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1
Shangrela, V. Genon-Sieras. "Affixations and Allomorphs in Verbs and Nouns in a Research Abstract: A Morphemic and Morphophonemic Analysis." International Journal of English Language Studies 2, no. 2 (2020): 14–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3970527.
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This study aims to analyze and describe the morphemic and phonemic structures of verbs and nouns in a research abstract as source of data. The morphemic structure analysis focuses on the free-bound morphemic affixations of English verbs and nouns while the morphophonemic analysis focuses on the allomorph variations of the inflectional morphemes in English verbs and nouns. Findings of the study reveal that majority of the verbs used in the research abstract have inflectional type of affixations where a bound morpheme is added to the stem as suffix. These morphemes mark tense and number of verbs. The nouns, on the other hand, generally have derivational affixation that involves appending of suffixes to the verb form to derive the noun form. This study affirms that English verbs and nouns generally have inflectional suffixes to mark grammatical categories such as tense and number. In another note, both of the verbs and nouns with inflectional morphemes undergo phonological modifications in terms of their allomorphic variants. The allomorphs [s], [z] and [iz] of the morpheme{s} are used to mark number in nouns and tense in verbs while the allomorphs [d], [ǝd] and [t] of the morpheme {d} mark the tense in regular verbs with inflectional morphemes. The allomorphs in both verbs and nouns involve voicing assimilation and dissimilation as phonological processes. The implications of the findings of the study would be that second language learners of English need to familiarize the morphemic structure of words as they can be very helpful in understanding the meanings of words. Moreover, they have to familiarize the environments where the allomorphic variants of inflectional morphemes are realized so that they would be able to pronounce the words correctly. Such interaction of morphology and phonology can cause learning difficulty for second language learners of English whose first language, like the Cebuano Visayan, is sounded as spelled and is contrary to English which has allophonic and allomorphic variants occurring in words. The analysis can therefore be helpful to teachers in identifying areas of difficulty in learning a second language.
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Ишкильдина, Зульфия, Лилия Абдуллина та Светлана Косцова. "МОРФЕМИКА КАК РАЗДЕЛ ЯЗЫКОЗНАНИЯ В РУССКОМ И БАШКИРСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ (СОПОСТАВИТЕЛЬНО-ТИПОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ)". Батыс Қазақстан инновациялық-технологиялық университетінің Хабаршысы 33, № 1 (2025): 106–17. https://doi.org/10.62724/202510202.
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The article is devoted to the comparative description of morphemic units of different structural languages. The paper examines the basic concepts of morphemics in a comparative and typological aspect based on the material of the Russian and Bashkir languages, namely: the term "morphemics", the object of morphemics as a branch of linguistics, the basic units of morphemics "morph" and "morpheme"; their similarities and differences are established. The relevance of comparative language learning is due to linguistic and extralinguistic factors affecting the functioning of language in society. The linguistic space of the Republic of Bashkortostan, as well as other republics within the Russian Federation, is characterized by the presence of pronounced bilingualism and partly polylinguism. According to the morphemic structure, methods of word formation and their grammatical forms, the Bashkir language, like other Turkic languages, belongs to the type of agglutinative languages. Until recently, there were no special works on morphemics in Bashkir linguistics, so the systematic study of the morphemic structure of a word and the clarification of changes occurring in it still remained one of the unresolved problems. With the appearance of K.G. Ishbaev's works "Word formation of the Bashkir language" (1994), "Bashkir language. Morphemics. Word formation" (2000) this problem has been solved to some extent. The following provisions of its study are fundamental: in the Bashkir language, as in other languages, words and word forms consist of morphs, allomorphs, morphemes and morpheme variants; According to their meaning, location and functions, morphemes are divided into two types: root morphemes (roots) and affixal morphemes (affixes). The works of such linguists as A.A. Yuldashev, T.M. Garipov, K.G. Ishbayev, M.H. Akhtyamov contributed to the fact that the morphology in Bashkir linguistics has firmly established itself in the status of an independent section. In the monograph "Bashkir language. Morphology" (2004) by the linguist G.R. Abdullina underwent a special study of the phono-morphemic structure of the roots and affixes of the Bashkir word, their meanings and functions. The materials of the article will be useful to specialists in the field of contrastive linguistics, philologists, teachers and students of humanities universities.
