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1
Jendoubi, K., N. Ranganathan, and T. Bui-Quoc. "Alliage d’aluminium à haute résistance 2024-T351. Comportement plastique et élastoplastique en bout de fissure." Matériaux & Techniques 79, no. 1-2 (1991): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mattech/199179010005.
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Starnes, Joseph R., Jane Wamae, Vincent Okoth, Daniele J. Ressler, Vincent Were, Lawrence P. O. Were, Troy D. Moon, and Richard Wamai. "Population-based socio-demographic household assessment of livelihoods and health among communities in Migori County, Kenya over multiple timepoints (2021, 2024, 2027): A study protocol." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 25, 2021): e0256555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256555.
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Migori County is located in western Kenya bordering Lake Victoria and has traditionally performed poorly on important health metrics, including child mortality and HIV prevalence. The Lwala Community Alliance is a non-governmental organization that serves to promote the health and well-being of communities in Migori County through an innovative model utilizing community health workers, community committees, and high-quality facility-based care. This has led to improved outcomes in areas served, including improvements in childhood mortality. As the Lwala Community Alliance expands to new programming areas, it has partnered with multiple academic institutions to rigorously evaluate outcomes. We describe a repeated cross-sectional survey study to evaluate key health metrics in both areas served by the Lwala Community Alliance and comparison areas. This will allow for longitudinal evaluation of changes in metrics over time. Surveys will be administered by trained enumerators on a tablet-based platform to maintain high data quality.
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Suwantika, Auliya A., Neily Zakiyah, Arif S. W. Kusuma, Rizky Abdulah, and Maarten J. Postma. "Impact of Switch Options on the Economics of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) Introduction in Indonesia." Vaccines 8, no. 2 (May 18, 2020): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020233.
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As one of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (previously the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization), graduating countries, Indonesia is still eligible to access Gavi price for PCV13, PCV10 A and B. This study aims to estimate the economic impact of switch from the existing product/presentation of PCV (single-dose of PCV13) to the new product/presentation of PCV (multi-dose of PCV13, PCV10 A and B) since PCV is one of the most expensive vaccines in the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) schedule. Assuming that Gavi-Advance Market Commitment (AMC) price for all PCVs can be accessed in 2021, the use of multi-dose PCV13, PCV10 A and PCV10 B with Gavi-AMC price in 2021–2024 were considered as respective scenarios. The result showed that the scenario assuming the use of single-dose of PCV13 with contract price in 2019–2020 that would be switched into multi-dose of PCV10 B with Gavi-AMC price in 2021–2024 resulted in the highest potential saving, compared with other scenarios. Our analysis suggests an economic advantage to switch from single-dose into a multi-dose presentation. Vaccination coverage, vaccine price, vaccine wastage and additional Gavi-AMC vaccine costs were considered to be the most influential parameter affecting the savings in all scenarios. Applying the effectiveness of PCV13 and PCV10 A on reducing the risk for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), potential averted incidence of IPD in children under one year of age during 2019–2024 would be 246,164 and 105,587 in both scenarios. Despite the result confirmed that PCV13 may provide an additional benefit, a more comprehensive economic evaluation study is required to investigate further the comparison of cost-effectiveness values among all PCVs in Indonesia.
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Malhotra, Sandeep. "India’s 2004 General Elections: Institutionalization of Alliance Politics." Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education 15, no. 6 (July 1, 2018): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29070/15/57673.
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Partain, C. Leon, James A. Brunberg, Lorraine G. Shapeero, N. Reed Dunnick, Robert F. Mattrey, Etta D. Pisano, and G. Scott Gazelle. "Radiology Research Alliance: 2004 report." Academic Radiology 12, no. 2 (February 2005): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2004.12.010.
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Najarro Chuchón, Ricardo. "Estimación del PBI potencial para los países de la Alianza del Pacífico:1961-2020." Revista de Análisis Económico y Financiero 4, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24265/raef.2021.v4n1.30.
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Wang, Chia-Nan, Yi-Chun Peng, Ming-Hsien Hsueh, and Yen-Hui Wang. "The Selection of Strategic Alliance in IC Packaging and Testing Industry with DEA Resampling Comparative Evaluation." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010204.
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Merger and acquisition (M&A) cases and the speed of horizontal integration have increased rapidly in the integrated circuit (IC) packaging and testing industry. Therefore, cooperation with suitable strategic alliance partner is a vital success factor for enterprises. This study proposes a “comparative evaluation” model that searches out appropriate strategic alliances on the basis of the resampling model acquired via data envelopment analysis (DEA). The realistic public data of 20 companies was collected from 2015 to 2019 in the IC packaging and testing industry. The super slacks-based measure model was used to evaluate the performance before alliance in the period from 2015 to 2019. The resampling past–present–future model was used to forecast the performance in 2020–2024. Afterward, a future strategic alliance for comparative evaluation of efficiency was established. The results of the alliance were divided into the groups “ineffective” and “effective”. The results show that 11 companies in the “effective” group achieved both improvements and 8 companies in the “ineffective” group achieved only unilateral improvements. The comparison model describes the efficiency of both sides simultaneously, not only from the perspective of the target but also from the perspective of the partner company. The evaluation model proposed in the study enables enterprises to find suitable alliance partners.
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Shukla, Dhirendra Mani, and Amita Mital. "Effect of firm’s diverse experiences on its alliance portfolio diversity: Evidence from India." Journal of Management & Organization 24, no. 5 (August 10, 2016): 748–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2016.26.
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AbstractThis study examines the effect of diverse experiences on a firm’s alliance portfolio diversity (APD). Drawing on the organizational learning perspective, it argues that a firm’s learning from diverse experiences enables it to reap the benefits and mitigate the risks of high level of APD. Thus, an experienced firm may choose to form or maintain relationships with diverse partners to get the intended benefits of APD. In particular, the study hypothesizes that a focal firm’s product and international diversification experience, alliance experience, and alliance experience heterogeneity are positively associated with its APD. A longitudinal investigation of 90 Indian firms, for the period 2004–2014, provides support for all the hypothesized relationships. In general, findings, which are robust to multiple estimation methods, suggest that a firm’s diverse experiences influence its APD. Findings of this study contribute to the alliance portfolio and organizational learning literature by examining the experiential antecedents of APD.
