Relevant bibliographies by topics / All types of parallelism

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Academic literature on the topic 'All types of parallelism'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "All types of parallelism"

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Betten, Anton, Stela Topalova, and Svetlana Zhelezova. "New Uniform Subregular Parallelisms of PG(3, 4) Invariant under an Automorphism of Order 2." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 20, no. 6 (2020): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cait-2020-0057.

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Abstract A spread in PG(n, q) is a set of lines which partition the point set. A parallelism is a partition of the set of lines by spreads. A parallelism is uniform if all its spreads are isomorphic. Up to isomorphism, there are three spreads of PG(3, 4) – regular, subregular and aregular. Therefore, three types of uniform parallelisms are possible. In this work, we consider uniform parallelisms of PG(3, 4) which possess an automorphism of order 2. We establish that there are no regular parallelisms, and that there are 8253 nonisomorphic subregular parallelisms. Together with the parallelisms known before this work, this yields a total of 8623 known subregular parallelisms of PG(3, 4).
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Refenes, Apostolos N. "Parallelism in knowledge-based machines." Knowledge Engineering Review 4, no. 1 (1989): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888900004744.

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AbstractThe application area of knowledge-based expert systems is currently providing the main stimulus for developing powerful, parallel computer architectures. Languages for programming knowledge-based applications divide into four broad classes: Functional languages (e.g. LISP), Logic languages (e.g. PROLOG), Rule-Based languages (e.g. OPS5), and, what we refer to as self-organizing networks (e.g. BOLTZMANN machines).Despite their many differences, a common problem for all language classes and their supporting machine architectures is parallelism: how to de-compose a single computation into a number of parallel tasks that can be distributed across an ensemble of processors. The aim of this paper is to review the four types of language for programming knowledge-based expert systems, and their supporting parallel machine architectures. In doing so we analyze the concepts and relationships that exist between the programming languages and their parallel machine architectures in terms of their strengths and limitations for exploiting parallelization.
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Hartman, Jeremy. "The Semantic Uniformity of Traces: Evidence from Ellipsis Parallelism." Linguistic Inquiry 42, no. 3 (2011): 367–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00050.

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This article presents an argument from ellipsis parallelism that traces of all types of movement receive a bound variable interpretation at LF. MaxElide, a constraint on ellipsis, is used to probe the size of parallelism domains and detect the semantic contribution of a variety of traces. The data examined reveal a detailed interaction between wh-movement from various positions, T-to-C movement, and movement of subjects. I offer an analysis based on the overlapping variable-binder relationships created by these movements. The theoretical conclusion is that Ā-, A-, and head movement all produce traces that feed interpretation. This conclusion argues directly against several proposals that deprive non-Ā movements of (certain) semantic effects—for example, proposals that head movement occurs at PF, or that A-movement does not leave traces.
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Cho, Jaechan, Yongchul Jung, Seongjoo Lee, and Yunho Jung. "Reconfigurable Binary Neural Network Accelerator with Adaptive Parallelism Scheme." Electronics 10, no. 3 (2021): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10030230.

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Binary neural networks (BNNs) have attracted significant interest for the implementation of deep neural networks (DNNs) on resource-constrained edge devices, and various BNN accelerator architectures have been proposed to achieve higher efficiency. BNN accelerators can be divided into two categories: streaming and layer accelerators. Although streaming accelerators designed for a specific BNN network topology provide high throughput, they are infeasible for various sensor applications in edge AI because of their complexity and inflexibility. In contrast, layer accelerators with reasonable resources can support various network topologies, but they operate with the same parallelism for all the layers of the BNN, which degrades throughput performance at certain layers. To overcome this problem, we propose a BNN accelerator with adaptive parallelism that offers high throughput performance in all layers. The proposed accelerator analyzes target layer parameters and operates with optimal parallelism using reasonable resources. In addition, this architecture is able to fully compute all types of BNN layers thanks to its reconfigurability, and it can achieve a higher area–speed efficiency than existing accelerators. In performance evaluation using state-of-the-art BNN topologies, the designed BNN accelerator achieved an area–speed efficiency 9.69 times higher than previous FPGA implementations and 24% higher than existing VLSI implementations for BNNs.
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Spurrett, David. "Common Currencies, Multiple Systems and Risk Cognition: Evolutionary Trade-offs and the Problem of Efficient Choices." Journal of Cognition and Culture 16, no. 5 (2016): 436–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12342187.

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There is an enduring tension in thinking about the architecture of systems that select behaviours, including evolved organisms. One line of reasoning supports convergence in control systems and conversion of the values of all options into a common currency, in part because this seems the best or only way of trading off costs and benefits associated with outcomes of varying types. A competing consideration supports parallelism or other forms of fragmentation, because of inefficiencies associated with integration, and suspicion towards general-purpose cognitive systems. In addition, recent neuroscience has given particular attention to the question of how partly independent ‘habit based’ and ‘planning based’ decision-systems might interact. The issues here are, at least in part, a special case of the more general integration versus parallelism tension. This tension provides a useful framework for thinking about the implementation of different kinds of sensitivity to risks of various types, the variety of mechanisms by means of which risk sensitivity might be modulated, and how risk might be traded off against other components of value or disincentive. I describe the tension, briefly survey some of the relevant empirical evidence, and conclude with tentative observations on the topic of risk.
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Devos, Anastasiia. "STILISTIC FEATURES OF FRENCH SOCIAL ADVERTISING." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 10(78) (2020): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-10(78)-153-155.

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The article is devoted to the study of social advertising as a special kind of French advertising discourse, namely to identify the basic stylistic means inherent in advertising discourse. Particular attention was paid to identifying characteristic stylistic figures and defining their functions in social advertising. It is worth noting that the discourse of French social advertising is most characterized by the use of such rhetorical figures as syntactic parallelism, antithesis, repetition, play of words, rhetorical questions and rhyme. Among all the above stylistic figures, the most common in social advertising is syntactic parallelism, which is simultaneously accompanied by different types of repetitions. Another stylistic tool that is also quite common in French social advertising texts is the antithesis. As has been demonstrated in the previous examples, antithesis is usually accompanied by syntactic parallelism, which is built on contrasts and oppositions of certain concepts. Another stylistic technique that is very characteristic of the discourse of French social advertising is the play of words. Advertisers often refer to this rhetorical tool because the use of wordplay renders the advertisement more original, gives it luminance and sometimes even ironic sound. We would like to emphasise that through a system of artistic imagery, linguistic and stylistic means, advertising posters highlight what excites contemporary society and offer ways to solve pressing societal problems.
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Karasiński, Artur. "Albańskie odczasownikowe derywaty przymiotnikowe." Slavia Meridionalis 10 (August 31, 2015): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sm.2010.010.

