive metabolic evaluations are offered to patients at increased risk of recurrence or morbidity from stone disease, or have difficult to treat stones.
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Holroyd, Christopher R., Nicholas C. Harvey, Mark H. Edwards, and Cyrus Cooper. Environment. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0038.
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Musculoskeletal disease covers a broad spectrum of conditions whose aetiology comprises variable genetic and environmental contributions. More recently it has become clear that, particularly early in life, the interaction of gene and environment is critical to the development of later disease. Additionally, only a small proportion of the variation in adult traits such as bone mineral density has been explained by specific genes in genome-wide association studies, suggesting that gene-environment interaction may explain a much larger part of the inheritance of disease risk than previously thought. It is therefore critically important to evaluate the environmental factors which may predispose to diseases such as osteorthritis, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis both at the individual and at the population level. In this chapter we describe the environmental contributors, across the whole life course, to osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis, as exemplar conditions. We consider factors such as age, gender, nutrition (including the role of vitamin D), geography, occupation, and the clues that secular changes of disease pattern may yield. We describe the accumulating evidence that conditions such as osteoporosis may be partly determined by the early interplay of environment and genotype, through aetiological mechanisms such as DNA methylation and other epigenetic phenomena. Such studies, and those examining the role of environmental influences across other stages of the life course, suggest that these issues should be addressed at all ages, starting from before conception, in order to optimally reduce the burden of musculoskeletal disorders in future generations.
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Holroyd, Christopher R., Nicholas C. Harvey, Mark H. Edwards, and Cyrus Cooper. Environment. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0038_update_001.
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Musculoskeletal disease covers a broad spectrum of conditions whose aetiology comprises variable genetic and environmental contributions. More recently it has become clear that, particularly early in life, the interaction of gene and environment is critical to the development of later disease. Additionally, only a small proportion of the variation in adult traits such as bone mineral density has been explained by specific genes in genome-wide association studies, suggesting that gene-environment interaction may explain a much larger part of the inheritance of disease risk than previously thought. It is therefore critically important to evaluate the environmental factors which may predispose to diseases such as osteorthritis, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis both at the individual and at the population level. In this chapter we describe the environmental contributors, across the whole life course, to osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis, as exemplar conditions. We consider factors such as age, gender, nutrition (including the role of vitamin D), geography, occupation, and the clues that secular changes of disease pattern may yield. We describe the accumulating evidence that conditions such as osteoporosis may be partly determined by the early interplay of environment and genotype, through aetiological mechanisms such as DNA methylation and other epigenetic phenomena. Such studies, and those examining the role of environmental influences across other stages of the life course, suggest that these issues should be addressed at all ages, starting from before conception, in order to optimally reduce the burden of musculoskeletal disorders in future generations.
Book chapters on the topic "All Risks Yield"
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Şimşek, Güven, and Kasirga Yildirak. "Crop Yield Insurance Analysis for Turkey: Spatiotemporal Dependence." In Springer Actuarial, 173–96. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80574-5_7.
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Abstract Farming is among the most vulnerable segments of society due to the source of the income that is highly dependent on environmental risks. To maintain their production, farmers, who are critical components of agricultural production, need to protect themselves against production risks. For farmers to continue agriculture, it is crucial to provide insurance policies that at the very least protect their current income. Therefore, crop yield insurance has been discussed in this study. When a crop yield falls short of a predetermined threshold, crop yield insurance compensates for the resulting yield loss. This insurance product holds a prominent position among other agricultural insurances because yield insurance, which aims to keep agricultural production at a specific level, maintains sustainability in the ecosystem. Through the spatiotemporal modeling of crop yields and yield insurance, the impact of climate change, a major problem for agricultural insurance, has also been addressed. For the conditional crop yield distribution in this study, a hierarchical Bayesian technique is employed to characterize the spatiotemporal dependence. Wheat yield statistics from the years 2004 to 2022 were used for a total of 47 districts that are part of Ankara and Konya, which are at the top of the list in terms of wheat production volume. Premium rates have been obtained for the region, province, and chosen districts using the preferred model in accordance with model selection and performance criteria, and the results are presented. The R-INLA package program is used to perform all statistical analyses for this study.
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Habyarimana, Ephrem, and Nicole Bartelds. "Yield Prediction in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and Cultivated Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)." In Big Data in Bioeconomy, 219–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71069-9_17.
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AbstractSorghum and potato pilots were conducted in this work to provide a solution to current limitations (dependability, cost) in crop monitoring in Europe. These limations include yield forecasting based mainly on field surveys, sampling, censuses, and the use of coarser spatial resolution satellites. We used the indexes decribing the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation as well as the leaf areas derived from Sentinel-2 satellites to predict yields and provide farmers with actionable advice in sorghum biomass and, in combination with WOFOST crop growth model, in cultivated potatoes. Overall, the Bayesian additive regression trees method modelled best sorghum biomass yields. The best explanatory variables were days 150 and 165 of the year. In potato, the use of earth observation information allowed to improve the growth model, resulting in better yield prediction with a limited number of field trials. The online platform provided the potato farmers more insight through benchmarking among themselves across cropping seasons, and observing in-field variability Site-specific management became easier based on the field production potential and its performance relative to surrounding fields. The extensive pilots run in this work showed that farming is a business with several variables which not all can be controlled by the farmer. The technologies developed herein are expected to inform about the farming operations, giving rise to well-informed farmers with the advantage to be able to adapt to the circumstances, mitigating production risks, and ultimately staying longer in the business.
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Santeramo, F. G., T. Balezentis, and M. Tappi. "Weather and Yield Index-Based Insurance Schemes in the EU Agriculture: A Focus on the Agri-CAT Fund." In Springer Actuarial, 41–62. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80574-5_3.
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Abstract Agriculture is the most vulnerable sector to climate change, e.g., temperatures or rainfall may significantly affect the crop yields, also leading the proliferation of pathogens and hence pests and diseases [1]. The total economic losses from weather- and climate-related have caused damages reaching nearly 487 billion of euros in EEA member countries since 1980, and just 3% of all events are responsible for 60% of economic losses [2]. Extreme weather events such as heavy precipitation, flood, drought, frost, heat, and strong wind are more and more frequent, intense, long-lasting, and they are the major drivers of agricultural losses [3, 4]. Heavy precipitation may reduce photosynthetically active radiation up to irreversible tissue damages, setting the conditions for diseases due to the proliferation of pathogens, nutrient leaching, soil erosion, and oxygen deficit [5, 6], also inducing flash flood events, in combination with other factors as the antecedent soil moisture [7, 8]. Drought and water shortage may affect the metabolism of plants with changes in root growth and architecture, and other tissue-specific responses that modify the flux of cellular signals [9]. The stress due to drought events is the main factor limiting the development of crop and its productivity [10]. Cold may damage the leaf and seedling survival, also leading to the sterility and the abortion of formed grains, especially for the cereal crops [11]. Heat directly affects the crop physiology, reducing photosynthesis rates, leading the acceleration of leaf senescence processes, oxidative damages, and pollen sterility [12]. Strong wind may also be very impactful (i.e., abrasions on the leaves and fruits, defoliations, water loss, desiccation, loss of flowers and poor fruit set), although the plants can change the structure and properties of cells and tissues, re-configuring their canopies as a defensive response [13]. On-farm and risk-sharing strategies are available to improve the resilience of farming systems to weather risks. The former includes risk control (i.e., risk prevention such as irrigation, shading, pest control, improved planning and monitoring activities), reserves (i.e., stocking, financial savings, additional labour input), and diversification (i.e., agricultural and structural diversification as nature conservation or agrotourism, off-farm allocation of resources); the latter includes risk pooling (i.e., mutual funds, agricultural insurance, membership in cooperatives, credit unions, producer organizations), and risk transfer (i.e., forwards, futures contracts) [14]. Member States may grant support for risk management tools (e.g., financial contribution to insurance premiums and to mutual funds) which can help farmers to manage production and income risks related to their agricultural activity and over which they have no control [15]. The new Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform is putting increasing emphasis on instrument supporting proactive management of the effects of extreme weather events due to climate change [15]. We provide an overview of the spread of risk management tools subsidised by new CAP 2023–2027, focusing on two promising tools: the weather index-based insurance and the Agri-CAT fund. We also discuss on their feasibility at farm-level, highlighting pros and cons, also animating the debate on how policymakers may improve the attractiveness of risk management tools.