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Hussaini, Umar. "Allomorphic Variations of Fulfulde Plural Suffix Morphemes." Tasambo Journal of Language, Literature, and Culture 3, no. 01 (2024): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2024.v03i01.012.
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Fulfulde as a language of the Fulve is widely spoken across the Fulaphones. Its grammar, notwithstanding, has been described to an extent, including morphology, leaving a dearth of research in the morphological manifestations. Though, Hussaini (forthcoming,) presented an analysis of allomorphic variations of Fulfulde singular suffix morphemes. In view of this, we attempt to undertake this research with the hope to fill the existing gap between singular and plural suffix variations. Therefore, paper looks at the allomorphic variations of Fulfulde plural suffix morphemes by the way of suffixation method. The data are mainly drawn from Mohammed (2015) and other from native speakers intuition. The study reveals that among the six plural suffix morphemes namely; Ve, Xe, Xi, Kon, Ko, and Koy the first three (Ve, Xe and Xi) preserve allomorph suffix variations while the last three are not characterized with any allomorphs. The paper uncovered that Ve, Xe, and Xi took regular allomorph variants contrary to Mohammed (2015) study who claimed that they are plural forms independently. Therefore, the paper maintained that /-en/suffix is an allomorph of ve plural class, /-e/, /-le/, /-je/ are allomorphs of Xe plural class whereas /-i/, /-li/ and /-ji/ are allomorphs of Xi plural class form respectively, all which are in complimentary distributions.
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Picanço, Gessiane. "Tonal Polarity as Phonologically Conditioned Allomorphy in Munduruku." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 28, no. 1 (2002): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v28i1.3840.
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This paper examines tonal polarity in Munduruku, a Tupi language spoken in Brazil. Munduruku contains a set of nouns that show polarity in a particular context, but L otherwise. After examining its properties, I propose that the phenomenon is best captured in terms of phonologically conditioned allomorphy (Kiparsky 1994). My proposal asserts that Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993) can properly account for the distribution of allomorphs. I will demonstrate that selection of morpheme variants is determined by PARSE-MORPH (Akinlabi 1996), and that Alignment constraints (McCarthy & Prince 1993) and constraint conjunction (Crowhurst & Hewitt 1997) are required to ensure that allomorphs are selected according to their appropriate environments.
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Suseeva, Danara. "Morphonological Phenomena in the Kalmyk Language of the 18th Century (Exemplified by the Documents of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 4 (December 2021): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2021.4.5.
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The results of the analysis of morphonological phenomena in the words of the Kalmyk language of the 18 th century are presented in the article. The research material is comprised of the official business documents of the Kalmyk khans of the 18 th century and their contemporaries, written in the old Kalmyk language, called Todo bichig "clear letter", which were deposited in the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia (Fund 36, Inventory1). In Kalmyk linguistics, for the first time, information was obtained about the compatibility of morphemes of the Kalmyk language of the 18 th century and about morphonological phenomena caused by the processes of word- and form building. It was found out that at the junction of morphemes such morphonological phenomena as truncation, overlap, augmentation, alternation, interfixation, vowels lengthening often occurred, and within morphemes – the alternation of short and long vowels. It is revealed that the paradigms of root and subordinate morphemes of the 18 th -century Kalmyk language differ from similar paradigms of the modern language. The results obtained are important not only for understanding the historical grammar of the Kalmyk language, but also for the theoretical grammar of the modern Kalmyk language. The perspective of this study is that its results are the starting point for a new direction – the comparative study of morphemics and morphonological phenomena of related Mongolian languages belonging to the agglutinative type of languages. It becomes possible to compare and contrast not just their single identical root and affixal morphemes (the traditional approach), but also their morphemic paradigms, consisting of allomorphs and variants in both diachronic and synchronous aspects.
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Bunau, Eusabinus. "ALOMORF NASALISASI DAN NASAL PENAMBAH DALAM BAHASA BIDAYUH-SOMU." Jurnal Kajian Pembelajaran dan Keilmuan 1, no. 2 (2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jurnalkpk.v1i2.25271.