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Albanian adjective derivatives derived from verbsThe aim of this article is the analysis of the Albanian adjective derivatives which are derived from verbs. The main assumption made by the author is the existence of structural isomorphism (parallelism in language elements system in which structuring of one level parallels or is made to parallel that of another) between the structure of the derivative and the structure of the sentence. The proposed model of the analysis is directed from content to form. All examined adjective derivatives derived from verbs are being analyzed with their noun context which displays their semantic structure. Nominal phrases containing adjective derivatives are interpreted as the representation of predicate–argument structures. The kind of relation between defined noun and derivational base of the adjective is a criterion of the division of Albanian adjective derivatives derived from verbs. These main types of relations are:relation in which the base of an adjective represents basic predicate;relation in which the base of an adjective represents additional predicate.Classes which are the results of the main division are the subject to detailed description.
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Al-Badi, A. H., and H. M. Al-Rizzo. "Simulation of Electromagnetic Coupling on Pipelines close to Overhead Transmission Lines: A Parametric Study." Journal of Communications Software and Systems 1, no. 2 (2017): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v1i2.309.

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Electromagnetic interference effects caused by electric power lines on neighboring metallic utilities such as water, gas or oil pipelines became a major concern due tosignificant increase in the load and short circuit current levels needed to satisfy the load requirements. Another reason for increased interference levels originates from the environmental concerns, which impose on various utilities the obligation to share common corridors. This paper presents three different scenarios of a pipeline in which all types of electromagnetic interferences (coupling) will be investigated and their effects on the pipeline will be predicted. The level of the calculated voltage, owing to each type of coupling, depends on different factors (voltage level, length of parallelism, separation distance, soil resistivity, load current magnitude and pipeline coating). The effects of these factors are discussed; some factors such as the fault current level, separation distance and soil resistivities are found to exhibit a large influence on the pipeline voltage. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the comprehensive analyses presented in this paper considering all types of interferences have not yet been publishedelsewhere.
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Diessel, Holger. "The relationship between demonstratives and interrogatives." Studies in Language 27, no. 3 (2003): 635–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.27.3.06die.

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This paper examines two types of expressions that seem to exist in all languages, demonstratives and interrogatives. Based on a representative sample of 100 languages it is shown that demonstratives and interrogatives have some striking features in common. They cross-cut the boundaries of several word classes and encode the same semantic features: person, thing, place, direction, manner, time, and amount. It is the central hypothesis of this study that the crosslinguistic parallelism between demonstratives and interrogatives is motivated by their pragmatic functions: both initiate a search for information that is guided by their semantic and syntactic features. Further, it is argued that demonstratives and interrogatives have a special status in language. Although both types of expressions are commonly considered grammatical markers, they do not serve an ordinary grammatical function. Grammatical markers organize the information flow in the ongoing discourse, whereas basic demonstratives and interrogatives are immediately concerned with the speaker-hearer interaction.
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Ehrig, Hartmut, Annegret Habel, and Barry K. Rosen. "Concurrent Transformations of Relational Structures." Fundamenta Informaticae 9, no. 1 (1986): 13–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-1986-9103.

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This paper provides a common framework to study transformations of structures ranging from all kinds of graphs to relational data structures. Transformations of structures can be used as derivations of graphs in the sense of graph grammars, as update of relations in the sense of relational data bases, or even as operations on data structures in the sense of abstract data types. The main aim of the paper is to construct parallel and concurrent transformations from given sequential ones and to study sequentializability properties of complex transformations. The main results are three fundamental theorems concerning parallelism, concurrency and decomposition of transformations of structures. On one hand these results can be considered as a contribution to the study of con currency in graph grammars and on the other hand as a formal framework for consistent concurrent update of relational structures.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "All types of parallelism"

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Chenini, Hanen. "A rapid design methodology for generating of parallel image processing applications and parallel architectures for smart camera." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22459.

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Dû à la complexité des algorithmes de traitement d’images récents et dans le but d'accélérer la procédure de la conception des MPSoCs, méthodologies de prototypage rapide sont nécessaires pour fournir différents choix pour le programmeur de générer des programmes parallèles efficaces. Ce manuscrit présente les travaux menés pour proposer une méthodologie de prototypage rapide permettant la conception des architectures MPSOC ainsi que la génération automatique de système matériel / logiciel dédié un circuit reprogrammable (FPGA). Pour faciliter la programmation parallèle, l'approche MPSoC proposée est basée sur l’utilisation de Framework « CubeGen » qui permet la génération des différentes solutions envisageables pour réaliser des prototypes dans le domaine du traitement d’image. Ce document décrit une méthode basée sur le concept des squelettes générés en fonction des caractéristiques d'application afin d'exploiter tous les types de parallélisme des algorithmes réels. Un ensemble d’expérimentations utilisant des algorithmes courants permet d’évaluer les performances du flot de conception proposé équivalente à une architecture basé des processeurs hardcore et les solutions traditionnels basé sur cibles ASIC<br>Due to the complexity of image processing algorithms and the restrictions imposed by MPSoC designs to reach their full potentials, automatic design methodologies are needed to provide guidance for the programmer to generate efficient parallel programs. In this dissertation, we present a MPSoC-based design methodology solution supporting automatic design space exploration, automatic performance evaluation, as well as automatic hardware/software system generation. To facilitate the parallel programming, the presented MPSoC approach is based on a CubeGen framework that permits the expression of different scenarios for architecture and algorithmic design exploring to reach the desired level of performance, resulting in short time development. The generated design could be implemented in a FPGA technology with an expected improvement in application performance and power consumption. Starting from the application, we have evolved our effective methodology to provide several parameterizable algorithmic skeletons in the face of varying application characteristics to exploit all types of parallelism of the real algorithms. Implementing such applications on our parallel embedded system shows that our advanced methods achieve increased efficiency with respect to the computational and communication requirements. The experimental results demonstrate that the designed multiprocessing architecture can be programmed efficiently and also can have an equivalent performance to a more powerful designs based hard-core processors and better than traditional ASIC solutions which are too slow and too expensive
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Gorman, Adam M. "Integral recovery| A case study of an AQAL [all-quadrants, all-levels, all-lines, all-states, all-types] approach to addiction treatment." Thesis, John F. Kennedy University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3598426.