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Tayeb, Azmil. "Malaysia in 2020." Asian Survey 61, no. 1 (January 2021): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2021.61.1.99.
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It was a tumultuous year for Malaysia. As the country was experiencing the onset of the first wave of COVID-19 in late February 2020, the majority coalition, the Alliance of Hope (Pakatan Harapan) that formed the federal government at the time broke apart due to defections, symbolized by the so-called Sheraton Move. A new government led by the National Alliance (Perikatan Nasional, PN) coalition came into power after the king appointed its leader, Muhyiddin Yassin, prime minister, replacing Mahathir Mohamad. The PN government immediately faced two severe challenges: the global pandemic threat and the crisis of legitimacy due to weak coalition building. This article mainly focuses on the second challenge, namely the ways the PN government has been able to avoid a parliamentary vote of no confidence and keep its coalition intact, albeit precariously.
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Berrada, S., M. Elboujdaini, and E. Ghali. "Comportement electrochimique des alliages d'aluminium 2024 ET 7075 dans un milieu salin." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 22, no. 11 (November 1992): 1065–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01029586.
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Nguyen, Han Khanh. "Application of Mathematical Models to Assess the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Logistics Businesses and Recovery Solutions for Sustainable Development." Mathematics 9, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 1977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9161977.
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The logistics industry can be considered as the economic lifeline of each country because of its role in connecting production and business activities of enterprises and promoting socio-economic development between regions and countries. However, the COVID-19 pandemic, which began at the end of 2019, has seriously affected the global supply chain, causing heavy impacts on the logistics service sector. In this study, the authors used the Malmquist productivity index to assess the impact of the pandemic on logistics businesses in Vietnam. Moreover, the authors used a super-slack-based model to find strategic alliance partners for enterprises. The authors also used the Grey forecasting model to forecast the business situation for enterprises during the period 2021–2024, in order to provide the leaders of these enterprises with a complete picture of their partners as a solid basis for making decisions to implement alliances that will help logistics enterprises in Vietnam to develop sustainably. The results have found that the alliance between LO7 and LO10 is the most optimal, as this alliance can exploit freight in the opposite direction and reduce logistics costs, creating better competitiveness for businesses.
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Mitra, Subrata K., and Jivanta Schöttli. "India’s 2014 General Elections." Asian Survey 56, no. 4 (July 2016): 605–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2016.56.4.605.
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Phrases like “watershed,” “historic,” and “epochal” were used to describe India’s 2014 general election. The Bharatiya Janata Party secured the first single-party majority in three decades, forming the government as the National Democratic Alliance. We argue that the 16th Lok Sabha elections marked a realignment, not a clean break with the past.
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Kumar Sarma, Pranjit, and Rituparna Bhattacharyya. "Assembly Elections of India, 2021: Revisiting Assam." Space and Culture, India 9, no. 1 (June 24, 2021): 6–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v9i1.1189.
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In India, Assembly Elections were held in Assam, West Bengal, Kerela, Tamil Nadu and Puducherry in the first half of 2021. Driving this study is an attempt to analyse the election results of the state of Assam where Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and its allies, Mitrajot or National Democratic Alliance (NDA), successfully defeated the Indian National Congress (INC), and its allies, Mahajot (Grand Alliance). Drawing primarily upon secondary data and applying GIS techniques, the study makes a critical analogy of how Mitrajot managed to accomplish victory.
This is a solicited article. Submitted: 10 May 2021; Accepted: 24 June 2021.
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Shi, Wei, Haoran Chen, Xuemei Zhang, and Chenhao Ma. "Optimal Alliance Strategy and Its Impact in a Closed-Loop Supply Chain by considering Greenness and Service Effort." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (February 24, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6676482.
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This paper handles Stackelberg game models in light of different alliance strategies in a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) consisting of a manufacturer, a retailer, and a third-party recycler. In this CLSC, four scenarios are examined: the decentralized case, the manufacturer and the retailer forming an alliance, the manufacturer and the third-party recycler forming an alliance, and the centralized case. And in these Stackelberg game models, a comparison between four alliance strategies is analyzed by considering greenness and service effort. The effect of alliance strategy on the decisions of the CLSC system, consumer, environment, and society is also investigated. The main objective is to find out the optimal price, greenness level, and service effort to maximize the CLSC members’ profits and give the optimal alliance strategy by using theoretical analysis. It is found that the alliance strategy improves the operation efficiency of the CLSC, and it also benefits consumers, the environment, and society. The MR alliance strategy is more effective than the MT alliance strategy, but it cannot achieve the efficiency of a centralized scenario. Finally, numerical examples are illustrated to justify the feasibility and practicability of the proposed models in reality.
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Wickramasinghe, Nira. "Sri Lanka in 2014." Asian Survey 55, no. 1 (January 2015): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2015.55.1.60.
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The year 2014 witnessed a few cracks in the government of the United People’s Freedom Alliance in the face of internal and external challenges. Still, anti-Muslim violence, setbacks in provincial elections, and mounting concerns over the coalition’s human rights record failed to disrupt continued high economic growth. The surprise was the January 8, 2015, election: defeating the incumbent, on January 9, former Health Minister Maithripala Sirisena was sworn in as Sri Lanka's new president.
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Su, Yi, and Tianchi Li. "Simulation Analysis of Knowledge Transfer in a Knowledge Alliance Based on a Circular Surface Radiator Model." Complexity 2020 (May 27, 2020): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4301489.
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Based on the theory of acoustic waves, a circular surface radiator model is introduced as a basis for constructing a knowledge transfer model for a knowledge alliance. The three main variables in the model are chosen to be the number of enterprises in knowledge alliance, the frequency of knowledge transfer, and the relationship distances between the knowledge bodies. The internal mechanism of knowledge transfer in a knowledge alliance is studied, and the direct relationships among the internal influencing factors are explored. The results show that the number of enterprises in knowledge alliance, knowledge transfer frequency, and knowledge transfer effect are positively correlated. The “Rayleigh distance” in the knowledge field is the appropriate relationship distance measure for assessing knowledge transfer within the alliance. The Rayleigh distance is highly correlated with the number of enterprises in knowledge alliance and knowledge transfer frequency. Moreover, the number of enterprises in knowledge alliance and knowledge transfer frequency are interrelated.