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Abstract This is a research on linguistics field, that is Nasalization Process of Bidayuh-Somu language. Nasalization is is a process of affixation as one of word formation processes. The Nasalization is one of processes to derive verb, that is transitive verb. Result of the research shows, the Nasalization Process in the Bidayuh-Somu language is applied through affixation of Nasalization morpheme and its variants comprising allomorphs and homorganic nasals to root word. Analysis on structure shows, Nasalization in the Bidayuh-Somu langauge applies by replacing and/or adding root word with the allomorphs and homorganic nasals. Therefore, the Nasalization in the Bidayuh-Somu language functions both as class-maintaining and class-changing. As class-maintaining, the Nasalization is prefixed to root word that is verbal. Meanwhile as class-changing, the Nasalization in this Bidayuh-Somu language is prefixed to root word that is nominal. Besides, it was also found out that the Nasalization is functioned to derive active verb, that is transitive verb. Keywords: Nasalization Process, Morpheme and Nasalization Allomorph, Repalcive and Additive Nasalization.
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Santos, Mara. "As classes morfológicas flexionais da língua kuikuro." LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, no. 8 (April 29, 2010): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/liames.v0i8.1474.
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ABSTRACT This article aims to discuss the morphological inflectional classes of the Kuikuro language, one of the variants of the Upper Xingu Karib languages, which comprise the southern branch of the Karib family (Franchetto e Meira, 2005). The inflectional morphological classes organize the language in classes that are explicitly ordered and that go through several productive inflectional and derivative processes. The Kuikuro language has a rich set of functional morphemes responsible for aspectual inflection, and Aspect is very important to the formation of the verb in the unmarked descriptive mood. The allomorphs of the Mood Aspects (Descriptive, Punctual, Continuative and Perfective) are distributed in five inflectional classes. We show that there is no phonological motivation for explaining the distribution of these allomorphs. The same can be observed on the so-called participle forms. The division of the Aspects into five inflectional morphological classes results from the analysis of both the function and distribution of these allomorphs that are affixed on verbs. We propose that this occurs because of an arbitrary property of the root that is a formal property without semantic or, as mentioned above, a phonological motivation.KEYWORDS: Karib; Kuikuro; Verbal classes; Nominalization; Verbalization. RESUMO Este artigo tem como foco a organização das classes morfológicas flexionais da língua kuikuro, uma das variantes da língua karib alto-xinguana, que constitui um dos ramos meridionais da família lingüística karib (Franchetto e Meira, 2005). As classes morfológicas organizam a língua kuikuro em conjuntos explicitamente ordenados, que atravessam diversos processos flexionais e derivacionais. A língua kuikuro dispõe de um rico conjunto de morfemas funcionais responsáveis pela flexão aspectual, e o Aspecto é indispensável na formação da palavra verbal no que podemos chamar de Modo Descritivo, não marcado. Os alomorfes dos Aspectos do Modo Descritivo, Pontual, Continuativo e Perfeito se distribuem em cinco classes flexionais exclusivamente morfológicas, não existindo qualquer condicionamento fonológico que possa ser considerado responsável por tal alomorfia. O mesmo fenômeno pode ser observado nas formas que chamamos de “participiais”. A organização dos Aspectos em cinco classes morfológicas flexionais é produto da observação do comportamento de cada alomorfe após os verbos aos quais ele se sufixa. Trata-se de uma propriedade arbitrária da raiz, uma propriedade puramente formal que não indica nenhuma motivação semântica, nem, tampouco, qualquer condicionamento fonológico.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Karib; Kuikuro; Classes verbais; Nominalização; Verbalização.
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Pantyukhina, Tatyana Vladimirovna. "VOWEL ALTERNATION IN CASE SUFFIXES OF THE UDMURT PERSONAL PRONOUNS." Historical and cultural heritage 14, no. 1 (2024): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.62669/30342139.2024.1.8.
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The article discusses phonetic variants of the accusative, ablative, dative, instrumental personal pronouns’ case suffixes in dialects of the Udmurt language, which have different vocal vocalization (-e- ~ -y- / -i-). Variable suffixes in the ablative allow all personal pronouns, in the instrumental – 1pl and 2pl and 3ps, in the accusative and dative – 1pl and 2pl. Allomorphs can be used both in different dialects and within the dialect of the same village. The dative suffixes of 1 and 2 persons -y- ~ -e- are used only in the system of pronominal declension and historically go back to the final vowel of the pronominal basis of the singular number. The remaining case markers are present in the system of substantive and pronominative declension. Morphemes with -i-vocalization are secondary and are formed from -y-morphemes. However, it is not possible to explain the transition by positional changes. The roots of morphological transformations probably go back to the Proto-Permian and Proto-Udmurt periods. Morphemes on -e- are reflexes of the broad final vowel of the basis of personal pronouns 1sg, 2sg, subsequently -e-suffixes participated in the formation of personal pronouns 1pl, 2pl. The case indicators for -y- have a clear similarity to the suffixes of the substantive declension. The borrowing of this variant of morphemes into the system of personal pronouns was due to the pronominal semantics, which is close to the meaning of integral belonging. The material for the study was word forms selected from published dialect texts, articles, monographs, unpublished PhD dissertations, which are devoted to the description of various Udmurt dialects.
