Academic literature on the topic 'Allomorphs or morphemic variants'

This study aims to analyze and describe the morphemic and phonemic structures of verbs and nouns in a research abstract as source of data. The morphemic structure analysis focuses on the free-bound morphemic affixations of English verbs and nouns while the morphophonemic analysis focuses on the allomorph variations of the inflectional morphemes in English verbs and nouns. Findings of the study reveal that majority of the verbs used in the research abstract have inflectional type of affixations where a bound morpheme is added to the stem as suffix. These morphemes mark tense and number of verbs. The nouns, on the other hand, generally have derivational affixation that involves appending of suffixes to the verb form to derive the noun form. This study affirms that English verbs and nouns generally have inflectional suffixes to mark grammatical categories such as tense and number. In another note, both of the verbs and nouns with inflectional morphemes undergo phonological modifications in terms of their allomorphic variants. The allomorphs [s], [z] and [iz] of the morpheme{s} are used to mark number in nouns and tense in verbs while the allomorphs [d], [ǝd] and [t] of the morpheme {d} mark the tense in regular verbs with inflectional morphemes. The allomorphs in both verbs and nouns involve voicing assimilation and dissimilation as phonological processes. The implications of the findings of the study would be that second language learners of English need to familiarize the morphemic structure of words as they can be very helpful in understanding the meanings of words. Moreover, they have to familiarize the environments where the allomorphic variants of inflectional morphemes are realized so that they would be able to pronounce the words correctly. Such interaction of morphology and phonology can cause learning difficulty for second language learners of English whose first language, like the Cebuano Visayan, is sounded as spelled and is contrary to English which has allophonic and allomorphic variants occurring in words. The analysis can therefore be helpful to teachers in identifying areas of difficulty in learning a second language.   

The article is devoted to the comparative description of morphemic units of different structural languages. The paper examines the basic concepts of morphemics in a comparative and typological aspect based on the material of the Russian and Bashkir languages, namely: the term "morphemics", the object of morphemics as a branch of linguistics, the basic units of morphemics "morph" and "morpheme"; their similarities and differences are established. The relevance of comparative language learning is due to linguistic and extralinguistic factors affecting the functioning of language in society. The linguistic space of the Republic of Bashkortostan, as well as other republics within the Russian Federation, is characterized by the presence of pronounced bilingualism and partly polylinguism. According to the morphemic structure, methods of word formation and their grammatical forms, the Bashkir language, like other Turkic languages, belongs to the type of agglutinative languages. Until recently, there were no special works on morphemics in Bashkir linguistics, so the systematic study of the morphemic structure of a word and the clarification of changes occurring in it still remained one of the unresolved problems. With the appearance of K.G. Ishbaev's works "Word formation of the Bashkir language" (1994), "Bashkir language. Morphemics. Word formation" (2000) this problem has been solved to some extent. The following provisions of its study are fundamental: in the Bashkir language, as in other languages, words and word forms consist of morphs, allomorphs, morphemes and morpheme variants; According to their meaning, location and functions, morphemes are divided into two types: root morphemes (roots) and affixal morphemes (affixes). The works of such linguists as A.A. Yuldashev, T.M. Garipov, K.G. Ishbayev, M.H. Akhtyamov contributed to the fact that the morphology in Bashkir linguistics has firmly established itself in the status of an independent section. In the monograph "Bashkir language. Morphology" (2004) by the linguist G.R. Abdullina underwent a special study of the phono-morphemic structure of the roots and affixes of the Bashkir word, their meanings and functions. The materials of the article will be useful to specialists in the field of contrastive linguistics, philologists, teachers and students of humanities universities.

Fulfulde as a language of the Fulve is widely spoken across the Fulaphones. Its grammar, notwithstanding, has been described to an extent, including morphology, leaving a dearth of research in the morphological manifestations. Though, Hussaini (forthcoming,) presented an analysis of allomorphic variations of Fulfulde singular suffix morphemes. In view of this, we attempt to undertake this research with the hope to fill the existing gap between singular and plural suffix variations. Therefore, paper looks at the allomorphic variations of Fulfulde plural suffix morphemes by the way of suffixation method. The data are mainly drawn from Mohammed (2015) and other from native speakers intuition. The study reveals that among the six plural suffix morphemes namely; Ve, Xe, Xi, Kon, Ko, and Koy the first three (Ve, Xe and Xi) preserve allomorph suffix variations while the last three are not characterized with any allomorphs. The paper uncovered that Ve, Xe, and Xi took regular allomorph variants contrary to Mohammed (2015) study who claimed that they are plural forms independently. Therefore, the paper maintained that /-en/suffix is an allomorph of ve plural class, /-e/, /-le/, /-je/ are allomorphs of Xe plural class whereas /-i/, /-li/ and /-ji/ are allomorphs of Xi plural class form respectively, all which are in complimentary distributions.