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Pandey, Arun K., Tod F. Stuessy, and Roshni R. Mathur. "Phytomelanin and Systematics of the Heliantheae Alliance (Compositae)." Plant Diversity and Evolution 131, no. 3 (April 1, 2014): 145–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1869-6155/2014/0131-0077.
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Zhen, Jie, Zhuopin Guo, Yiying Qu, and Hao Ren. "The Relationship between Intellectual Property Risk and Stability of Asymmetric Research and Development Alliance." Complexity 2021 (September 6, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2949067.
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Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) establish asymmetric research and development (R&D) alliance with core enterprises to improve innovation efficiency. Unfortunately, the gap in the status and bargaining power between enterprises in such partnerships makes the intellectual property risk situation complicated. While gaining support and assistance from core enterprises, SMEs face the risk of exposing their core knowledge and key resources, which seriously affects the stability of R&D alliance and the sustainability of cooperative innovation. How to protect the intellectual property rights of SMEs in the asymmetric R&D alliance and improve the alliance’s stability is an urgent problem to be solved. Based on the theory of resource dependence and transaction cost, this study uses 260 high-tech companies participating in the asymmetric R&D alliance as a sample to conduct empirical research from the perspective of SMEs in a weak position. The purpose of this study is to sort out the types of intellectual property risks in the alliance and clarify the relationship between them and the stability of asymmetric R&D alliance. Furthermore, this study examines the moderating effects of contract governance mechanisms and relational contracts to explore effective governance mechanisms at the alliance level. Empirical results show that the intellectual property investment risk and the intellectual property loss risk have a significant negative impact on the stability of asymmetric R&D alliance. The contract governance mechanism negatively moderates the impact of intellectual property investment risk on the stability of the asymmetric R&D alliance. The relationship governance mechanism negatively moderates the impact of intellectual property loss risk on the stability of the asymmetric R&D alliance. The contract and relationship governance mechanism jointly negatively moderate the impact of intellectual property investment risk and loss risk on the stability of the asymmetric R&D alliance.
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Markedonov, S., N. Silaev, and N. Neklyudov. "U.S.-Ukraine Relationship (2014–2019): Dilemmas of the Alliance." World Economy and International Relations 64, no. 8 (2020): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-8-70-80.
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Koshan, Jennifer. "Intersections and Roads Untravelled: Sex and Family Status in Fraser v Canada." Constitutional Forum / Forum constitutionnel 30, no. 2 (May 12, 2021): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21991/cf29420.
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It has been a long road to the judicial recognition of women’s inequality under the Cana‑ dian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.1 The Supreme Court of Canada ruling in Fraser v Can‑ ada is significant for being the first decision where a majority of the Court found adverse effects discrimination based on sex under section 15,2 and it was only two years prior that a claim of sex discrimination in favour of women was finally successful at the Court,3 almost 30 years after their first section 15 decision in Andrews v Law Society of British Columbia. 4
1 Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11 [Charter], s 15. 2 Fraser v Canada (Attorney General), 2020 SCC 28 [Fraser]. 3 Quebec (Attorney General) v Alliance du personnel professionnel et technique de la santé et des services sociaux, 2018 SCC 17 [Alliance] (majority found sex discrimination under s 15 and rejected the government’s justification argument under s 1 in the pay equity context). See also Centrale des syndicats du Québec v Quebec (Attorney General), 2018 SCC 18 [Centrale] (majority found violation of s 15 but accepted the government’s s 1 argument, also in the pay equity context). For comments on these decisions see Fay Faraday, “One Step Forward, Two Steps Back? Substantive Equality, Systemic Discrimination and Pay Equity at the Supreme Court of Canada” (2020) 94 SCLR (2d) 301; Jonnette Watson Hamilton & Jennifer Koshan, “Equality Rights and Pay Equity: Déjà Vu in the Supreme Court of Canada” (2019) 15 JL & Equality 1. See also British Columbia Teachers’ Federation v British Columbia Public School Employers’ Association, 2014 SCC 70 (a one-paragraph decision restoring an arbitrator’s award allowing a s 15 employment benefits claim by women); Newfoundland (Treasury Board) v NAPE, 2004 SCC 66 (finding a violation of s 15 but accepting the government’s s 1 argument, again in the pay equity context).4 [1989] 1 SCR 143, 56 DLR (4th) 1.
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Luvison, Dave, and Ard-Pieter de Man. "Firm performance and alliance capability: the mediating role of culture." Management Decision 53, no. 7 (August 17, 2015): 1581–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-09-2014-0580.
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Purpose – Extant literature has looked at the effect of alliance capability and organizational culture on alliance portfolio performance, but the relationship between the two has not been explored. The purpose of this paper is to explore the hypothesis that an alliance supportive culture is not only fostered by a firm’s alliance capabilities, but that it mediates the relationship between capabilities and performance. Design/methodology/approach – Survey responses from 190 alliance managers, collected using a two-stage process, were analyzed to investigate the interrelationship of firm-level alliance capability, alliance supportive culture and portfolio performance. Findings – Alliance supportive culture was found to mediate the relationship between alliance capability and alliance portfolio performance. This finding suggests that in order to effectively manage a firm’s portfolio of alliances, the benefits of alliance capability must be transferred broadly into the organization’s cultural orientation toward alliances. Research limitations/implications – Further research may extend this analysis to explore the effect of subcomponents of alliance capability and alliance culture to better understand fine-grained influences on alliance performance. The findings of this study also may be extended to inform how supportive culture orientation affects partner selection, negotiation and time to performance. Practical implications – Managers should utilize culture-building actions as a way of extending the value of their firms’ alliance capabilities in order to improve their effectiveness across the portfolio. Originality/value – Extant studies have considered the discrete effects of capability and cultural orientation on alliance portfolio success, but the mediation effect has not previously been investigated. The findings also identify a boundary condition for the benefit of alliance capabilities on portfolio performance.