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<p> Addiction to drugs and alcohol is at an all time high. Billions are being spent annually on this epidemic with minimal success (Califano, 2007). Research indicates that drug and alcohol abuse/addiction is one of the major contributing causes to mental health problems (Fletcher, 2013; Sheff, 2013). The purpose of this inquiry is to understand the experience of one client in Integral Recovery (IR). The experience of this client was interpreted through an AQAL lens. Additionally this study used a phenomenological design, the researcher interviewed one client of IR, his mother, and one staff member who regularly worked with the client over the course of three months. After careful analysis of these interviews five key themes related to the IR treatment model emerged: 1) Practices and Structure 2) Obstacles to Recovery 3) Values Integral Recovery 4) Relatedness 5) Optimism. Interview results provided an additional perspective on the experience of an IR client in primary treatment. Future research might consider a longitudinal study with more participants to better understand the success rates of individuals who use IR interventions as their primary means of drug and alcohol treatment.</p>
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Thévenet, Sarah. "General approach for the application of Supramolecular NanoStamping (SuNS) to surfaces of all types." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39925.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2007.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-83).<br>To novel ideas must correspond novel fabrication techniques, that enable the transfer of technologies from laboratories to the market. The success of microelectronics for example can not be separated from the success of the revolutionary manufacturing technology that has fed its expansion. The same is now true for nano- and biotechnologies that, to a large extent, have yet to find the technologies that will best answer their processing needs. The question is to find an approach that will enable the production of devices with the required resolution, complexity and versatility, together with the necessary reliability and potential for high-throughput. Supramolecular NanoStamping (SuNS), a DNA based lithography technique developed in our group, is trying to answer to this set of requirements. In this thesis, I present a new development in this lithography technique, expanding its application to a broad new range of substrates in a substrate-independent fashion. This work, which I conducted during the course of my master, proves the ability of SuNS to adapt to very diverse environments and applications.<br>by Sarah Thévenet.<br>S.M.
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Östlund, Johan. "Language Constructs for Safe Parallel Programming on Multi-Cores." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Datalogi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-266795.

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The last decade has seen the transition from single-core processors to multi-cores and many-cores. This move has by and large shifted the responsibility from chip manufacturers to programmers to keep up with ever-increasing expectations on performance. In the single-core era, improvements in hardware capacity could immediately be leveraged by an application: faster machine - faster program. In the age of the multi-cores, this is no longer the case. Programs must be written in specific ways to utilize available parallel hardware resources. Programming language support for concurrent and parallel programming is poor in most popular object-oriented programming languages. Shared memory, threads and locks is the most common concurrency model provided. Threads and locks are hard to understand, error-prone and inflexible; they break encapsulation - the very foundation of the object-oriented approach. This makes it hard to break large complex problems into smaller pieces which can be solved independently and composed to make a whole. Ubiquitous parallelism and object-orientation, seemingly, do not match. Actors, or active objects, have been proposed as a concurrency model better fit for object-oriented programming than threads and locks. Asynchronous message passing between actors each with a logical thread of control preserves encapsulation as objects themselves decide when messages are executed. Unfortunately most implementations of active objects do not prevent sharing of mutable objects across actors. Sharing, whether on purpose or by accident, exposes objects to multiple threads of control, destroying object encapsulation. In this thesis we show techniques for compiler-enforced isolation of active objects, while allowing sharing and zero-copy communication of mutable data in the cases where it is safe to do so. We also show how the same techniques that enforce isolation can be utilized internal to an active object to allow data race-free parallel message processing and data race-free structured parallel computations. This overcomes the coarse-grained nature of active object parallelism without compromising safety.<br>UPMARC
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Olivares, Yvonne. "Are all groups created equal? What role do different types of groups play in changing aspirations?" Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1187036098.

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Pillay, Shavani. "Evaluation of reporting all types of adverse drug reactions by parents of children younger than 18 years in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6602.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc<br>Introduction: Medicines are created with the intention of helping patients but may be harmful to the patient by causing adverse reactions. The effect of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) on patients has become more evident over the last two decades and reporting of ADRs in South Africa is low. This results in many patients, particularly children, potentially being exposed to medicinal products with an uncertain safety profile. Due to parents’ typical caring and protective role, they could play a part in detecting and reporting ADRs in children, thereby contributing to making safer medicines available to children. Aim: This research study evaluated the awareness and knowledge in South Africa of parental reporting of suspected ADRs in their children. Method: A quantitative descriptive study was conducted based on an anonymous web-based self-administered questionnaire that was distributed through Facebook® and LinkedIn™ to parents in South Africa. The questionnaire, which was distributed between July 2018 and August 2018, was standardized for all participants and consisted of closed (n=28) and open-ended (n=4) questions. The questions were coded, data was analysed using descriptive statistics (percentage and frequency counts). Associations between categorical demographic variables were determined using the Pearson Chi-square test. Results: The questionnaire was voluntarily completed by 206 participants. Majority of the respondents were female (n=155, 75.2%) and the most relevant age category for all respondents was 31-40 years (n=100, 48.5%). The majority of participants (n=146, 70.9%) were aware of the term ADR and significant associations between awareness of ADRs and ethnicity, marital status, education level, medical aid and access to general medical services were found. Being white (p<0.001), having a degree (p=0.001) and having private medical aid (p=0.004) were independently associated with being significantly more aware of the term ADR compared to being black (p<0.001), coloured (p=0.004), a single parent (p=0.003), not finishing school (p<0.001), having matriculated (p<0.001), having no private medical aid (p=0.004) and receiving general medical services from public clinics (p = 0.003).
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Cook, Shaun P. "Are All Sources Equal? Examining the Roles of Aging and the Frontal Lobes on Multiple Types of Source Memory Using a Repeated-Measures Design." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195539.