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Schultze-Kraft, Markus. "Historical Memory and Its (Dis)contents." In Memory Politics and Transitional Justice, 37–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93654-9_3.
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AbstractEfforts to recover and preserve the historical memory of past violence and injustice are today increasingly widespread in countries wrestling with, or emerging from, violent conflict. This reflects the rise of memory studies as a distinct field of inquiry as well as the growing recognition of the importance of centrally including the voices of victims in the elaboration of narratives of past suffering and evil. However, as an “essentially contested concept,” historical memory faces numerous challenges that have to be navigated when conducting applied historical memory work in violence-inflected settings. Among the pitfalls, historical memory work faces the unresolved tension between history and memory, which gives substance to claims that forgetting should trump remembering. Furthermore, owing to it being anchored in the subjective domain of memory, applied historical memory work risks deepening prevailing patterns of hatred, enmity and exclusion, in addition to being instrumentalised and manipulated by hegemonic societal groups and interests. This notwithstanding, the case of Colombia reveals that under certain conditions historical memory work can yield positive results in terms of giving voice to victims on all sides and honouring their entitlement to recover and preserve the memories of past suffering, thereby helping them to address traumatic past experiences.
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Sowman, Merle, and Xavier Rebelo. "Sustainability, Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: Building from the Bottom Up – A South African Perspective from the Small-scale Fisheries Sector." In Creating Resilient Futures, 151–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80791-7_8.
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AbstractThis chapter explores the vulnerability context of coastal fishing communities, including the various factors that shape their capacity to cope with and adapt in the face of poverty and increasing threats associated with climate change and natural and human-induced disasters through the lens of small-scale fisheries (SSFs) in South Africa. South Africa has developed a suite of policies, strategies and laws to deal with commitments to sustainable development and address and manage climate change challenges and disaster risks. These national policies, however, are not well aligned or implemented in a coordinated and integrated manner. Nor are they attuned to the realities facing local communities. This chapter reports on work in coastal communities in South Africa that reveals the lack of policy alignment and limited coordination across government departments at all levels charged with oversight responsibilities for these endeavours. Findings suggest that incorporating local knowledge into local development and sector plans, as well as into sustainable development and sector-specific policies, strategies and plans at the national level, would enhance understanding of the realities on the ground and lead to policies, strategies and plans that are more harmonised and more likely to be supported and implemented. How this knowledge gets integrated both vertically and horizontally into formal government planning and decision-making processes, however, and leads to implementation of projects and plans that yield tangible results, remains a challenge.
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Shastri, Ravi, Samit Ray-Chaudhuri, and Yogendra Singh. "Seismic Collapse Risk of Stone Masonry Buildings in the Indian Himalayas." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 1395–407. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69626-8_117.
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AbstractConventionally, seismic hazard at a site is represented by a uniform hazard spectrum (UHS), which represents the seismic hazard in terms of spectral ordinates corresponding to a fixed probability of exceedance at all periods of vibration. Alternatively, a hazard curve can be developed for a site corresponding to each spectral period, which provides the probability of exceedance of different amplitudes of spectral ordinates. The hazard curve can be used for the estimation of the collapse risk of a structure in a given life span. Accordingly, if a structure is designed using a standard procedure to yield a standard fragility curve, a design response spectrum can be constructed to achieve a targeted collapse risk of the structure in its life span. The obtained spectrum is designated as a risk-targeted response spectrum (RTRS). Thus, RTRS provides design spectral demand to achieve uniform (targeted) collapse risk across all spectral periods. RTRS depends on the targeted risk value and construction type, given the site’s seismic hazard. The focus of this study is constructing RTRS for masonry structures aiming to enhance their service life and achieve the targeted collapse risk, which will help gain better control over their performance. Also, a comparative study of the UHS corresponding to different locations and RTRS for chosen targeted risk for the northern Himalayan region is performed in this paper. Moreover, the risk values for the masonry structures with varying heights of storey and dynamic parameters are also compared, and the obtained values are compared with the targeted risk value.
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Hula, Andreas, Christian Klösch, Matthias Hahn, Bernhard Preiser-Kapeller, Roland Spielhofer, and Peter Saleh. "Using a Motorcycle Probe Vehicle to Provide Infrastructure Information for Powered Two Wheelers." In Lecture Notes in Mobility, 127–33. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-85578-8_17.
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Abstract Powered two wheelers are a consistently popular mode of transportation and riding them is a widely practiced recreational activity. However, with regards to safety powered two wheelers are clearly vulnerable road users, for whom accidents of all types yield more severe outcomes on average than for larger vehicles. One way to ensure the safety of powered two-wheeler riders is to identify challenging infrastructure properties, such as transversal evenness qualities or potholes, through the use of probe vehicles. We present the analysis of infrastructure properties through data collected with a motorcycle probe vehicle, previously employed to study human driving dynamics and assess the risk thereof. We present the first steps towards a new standardized evaluation of motorcycle driving dynamics data for this purpose and show that our outcomes can be achieved based on in-vehicle driving dynamics data. This holds the potential to enable the provision of safety relevant data from everyday driven vehicles, which represents the needs of powered two wheelers as much as those of passenger cars or larger vehicle-types and could serve as a template for similar analyses employing smaller probe vehicles like bicycles or (e-)scooters.
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Sayar, M. Salih. "Crude Protein Content and the Other Forage Quality Traits in Some Annual Plant Species From Different Families and Assessments with Biplot and Correlation Analysis." In Alternative Protein Sources, 17–49. Istanbul: Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359289.2.
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High-quality forage in livestock feeding will significantly enhance both the yield and quality of animal products. In this respect, it is crucial to know in advance the forage quality traits to make the right choice. Accordingly, the research was fulfilled to determine forage crude protein content and the other forage quality traits in some annual plant species from different families. According to the variance analysis, it was determined that there were statistically highly significant (P<0.01) differences between the species in terms of all the of the examined traits, and the examined traits were found to be in the following ranges; dry matter content (DMC) 15.67–26.97%, crude protein (CP) content 11.93–24.11%, acid detergent fiber (ADF) content 29.54–46.488%, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content 38.30–62.89%, digestible dry matter (DDM) contents 52.33–65.89%, dry matter intake (DMI) 1.91–3.14%, metabolizable energy (ME) 7.67–10.27 MJ kg-1 DM, relative feed value (RFV) 77.5–160.2, calcium (Ca) content 6.72–18.72 g kg-1 DM, phosphorus (P) contents varied from 3.59–5.35 g kg-1 DM, magnesium (Mg) content 2.25–4.35 g kg-1 DM, potassium (K) content 28.58– 44.40 g kg-1 DM, Ca:P ratio 1.50–4.91 and K/(Ca+Mg) (tetany) ratio 1.34–3.94. Additionally, as a result of comparing the research results with the literature knowledge, it was understood that the Ca, P, Mg and K contents of the examined species were sufficient for the livestock needs. However, due to relatively higher-level K content and lower Ca and Mg contents, the tetany (K/(Ca+Mg) ratios of grasses species, Lolium multiflorum and Triticum aestivum, were found to be over the critical value (2.2) for grass tetany illness. Thus, when livestock intensively feed forages of the grass species, risk of getting grass tetany disease would be higher than the other species. On the other hand, the biplot analysis showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between CP, DDM, DMI, ME and RFV traits, and legume family species, Lathyrus sativus, Trifolium nigrescens and Pisum sativum spp. arvense came to fore in terms of these five traits. These legume species with having higher level the most important forage quality traits, their forage quality was found quite better than the other species.