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Opitz, Peter. "Problems and Challenges of the Modern Historiography of the Zwinglian Reformation." Journal of Early Modern Christianity 7, no. 2 (November 26, 2020): 229–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jemc-2020-2029.
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AbstractCritical research into the Zwinglian Reformation arose in the period of historicism and liberalism in the 19th century. The pioneers of this research accomplished important achievements, especially by publishing critical editions of Zwingli’s works. At the same time, they interpreted Zwingli as a liberator and educator of the people rather than as a theologian. In the twentieth century, research perspectives multiplied. Zwingli has been taken more seriously as a theologian, and the tight alliance between the Reformation and politics has been emphasized. The intricate political structure and the Republican mentality of the Confederation deeply shaped the character of the Swiss Reformation. Zwingli was its central figure, but the Swiss Reformation should be called a Communal Reformation (Gemeindereformation). Having many similarities to the Wittenberg Reformation, it is nevertheless an independent variety within the pan-European Reformation movements. We must, therefore, study the Swiss Reformation with its own distinct development and dynamics, as well as within its interconnected European-wide network.
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Seo, Gang-Hoon, Munehiko Itoh, and Zhonghui Li. "Strategic Communication and Competitive Advantage: Assessing CEO Letters of Global Airline Alliances." Foundations of Management 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fman-2021-0005.
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Abstract For the last several decades, global airline alliances have ensured their market presence in the aviation industry. Scholars have focused on the effects of alliance affiliation for airlines and what the competitive advantages of alliances are. However, these issues have been discussed in relation to operational aspects. The quality of strategic communication can be an important factor in achieving a competitive advantage and realizing a differentiation strategy. This study assessed the differences in quality of strategic communication between the three leading alliance groups (oneworld, SkyTeam, and Star Alliance) and a non-alliance group. Comprehensive content analysis was implemented using the letters of chief executive officers (CEOs) of 46 airlines. We found that the non-alliance group has more ideal CEO letters than the alliance groups, and the main topics and quality of CEO letters of alliance group differed. This study provides a novel insight into the competitive advantage of global airline alliances.
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Crawford, Judy, and Fred Shaffer. "BCIA in 2014: What's New?" Biofeedback 41, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5298/1081-5937-41.4.04.
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The Biofeedback Certification International Alliance (BCIA) has revised its recertification requirements and fees to reduce certificant costs. BCIA has expanded options for earning inexpensive and accessible continuing education, including Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). BCIA continues to promote ethics education to protect clients, professionals, and the credibility of our field. More educators teach BCIA's HRV Biofeedback Certificate of Completion didactic course to students and professionals. BCIA's Job Board has helped employers recruit our skilled certificants. Finally, there is a need for infection prevention standards in private practice.
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Ming-Dih Lin, 林明地, and 陳威良 Wei-Liang Chen. "國中小策略聯盟與校長在課綱轉化的學習領導." 教育研究月刊, no. 325 (May 2021): 4–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/168063602021050325001.
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本文以個案研究法探討一個學區內的國中小校長如何透過策略聯盟，以轉化108課綱於學校（特別著重於發展校訂課程）的學習領導。以一個垂直式策略聯盟學校中的一位國中校長、三位國小校長及一位退休輔導校長為訪談參與者，於2020年3月至5月間及2020年12月至2021年1月間進行訪談，每位參與者每次的訪談時間約為30分鐘至1小時，訪談主題包括策略聯盟發展校訂課程的歷程、行政與教學團隊在策略聯盟過程中的學習、校訂課程發展成效，以及校長在策略聯盟轉化課綱過程中的學習。以質性資料的主題分析法進行資料分析，結果發現：一、策略聯盟學校校長的自主行動，激發了行政與教學團隊的主動性與能量；二、策略聯盟學校校長、行政團隊與教學團隊間的互動，產生了多層次的學習；三、策略聯盟的運作提升了各校校訂課程的品質，進而擴大聯盟資源，有助於108課綱在學校教育現場的轉化。最後，本文提供建議作為教育行政機關與未來研究參考。
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Liu, Yumei, Xin Wen, and Xiangfei Meng. "Research on Supernetwork Equilibrium about Deep Convergence of Enterprise Alliance for Breakthrough Innovation." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (August 26, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3115825.
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The realization of breakthrough innovation with high risk and uncertainty has always been the focus of the theory and practice of technological innovation. Based on the supernetwork theory, this paper constructs a supernetwork equilibrium model about deep convergence of enterprise alliance for breakthrough innovation and uses numerical simulation tools to find out the equilibrium conditions for deep convergence of enterprise alliance in different stages of breakthrough innovation. It is not only conducive to understand the process of enterprise alliance’s deep convergence in “Creativity-Research-Production-Sales” but also helpful to understand the roles that deep convergence in enterprise alliance can play in achieving breakthrough innovation. It not only expands the existing research on breakthrough innovation but also provides a scientific reference for the deep convergence of enterprise alliance in practice.
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Hanks, Arthur. "Canadian Hemp Trade Alliance Annual General Meeting Report 2004." Journal of Industrial Hemp 10, no. 1 (June 29, 2005): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j237v10n01_11.
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Földes, Csaba. "Das Beziehungsgeflecht zwischen Sprache und Kultur: Forschungsrückblick, Zugänge und Beschreibungstendenzen." Glottotheory 12, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 9–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/glot-2020-2014.
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Abstract The main focus of this paper is on language and communication as the central meaning generating mechanisms of culture. The paper aims to systematically and heuristically investigate the complex alliance of language, culture and communicational interaction and at the same time to introduce several new fields of research by critically discussing their topics and potentials. In this regard, the dilemma of the question if, how much and which theory is necessary nowadays at all shall be examined first; therefore, the After-theory-program will also be addressed. Followed selectively by an illustrating look into the research history about language and about culture resp. about culture and language (without losing sight of the psychological process of “thinking”) with examples from selected linguistic and closely related disciplines. It is before this background, that aspects of culture-sensitive linguistic approaches will be analytically focused on and new paradigms – the Anglo-American “culture linguistics”, the Russian-post-soviet “linguoculturology” and the German Studies originated specifically multilingualism-oriented “intercultural linguistics” — will be closely scrutinised, primarily from the perspective of German Linguistics.