This paper examines tonal polarity in Munduruku, a Tupi language spoken in Brazil. Munduruku contains a set of nouns that show polarity in a particular context, but L otherwise. After examining its properties, I propose that the phenomenon is best captured in terms of phonologically conditioned allomorphy (Kiparsky 1994). My proposal asserts that Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993) can properly account for the distribution of allomorphs. I will demonstrate that selection of morpheme variants is determined by PARSE-MORPH (Akinlabi 1996), and that Alignment constraints (McCarthy & Prince 1993) and constraint conjunction (Crowhurst & Hewitt 1997) are required to ensure that allomorphs are selected according to their appropriate environments.

The results of the analysis of morphonological phenomena in the words of the Kalmyk language of the 18 th century are presented in the article. The research material is comprised of the official business documents of the Kalmyk khans of the 18 th century and their contemporaries, written in the old Kalmyk language, called Todo bichig "clear letter", which were deposited in the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia (Fund 36, Inventory1). In Kalmyk linguistics, for the first time, information was obtained about the compatibility of morphemes of the Kalmyk language of the 18 th century and about morphonological phenomena caused by the processes of word- and form building. It was found out that at the junction of morphemes such morphonological phenomena as truncation, overlap, augmentation, alternation, interfixation, vowels lengthening often occurred, and within morphemes – the alternation of short and long vowels. It is revealed that the paradigms of root and subordinate morphemes of the 18 th -century Kalmyk language differ from similar paradigms of the modern language. The results obtained are important not only for understanding the historical grammar of the Kalmyk language, but also for the theoretical grammar of the modern Kalmyk language. The perspective of this study is that its results are the starting point for a new direction – the comparative study of morphemics and morphonological phenomena of related Mongolian languages belonging to the agglutinative type of languages. It becomes possible to compare and contrast not just their single identical root and affixal morphemes (the traditional approach), but also their morphemic paradigms, consisting of allomorphs and variants in both diachronic and synchronous aspects.

Abstract This is a research on linguistics field, that is Nasalization Process of Bidayuh-Somu language. Nasalization is is a process of affixation as one of word formation processes. The Nasalization is one of processes to derive verb, that is transitive verb. Result of the research shows, the Nasalization Process in the Bidayuh-Somu language is applied through affixation of Nasalization morpheme and its variants comprising allomorphs and homorganic nasals to root word. Analysis on structure shows, Nasalization in the Bidayuh-Somu langauge applies by replacing and/or adding root word with the allomorphs and homorganic nasals. Therefore, the Nasalization in the Bidayuh-Somu language functions both as class-maintaining and class-changing. As class-maintaining, the Nasalization is prefixed to root word that is verbal. Meanwhile as class-changing, the Nasalization in this Bidayuh-Somu language is prefixed to root word that is nominal. Besides, it was also found out that the Nasalization is functioned to derive active verb, that is transitive verb. Keywords: Nasalization Process, Morpheme and Nasalization Allomorph, Repalcive and Additive Nasalization.

ABSTRACT This article aims to discuss the morphological inflectional classes of the Kuikuro language, one of the variants of the Upper Xingu Karib languages, which comprise the southern branch of the Karib family (Franchetto e Meira, 2005). The inflectional morphological classes organize the language in classes that are explicitly ordered and that go through several productive inflectional and derivative processes. The Kuikuro language has a rich set of functional morphemes responsible for aspectual inflection, and Aspect is very important to the formation of the verb in the unmarked descriptive mood. The allomorphs of the Mood Aspects (Descriptive, Punctual, Continuative and Perfective) are distributed in five inflectional classes. We show that there is no phonological motivation for explaining the distribution of these allomorphs. The same can be observed on the so-called participle forms. The division of the Aspects into five inflectional morphological classes results from the analysis of both the function and distribution of these allomorphs that are affixed on verbs. We propose that this occurs because of an arbitrary property of the root that is a formal property without semantic or, as mentioned above, a phonological motivation.KEYWORDS: Karib; Kuikuro; Verbal classes; Nominalization; Verbalization. RESUMO Este artigo tem como foco a organização das classes morfológicas flexionais da língua kuikuro, uma das variantes da língua karib alto-xinguana, que constitui um dos ramos meridionais da família lingüística karib (Franchetto e Meira, 2005). As classes morfológicas organizam a língua kuikuro em conjuntos explicitamente ordenados, que atravessam diversos processos flexionais e derivacionais. A língua kuikuro dispõe de um rico conjunto de morfemas funcionais responsáveis pela flexão aspectual, e o Aspecto é indispensável na formação da palavra verbal no que podemos chamar de Modo Descritivo, não marcado. Os alomorfes dos Aspectos do Modo Descritivo, Pontual, Continuativo e Perfeito se distribuem em cinco classes flexionais exclusivamente morfológicas, não existindo qualquer condicionamento fonológico que possa ser considerado responsável por tal alomorfia. O mesmo fenômeno pode ser observado nas formas que chamamos de “participiais”. A organização dos Aspectos em cinco classes morfológicas flexionais é produto da observação do comportamento de cada alomorfe após os verbos aos quais ele se sufixa. Trata-se de uma propriedade arbitrária da raiz, uma propriedade puramente formal que não indica nenhuma motivação semântica, nem, tampouco, qualquer condicionamento fonológico.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Karib; Kuikuro; Classes verbais; Nominalização; Verbalização.