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Angelica, Margherita, and Eugenia Trigoso. "Cell Source and Apheresis." In The European Blood and Marrow Transplantation Textbook for Nurses, 77–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23394-4_5.
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AbstractApheresis involves the separation of whole blood into its component layers via the use of an automated blood cell separator machine and the process of continuous flow centrifugation. This allows for the isolation and collection of a variety of blood cells, including monocytes, lymphocytes, CD34 positive cells and dendritic cells, whilst simultaneously returning the other blood components back to the donor.The transplantation of haemopoietic stem cells to facilitate the treatment of a variety of haematological and non-haematological diseases is well established (BSBMTCT, 2022) (https://bsbmtct.org/indications-table—accessed Oct 2022).Peripheral blood stem cells have largely replaced harvested bone marrow-derived stem cells in both autologous and allogeneic transplant settings. Collection of peripheral blood stem cells generally yields a purer, less contaminated and more consistent product with a greater CD34 positive cell dose when compared to those harvested from the bone marrow. Thus shortening engraftment time, limiting infection risks and potentially enhancing the graft versus leukaemia effect in the allogeneic patient. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) provides a further stem cell source, which may be used in allogenic transplantation if appropriate.In recent years the ability to isolate blood-derived mononuclear cells via apheresis has been instrumental in the development of individually targeted, patient -specific immunotherapies, most notably Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. These type of cell collections are rapidly becoming a routine activity for many collection facilities.Successful collection of cellular blood products via apheresis has its challenges and is influenced by a multitude of variables, including patient’s clinical condition, vascular access, timing of collection, mobilisation regimes, institutional capacity, staff experience and regulations and accreditations.Apheresis and Bone Marrow collection facility accreditation by FACT-JACIE (2021) requires compliance and rigorous validation of standards in relation to all collection, processing, storage, distribution and infusion activities.In 2018 FACT-JACIE incorporated the administration of immune effector cells (IEC) into the scope of accreditation standards, which describes that additional training, policies for patient treatment, management of associated toxicities and maintenance of product chain of identity, additional outcome and follow-up reporting to relevant bodies are also an important requisite to fulfil compliance.
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Ho, Thomas S. Y., and Sang Bin Lee. "High-Yield Corporate Bonds: The Structural Models." In The Oxford Guide To Financial Modeling, 298–331. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195169621.003.0009.
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Abstract Credit risk is an important determinant of the value of a corporate bond. It is important because credit risk is prevalent in corporate bonds and may affect the bond value significantly. Few corporate entities (if any) have investment grade ratings which could match the creditworthiness of the U.S. government. One can then say all corporate bond issues have credits risks that vary by a matter of degrees. Many firms have such significant credit risk that they are on the verge of bankruptcy. In this case, their bonds are trading at a fraction of their principal value.
Conference papers on the topic "All Risks Yield"
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Marks, Chuck, Michael J. Little, Marc A. Kreider, and Robert D. Varrin. "Benefits of Partial Removal of Corrosion Deposits from Nuclear Steam Generators: ASCA and CODE Applications." In CORROSION 2017, 1–15. NACE International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2017-09481.
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Abstract As with many heat exchangers, nuclear steam generators are subject to the accumulation of corrosion product deposits on heated tube surfaces and other internal components on the secondary (shell) side. These deposits can have adverse effects on thermal efficiency, material integrity, and in some cases plant operability. Accordingly, plant operators routinely devote substantial resources to limiting the generation and accumulation of deposits, including periodic removal of deposits through various mechanical and chemical approaches. Since the 1980s, chemical cleaning processes with solvents designed to remove all (or nearly all) of the iron- and copper-based deposit material from the steam generator (SG) secondary side have been employed in dozens of different units worldwide. Although these full-bundle “hard” chemical cleaning processes have generally been quite successful in removing large fractions of the deposit mass (typically >95%), they are complex, costly evolutions that require additional plant downtime. Additionally, a few units have unexpectedly experienced declines in SG heat-transfer efficiency and plant production following a successful cleaning application due to the removal of thermally beneficial scale layers. During the past 15 years, alternative processes designed to periodically remove only a fraction of the secondary SG deposit inventory have been developed and qualified by the authors. One of these is an advanced scale conditioning agent (ASCA) treatment, a dilute or “soft” chemical cleaning method that focuses on penetrating through consolidated tube scale layers. By removing a fraction of the iron-based matrix material throughout the scale layer thickness—but without fully removing the layer—ASCA applications increase the average scale porosity and thereby improve the associated scale thermal properties, raising SG thermal performance levels. ASCA processes have three principal benefits: 1) immediate, reliable improvements in SG heat-transfer efficiency as demonstrated by analysis of more than a dozen field applications, 2) reduction in the long-term rate of deposit accumulation within the SG (lowering long-term risks of component corrosion and heat-transfer fouling), and 3) substantially reduced application complexity and cost, including no added plant downtime. A second type of process developed by the authors, consolidated deposit extraction (CODE) removal, focuses on the dissolution of non-iron binding species such as oxides of aluminum and silicon from the deposits that form at the lower SG tubesheet elevation in vertically oriented SGs. These deposits typically are very hard and non-porous, making them at least partially resistant to removal through conventional chemical and mechanical removal methods. Laboratory test results and one successful plant application indicate that the use of CODE in conjunction with other cleaning methods can increase the cleaning yield for these hardened, consolidated deposits.
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Thebault, Florian, Antoine Remy, Laurent Faivre, and Sébastien Leconte. "Improved Girth Welding on Seamless Linepipe for High H2S Partial Pressure Condition." In CONFERENCE 2022, 1–11. AMPP, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2022-17710.
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ABSTRACT O&G industry is more and more cautious about the risk of Sulfide Stress Cracking when low alloyed steels are in contact with aqueous environments saturated by high partial pressures of H2S. According to NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 part 2, material tested in NACE TM0177 Solution A saturated by 1 bar H2S above 80% Actual Yield Strength is qualified for all regions of NACE environmental severity diagram. Basically, this lab test condition is considered severe enough for widening the admissible field exposure conditions up to 10 bar H2S partial pressure. However, recent works highlighted the existence of a threshold partial pressure of H2S below 10 bar for TMCP seam welded pipes. In the present work, similar situation has been observed for girth welds on X65 seamless pipes: acceptable welds based on hardness data passed at 1 bar H2S NACE Solution A but failed in a fit-for-purpose condition of 6.8 bar H2S. Improved welding procedure has been defined for reaching the appropriate SSC resistance at this H2S partial pressure. It is recommended to evaluate the SSC resistance of girth welds at the field H2S partial pressure when superior to 1 bar.
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Krishnan, Karthik, Shashwat Shukla, and Arpana Verma. "Fracture Toughness of 41XX Cr-Mo Steel, Super Martensitic Stainless Steel and Nickel Alloy in High Pressure Hydrogen Environment." In CONFERENCE 2024, 1–14. AMPP, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2024-21083.
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Abstract Hydrogen is considered one of the options to be used as alternate fuel source to reduce carbon emissions. Towards this there is growing interest in using underground storage for hydrogen gas (H2) which can be stored in larger volumes, higher pressure than surface storage options would allow for. While underground well storage of natural gas is widely understood; there is far less experience in storing H2 only or H2 in blend with natural gas. An area of knowledge gap is the compatibility of metallic materials that need to be used for well construction for underground storage as the assessment of risk for Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE) would need to be addressed. In this work, some of the common materials used in well construction for various oil and gas wells, i.e., high strength quenched and tempered 41XX type Cr-Mo steel, Super Martensitic Stainless Steel (Super 13Cr) and Age Hardenable Nickel alloy grade Alloy 925 (UNS N09925) all with similar yield strength levels have been assessed for compatibility with high pressure H2 gas. Evaluation was mainly performed via Fracture Toughness testing in both inert and high pressure H2 gas environment per ASTM E1820.1 Details of this assessment and post testing evaluation of the specimens will be provided in this paper.