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LIPOVEC, FRANJO. "SLOVENIAN ARMED FORCES UP TO 2025 AND BEYOND." CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, VOLUME 2019, ISSUE 21/1 (May 10, 2019): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.smc.21.1.1.
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The paper provides an analysis of the current situation in the Slovenian Armed Forces, identifies weaknesses and advantages, and offers recommendations for the organization and functioning of the Slovenian Armed Forces. We have also examined whether its transformation follows the transformational processes in the Alliance. NATO's DOTMLPF-I methodology and an analysis have been used to determine the weaker areas. We have particularly highlighted the field of personnel and finances that need to be improved in order to ensure a more effective implementation. By analyzing the development of military organizations in the future and by reviewing NATO's strategic concepts, we have established that in order to successfully function in the future, the Slovenian Armed Forces must follow the transformational imperatives of the Alliance today. Furthermore, we have analyzed the requirements lying ahead the Slovenian Armed Forces in the future and described some of the combined unconventional threats. At the end, we have also presented the recommendations for the operation of the Slovenian Armed Forces in the future, namely system consolidation, preparation of a vision, integration, modernization and flexible structure of units as well as financial stability and sustainability. As a fundamental finding of the article, we emphasize the fact that, by 2025 and beyond, the Slovenian Armed Forces should be shaped as a small but still sufficiently strong military force, which by using sustainable resources can provide highly qualified and trained joint forces that are interoperable with the armed forces of other NATO Allies.
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Zhao, Mingxia, and Changhong Li. "Motivation Mechanism Prevents Adverse Selection in Industrial Technology Innovation Strategic Alliance." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/463956.
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Choosing proper partners is the key to the success of the alliance. Based on the analysis of the characters of the Industrial Technology Innovation Strategic Alliance, a new kind of cooperative organization occurred in China in recent years. The problem of “adverse selection” at the stage of the its establishment is discussed in this paper. The game model is built based on motivation theory and the principle-agent theory and then proved by examples. The conclusions can be got from the model. By setting the ranges of funds, preferential policy, and sharable profits and designing membership rules, the organizer of the Industrial Technology Innovation Strategic Alliance can motivate the risk neutral applicant to reveal his real capacity and the one with higher capacity to participate intothe alliance more actively and even can set capacity threshold for applicants implicitly.
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Tow, William T. "The United States and Asia in 2014." Asian Survey 55, no. 1 (January 2015): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2015.55.1.12.
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Visible U.S. efforts to sustain influence in the Asia-Pacific met with mixed success. President Barack Obama’s visit to the region reinforced alliance commitments, but U.S. policy momentum on regional trade and diplomacy remained sluggish. Washington’s effective management of its relations with Beijing remains the key factor to how well the U.S. will fare with other regional actors and issues.
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LAMPRET, UROŠ, and STAŠA NOVAK. "NATO AFTER 2014 BACK TO THE ROOTS OR FORWARD TOWARDS THE FUTURE?" CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, VOLUME 2014/ ISSUE 16/3 (September 30, 2014): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179//bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.16.3.1.
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In spite of the question and the possibility of a simplified understanding, the title “Back to the Roots or Forward towards the Future?” is not necessary a dilemma regarding the future development of the Alliance. Back and forward is not about two directions, but more about the need to combine the lessons learned, while strengthening the bonds that have been underpinning NATO throughout its history, and reinforcing the strong core of the Alliance with the mechanisms that are going to provide the necessary protection against the full spectrum of threats. Threats that are known, the ones we can predict and those that cannot yet be foreseen. The key word for the latter is flexibility. With this in mind, we can clearly recognise the farsighted nature of the 2010 Strategic Concept, which remains the guiding document for the Alliance for the future years despite the turmoil in Eastern Europe and Middle East and the related increased perception of threat felt by some Allies. Going back to the roots means ensuring a credible preparedness for collective defence, while going toward the future signifies the importance of being able to use the capabilities for defence against the whole spectrum of threats, and perform other core tasks of the Alliance. There is no need for the revolution to ensure the credibility of the Alliance, but there is a ‘simple’ demand to fulfil the commitments given in the past regarding the provision of capabilities. This has been a challenge for many Allies, and their slowness has had negative implications for the Alliance’s credibility. In light of this, the Russian-Ukrainian dynamics can also be an opportunity for the national defence systems to convince the political elites that defence matters and that there are costs associated with it. Naslov kljub vprašaju in možnosti poenostavljenega razumevanja ne predstavlja nujno dileme o prihodnosti razvoja zavezništva. Nazaj in naprej ne pomenita dveh smeri, temveč bolj združevanje naučenih lekcij in poudarjanje veznega tkiva, ki je Nato skozi zgodovino ohranjalo tako močno, ter opremljanje tega zdravega jedra z mehanizmi, ki nas bodo še naprej ščitili pred celotnim spektrom groženj. Pred tistimi, ki jih poznamo, tistimi, ki jih lahko predvidevamo, ter nekako tudi pred tistimi, ki jih ne moremo predvideti. Pri slednjih je ključna beseda fleksibilnost. V takšnem prikazu lahko prepoznamo daljnovidnost zavezniškega koncepta iz leta 2010, ki kljub pretresom v Vzhodni Evropi in na Bližnjem vzhodu ter s tem povezanim povečanim občutkom ogroženosti v nekaterih zaveznicah ostaja temeljni smerokaz organizaciji tudi za prihodnja leta. Vračanje h koreninam pomeni zagotavljanje prepričljive pripravljenosti na kolektivno obrambo, usmeritev v prihodnost pa možnost uporabe zmogljivosti za obrambo pred spektrom različnih groženj in izvajanje drugih temeljnih nalog zavezništva. Za zagotavljanje verodostojnosti organizacije ni nujna revolucija, temveč preprosta izpolnitev preteklih zavez za zagotavljanje zmogljivosti. Prav s tem so imele članice veliko težav in ravno njihova počasnost je negativno vplivala na zavezniško verodostojnost. S tega vidika je lahko rusko-ukrajinska dinamika samo priložnost za obrambne sisteme, da opozorijo politične elite na pomen obrambe in dejstvo, da ta stane.