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Kaplan, Jennifer Marisa. "Pluri-Grammars for Pluri-Genders: Competing Gender Systems in the Nominal Morphology of Non-Binary French." Languages 7, no. 4 (2022): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7040266.
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Although much has been written in recent years on the emergence of non-binary English linguistic innovations, comparatively little has been written on non-binary French forms, especially neo-morphemes marking non-binary gender on nouns. As French is a grammatical-gender language with a traditionally binary (masculine and feminine) system, many non-binary Francophones have circumvented the social connection between grammatical gender and human gender in innovating new, non-binary markers for animate nouns and their modifiers. This study uses a mixed methods approach, combining analysis of non-binary French grammars alongside interview data in order to highlight the divergent morphological approaches underlying non-binary marking systems. Three approaches to the formation of non-binary nouns are identified: A Compounding Approach, which combines masculine and feminine markers; a Systematic Approach, which phonologically conditions the use of non-binary allomorphs, with the markers themselves ranging from phonologically novel within French syllabic structure, to homophonous with masculine and/or feminine variants; and an Invariable Approach, which applies a single non-binary marker across all nouns. Ultimately, this study disentangles both morphological patterns in the formation of non-binary words and some of the motivations behind them in an emerging French subtype well-known to be heterogeneous.
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Luelsdorff, Philip A. "The abstractness hypothesis and morphemic spelling." Interlanguage studies bulletin (Utrecht) 3, no. 1 (1987): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765838700300106.
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The acquisition of orthography in spelling and reading has seldom been the object of linguistic inquiry due to the common misperception that orthography has no place in grammar. Orthography should be accorded the status of a com ponent of grammar, however, since its units are linguistic signs and the con straints on errors in spelling and reading are similar to those in phonology, syntax, and semantics (Luelsdorff, 1986). Systemic deviation from phoneme-grapheme biuniqueness is the major source of error in the acquisition of a native or foreign alphabetic script. Such deviation is graphemically ambiguous if the relation between grapheme and phoneme is many-to-one and phonetically ambiguous if the relation between grapheme and phoneme is one-to-many. A special case of phonetic ambiguity is morphemic spelling. In this paper we study the acquisition of the uniform <ed> morphemic spell ing of the regular allomorphs of the English past tense morpheme, / Id/, /d/, and /t/, in a large sample of German school children in all the grades of the secondary system of education, the Hauptschule, the Realschule, and the Gymnasium. First, whereas we do find consistent improvement from school system to school system, we reject the view that pupils' performance necessarily improves from grade to grade. Secondly, we find fairly consistently better per formance on / Id/ than /d/ and on /d/ than /t/. This distribution we explain by the Abstractness Hypothesis according to which orthographic representa tions which are less abstract are acquired earlier than those which are more abstract, where abstractness is measured in terms of the number of rules relat ing the orthographic representations to the phonetic ones. Thirdly, the Abstractness Hypothesis also predicts the relative frequencies with which these allomorphs are misspelled and the actual major misspelling types of the regular allomorphs of the past tense morpheme themselves. The Abstractness Hypothesis on the acquisition of morphemic spelling invites testing in other areas of morphemic and partially morphemic spelling, such as derivationally related pairs, the possessive, the regular past participle, the third person singular, and the plural.
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Bunau, Eusabinus. "Free and Phonologically Conditioned Allomorphs of the Bidayuh-Somu Language." European Journal of Language and Culture Studies 1, no. 5 (2022): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejlang.2022.1.5.27.