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This paper reports a series of experiments designed to compare memory for multiple kinds of source information in young and older adults. The older adults in these studies were classified as having well or poorly functioning frontal lobes. In EXPERIMENTS 1-3, three different sources that provided independent cues to item information were examined using a repeated-measures design. In particular, participants' memory for voice source information, spatial source information, and temporal source information was tested in separate blocks. The results indicated that the performance of both young and older adults depended upon the type of source tested: Voice source memory was superior to spatial source and temporal source memory, which did not differ. There was also an age effect that was mediated by frontal functioning. Only the low frontal older adults showed impairments in source memory. High frontal older adults were equivalent to young. In EXPERIMENT 4, sources that provided redundant cues to item information were investigated. Voice sources and spatial sources were perfectly matched during encoding such that Voice A always came from Location 1 and Voice B always came from Location 2. When sources provided redundant information in this manner, young and high frontal older adults improved their spatial source memory by making use of redundant voice information, whereas the low frontal older adults not only performed more poorly than both young and high frontal older adults, but were unable to benefit from the redundancy. No differences in item memory were found. The findings were interpreted in terms of the executive and working memory functions involved in the integration of various contextual elements of an experience with its content.
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Hofmeyr, Melanie Kemp. "Modified simplification of HDM-4 methodology for the calculation of vehicle operating cost to incorporate terrain and expanded to all vehicle types for use in the Western Cape context F HDM-4 METHODOLOGY FOR THE CALCULATION OF VEHICLE OPERATING COST TO INCORPORATE TERRAIN AND EXPANDED TO ALL VEHICLE TYPES FOR USE IN THE WESTERN CAPE CONTEXT." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96824.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION The Western Cape Government (WCG) uses Vehicle Operating Cost (VOC) as part of their Road Management System since 1992. VOC is used in the process of prioritisation of maintenance projects as well as for the identification of economically viable maintenance strategies and is thus an integral part of the system. In 2001 changes to the VOC calculation methodology in the system to Highway Development and Management (HDM-4) system methodology occurred. The reasons were twofold – to bring the calculation method in line with world trends and due to lack of updated cost factors used in the previous methodology. In October 2001 a model was implemented with riding quality (IRI) as independent variable. This model was partly based on regression table data. As no geometric/topography data, defined as Terrain data, was available at this stage, Terrain was ignored. In 2006 WCG Systems were updated with Global Positioning System (GPS) data and a process to classify or categorise Terrain was initiated, thus providing the opportunity to include Terrain. As part of the redevelopment to include Terrain, it was decided to re-evaluate the vehicle fleet. METHODOLOGY Various alternative methods to develop the Modified Simplification equations were available and evaluated, e.g. regression or direct mathematical substitution. HDM-4 requires the input of Vehicle Type dependent cost parameters that is based on real vehicles. The WCG required that changes to these dependent parameters is feasible, so that they can be updated periodically. A set of equations therefore needed to be developed, allowing the input of Vehicle Type dependent parameters and the subsequent calculation of VOC with riding quality (IRI) as independent variable. This renders the use of regression analysis untenable. Composition of the vehicle fleet on each road section is required to utilise HDM-4 for analyses. In order to simplify calculations, different traffic strata was defined, i.e. Business, Commuter, Rural and General. In the evaluation of the Vehicle it is this strata and data from permanent counting stations that is used to compile a Vehicle fleet. MODEL DEVELOPMENT The Modified Simplification to include Terrain results in 48 combinations of Vehicle Type, Surface Type and Terrain Type for the basic equation of VOC. VOC = TCav + PARTSCOST + LABOURCOST +DEPCSTav ( )´ Length of road segment 1000 +(FuelCostav +OilCostav )´ Length of road segment av TC -Tyre Cost PARTSCOST -Parts Cost LABOURCOST - Labour Cost av DEPCST - Depreciation Cost av FuelCost -Fuel Cost av OilCost - Oil Cost The variables in VOC are defined by a couple of equations. For explanatory purposes a numeric example is presented. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The implementation of this Modified Simplification has assisted not only the WCG, but also other entities, that also use the VOC (published annually) based on these principles. Interested parties have the option to include Terrain in their implementation. Caution should be taken when using the Modified Simplification, as it is important that the principles used to simplify HDM-4 apply to the implementation and the business rules of the Management system of the user. The current development will not require a redevelopment due to any vehicle fleet change in future as the decision to simplify all defined Vehicle Types in HDM-4 allows the new fleet to be updated. Recommendation for further research and development include: • Standalone function that is already considered by the WCG • Investigating Published Vehicle data • Economic vehicle data for use in specific applications<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: INLEIDING Sedert 1992 gebruik die Wes-Kaapse Regering (WCG) voertuiggebruikskoste (VOC) as deel van hul Plaveisel Bestuurstelsels. VOC word gebruik in die proses van prioritisering van die instandhoudingprojekte sowel as vir die identifisering van ekonomies-vatbare instandhouding-strategieë en is dus 'n integrale deel van die stelsel. In 2001 is daar besluit om oor te skakel na die berekeningsmetode van Highway Development and Management (HDM-4). Die redes was tweeledig – om die berekeningsmetode in lyn met die wêreld tendense te bring; en as gevolg van 'n gebrek aan opgedateerde koste-faktore in die voorheen-gebruikte metode. In Oktober 2001 is 'n VOC-model, met rygehalte (IRI) as onafhanklike veranderlike geïmplementeer. Hierdie model was gedeeltelik gebaseer op regressie tabel data. Aangesien daar geen geometriese/topografiese data (gedefiniëer as terreindata) beskikbaar was nie, is die terrein geïgnoreer. In 2006 is WCG Stelsels opgedateer met Globale Positionering Stelsel (GPS) data en 'n proses om terrein te klassifiseer is van stapel gestuur. Deur die verandering in beskikbare data, is die geleentheid om terrein in te sluit in die VOC model geskep. As deel van die insluiting van herontwikkeling om terrein in te sluit, is daar besluit om die voertuigvloot te her-evalueer. METODOLOGIE Verskeie alternatiewe metodes om die Gewysigde Vereenvoudiging-vergelykings te ontwikkel was beskikbaar en is geëvalueer, bv. regressie of direkte wiskundige vervanging en vereenvoudiging. HDM-4 se voertuigafhanklike koste-parameters is op werklike voertuie gebaseer. Die WCG het vereis dat hierdie afhanklike parameters veranderbaar moet wees, sodat hulle dit van tyd tot tyd kan opdateer. Dit was dus nodig om 'n stel vergelykings te ontwikkel met die tipe voertuigkosteafhanklike parameters as insette. Verder moes alle vergelykings weer in terme van rygehalte wees. Dit maak die gebruik van regressie-analise ononderhoubaar. Samestelling van die voertuigvloot op elke padseksie is 'n vereiste om HDM-4 aan te wend vir ontledingsdoeleindes. Ten einde berekeninge te vereenvoudig is verskillende verkeerstrata gedefinieer, naamlik Besigheid, Pendel, Landelik en Algemeen. In die evaluering van die Voertuig is dit hierdie strata en data uit permanente telstasies wat gebruik word om 'n voertuigvloot saam te stel. MODELONTWIKKELING Die Gemodifiseerde Vereenvoudiging, insluitend terrein, het 48 kombinasies van tipe voertuig, oppervlak en terrein vir die basiese vergelyking van VOC: VOC = TCav + PARTSCOST + LABOURCOST +DEPCSTav ( )´ Length of road segment 1000 +(FuelCostav +OilCostav )´ Length of road segment TCav - Bandkoste; PARTSCOST - Onderdele-koste; LABOURCOST - Arbeidskoste; av FuelCost - Brandstofkoste; av DEPCST - Waardeverminderingskoste; av OilCost - Oliekoste Die veranderlikes in VOC word gedefinieer deur 'n paar vergelykings. Vir verduidelikende doeleindes word 'n numeriese voorbeeld ingesluit. GEVOLGTREKKING EN AANBEVELING Die implementering van hierdie Gewysigde Vereenvoudiging het nie net die WCG nie, maar ook ander entiteite wat ook die VOC (jaarliks gepubliseer) gebruik, bygestaan. Belangstellendes het die opsie om die terrein in hul implementering in te sluit. Dit is belangrik om ag te slaan op die beginsels wat gebruik is om HDM-4 te vereenvoudig tesame met die besigheidsreëls van die Gewysigde Vereenvoudiging, indien dit gebruik word. Die huidige model vereis nie 'n herontwikkeling as gevolg van enige voertuigvloot verandering in die toekoms nie. As gevolg van die besluit om alle gedefinieerde tipes voertuig te vereenvoudig, kan die voertuigvloot keuse net in die stelsel opgedateer word. Aanbeveling vir verdere navorsing en ontwikkeling sluit in: • Alleenstaande funksie wat reeds deur die WCG beskou word • Ondersoek Gepubliseerde Voertuig data • Gebruik van Ekonomiese voertuigdata vir sekere toepassings
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Mazidi, Mohsen, Dimitri P. Mikhailidis, Naveed Sattar, et al. "Association of types of dietary fats and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of prospective studies with 1,148,117 participants." Churchill Livingstone, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/652188.