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Wu, Cheng-Ru, Hui-Yin Tsai, Chia-Chun Liao, and Chiu-Chin Chen. "Developing a Customer-Oriented Model for Medical Tourism Alliance Management of Taiwanese Hospitals." Journal of Advances in Computer Networks 2, no. 2 (2014): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/jacn.2014.v2.102.
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Wenzel, Horst. "Interseroh will „Recycling-Allianz“ schmieden." Lebensmittel Zeitung 73, no. 18 (2021): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/0947-7527-2021-18-087-2.
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Die Alba-Gruppe strukturiert ihren Bereich Verpackungslizenzierung um. Bisher ein Geschäftssegment der Service-Tochter ISD, soll das Duale System Interseroh 2022 als eigenständige neue Gesellschaft ,Interseroh+‘ aufgestellt werden. Dies ermöglicht die Öffnung für weitere Gesellschafter.
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Willner, Wolfgang. "What is an alliance?" Vegetation Classification and Survey 1 (November 16, 2020): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vcs/2020/56372.
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The alliance is the basic unit of the EuroVegChecklist, and it often serves as the lowest rank in broad-scale vegetation surveys. However, there is hardly any literature about the concept and definition of this syntaxonomic rank, leading to uncertainty in its application. Here, I explore the original association concept of Braun-Blanquet, which was based on absolute character species, and I show that this concept is more or less identical with the units that we now call alliances. By also incorporating the concept of central syntaxa, I propose the following definition: “An alliance is a moderately broad vegetation unit that either has one or several absolute character taxa or that can be interpreted as the central alliance of an order.” The one-to-one relationship between character taxa and vegetation units gives the latter a clear biogeographical and evolutionary meaning. Restrictions to the validity of character taxa – either to certain geographical areas or to physiognomic types – cause theoretical and practical problems and should be avoided. Possible exceptions are species with similar frequency in two formations or species introduced to other continents. Taxonomic reference: Euro+Med PlantBase (http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/) [accessed 1 July 2020].
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Danilov, Dmitriy. "NATO Summit: a Global Future after Brain Death." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 21, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran32021714.
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The article analyzes the main political outcomes of the NATO summit in Brussels on June 14, 2021. The summit, which was attended by US President Joe Biden, was initially seen as a «return» of the United States to Europe – after a turbulent «Trumpism» period in transatlantic relations. The final communiqué constitutes the main lines of the planned Alliance’s transformation in response to the growing challenges to Euro-Atlantic security, in particular raised by Russia and China, and by of international terrorism threats as well. The in-depth register of NATO’s potential and actions in response to the growing challenges and threats, presented in the meeting’s communiqué, proves a trend towards the alliance globalization, both in functional and geopolitical terms. The Summit decisions, its adoption of the «NATO 2030» platform, are seen as a basis of a new strategic concept, planned to be adopted at the next 2022 summit in Spain. However, the author arguing, the postponed problems of transatlantic relations and allies disagreements will inevitably constitute a significant internal challenge for the alliance in the search for its future «globalization» strategy.
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Seo, Ribin. "Entrepreneurial collaboration for R&D alliance performance: a role of social capital configuration." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 26, no. 6 (July 9, 2020): 1357–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-01-2020-0023.
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PurposeDespite increasing research on the social nature of entrepreneurial collaboration in the context of alliances, its performance implication has been under debate. The present study tests a theoretical framework to elucidate the mediated relationship between social capital (SC) and research and development (R&D) alliance performance through the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) of alliance firms.Design/methodology/approachBased on the authors’ literature review, SC is conceptualized as the sum of actual and potential assets, including structural, relational and cognitive capital, embedded within the networks of alliance partners. Alliance performance is regarded as a combination of technological performance and business performance, corresponding to the mutual and private benefits of R&D alliances, respectively. This study hypothesizes the potential impact of SC on alliance performance and the mediating role of EO in the relationship.FindingsThe results from an analysis of 218 Korean ventures that participated in R&D alliance projects as focal alliance partners show that each SC dimension drives alliance firms to enact EO, which eventually leads to increased performance in technology and business. Specifically, EO contributes to translating the implications of SC for technological performance partially and for business performance completely.Originality/valueThis study links fragmented theoretical perspectives in research, shedding new light on the importance of social nature in the context of R&D alliances, which conditions entrepreneurial collaboration for better alliance performance. The findings suggest that practitioners should adopt an ambidextrous approach to the SC–EO interface at the alliance level, which opens a gateway to achieve greater performance by alliance.
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Ningthoujam, Yaiphaba. "Economic, Social and Demographic Impact of Burmese Invasion of Manipur." Space and Culture, India 9, no. 1 (June 24, 2021): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v9i1.893.
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Adversarial relationship best describes the history between the Kingdom of Manipur and Burma. As expected between neighbours, there had been frequent wars, alliance formation through intermarriages, trade ties, and cultural exchanges. The watershed in the bilateral relationships was the Burmese occupation during 1819-1826; a period described as the ‘Seven Years Devastation’. It was the last and the most destructive in the series of invasions that befalls the Kingdom of Manipur. Considered the darkest phase, the seven years left an indelible mark in the mindset of the Manipuris. The trail of destruction and devastation that the invading Burmese armies left in the psyche of the Manipuris are still retold in the popular folklore, ballads, and enacted in plays. It had left a penetrating impact on the social, economic, demographic, cultural, and even foreign relations of Manipur.