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Cuervo, Bernardo. "The 2021 US Gas Gathering Final Rule and the New Challenges to Pipeline Integrity." In CONFERENCE 2024, 1–9. AMPP, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2024-21233.
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Abstract The 2021 gathering rule changes the definition of a regulated gas gathering pipeline; more than 400,000 additional miles will be covered by Federal reporting requirements. In the past, most gathering lines were built in low-populated areas, with smaller-diameter pipelines, and with lower pressures of operation. They used to pose a lower risk than transmission pipelines. However, with horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques, the volume of gas transported through gathering lines has increased dramatically. As a consequence of larger diameters, higher operating pressures, and several high-profile gas gathering pipeline incidents, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) issued a final rule that expands Federal pipeline safety oversight to all onshore gas gathering pipelines. Today, more and more gas gathering pipeline operators are performing feasibility studies to retrofit their pipelines and make them piggable. The purpose is twofold, to make the pipelines run efficiently and provide critical data regarding the condition of the asset, as in-line inspection (ILI) yields the highest per-mile discovery of anomalies.
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Yaman, Neşe, and Isam Mohammed Abdulhameed. "SMART TECHNOLOGIES AND CLIMATE RISKS: INNOVATIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES TO SUPPORT CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT ON ECOSYSTEMS AND AGRICULTURE." In 12. JEEP INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AGRIBUSINESS CONFERENCE, MAK 2025 – KOPAONIK, 3–11. Association science and business center WORLD; Institute for plant protection and environmen, 2025. https://doi.org/10.46793/mak2025.003y.
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Climate change is destroying markets by reducing agricultural incomes and increasing risk. It poses a threat to many areas, especially access to food for both rural and urban populations. According to research estimates, climate change problems will affect poor and underdeveloped countries the most, and mass migrations will occur accordingly. is expected to occur. However, these estimates have now gone beyond mere predictions. Because these migrations have been intensely experienced as a reality for the last 10 years. This fact was revealed by the 2012 Report of the Asian Development Bank. According to the report, 20 million people in Asian and Pacific countries were forced to leave their home regions due to climate change between 2009 and 2011. According to this report and research, in the coming years, increasing drought and scarcity of water resources will reduce the number of plant species used in the production of nutrients and medicines necessary for human life. As the tropical climate shifts northward, plant and animal species are expected to shift. Diseases such as malaria, known as tropical diseases, will become widespread. Studies have estimated that due to all these problems, the number of „climate refugees„ will exceed 20 million by 2050. This article describes the effects of smart agricultural technologies on physical yield losses in agriculture due to climate change and the reduction of indirect negative effects of these losses.
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Radosavljević, Slobodan. "The future of coal as a new generation of energy and potential risks." In XIX International May Conference on Strategic Management – IMCSM24 Proceedings. University of Belgrade, Technical Faculty in Bor, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/imcsm24053r.
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Until now, coal as a resource has been the most reliable energy source on the world market. The great world crisis caused by a sudden pandemic almost confirmed this fact. The year 2023 records larger certain shifts in coal consumption that are diametrically opposed. While coal consumption is increasing in some countries, some of the world's countries/a smaller number are experiencing a slight stagnation to a decrease in consumption. All previous efforts to significantly limit the use of coal as an energy resource did not yield satisfactory results. The year 2024 brings new strategic projections and orientation towards other energy sources to the detriment of coal, and special importance is given to investments in energy from nuclear power plants of various configurations, but according to the needs of users. And this could mark the current and next decades in all parts of the world, including in Serbia. Drastically growing energy needs open up new formats of energy configurations in the world as well as their transversal to users/consumers. It is difficult to predict whether such transformations will take place quickly and how long it will take. This is because this kind of transformation is the biggest/never recorded and it is decomposed into individual levels, according to the size of the countries, their economy, the achieved level of energy technologies and development. Risk potentials in the newly created energy turbulent configurations in the world energy redistribution seem to have never been higher and with the synergy of influence, they become very complex for detection and positioning from the aspect of their gradual reduction or minimization. The paper analyzes the newly created energy circumstances and the place of coal as an energy resource with the mapping of potential risks.
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Ceban, Alexandru, and Eugenia Lucasenco. "Tendințe actuale în dezvoltarea producției de cireșe în Republica Moldova." In Economic growth in the conditions of globalization: International Scientific-Practical Conference, XVIth edition. National Institute for Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cecg.ii.2022.16.18.
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In recent years, the production of cherries in the Republic of Moldova has been constantly increasing, reaching a significant share in the horticultural field in terms of area and share of value in the total value of agricultural production. The development of this sector has impacted the focus of many investors and experts from the agrarian sector, proved by the fact that during the period 2016-2021 it has contributed to the increase of both, the average yield per hectare by approximately more than 3 times in agricultural enterprises and peasant farms and the actual cherry production by more than 30% in all categories of agricultural entities. Foreign trade in cherries is represented by a positive trade balance, but there are also some specific risks related to this product that will be further investigated in this paper. The purpose of the work is to carry out an analysis of the situation related to the production of cherries in the Republic of Moldova, as well as the presentation of some trends in the development of the sector. Analytical, descriptive and comparative research methods allowed the formulation of conclusions regarding the current state of the sector. Although the average yield per hectare in the analyzed period increased significantly, the occuring fluctuations of this coefficient lead us to the conclusion that there are still increased risks specific for production of cherries that deserve to be removed in order to obtain a profitable business.
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Stupko, V. Yu, and A. V. Sidorov. "Grain yield stability of wheat varieties, developed by sell selection method." In All-Russian Scientific Conference "Russian Science, Innovation, Education - 2022". Krasnoyarsk Science and Technology City Hall, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47813/rosnio.2022.3.29-35.
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The agronomic stability of the variety, along with high yields, is an indispensable condition for its zoning in risky farming areas, which include also the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The technology of cell selection under inducted stress in vitro (salinity, low pH) may produce genetic diversity based on the somaclonal variations. A comparative assessment of the yield stability of the regenerate varieties obtained by this method and of their donor genotypes was carried out. Field experiments were carried out for three years differing by moisture at the experimental production farm “Minino” near Krasnoyarsk city. The linear regression coefficient (bi) and squared deviation (s2 d) had suggested by S.A. Eberhart and W.A. Russell were used for the evaluation of varieties. A significant difference in phenotypic stability was revealed between donor varieties and regenerate ones. The regenerate varieties appeared to be better adapted to low-yielding locations (bi<0,7). However, the presence of a number of regenerate varieties, demonstrating, in comparison with the donor genotype, greater yield stability (bi → 1; s2 d → 0) with an average yield close to the original genotype, is to be noted. This shows the potential of cell selection for the stability increase of high yield varieties. In general, high variability of regenerate varieties deviation from their donor
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Jalbout, Mohammad Muhab, Ahmed Al Hai, Omar Chammout, Rahma Al-Rahma, Khaleefa Mohamed Al Benali, Saif Al Blooshi, Ahmed El Bagoury, Anurag Dubey, and Ashique Siddique. "Remote Drilling Supervisor – Step Changing Approach Aided by RTOC and 5G Technology." In SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214530-ms.