The article discusses phonetic variants of the accusative, ablative, dative, instrumental personal pronouns’ case suffixes in dialects of the Udmurt language, which have different vocal vocalization (-e- ~ -y- / -i-). Variable suffixes in the ablative allow all personal pronouns, in the instrumental – 1pl and 2pl and 3ps, in the accusative and dative – 1pl and 2pl. Allomorphs can be used both in different dialects and within the dialect of the same village. The dative suffixes of 1 and 2 persons -y- ~ -e- are used only in the system of pronominal declension and historically go back to the final vowel of the pronominal basis of the singular number. The remaining case markers are present in the system of substantive and pronominative declension. Morphemes with -i-vocalization are secondary and are formed from -y-morphemes. However, it is not possible to explain the transition by positional changes. The roots of morphological transformations probably go back to the Proto-Permian and Proto-Udmurt periods. Morphemes on -e- are reflexes of the broad final vowel of the basis of personal pronouns 1sg, 2sg, subsequently -e-suffixes participated in the formation of personal pronouns 1pl, 2pl. The case indicators for -y- have a clear similarity to the suffixes of the substantive declension. The borrowing of this variant of morphemes into the system of personal pronouns was due to the pronominal semantics, which is close to the meaning of integral belonging. The material for the study was word forms selected from published dialect texts, articles, monographs, unpublished PhD dissertations, which are devoted to the description of various Udmurt dialects.

Although much has been written in recent years on the emergence of non-binary English linguistic innovations, comparatively little has been written on non-binary French forms, especially neo-morphemes marking non-binary gender on nouns. As French is a grammatical-gender language with a traditionally binary (masculine and feminine) system, many non-binary Francophones have circumvented the social connection between grammatical gender and human gender in innovating new, non-binary markers for animate nouns and their modifiers. This study uses a mixed methods approach, combining analysis of non-binary French grammars alongside interview data in order to highlight the divergent morphological approaches underlying non-binary marking systems. Three approaches to the formation of non-binary nouns are identified: A Compounding Approach, which combines masculine and feminine markers; a Systematic Approach, which phonologically conditions the use of non-binary allomorphs, with the markers themselves ranging from phonologically novel within French syllabic structure, to homophonous with masculine and/or feminine variants; and an Invariable Approach, which applies a single non-binary marker across all nouns. Ultimately, this study disentangles both morphological patterns in the formation of non-binary words and some of the motivations behind them in an emerging French subtype well-known to be heterogeneous.

The acquisition of orthography in spelling and reading has seldom been the object of linguistic inquiry due to the common misperception that orthography has no place in grammar. Orthography should be accorded the status of a com ponent of grammar, however, since its units are linguistic signs and the con straints on errors in spelling and reading are similar to those in phonology, syntax, and semantics (Luelsdorff, 1986). Systemic deviation from phoneme-grapheme biuniqueness is the major source of error in the acquisition of a native or foreign alphabetic script. Such deviation is graphemically ambiguous if the relation between grapheme and phoneme is many-to-one and phonetically ambiguous if the relation between grapheme and phoneme is one-to-many. A special case of phonetic ambiguity is morphemic spelling. In this paper we study the acquisition of the uniform <ed> morphemic spell ing of the regular allomorphs of the English past tense morpheme, / Id/, /d/, and /t/, in a large sample of German school children in all the grades of the secondary system of education, the Hauptschule, the Realschule, and the Gymnasium. First, whereas we do find consistent improvement from school system to school system, we reject the view that pupils' performance necessarily improves from grade to grade. Secondly, we find fairly consistently better per formance on / Id/ than /d/ and on /d/ than /t/. This distribution we explain by the Abstractness Hypothesis according to which orthographic representa tions which are less abstract are acquired earlier than those which are more abstract, where abstractness is measured in terms of the number of rules relat ing the orthographic representations to the phonetic ones. Thirdly, the Abstractness Hypothesis also predicts the relative frequencies with which these allomorphs are misspelled and the actual major misspelling types of the regular allomorphs of the past tense morpheme themselves. The Abstractness Hypothesis on the acquisition of morphemic spelling invites testing in other areas of morphemic and partially morphemic spelling, such as derivationally related pairs, the possessive, the regular past participle, the third person singular, and the plural.

This paper offers a new perspective on the derivation and distribution of nominalised adjectives in Gã. It claims that they are formed by combining an adjectival base and the nominaliser morpheme e‑. Observing that the nominaliser has a variant, the paper argues that the occurrence of the two allomorphs is phonologically constrained. In respect of their distribution, the paper argues that properties like number and agreement marking and co-occurrence with determiners suggest that they are true nominals. Nonetheless, we can clearly distinguish them from other morpho-syntactic units in similar structural positions. The paper also provides new empirical insights for reassessing hitherto assumptions about the distribution of such nominals, including their ability to occur as complement of copulas and depictives.