Submitted: 28 May 2020; Revised: 02 December, 2020; Accepted: 26 February 2021
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Uzuegbunam, Ikenna. "Identity and initial structure in inter-firm alliances: a social identity perspective." Management Decision 54, no. 4 (May 16, 2016): 929–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-12-2014-0696.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how firms use the identities of their alliance partners in choosing initial governance structures in strategic alliances. It proposes that social identity from the perspective of an established firm participating in an inter-firm alliance can be constructed on the basis of ownership categories and market categories of the firm’s alliance partners. Design/methodology/approach – The study focusses on a sample of 478 alliances involving 36 focal firms in the US semiconductor industry over a nine-year period (1995-2003). The sample is analyzed using logistic regression methods. Findings – The author finds evidence suggesting that joint venture (JV) structures are more likely when an alliance has more partners that identify as privately held firms or subsidiaries of other firms. The results also suggest that JV structures are more likely when an alliance involves strong product market identity with partners and less likely when an alliance involves strong geographic identity with partners. Originality/value – These findings provide some novel insights into potential heuristics that alliance managers use in making initial alliance structure decisions. In particular, this paper contributes to a growing stream of research that considers the optimal alliance structures for different partner configurations by showing the potential influence of partners’ identities in simplifying these important decisions.
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Fang, Yiwei, Dawei Jin, Xian Sun, and Haizhi Wang. "New evidence on alliance experience and acquisition performance." Studies in Economics and Finance 32, no. 1 (March 2, 2015): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sef-07-2014-0130.
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Purpose – This study aims to build on the organizational learning theory and propose a complex strategy by combining strategic alliance with subsequent acquisitions to penetrate new product markets. The authors empirically examined whether and to what extent preacquisition alliance experience affects the short- and long-term stock performance of acquiring firms. Design/methodology/approach – Data on acquisitions, in which the acquirers have experience from preacquisition alliance activities in their targets’ respective industry, were collected. Diversifying acquisitions were focused upon to ensure that preacquisition alliance experience is the major source of organizational learning. A standard event study to examine acquirers’ abnormal returns was used and a Fama-French calendar-time portfolio approach to gauge long-run abnormal stock performance was adopted. In addition, regression analysis was conducted to investigate the alliance–acquisition relationship, controlling a set of variables capturing firm and acquisition characteristics. Findings – It has been documented that in the short run, alliance experience may not always benefit acquirers’ stock performance surrounding the acquisition announcements. In particular, for acquiring firms experiencing negative cumulative abnormal returns, investors value alliance experience negatively. However, for up to 36 months after acquisitions, acquirers with alliance experience outperform their counterparts in almost every acquisition category regardless of the short-term announcement returns. Originality/value – The current study has used a large-scale representative sample to investigate the dynamic interaction between alliances and acquisitions as two organizational forms for firms to grow. Findings indicate that firms can deliberately learn from their alliance activities and, later on, enter new markets through acquisitions. More importantly, it was found that, at least for some acquirers, preacquisition alliance activities are associated with worse short-term stock price performance because of possible information spillover and lifted entry barriers. It was confirmed that short-term pain nets long-term gains for acquirers heading into new markets.
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Zhao, Yan, Xiao Han, Xiaoran Yang, and Zheng Li. "Interorganizational Knowledge Networks, R&D Alliance Networks, and Innovation Capability: A Multilevel Network Perspective." Complexity 2021 (June 4, 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8820059.
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R&D alliances and knowledge networks are vital to the innovation process. Based on the multilevel network approach, our study comprehensively investigates several knowledge attributes of interorganizational knowledge networks and explores how R&D alliance networks are relevant for the relationship between knowledge attributes and organizational innovation capability. Samples in our research include 86 cliques from 2010 to 2015 in five Chinese high-tech industries’ R&D alliance networks. Results from the negative binomial regression model show that different knowledge attributes show a distinct effect on organizational innovation capability, including linear relationship, inverted U-shaped curve relationship, and inverted S-shaped curve relationship. Besides, our results identify that the central position within R&D alliance networks plays a limited role in the relationship between knowledge attributes and organizational innovation capability. Our findings could be used to help organizations sort out their knowledge attributes of knowledge bases, come to understand the impact of the interaction between the interorganizational knowledge network and R&D alliance network on the organizational innovation capability, and then make a targeted strategy to carry out innovation activities.
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Shen, Kunling, Spencer Li, Yu Guan, and Yonghong Yang. "2020 Global Pediatric Pulmonology Alliance (GPPA) Forum on COVID‐19." Pediatric Investigation 4, no. 4 (December 2020): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ped4.12229.
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Seo, Gang-Hoon. "A Content Analysis of International Airline Alliances Mission Statements." Business Systems Research Journal 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsrj-2020-0007.
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AbstractBackground: Mission statements have come to play an important role as tools for organizational value sharing.Objectives: This study aims to shed light on what types of values are highlighted in international airline alliance members’ mission statements, and whether there are significant differences or not.Methods/Approach: Quantitative content analyses have been conducted with the goal to investigate mission statements of 61 members of international airline alliances: Star Alliance, SkyTeam, and oneworld.Results: Frequency test outcomes reveal that “philosophy”, “self-concept” and “location” are the predominant components in oneworld, “philosophy” is the primary component in SkyTeam, and “philosophy” and “customer” are the focal components of Star Alliance. According to chi-square tests, Star Alliance members emphasize “customer” more often than others do, and oneworld members highlight “profitability” more often. One-way Anova tests with a post hoc analysis reveal that Star Alliance members cover more components than SkyTeam.Conclusions: The theoretical implication of these findings is that they reveal the existence of unique values among international airline alliances members offering a competitive advantage. As a practical implication, these findings will be helpful for international airline alliances and airline managers for comparative purposes.
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Alcalá Paz, Ana María, Ciro Riquelme Medina Velarde, Pablo Lorenzo Huayta Ramírez, and Javier Fernández Delgado. "La transparencia fiscal internacional y el impuesto a la renta en los países de la alianza del pacífico 2017-2018." Alternativa Financiera 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24265/afi.2020.v11n1.07.
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Kumar Muthusamy, Senthil. "Role of context and contest in the structuring of alliance governance." Journal of Strategy and Management 7, no. 2 (May 13, 2014): 172–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsma-04-2013-0022.