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Abstract Digital transformation has been proven to yield commercial success in the oil and gas industry with several reported advantages of value creation and business empowerment. The paper demonstrates the implementation of a breakthrough technology and ideology to steer rig operations in onshore locations in Abu Dhabi, by adopting unified Real Time Operations Center (RTOC) concept. The technology has enabled proactive evaluation of rig operations, integrated different stakeholders in one platform, and supported the decision-making process while providing additional opportunities for young engineers onsite. The unified RTOC technology approach is distinguished by empowering collaboration across functional departments. It enables higher levels of coordination of daily rig operations by converging processed and unprocessed information sources such as Technological Systems, Drilling Data Management Systems, Analytics, and Geomatics. Specifically for this exercise, the approach benefits are maximized by adopting a new concept to supervise rig operations remotely. The young drilling supervisors are settled to work on rig site, while senior drilling supervisors supports them from the office. One senior drilling supervisor can support 3 rigs at a time, covering exactly all major roles and responsibilities as if he/she is available physically onsite. The wells are monitored thoroughly with RTOC's platforms, associated risks are categorized, and several analytics were performed based on real-time data. CCTV integration with 5G technology braced the concept of monitoring the risky areas at the rig site with seamless footage. The CCTV integration was a step transformation for the proof of concept.
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Nubli, Haris, SangJin Kim, Jung Min Sohn, Dongho Jung, and Joung Hyung Cho. "A Tensile Test and Finite Element Analysis of DH36 High-Tensile Steel at Cryogenic Temperature." In ASME 2023 42nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2023-102747.
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Abstract Excessive exposure to LNG weakens and causes a brittle fracture to steels. Therefore, all risks that can lead to LNG spillage must be minimized or mitigated by applying a cryogenic temperature resistance material to the ship’s structure. Higher strength steel that considers low temperature such as DH grade is recommended to be used for ships carrying LNG cargo. In this study, material fracture idealization of DH36 steel under a tensile load and low temperature is presented. The fracture strain of the steel could be affected by temperature reductions due to the hardening effect, as well as the element size in the Finite Element (FE) model would influence the fracture strain behavior. Thus, the stress-strain curve of DH36 has to be calibrated for the use in FE model. A sensitivity analysis with temperatures and element sizes was presented. The strain rate effect was neglected since the quasi-static mode was performed in the tensile test. The temperature is applied from 25°C (room temperature) to −160°C. The element sizes of 0.5mm to 5.0mm were used in the FE model of the specimen. This investigation found that the ultimate tensile and yield stresses were increased with a slightly increased upon the fracture strain along with the decrease in temperature. Furthermore, the procedure of the tensile test and FE analysis are discussed in this paper.
Reports on the topic "All Risks Yield"
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Morais, Bernardo, Gaizka Ormazabal, José-Luis Peydró, Mónica Roa, and Miguel Sarmiento. Forward Looking Loan Provisions: Credit Supply and Risk-Taking. Banco de la República, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1159.
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We show corporate-level real, financial, and (bank) risk-taking effects associated with calculating loan provisions based on expected—rather than incurred—credit losses. For identification, we exploit unique features of a Colombian reform and supervisory, matched loan-level data. The regulatory change induces a dramatic increase in provisions. Banks tighten all new lending conditions, adversely affecting borrowing-firms, with stronger effects for risky-firms. Moreover, to minimize provisioning, more affected (less-capitalized) banks cut credit supply to risky-firms— SMEs with shorter credit history, less tangible assets or more defaulted loans—but engage in “search-for-yield” within regulatory constraints and increase portfolio concentration, thereby decreasing risk diversification.
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Baumgartner, Franz, Cyril Allenspach, Ebrar Özkalay, Matthew Berwind, Anna Heimsath, Christof Bucher, David Joss, et al. Performance of Partially Shaded PV Generators Operated by Optimized Power Electronics 2024. Edited by Ulrike Jahn. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, 2024. https://doi.org/10.69766/leof5152.
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Inhomogeneous shading on the PV generator leads to disproportionately high losses. As the potential of PV generation on roofs or façades is to be increasingly utilised in the coming decades, these cases will occur more frequently. The aim here is to provide an overview of the challenges and state-of-the-art technical solutions for partial shading. Current developments in PV engineering show that maximum performance lies in the combination between optimised module placement, the use of modules that are tolerant of shading and optimised power electronics. Shortly after the discovery of the solar cell, blocking or bypass diodes were used to solve the inhomogeneous currents of groups of solar cells arranged in series or parallel wiring. Even today, they are still the most efficient and robust solution for the majority of common shading PV applications. Due to the very high rated outputs of the solar modules and the presence of only three bypass diodes, high temperatures can occur on a locally shaded solar cell. This forces heat outputs of up to 200W or 100W in the butterfly module connection through the associated activated bypass diode, which must be dissipated by the most shaded cell. If additional small-area defects occur in this affected solar cell, hotspot peak temperatures can occur, which can lead to permanent damage to the module or the risk of fire. However, in order to prevent a third of the module output being lost in this case, four or more bypass diodes are now used in so-called shadow-tolerant PV modules. With a higher number of bypass diodes per module area, it is also possible to selectively bypass smaller, less efficient areas of the module, which leads to an increase in the module yield. The hotspot effects can also be comprehensively and robustly prevented by the small number of solar cells per bypass diode, provided the bypass diode is properly designed. The first manufacturers are beginning to place these shade-tolerant PV modules on the markets. Today, planners can also select different power electronics systems for the next step in system integration towards grid feed-in, i.e. the connection of the individual modules in the string. This is the classic series connection of all modules in the string to the input of the DC/AC string inverter (SINV), which leads to the highest yields for weak and medium shading. This applies, for example, to light shading with a chimney or a ventilation pipe, where no more than one tenth of the modules in the string are reached by the shade at the same time during the six hours around midday, even when using standard modules with only three bypass diodes. (see Table 1) With medium to heavy shading, the widely used DC/DC converters directly on the PV module (MLPE), often also called power optimisers, can be used profitably. However, the combination of shade-tolerant PV modules with conventional SINVs can often deliver comparable annual yields. However, if the optimisers are also used behind each module even with weak shading (allMLPE), they deliver less yield in total than the simple SINV, as their own DC/DC losses then have a negative impact compared to simple connectors. This only becomes apparent if the MLPE manufacturers' data sheet claims of 99% efficiency are not viable. The published measurements carried out in independent laboratories over the last four years are listed in this report, which suggest that losses are around 2% higher. As the differences in yield between the power electronics variants SINV and MLPE are usually less than four per cent in annual yield for light to medium shading, the above-mentioned real MLPE efficiency at the specific operating points plays the decisive role in planning the most efficient system. However, as the commercial PV software planning tools currently use these MLPE manufacturer specifications which are over estimated, no meaningful system comparison can be expected for these shading categories. In this report the results of annual simulations performed by some sophisticated simulation tools that take these real MLPE losses into account are discussed.
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Mirel, Lisa, Cindy Zhang, Christine Cox, Ye Yeats, Félix Suad El Burai, and Golden Cordell. Comparative analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey public-use and restricted-use linked mortality files. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:104744.
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"Objectives—Linking national survey data with administrative data sources enables researchers to conduct analyses that would not be possible with each data source alone. Recently, the Data Linkage Program at the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) released updated Linked Mortality Files, including the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data linked to the National Death Index mortality files. Two versions of the files were released: restricted-use files available through NCHS and Federal Statistical Research Data Centers and public-use files. To reduce the reidentification risk, statistical disclosure limitation methods were applied to the public-use files before they were released. This included limiting the amount of mortality information available and perturbing cause of death and follow-up time for select records. Methods—To assess the comparability of the restricted-use and public-use files, relative hazard ratios for all-cause and cause-specific mortality using Cox proportional hazards models were estimated and compared. Results—The comparative analysis found that the two data files yield similar descriptive and model results. Suggested citation: Mirel LB, Zhang C, Cox CS, Ye Y, El Burai Félix S, Golden C. Comparative analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey public-use and restricted-use linked mortality files. National Health Statistics Reports; no 155. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15620/cdc:104744. CS323656 nhsr155-508.pdf"
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Rogers, Roger, Dillon Clarke, and Mark D. Wenner. Guyana's PetroCaribe Rice Compensation Scheme Has Ended: Assessment and Policy Implications. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009276.