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This study is on linguistics, that is, morphology. It aims to describe the morphemes and allomorphs of the Bidayuh-Somu Language. The study is descriptive, that is, documentary analysis. The data of this study is secondary, a-ready-to-use data, taken from a doctoral dissertation. It is an example sorted based on morphemes and allomorphs of the language. Since the language is indigenous and not in written form, the data is phonemic and morphemic transcription. As a limitation, the data is only morphemes with allomorphs. The sole morpheme with zero allomorphs is not included in this study. As an exemplification, this study describes the morphemes that are nominal and verbal. They are prefix {puN-} and circumfix {niN-ŋeh}. The allomorph of the morpheme for this current study is the element of nasalization consisting of the phoneme /m-/, /n-/, /ŋ-/, and /ɲ-/, and alternants. The allomorphs of this language are free and phonologically conditionedю
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Ziková, Markéta, and Michaela Faltýnková. "How to derive allomorphy: a case study from Czech." Linguistic Review 38, no. 3 (2021): 517–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2021-2074.
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Abstract The paper discusses a three-way allomorphic pattern of neuter-gender stems in Czech. We argue that there are two surface alternations involved in the three-stem pattern, i.e. a-e and t-zero, and that the two alternations are driven by two distinct mechanisms, i.e. suppletion and regular phonological computation respectively. We postulate two suppletive stem-building suffixes that are lexically connected via the Nanosyntactic tool of pointers. We argue that the default a-initial suffix spells out the neuter gender and its suppletive e-initial variant is a portmanteau morpheme of the (neuter) gender and (singular) number. We further propose that the suppletive suffix is stored with a floating consonant that does not surface word-finally due to regular phonological computation.
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Liu, Fang, Yi Xu, Santitham Prom-on, and Alan C. L. Yu. "Morpheme-like prosodic functions." Journal of Speech Sciences 3, no. 1 (2013): 85–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/joss.v3i1.15041.
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In this paper we address the long-standing issue of how prosodic patterns are linked to meanings. We explore the idea that prosodically realized communicative functions, such as focus and sentence modality, are analogous to lexical morphemes, the smallest sound units that carry meaning. We considered evidence of a four-way similarity between lexical morphemes and prosodic functions. First, similar to lexical morphemes, each prosodic function consists of multiple phonetic components. Second, like segmental phonemes, individual prosodic components are meaningless themselves, but act jointly to mark both intraand inter-functional contrasts. Third, like lexical morphemes, prosodic functions have allomorph-like variants whose occurrences are conditioned by factors like location in sentence and interaction with other prosodic functions. Finally, similar to lexical morphemes, prosodic functions are language-specific and the specificity has likely historical sources. We examined the evidence by a) reviewing existing literature on speech prosody, b) conducting two new experiments on the production of focus and sentence modality in General American English and Mandarin Chinese, and c) training an articulatory-functional model on focus, modality, tone and stress in English and Mandarin, and synthesizing fully-detailed F0 contours with the learned functional targets. Overall, all the evidence examined is in support of the hypothesis. In particular, the consistency between the target parameters obtained from acoustic analysis and computational modeling, and the close match between functionally synthesized and naturally produced F0 contours demonstrate the plausibility of establishing a clear link between function-specific categorical representations and fine-detailed surface prosody.
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Liakhnovitch, Tatiana L., and Tatiana V. Vashchekina. "Morpheme-Grammar Dictionary of Russian Verbs as a Means of Forming Intuitive Knowledge of the Language." Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 21, no. 1 (2024): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-897x-2024-21-1-58-71.
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The study describes the principles of designing a morpheme-grammar dictionary of Russian verbs within the framework of systemic linguistics. As a working hypothesis for the creation of the dictionary the concept of G.P. Mel’nikov was chosen according to which the Russian verb, in addition to the binary category of aspect, also has a gradual “quantitative” category, which he proposed to name the category of action degree (CAD). The formal indicators of the grammatical meaning of the CAD are the suffixes -ну-, -Ø-, -e-, -и-, -ыва- . G.P. Mel’nikov believed that taking into account the CAD and highlighting a single stem in the verb paradigm after restoring the actual morphemic composition of each verb form would explain many irregularities in verb inflection and derivation. The analysis of the functioning of the CAD in modern Russian has shown that it has a great applied significance. Suffixes of CAD turned out to be a convenient criterion for dividing Russian verbs into morphological classes, which in turn have made it possible to present Russian verbs in an orderly manner in a lexicographic description. The article reveals the principles of morphemic analysis for identification of root and suffix allomorphs, provides a brief overview of morphological classes of verbs, and explains the structure of the dictionary entry which is a matrix. Matrix notation allows us to compactly represent all suffix and prefix forms of the verb in a systematic way, makes it possible to graphically show grammatical and morphological information as well as etymological and word-formation relationships within the verb system. Morphemic matrices have a high explanatory potential because they offer rich material for studying the mechanisms of word formation and observing the peculiarities of morpheme combinations. Morphemic matrices significantly expand the potential vocabulary, contribute to the development of a feeling for language, and facilitate the acquisition of morpheme-semantic intuition.