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Purpose – The alliance governance – whether equity or non-equity based – through which an alliance is governed serves as a mechanism to protect a firm from partner's opportunistic behavior, manage resource dependence and facilitate knowledge sharing. Alliance governance structure also reflects the risk, reward and control that partners perceive in a relationship. In light of the conflicts and instabilities reported in strategic alliances, the purpose of this paper is to examine the interorganizational domain that affects the endurance and continuity of collaboration and explain how the alliance interface contexts determines the structuring of alliance governance. Design/methodology/approach – An empirical examination of 179 strategic alliances, using survey and archival data conducted to test the hypothesized relationship between the choice of governance structure and the complexity of alliance task, balance of power and competitive scope between partners. Findings – A multinomial logistic regression of the hypothesized variables revealed that the complexity of alliance task, balance of power, and competitive scope between partners are significantly related to the mode of alliance governance – whether non-equity, minority-equity, or joint venture. Originality/value – This study makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the relationships between the contextual factors such as the alliance task, power dynamics, and competitive scope that shape the collaboration and structuring of appropriate alliance governance mode. Results of the study provide strong evidence for the hypotheses that the greater the task complexity, and greater the balance of power and scope of competition between partners, the alliance governance tends to be equity or joint venture based. Consistent with recommendations of several organizational scholars that the theory of alliance governance and performance must shift from individual partner firm to interaction domain and interface contexts (Luo, 2002; Gray and Wood, 1991; Oxley and Sampson, 2004), this study integrally examined the dyadic issues such as balance of power, task complexity, and the competitive scope and the dynamic role they play in decisions pertaining to alliance governance. While many extant studies on the choice of alliance governance structure have employed secondary data sources, the study employed data from survey measures (Gulati, 1995; Teng and Das, 2008; Oxley and Sampson, 2004) enhancing the validity of the results.
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Pionke, Stefanie. "Öko-Allianz startet." agrarzeitung 76, no. 26 (2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/1869-9707-2021-26-005-1.
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Roselle, Laura. "Strategic Narratives and Alliances: The Cases of Intervention in Libya (2011) and Economic Sanctions against Russia (2014)." Politics and Governance 5, no. 3 (September 29, 2017): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v5i3.1023.
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Scholars of international communication recognize that strategic narratives are important for policymaking (Miskimmon, O’Loughlin, & Roselle, 2013) and scholars studying alliances suggest that communication is central to the formation and maintenance of alliances (Weitsman, 2010). This essay addresses how strategic narratives affect US alliance behavior—and hence international order—in two specific ways. First, alliance behavior can be affected by other allies’ narratives as demonstrated in the case of military intervention in Libya in 2011. Here the evidence suggests that the UK and France were able to use strategic narratives to influence the decision of the US to agree to military intervention in Libya by using narratives that could evoke a fear of abandonment. Second, alliance cohesion can be affected by narrative contestation by non-allies as demonstrated in the case of the Ukrainian crisis in 2014. Russia has used strategic narratives in a new media environment in an attempt to elicit a fear of entrapment to counter the US attempts to coordinate alliance support for economic sanctions. In both cases, distinguishing between system, identity, and policy narratives give us a deeper understanding of narrative contestation today. This analysis adds to our understanding of the factors that affect alliances set within a new media environment characterized by a proliferation of sources and outlets and thus a more horizontal structure of information exchange.
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Ares, Cristina, and Andrea Volkens. "'Business as usual': The Treaty of Lisbon and transnational party manifestos." Política y Sociedad 58, no. 1 (May 7, 2021): e74092. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/poso.74092.
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The Treaty of Lisbon was a milestone in the enduring process of empowerment of the European Parliament and its connections to the European Commission. This latest reform of the Treaties, in force since December 2009, placed the only supranational institution whose members are directly elected by all citizens of the EU (since 1979) on an equal footing with the Council as a co-legislator in around thirty additional policy areas. The Treaty of Lisbon also strengthened the European Parliament in terms of the annual and multiannual budgetary decisions, and it granted it the right to elect the President of the European Commission according to the results of the European elections. This article examines various possible effects of this major boost of the European Parliament, along with links to the European Commission in the manifestos issued by five European parties: the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE), European Free Alliance (EFA), European Green Party (European Greens or EGP), European People’s Party (EPP), and Party of European Socialists (PES). It studies variations from 2004 onwards in the scope of the programmatic proposals regarding EU domains of power, the footprint in the manifestos of the transnational party organisations themselves, and eventually also of their candidates for the presidency of the European Commission. To do so, the twenty manifestos issued by the abovementioned parties for the 2004, 2009, 2014 and 2019 European elections were content analysed. The results point to the lasting distance between these transnational parties and the European elections, despite the reinforcement of the role of the European Parliament over time.
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Krasnova, Т. "Japan-U. S. alliance: problems and prospects." Diplomatic Service, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2004-04.
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Bregu, Edit, and Irvin Faniko. "The War of Shkodra in the Framework of the Balkan Wars, 1912-1913." Journal of Educational and Social Research 11, no. 1 (January 17, 2021): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2021-0013.
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Before starting the First Balkan War, the Great Powers were not prepared for a quick victory of the young Balkan allies against an old empire, as it was until 1912 the Great Ottoman Empire. At the Ambassadors Conference in London, Austro-Hungary argued that the involvement of Shkodra City was essential to the economy of the new Albanian state. Meanwhile Russia did not open the way for solving the Shkodra problem, Russian diplomats thought how to satisfy Serbia's ambitions in Northeast Albania, respectively in Kosovo Beyond those considerations of a political character, on 8 October 1912, was the youngest member of the Balkan Alliance, the Shkodra northern neighbor, Montenegro, that rushed to launch military actions, thus opening the first campaign of the First Balkan War. The Montenegrin military assault, as its main strategic objective in this war, was precisely the occupation and annexation of the historic city of Shkodra, a city with a big economic and cultural importance for the Albanian people and territory.
Received: 7 September 2020 / Accepted: 13 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021