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The government of Guyana signed a rice compensation agreement with Venezuela in 2009 wherein Guyanese rice exports were accepted in partial payment for imports of Venezuelan oil. The agreement ended in November 2015 and was not renewed for 2016. The scheme had provided stimulus to the Guyanese rice sector, resulting in higher levels of investments in improved inputs and machinery, an expansion in area cultivated, higher levels of outputs, higher levels of exports, and increased employment. The main incentive was the payment of a market premium, averaging 20 percent greater than world price. Despite improvements in yields, the average cost of production for a metric ton of Guyanese rice has remained uncompetitive compared with other leading exporters of rice (US, India, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam), limiting export market diversification opportunities. Because the scheme ended, Guyana must now place all of its exportable surplus in alternative markets. Without dramatic reductions in the cost of production, Guyana's response strategy will be limited to searching for premium bilateral deals and improving value-added processing activities. At present, Cambodia and Myanmar are displacing Guyana's rice exports to the European Union market, and Vietnam has entered into a supply agreement with Haiti, one of Guyana's Caribbean Community markets. This paper assesses the implications of Guyana's vulnerability in this scenario and offers recommendations to assuage the risks of a sharp price reduction.
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โขวิฑูรกิจ, วีรพันธุ์, พัชญา บุญชยาอนันต์, and มงคลธิดา อัมพลเสถียร. รายงานฉบับสมบูรณ์ แผนงานวิจัยเพื่อองค์ความรู้ใหม่ทางวิทยาศาสตร์พื้นฐานและการประยุกต์ใช้ทางคลินิกในคนไข้ที่มีภาวะโรคอ้วนและโรคเบาหวาน. จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย, 2017. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2017.12.
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โรคเบาหวานชนิดที่ 2 และโรคอ้วนถือเป็นปัญหาสุขภาพเรื้อรังที่สำคัญทำให้เกิดภาวะทุพพลภาพตามมา ความชุกของโรคเบาหวานและโรคอ้วนนั้นยังมีแนวโน้มเพิ่มมากขึ้นเรื่อยๆ ปัจจัยทางสิ่งแวดล้อม เช่น อาหารการกิน การออกกำลังกาย การใช้ชีวิตประจำวัน มีผลต่อความเสี่ยงในการเกิดโรคเบาหวานและโรคอ้วน แบคทีเรียในลำไส้เป็นตัวเชื่อมระหว่างร่างกายมนุษย์และสิ่งแวดล้อม มีหลักฐานว่าแบคทีเรียในลำไส้นี้มีผลต่อระบบเมตะบอลิสมในร่างกายและการเปลี่ยนแปลงของแบคทีเรียในลำไส้สัมพันธ์กับการเกิดโรคเบาหวานและโรคอ้วน ในการศึกษานี้ ทำการตรวจหาประชากรแบคทีเรียในลำไส้ด้วยวิธี 16S metagenomic based next-generation sequencing (NGS) จากตัวอย่างอุจจาระของอาสาสมัครทั้งหมด 81 ราย โดยแบ่งเป็นทั้งหมด 4 กลุ่ม คือ ผู้ป่วยเบาหวานที่มีโรคอ้วน ผู้ป่วยเบาหวานที่มีน้ำหนักตัวปกติ กลุ่มควบคุมที่มีโรคอ้วน และกลุ่มควบคุมที่มีน้าหนักตัวปกติ ผลการวิเคราะห์ความอุดมสมบูรณ์ของแบคทีเรียใน 4 Phyla หลักจากตัวอย่างอุจจาระ คือ Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria และ Fusobacteria นั้น ไม่พบความแตกต่างในความอุดมสมบูรณ์ของประชากรแบคทีเรียในลำไส้ใน 4 Phyla หลักระหว่างอาสาสมัครทั้ง 4 กลุ่ม ซึ่งผลที่ได้แตกต่างจากการศึกษาก่อนหน้านี้ที่พบว่าสัดส่วนของแบคทีเรียในกลุ่ม Firmicutes ลดลงในกลุ่มเบาหวานและสัดส่วนของ Bacteroidetes ลดลงในคนที่มีโรคอ้วน ทั้งนี้ การวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมในการจัดกลุ่มของแบคทีเรียในระดับ family หรือ genus อาจให้ข้อมูลที่มีประโยชน์เพิ่มเติมได้Type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity are chronic diseases that can lead to increases in morbidity and mortality. Prevalence of diabetes and obesity is still on the rise. Environmental factors including diet, physical activity, and lifestyle may affect the risk of developing diabetes and obesity. Gut microbiota is considered to be a connection between human body and an environment. Several lines of evidence have shown that gut microbiota can influence human metabolism and may play a role in diabetes and obesity. In this study, we examined fecal microbiota using 16S metagenomic based next-generation sequencing (NGS). Stool samples were collected from 81 volunteers. Subjects were classified into 4 groups: obese diabetic, lean diabetic, obese control, and lean control. We found similar abundance levels of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria among all groups of subjects. The results are contrary to previous studies that have shown a decrease in Firmicutes in diabetes and a decrease in Bacteroidetes in obesity. Further analysis of microbiota at a family and genus levels may yield additional useful information.
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Saldanha, Ian J., Gaelen P. Adam, Ghid Kanaan, Michael L. Zahradnik, Dale W. Steele, Valery A. Danilack, Alex Friedman Peahl, Kenneth K. Chen, Alison M. Stuebe, and Ethan M. Balk. Postpartum Care up to 1 Year After Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer261.
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Objectives. This systematic review assesses postpartum care for individuals up to 1 year after pregnancy. We addressed two Key Questions (KQs) related to the comparative effectiveness and harms of: (1) alternative strategies for postpartum healthcare delivery and (2) extension of postpartum health insurance coverage. Data sources and review methods. We searched Medline®, Embase®, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL®, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to November 16, 2022, to identify comparative studies in the United States and Canada (for KQ 1) and in the United States (for KQ 2). We extracted study data into the Systematic Review Data Repository Plus (SRDR+; https://srdrplus.ahrq.gov). We assessed the risk of bias and evaluated the strength of evidence (SoE) using standard methods. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42022309756). Results. We included 50 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 14 nonrandomized comparative studies (NRCSs) for KQ 1 and 28 NRCSs for KQ 2. Risk of bias was moderate to high for most RCTs and all NRCSs. KQ 1: Regarding where healthcare is provided, for general postpartum care (6 studies), whether the visit is at home/by telephone or at the clinic may not impact depression or anxiety symptoms (low SoE). For breastfeeding care (8 studies), whether the initial visit is at home or at the pediatric clinic may not impact depression symptoms up to 6 months postpartum, anxiety symptoms up to 2 months, hospital readmission up to 3 months (summary relative risk [RR] 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.90 to 2.13; 4 studies), or other unplanned care utilization up to 2 months (low SoE, all outcomes). Regarding how care is provided, for general postpartum care (4 studies), integration of care (i.e., care provided by multiple types of providers) may not impact depression symptoms or substance use up to 1 year (low SoE). Regarding when care is provided, for contraceptive care (9 studies), compared with later contraception, earlier contraception start is probably associated with comparable continued IUD use at 3 and 6 months but greater implant use at 6 months (summary RR 1.36, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.64; 2 RCTs) (moderate SoE). Regarding who provides care, for breastfeeding care (19 studies), compared with no peer support, peer support is probably associated with higher rates of any breastfeeding at 1 month (summary effect size [ES] 1.13, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.24; 4 studies) and 3 to 6 months (summary ES 1.22, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.41; 4 studies) and of exclusive breastfeeding at 1 month (summary ES 1.10, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.19; 6 studies) but probably yields comparable rates of exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months and nonexclusive breastfeeding at 1 and 3 months (all moderate SoE). Compared with no lactation consultant, breastfeeding care by a lactation consultant is probably associated with higher rates of any breastfeeding at 6 months (summary ES 1.43, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.91; 3 studies) but not at 1 month or 3 months (all moderate SoE). Lactation consultant care may not be associated with rates of exclusive breastfeeding at 1 or 3 months (moderate SoE). Regarding coordination/management of care, provision of reminders for testing is probably associated with greater adherence to oral glucose tolerance testing up to 1 year postpartum but not random glucose testing or hemoglobin A1c testing (moderate SoE). Regarding use of information or communication technology (IT; 8 studies), IT use for breastfeeding care is probably associated with comparable rates of any breastfeeding at 3 months and 6 months and of exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months (all moderate SoE). Because of sparse evidence, inconsistent results, and/or the lack of reporting of prioritized outcomes, no conclusions related to interventions targeting healthcare providers are feasible (4 studies). KQ 2: Regarding health insurance (28 studies), more comprehensive health insurance is probably associated with greater attendance at postpartum visits (moderate SoE) and may be associated with fewer preventable readmissions and emergency room visits (low SoE). Conclusion. Most studies included in this systematic review enrolled predominantly healthy postpartum individuals. Researchers should therefore design studies that, either entirely or in part, enroll individuals at high risk of postpartum complications due to chronic conditions, pregnancy-related conditions, or incident or newly diagnosed conditions. New high-quality research is needed, especially for interventions targeting healthcare providers and the impact of more comprehensive or extended health insurance on postpartum health. Patient-reported outcomes, such as quality of life, should also be reported. Researchers should report separate data for various population subgroups, which could help close gaps in health outcomes among the races of postpartum individuals in the United States.