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Background: Associations between dietary fats and mortality are unclear. Methods: We evaluated the relationship between quartiles of total fat, mono-unsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA) and saturated fatty acid (SFA) consumption, and all-cause, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and type 2 diabetes (T2D)-associated mortality in 24,144 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 1999–2010. We added our results to a meta-analysis based on searches until November 2018. Results: In fully adjusted Cox-proportional hazard models in our prospective study, there was an inverse association between total fat (HR: 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.82, 0.99, Q4 vs Q1) and PUFA (0.81, 0.78–0.84) consumption and all-cause mortality, whereas SFA were associated with the increased mortality (1.08, 1.04–1.11). In the meta-analysis of 29 prospective cohorts (n = 1,148,117) we found a significant inverse association between total fat (0.89, 0.82–0.97), MUFA (0.93, 0.87–0.99) and PUFA (0.86, 0.80–0.93) consumption and all-cause mortality. No association was observed between total fat and CVD (0.92, 0.79–1.08) or CHD mortality (1.03 0.99–1.09). A significant association between SFA intake and CHD mortality (1.10, 1.01–1.20) was observed. Neither MUFA nor PUFA were associated with CVD or CHD mortality. Inverse associations were observed between MUFA (0.80, 0.67–0.96) and PUFA (0.84, 0.80–0.90) intakes and stroke mortality. Conclusions: We showed differential associations of total fat, MUFA and PUFA with all-cause mortality, but not CVD or CHD mortalities. SFA was associated with higher all-cause mortality in NHANES and with CHD mortality in our meta-analysis. The type of fat intake appears to be associated with important health outcomes.<br>European Society of Cardiology<br>Revisión por pares
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Gorenc, Zoran Annmarie. "CALLing all learners : an explanatory integrative research study of EFL learner-learner corrective feedback patterns within on-line synchronous environments." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001772.

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Books on the topic "All types of parallelism"

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Romanowski, Perry. Hair care formulation for all hair types. Allured Business Media, 2011.

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Hess, Ronald Wayne. Aircraft airframe cost estimating relationships: All mission types. Rand, 1987.

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Better Homes and Gardens Books (Firm), ed. The ultimate grilling cookbook: For all types of grills. Better Homes and Gardens Books, 2007.

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Phillips, Patricia. Data collection: Planning for and collecting all types of data. Pfeiffer, 2008.

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Mengal, Muhammad Qasim. Comprehensive Balochistan general knowledge: For all types of examinations and interviews ... 2nd ed. Balochi Academy, 2008.

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Pakistan), Balochi Academy (Quetta, ed. Comprehensive Balochistan general knowledge: For all types of examinations and interviews ... 2nd ed. Balochi Academy, 2008.

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Comprehensive Balochistan general knowledge: For all types of examinations and interviews ... Balochi Academy, 2003.

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White, Howard D. Brief tests of collection strength: A methodology for all types of libraries. Greenwood Press, 1995.

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Massawe, A. A. F. Managerial law in Tanzania: Legal source book for all types of managers. Research Information and Publications Dept., 1992.

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Roses: [practical advice on growing and caring for all types of roses]. 2nd ed. Aura Books, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "All types of parallelism"

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Cogumbreiro, Tiago, Julien Lange, Dennis Liew Zhen Rong, and Hannah Zicarelli. "Checking Data-Race Freedom of GPU Kernels, Compositionally." In Computer Aided Verification. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81685-8_19.