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Gurevitz, Michael, Michael E. Adams, Boaz Shaanan, Oren Froy, Dalia Gordon, Daewoo Lee, and Yong Zhao. Interacting Domains of Anti-Insect Scorpion Toxins and their Sodium Channel Binding Sites: Structure, Cooperative Interactions with Agrochemicals, and Application. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585190.bard.
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Integrated pest management in modern crop protection may combine chemical and biological insecticides, particularly due to the risks to the environment and livestock arising from the massive use of non-selective chemicals. Thus, there is a need for safer alternatives, which target insects more specifically. Scorpions produce anti-insect selective polypeptide toxins that are biodegradable and non-toxic to warm-blooded animals. Therefore, integration of these substances into insect pest control strategies is of major importance. Moreover, clarification of the molecular basis of this selectivity may provide valuable information pertinent to their receptor sites and to the future design of peptidomimetic anti-insect specific substances. These toxins may also be important for reducing the current overuse of chemical insecticides if they produce a synergistic effect with conventional pesticides. Based on these considerations, our major objectives were: 1) To elucidate the three-dimensional structure and toxic-site of scorpion excitatory, "depressant, and anti-insect alpha toxins. 2) To obtain an initial view to the sodium channel recognition sites of the above toxins by generating peptide decoys through a phage display system. 3) To investigate the synergism between toxins and chemical insecticides. Our approach was to develop a suitable expression system for toxin production in a recombinant form and for elucidation of toxin bioactive sites via mutagenesis. In parallel, the mode of action and synergistic effects of scorpion insecticidal toxins with pyrethroids were studied at the sodium channel level using electrophysiological methods. Objective 1 was achieved for the alpha toxin, LqhaIT Zilberberg et al., 1996, 1997; Tugarinov et al., 1997; Froy et al., 2002), and the excitatory toxin, Bj-xtrIT (Oren et al., 1998; Froy et al., 1999; unpublished data). The bioactive surface of the depressant toxin, LqhIT2, has been clarified and a crystal of the toxin is now being analyzed (unpublished). Objective 2 was not successful thus far as no phages that recognize the toxins were obtained. We therefore initiated recently an alternative approach, which is introduction of mutations into recombinant channels and creation of channel chimeras. Objective 3 was undertaken at Riverside and the results demonstrated synergism between LqhaIT or AaIT and pyrethroids (Lee et al., 2002). Furthermore, negative cross-resistance between pyrethroids and scorpion toxins (LqhaIT and AaIT) was demonstrated at the molecular level. Although our study did not yield a product, it paves the way for future design of selective pesticides by capitalizing on the natural competence of scorpion toxins to distinguish between sodium channels of insects and vertebrates. We also show that future application of anti-insect toxins may enable to decrease the amounts of chemical pesticides due to their synergism.
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Tuller, Markus, Asher Bar-Tal, Hadar Heller, and Michal Amichai. Optimization of advanced greenhouse substrates based on physicochemical characterization, numerical simulations, and tomato growth experiments. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600009.bard.
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Over the last decade there has been a dramatic shift in global agricultural practice. The increase in human population, especially in underdeveloped arid and semiarid regions of the world, poses unprecedented challenges to production of an adequate and economically feasible food supply to undernourished populations. Furthermore, the increased living standard in many industrial countries has created a strong demand for high-quality, out-of-season vegetables and fruits as well as for ornamentals such as cut and potted flowers and bedding plants. As a response to these imminent challenges and demands and because of a ban on methyl bromide fumigation of horticultural field soils, soilless greenhouse production systems are regaining increased worldwide attention. Though there is considerable recent empirical and theoretical research devoted to specific issues related to control and management of soilless culture production systems, a comprehensive approach that quantitatively considers all relevant physicochemical processes within the growth substrates is lacking. Moreover, it is common practice to treat soilless growth systems as static, ignoring dynamic changes of important physicochemical and hydraulic properties due to root and microbial growth that require adaptation of management practices throughout the growth period. To overcome these shortcomings, the objectives of this project were to apply thorough physicochemical characterization of commonly used greenhouse substrates in conjunction with state-of-the-art numerical modeling (HYDRUS-3D, PARSWMS) to not only optimize management practices (i.e., irrigation frequency and rates, fertigation, container size and geometry, etc.), but to also “engineer” optimal substrates by mixing organic (e.g., coconut coir) and inorganic (e.g., perlite, pumice, etc.) base substrates and modifying relevant parameters such as the particle (aggregate) size distribution. To evaluate the proposed approach under commercial production conditions, characterization and modeling efforts were accompanied by greenhouse experiments with tomatoes. The project not only yielded novel insights regarding favorable physicochemical properties of advanced greenhouse substrates, but also provided critically needed tools for control and management of containerized soilless production systems to provide a stress-free rhizosphere environment for optimal yields, while conserving valuable production resources. Numerical modeling results provided a more scientifically sound basis for the design of commercial greenhouse production trials and selection of adequate plant-specific substrates, thereby alleviating the risk of costly mistrials.
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Tipton, Kelley, Brian F. Leas, Emilia Flores, Christopher Jepson, Jaya Aysola, Jordana Cohen, Michael Harhay, et al. Impact of Healthcare Algorithms on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health and Healthcare. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer268.