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AbstractGPUs offer parallelism as a commodity, but they are difficult to program correctly. Static analyzers that guarantee data-race freedom (DRF) are essential to help programmers establish the correctness of their programs (kernels). However, existing approaches produce too many false alarms and struggle to handle larger programs. To address these limitations we formalize a novel compositional analysis for DRF, based on access memory protocols. These protocols are behavioral types that codify the way threads interact over shared memory.Our work includes fully mechanized proofs of our theoretical results, the first mechanized proofs in the field of DRF analysis for GPU kernels. Our theory is implemented in , a tool that outperforms the state-of-the-art. Notably, it can correctly verify at least $$1.42{\times }$$ 1.42 × more real-world kernels, and it exhibits a linear growth in 4 out of 5 experiments, while others grow exponentially in all 5 experiments.
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Donati, Davide Maria, and Tommaso Frisoni. "Fibromatosis (All Types)." In Diagnosis of Musculoskeletal Tumors and Tumor-like Conditions. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29676-6_29.

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Reinders, James, Ben Ashbaugh, James Brodman, Michael Kinsner, John Pennycook, and Xinmin Tian. "Expressing Parallelism." In Data Parallel C++. Apress, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5574-2_4.

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Abstract Now we can put together our first collection of puzzle pieces. We already know how to place code (Chapter 10.1007/978-1-4842-5574-2_2) and data (Chapter 10.1007/978-1-4842-5574-2_3) on a device—all we must do now is engage in the art of deciding what to do with it. To that end, we now shift to fill in a few things that we have conveniently left out or glossed over so far. This chapter marks the transition from simple teaching examples toward real-world parallel code and expands upon details of the code samples we have casually shown in prior chapters.
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Lavington, S. H., M. E. Waite, J. Robinson, and N. E. J. Dewhurst. "Exploiting parallelism in primitive operations on bulk data types." In PARLE '92 Parallel Architectures and Languages Europe. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-55599-4_131.

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Ben-Yehuda, Hemda. "Simulation Types and Goal Advancement." In All the World’s a Stage. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315106281-5.

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Wallwork, Adrian. "USEFUL PHRASES: ALL TYPES OF PRESENTATIONS." In Presentations, Demos, and Training Sessions. Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1796-9_18.

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Baillot, Patrick, and Alexis Ghyselen. "Types for Complexity of Parallel Computation in Pi-Calculus." In Programming Languages and Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72019-3_3.

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AbstractType systems as a technique to analyse or control programs have been extensively studied for functional programming languages. In particular some systems allow to extract from a typing derivation a complexity bound on the program. We explore how to extend such results to parallel complexity in the setting of the pi-calculus, considered as a communication-based model for parallel computation. Two notions of time complexity are given: the total computation time without parallelism (the work) and the computation time under maximal parallelism (the span). We define operational semantics to capture those two notions, and present two type systems from which one can extract a complexity bound on a process. The type systems are inspired both by size types and by input/output types, with additional temporal information about communications.
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Oberst, Byron B., and John M. Long. "Physician Management: Quality Management of All Types." In Computers in Private Practice Management. Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4746-3_10.

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Ghosh, Souvik, Prakas Samanta, and Tapas Kuila. "All Types of Flexible Solid-State Supercapacitors." In Handbook of Nanocomposite Supercapacitor Materials III. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68364-1_3.

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Edmondson, Amy C. "“All-Space” Filling: New Types of Packing Crates." In A Fuller Explanation. Birkhäuser Boston, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7485-5_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "All types of parallelism"

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Claughton, Andrew, Ian Howlett, and Roger Stollery. "An Assessment of the Progress in Yacht Design Through an Examination of Model Yacht Characteristics." In SNAME 8th Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium. SNAME, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/csys-1987-002.

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The 'A' class model yacht racing rule devised in 1923 is described and its parallels with their full size metre class rules are discussed. Unlike their full size counterparts, successful model yachts from all decades of the rule's existence survive in good condition. This provides an opportunity to assess progress in yacht design using towing tank techniques. Six championship winning models, representative of typical design types, were tested in the towing tank and the results are presented Windward sailing performance prediction calculations for the models are also using representative soft sail force coefficients. The developments in hull design, sail materials and hull construction leading to the latest 'A' class models are described. The use of model sailing trials as an aid to the design of full size yachts is also discussed.
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Huber, Robert, Jan Clauberg, and Heinz Ulbrich. "Herbie: Demonstration of Gyroscopic Effects by Means of a RC Vehicle." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47183.

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Classical mechanics is mainly based on two mechanical principles, the principle of linear momentum (Isaac Newton) and the principle of angular momentum (Leonhard Euler). The principle of angular momentum implies that the time derivative of the angular momentum equals the sum of all torques, acting on the body. Concerning all types of education it is particularly important that theoretical basic principles are profoundly understood. This often enables to understand difficult mechanical systems by drawing parallels between complex mechanical systems and simple basic principles. One way to generate profound understanding of theoretical correlations is to use interesting experimental examples. In this paper, a teaching model is presented, which has the ability both to demonstrate the effects of the principle of angular momentum and to catch the attention of students. For this purpose, a remote-controlled model car was built carrying a high-speed gyroscope on its top. The gyroscope can cause that the car turns over to the inside of a turn against the centrifugal force. Even more, it is possible to drive in a circle on the inner tires of the RC vehicle.
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Schaffer, Rainer, Renate Merker, Frank Hannig, and Jürgen Teich. "Utilization of all Levels of Parallelism in a Processor Array with Subword Parallelism." In 2008 11th EUROMICRO Conference on Digital System Design Architectures, Methods and Tools. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dsd.2008.24.

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Kelemenova, A. "On types of parallelism, conflicts and cooperation in grammar systems." In 2011 IEEE 12th International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Informatics (CINTI). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cinti.2011.6108540.

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Hu, Zhiting, and Eric P. Xing. "Learning from All Types of Experiences." In KDD '20: The 26th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3394486.3406462.

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Kubota, Yusuke, Koji Mineshima, Robert Levine, and Daisuke Bekki. "Underspecification and interpretive parallelism in Dependent Type Semantics." In Proceedings of the IWCS 2019 Workshop on Computing Semantics with Types, Frames and Related Structures. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-1001.

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Chakraoui, Mohamed, Abderrafiaa El Kalay, and Naoual Mouhni. "Parallelism: Interference between the data and indexes using major of indexing types." In 2014 Second World Conference on Complex Systems (WCCS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icocs.2014.7060974.

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Kejariwal, Arun, Constantine D. Polychronopoulos, Xinmin Tian, et al. "On the performance potential of different types of speculative thread-level parallelism." In the 20th annual international conference. ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1183401.1183407.

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Martinsen, Kristian. "Vectorial Tolerancing for All Types of Surfaces." In ASME 1993 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1993-0391.