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Objectives. To examine the evidence on whether and how healthcare algorithms (including algorithm-informed decision tools) exacerbate, perpetuate, or reduce racial and ethnic disparities in access to healthcare, quality of care, and health outcomes, and examine strategies that mitigate racial and ethnic bias in the development and use of algorithms. Data sources. We searched published and grey literature for relevant studies published between January 2011 and February 2023. Based on expert guidance, we determined that earlier articles are unlikely to reflect current algorithms. We also hand-searched reference lists of relevant studies and reviewed suggestions from experts and stakeholders. Review methods. Searches identified 11,500 unique records. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we screened and selected studies to assess one or both Key Questions (KQs): (1) the effect of algorithms on racial and ethnic disparities in health and healthcare outcomes and (2) the effect of strategies or approaches to mitigate racial and ethnic bias in the development, validation, dissemination, and implementation of algorithms. Outcomes of interest included access to healthcare, quality of care, and health outcomes. We assessed studies’ methodologic risk of bias (ROB) using the ROBINS-I tool and piloted an appraisal supplement to assess racial and ethnic equity-related ROB. We completed a narrative synthesis and cataloged study characteristics and outcome data. We also examined four Contextual Questions (CQs) designed to explore the context and capture insights on practical aspects of potential algorithmic bias. CQ 1 examines the problem’s scope within healthcare. CQ 2 describes recently emerging standards and guidance on how racial and ethnic bias can be prevented or mitigated during algorithm development and deployment. CQ 3 explores stakeholder awareness and perspectives about the interaction of algorithms and racial and ethnic disparities in health and healthcare. We addressed these CQs through supplemental literature reviews and conversations with experts and key stakeholders. For CQ 4, we conducted an in-depth analysis of a sample of six algorithms that have not been widely evaluated before in the published literature to better understand how their design and implementation might contribute to disparities. Results. Fifty-eight studies met inclusion criteria, of which three were included for both KQs. One study was a randomized controlled trial, and all others used cohort, pre-post, or modeling approaches. The studies included numerous types of clinical assessments: need for intensive care or high-risk care management; measurement of kidney or lung function; suitability for kidney or lung transplant; risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, lung cancer, prostate cancer, postpartum depression, or opioid misuse; and warfarin dosing. We found evidence suggesting that algorithms may: (a) reduce disparities (i.e., revised Kidney Allocation System, prostate cancer screening tools); (b) perpetuate or exacerbate disparities (e.g., estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] for kidney function measurement, cardiovascular disease risk assessments); and/or (c) have no effect on racial or ethnic disparities. Algorithms for which mitigation strategies were identified are included in KQ 2. We identified six types of strategies often used to mitigate the potential of algorithms to contribute to disparities: removing an input variable; replacing a variable; adding one or more variables; changing or diversifying the racial and ethnic composition of the patient population used to train or validate a model; creating separate algorithms or thresholds for different populations; and modifying the statistical or analytic techniques used by an algorithm. Most mitigation efforts improved proximal outcomes (e.g., algorithmic calibration) for targeted populations, but it is more challenging to infer or extrapolate effects on longer term outcomes, such as racial and ethnic disparities. The scope of racial and ethnic bias related to algorithms and their application is difficult to quantify, but it clearly extends across the spectrum of medicine. Regulatory, professional, and corporate stakeholders are undertaking numerous efforts to develop standards for algorithms, often emphasizing the need for transparency, accountability, and representativeness. Conclusions. Algorithms have been shown to potentially perpetuate, exacerbate, and sometimes reduce racial and ethnic disparities. Disparities were reduced when race and ethnicity were incorporated into an algorithm to intentionally tackle known racial and ethnic disparities in resource allocation (e.g., kidney transplant allocation) or disparities in care (e.g., prostate cancer screening that historically led to Black men receiving more low-yield biopsies). It is important to note that in such cases the rationale for using race and ethnicity was clearly delineated and did not conflate race and ethnicity with ancestry and/or genetic predisposition. However, when algorithms include race and ethnicity without clear rationale, they may perpetuate the incorrect notion that race is a biologic construct and contribute to disparities. Finally, some algorithms may reduce or perpetuate disparities without containing race and ethnicity as an input. Several modeling studies showed that applying algorithms out of context of original development (e.g., illness severity scores used for crisis standards of care) could perpetuate or exacerbate disparities. On the other hand, algorithms may also reduce disparities by standardizing care and reducing opportunities for implicit bias (e.g., Lung Allocation Score for lung transplantation). Several mitigation strategies have been shown to potentially reduce the contribution of algorithms to racial and ethnic disparities. Results of mitigation efforts are highly context specific, relating to unique combinations of algorithm, clinical condition, population, setting, and outcomes. Important future steps include increasing transparency in algorithm development and implementation, increasing diversity of research and leadership teams, engaging diverse patient and community groups in the development to implementation lifecycle, promoting stakeholder awareness (including patients) of potential algorithmic risk, and investing in further research to assess the real-world effect of algorithms on racial and ethnic disparities before widespread implementation.
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Shani, Uri, Lynn Dudley, Alon Ben-Gal, Menachem Moshelion, and Yajun Wu. Root Conductance, Root-soil Interface Water Potential, Water and Ion Channel Function, and Tissue Expression Profile as Affected by Environmental Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592119.bard.
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Constraints on water resources and the environment necessitate more efficient use of water. The key to efficient management is an understanding of the physical and physiological processes occurring in the soil-root hydraulic continuum.While both soil and plant leaf water potentials are well understood, modeled and measured, the root-soil interface where actual uptake processes occur has not been sufficiently studied. The water potential at the root-soil interface (yᵣₒₒₜ), determined by environmental conditions and by soil and plant hydraulic properties, serves as a boundary value in soil and plant uptake equations. In this work, we propose to 1) refine and implement a method for measuring yᵣₒₒₜ; 2) measure yᵣₒₒₜ, water uptake and root hydraulic conductivity for wild type tomato and Arabidopsis under varied q, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels in the root zone; 3) verify the role of MIPs and ion channels response to q, K⁺ and Na⁺ levels in Arabidopsis and tomato; 4) study the relationships between yᵣₒₒₜ and root hydraulic conductivity for various crops representing important botanical and agricultural species, under conditions of varying soil types, water contents and salinity; and 5) integrate the above to water uptake term(s) to be implemented in models. We have made significant progress toward establishing the efficacy of the emittensiometer and on the molecular biology studies. We have added an additional method for measuring ψᵣₒₒₜ. High-frequency water application through the water source while the plant emerges and becomes established encourages roots to develop towards and into the water source itself. The yᵣₒₒₜ and yₛₒᵢₗ values reflected wetting and drying processes in the rhizosphere and in the bulk soil. Thus, yᵣₒₒₜ can be manipulated by changing irrigation level and frequency. An important and surprising finding resulting from the current research is the obtained yᵣₒₒₜ value. The yᵣₒₒₜ measured using the three different methods: emittensiometer, micro-tensiometer and MRI imaging in both sunflower, tomato and corn plants fell in the same range and were higher by one to three orders of magnitude from the values of -600 to -15,000 cm suggested in the literature. We have added additional information on the regulation of aquaporins and transporters at the transcript and protein levels, particularly under stress. Our preliminary results show that overexpression of one aquaporin gene in tomato dramatically increases its transpiration level (unpublished results). Based on this information, we started screening mutants for other aquaporin genes. During the feasibility testing year, we identified homozygous mutants for eight aquaporin genes, including six mutants for five of the PIP2 genes. Including the homozygous mutants directly available at the ABRC seed stock center, we now have mutants for 11 of the 19 aquaporin genes of interest. Currently, we are screening mutants for other aquaporin genes and ion transporter genes. Understanding plant water uptake under stress is essential for the further advancement of molecular plant stress tolerance work as well as for efficient use of water in agriculture. Virtually all of Israel’s agriculture and about 40% of US agriculture is made possible by irrigation. Both countries face increasing risk of water shortages as urban requirements grow. Both countries will have to find methods of protecting the soil resource while conserving water resources—goals that appear to be in direct conflict. The climate-plant-soil-water system is nonlinear with many feedback mechanisms. Conceptual plant uptake and growth models and mechanism-based computer-simulation models will be valuable tools in developing irrigation regimes and methods that maximize the efficiency of agricultural water. This proposal will contribute to the development of these models by providing critical information on water extraction by the plant that will result in improved predictions of both water requirements and crop yields. Plant water use and plant response to environmental conditions cannot possibly be understood by using the tools and language of a single scientific discipline. This proposal links the disciplines of soil physics and soil physical chemistry with plant physiology and molecular biology in order to correctly treat and understand the soil-plant interface in terms of integrated comprehension. Results from the project will contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the SPAC and will inspire continued multidisciplinary research.