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Abstract This article is a systematisation of Vectorial Tolerancing in order to show how it can be adapted to all kinds of surfaces on a workpiece. Vectorial Tolerancing provides a clear distinction between the different geometrical features size, form, location, and orientation for each surface. In Vectorial Tolerancing are location and orientation of a surface described with vectors in a Workpiece Co-ordinate System. The tolerance on the location and orientation vectors is described in the Tolerance Co-ordinate System. Only the fixed degrees of freedom are given tolerances on a surface.
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Agarwal, Udit, and Vijaya Ramachandran. "Faster Deterministic All Pairs Shortest Paths in Congest Model." In SPAA '20: 32nd ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures. ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3350755.3400256.

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Reports on the topic "All types of parallelism"

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Hedegaard, Holly. Urban–Rural Differences in Drug Overdose Death Rates, 1999–2019. National Center for Health Statistics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:102891.

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This report uses the most recent mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) to examine urban–rural differences in drug overdose death rates, for all drugs and by selected types of opioids and stimulants.
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Crouch, Rebecca, Jared Smith, Bobbi Stromer, et al. Methods for simultaneous determination of legacy and insensitive munition (IM) constituents in aqueous, soil/sediment, and tissue matrices. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41720.

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Currently, no standard method exists for analyzing insensitive munition (IM) compounds in environmental matrices, with or without concurrent legacy munition compounds, resulting in potentially inaccurate determinations. The primary objective of this work was to develop new methods of extraction, pre-concentration, and analytical separation/quantitation of 17 legacy munition compounds along with several additional IM compounds, IM breakdown products, and other munition compounds that are not currently included in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 8330B. Analytical methods were developed to enable sensitive, simultaneous detection and quantitation of the 24 IM and legacy compounds, including two orthogonal high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column separations with either ultraviolet (UV) or mass spectrometric (MS) detection. Procedures were developed for simultaneous extraction of all 24 analytes and two surrogates (1,2-dinitrobenzene, 1,2-DNB; o-NBA) from high- and low-level aqueous matrices and solid matrices, using acidification, solid phase extraction (SPE), or solvent extraction (SE), respectively. The majority of compounds were recovered from four tissue types within current limits for solids, with generally low recovery only for Tetryl (from 4 to 62%). A preparatory chromatographic interference removal procedure was adapted for tissue extracts, as various analytical interferences were observed for all studied tissue types.
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Banerjee, Onil, Juan M. Murguia, Martin Cicowiez, and Adela Moreda. The Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform Approach to Tourism Investment Analysis: An Application to Costa Rica. Inter-American Development Bank, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002288.

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Public investment in different types of tourism, from business to leisure tourism, has differentiated impacts on local economies, environment, people and government revenues. A fully integrated analytical approach such as the Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform is required to capture these multi-dimensional impacts. Applying IEEM to public investment in tourism in Costa Rica we find: investing in a higher skilled labor force particularly in traditional tourism-related activities will improve household welfare; similar increases in demand across all types of tourism show that Health tourism generates the greatest impact on household welfare, while Business tourism has the best prospects for reducing unemployment; Business tourism generates the largest increase in government revenues, but also has the largest greenhouse gas emission footprint, and; the whole of economy perspective of IEEM that captures direct, indirect and induced impacts results in a higher Net Present Value estimation of the investment.
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Mayega, Jova, Ronald Waiswa, Jane Nabuyondo, and Milly Nalukwago Isingoma. How Clean Are Our Taxpayer Returns? Data Management in Uganda Revenue Authority. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.007.

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The paper assesses the cleanliness of taxpayer returns at the Uganda Revenue Authority (URA) in terms of: (a) completeness – the extent to which taxpayers submit all the required information as specified in the return forms; (b) accuracy – the extent to which the submitted information is correct; (c) consistency – the extent to which taxpayers submit similar information in cases where the same information is required in different types of tax returns, or submitted in the same type of tax return, but for different time periods; and (d) permanence – the extent to which the returns are likely to be later modified by taxpayers.
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Khomenko, Tetiana. TIME AND SPACE OF HISTORICAL PARALLELS OF EUGEN SVERSTIUK’S JOURNALISM. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11095.

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The article is dedicated to the investigation of time-space measurements of journalistic works of Eugen Sverstiuk, a well-known Ukrainian journalist. In particular, the time-space continuum of his works is being discussed, which is characterized as comprehensive, continuous, filled with archetypical images which metaphorize the text, but at the same time structure it, and are beaded on the axis of time and documentarily located in the space. The logics of images initiated in the text is exaggerated by constant dwelling of the author in the time-space dimensions of the epoque, of which he was a contemporary, as well as precise knowledge of World and Ukrainian history and culture. Historical parallelism of journalism of E. Sverstiuk possesses double potential. On the one hand, the author provides arguments for confirmation of his own opinion, and on the other, he shows us historical collisions in the new aspect, which helps consider the past, better understand the present, and think of the future. Pages of his works is space for author’s considerations, which logics impresses by free transgression of the author in the time, and his ability to grasp the most essential, although sometimes precedent, sometimes sudden and forgotten, or even unknown historical facts in order to force them to resonate in the new historical realities, first of all to indicate the importance of national and the need for assigning to it more significance. Using retrospectives, E. Sverstiuk encourages us to return to the national sources and to seek in ourselves the reflections of nationality in order to return historical truth to our audience. This is what, according to E. Sverstiuk, was believed to be one of the most necessary conditions of existence to the independent state. Time-space continuum of E. Sverstiuk’s journalism is reproduction of comprehensive history as continuous process of the development of humanity, and of formation of comprehensive, total, and so to say epic reading and understanding of these processes via accentuation of reader’s attention on key events, phenomena, and facts.
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Ramm-Granberg, Tynan, F. Rocchio, Catharine Copass, Rachel Brunner, and Eric Nelsen. Revised vegetation classification for Mount Rainier, North Cascades, and Olympic national parks: Project summary report. National Park Service, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284511.

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Field crews recently collected more than 10 years of classification and mapping data in support of the North Coast and Cascades Inventory and Monitoring Network (NCCN) vegetation maps of Mount Rainier (MORA), Olympic (OLYM), and North Cascades (NOCA) National Parks. Synthesis and analysis of these 6000+ plots by Washington Natural Heritage Program (WNHP) and Institute for Natural Resources (INR) staff built on the foundation provided by the earlier classification work of Crawford et al. (2009). These analyses provided support for most of the provisional plant associations in Crawford et al. (2009), while also revealing previously undescribed vegetation types that were not represented in the United States National Vegetation Classification (USNVC). Both provisional and undescribed types have since been submitted to the USNVC by WNHP staff through a peer-reviewed process. NCCN plots were combined with statewide forest and wetland plot data from the US Forest Service (USFS) and other sources to create a comprehensive data set for Washington. Analyses incorporated Cluster Analysis, Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS), Multi-Response Permutation Procedure (MRPP), and Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) to identify, vet, and describe USNVC group, alliance, and association distinctions. The resulting revised classification contains 321 plant associations in 99 alliances. A total of 54 upland associations were moved through the peer review process and are now part of the USNVC. Of those, 45 were provisional or preliminary types from Crawford et al. (2009), with 9 additional new associations that were originally identified by INR. WNHP also revised the concepts of 34 associations, wrote descriptions for 2 existing associations, eliminated/archived 2 associations, and created 4 new upland alliances. Finally, WNHP created 27 new wetland alliances and revised or clarified an additional 21 as part of this project (not all of those occur in the parks). This report and accompanying vegetation descriptions, keys and synoptic and environmental tables (all products available from the NPS Data Store project reference: https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/Reference/Profile/2279907) present the fruit of these combined efforts: a comprehensive, up-to-date vegetation classification for the three major national parks of Washington State.
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Agrawal, Asha Weinstein, Hilary Nixon, and Cameron Simmons. Investing in California’s Transportation Future: Public Opinion on Critical Needs. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1861.

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In 2017, the State of California adopted landmark legislation to increase the funds available for transportation in the state: Senate Bill 1 (SB1), the Road Repair and Accountability Act of 2017. Through a combination of higher gas and diesel motor fuel taxes, SB1 raises revenue for four critical transportation needs in the state: road maintenance and rehabilitation, relief from congestion, improvements to trade corridors, and improving transit and rail services. To help state leaders identify the most important projects and programs to fund within those four topical areas, we conducted an online survey that asked a sample of 3,574 adult Californians their thoughts on how the state can achieve the SB1 objectives. The survey was administered from April to August 2019 with a survey platform and panel of respondents managed by Qualtrics. Quota sampling ensured that the final sample closely reflects California adults in terms of key socio-demographic characteristics and geographic distribution. Key findings included very strong support for improving all transportation modes, reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from transportation, and more convenient options to travel without driving. Respondents placed particular value on better maintenance for both local streets and roads, as well as highways. Finally, the majority of respondents assessed all types of transportation infrastructure in their communities as somewhat or very good.
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Price, Roz. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) – What are They and What are the Barriers and Enablers to Their Use? Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.098.

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This rapid review examines literature around Nature-based Solutions (NbS), what are NbS, the pros and cons of NbS, design and implementation issues (including governance, indigenous knowledge), finance and the enabling environment. The breadth of NbS and the evidence base means that this rapid review only provides a snapshot of the information available, and therefore does not consider all types of NbS, nor all sectors that they have been used in. Considering this limited scope, this report highlights many issues, some of which are that Covid-19 has highlighted the importance of NbS, Pros of NbS include the low cost compared to infrastructure alternatives; the flexibility in addressing multiple climate challenges; potential co-benefits such as better water quality, improved health, cultural benefits, biodiversity conservation. The literature also notes the cons of NbS including slow adaptation or co-benefits, very context specific making effectiveness difficult to measure and many of the benefits are non-monetary and hard to measure. The literature consulted suggest a number of knowledge gaps in the evidence base for NbS effectiveness including lack of: robust and impartial assessments of current NbS experiences; site specific knowledge of field deployment of NbS; timescales over which benefits are seen and experienced; cost-effectiveness of interventions compared to or in conjunction with alternative solutions; and integrated assessments considering broader social and ecological outcomes
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9

Gómez Vidal, Analía, Fabiana Machado, and Darcia Datshkovsky. Water and Sanitation Services in Latin America: Access and Quality Outlook. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003285.

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Tracking progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is critical to evaluate how far the water and sanitation sector is from achieving these targets, and to guarantee that the solutions and strategies implemented get everyone closer to them. But this is not a simple task. To truly assess collective progress towards achieving SDG 6 (and all other goals), it is fundamental to count on standardized measures that help track all types of access, their reliability, and their quality. Existing data tend to lack comparability across sources and locations because they rely on different definitions and categories. Samples are often not representative of all groups within the population. More developed areas are more likely to collect data, which results in the overrepresentation of groups that enjoy better services. Still in some areas and for some categories of information data is not available at all. In response to these challenges, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) partnered with the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) to gather nationally representative and comparable data in 18 countries in the region. The goal of this effort was to provide an initial outlook of the current landscape of water and sanitation services in the region, using two batteries of questions in the LAPOP questionnaire for the 2018-2019 wave. The main message that arises is that the Latin American and the Caribbean region faces a wide range of challenges, that vary both across and within countries. Some areas face the primary challenge of closing access gaps, while others display higher deficiency in service quality, such as continuity. The gaps in quality of services, in particular, are not clearly perceived by users. In general, levels of satisfaction with the services received is quite high among the population, much higher than warranted by the objective measures of service quality. This raises important issues for accountability in the sector. If users are mostly satisfied with the current state of affairs, it is unlikely they will pressure governments and utilities to improve service delivery. A more in-depth analysis is required to understand the reasons behind these opinions and possible ways to raise awareness.
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Leones, Tiffany, Danae Kamdar, Kayla Huynh, Melissa Gedney, and Ximena Dominguez. Splash and Bubbles for Parents App: Station Study Report. Digital Promise, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51388/20.500.12265/120.

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This report, prepared for The Jim Henson Company, shares findings of a sub-study investigating the types of support parents and caregivers need when navigating and using the second-screen Splash and Bubbles for Parents app. This study originated from a prior field study finding indicating families would benefit from support around the app since it represents a new kind of digital tool. In partnership with local Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) stations, we provided parents and caregivers more detailed support around the features of the app. Based on survey and interview findings, parents and caregivers found the app helpful for supporting their children’s science learning, thus validating the field study findings. We also found that all sections of the app were used and could help promote conversations between parent/caregiver and child. Moreover, families expressed choosing to use a specific app section when they felt it was more relevant or developmentally appropriate for their child.
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