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Ackermann, Katsiaryna. "Towards the prosodic structure of infinitive formations in Baltic and Slavic and its diachronic implications." Indogermanische Forschungen 122, no. 1 (2017): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2017-0004.
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AbstractThe distribution of stem and desinence allomorphs in PB.-Sl. infinitives reveals their initial dependence on syntactic function/semantics and verbal aspect. While constituting part of syntactic constructions, forerunners of infinitives adopted stem allomorphs fitting best the purposive semantics (as the most frequent usage) which correspond to the stems of Slavic aorists and Baltic s-futures. The distribution of the two ending variants in both language branches, the unaccented circumflex *-ti and the acute and partially stressed *-tí, shows that infinitives of originally telic roots (root aorists in PIE) took only the former, whereas infinitives of originally atelic roots (no root aorists in PIE) took the latter variant of the ending. In certain infinitive groups, due to their syllabic structure the prosody has been susceptible to further change, so that the distribution is not obvious at first sight. In the following analysis unstressed circumflex PB.-Sl. *-ti is associated with the dative case-ending of -ti- abstracts: *-tı̃ < *-téi̯-ei̯(with regular circumflexion in auslaut contraction), whereas stressed acute *-tí has been connected to the locative morphology, continuing the lengthened suffix allomorph of the PIE endingless locative: *-tí < *-tēi̯. Originally the dative case-ending best fit use as a purposive, whereas the locative case-ending best fit syntactic functions with concurrent adverbial semantics. Thus a coherent picture of all three components - meaning, form, and function - comes to light.
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Ọláńrewájú, Emmanuel Ọmọniyì. "Copula and Focus Marker in Central Yorùbá Dialects." Rainbow : Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies 13, no. 1 (2024): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/rainbow.v13i1.2846.
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This paper investigated the morpho-syntactic distribution of ‘’ni’’ in Central Yorùbá (hence, CY) dialect. Primary and secondary data were collected on CY dialects (Ifẹ̀, Ìjẹ̀ṣà, Èkìtì and Mọ̀bà) and subjected to syntactic analysis. Noam Chomsky’s Minimalist Program (MP) of generative grammar was adopted. Two allomorphs of ni identified are: li and ri. The dialects operate ‘’ni’’, ‘’li’’ and ‘’ri’’ as focus markers. These also have their variants that perform predicate function. These are referred to as copula in this paper. Both copula and focus markers are in complementary distribution. ‘’Ni’’ and ‘’li’’ are in free variation in Èkitì and Mọ́bà unlike Ifẹ̀ and Ìjẹ̀ṣa where they are in complementary distribution. Mọ̀bà dialect operates both the focus marker ‘’ri’’ and its copula variant ‘’ri’’ while other CY dialects operate ‘’ri’’ only as a copula. A focus marker is optionally dropped when used with some question nouns (QNs) in the dialects. Three syntactic distributions identified with ‘’ni’’ and its variants are: focused interrogatives, focus constructions and copula constructions. CY dialects exhibit some common features with respect to how both focus markers and copula are operated.
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Koshkareva, Natalya B., Timofey V. Timkin, and Polina I. Li. "Alternation of upper and non-upper vowels in personal-possessive noun affixes in the Surgut dialect of the Khanty language." Philology 18, no. 9 (2020): 78–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-9-78-101.
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Personal-possessive 1st and 2nd person singular noun affixes in the Surgut dialect of the Khanty language, as well as 1st person plural noun affixes (irregular in various dialects) with singular objects are represented by several allomorphs: 1SG.SG ‒ =əм / =эм / =ам; 2SG.SG ‒ =əн / =э (=эн) / =а; 1PL.SG ‒ (?)=əв / =эв / =ив / =ув / =ав. When the personal-possessive affixes are attached, vowel alternation occurs in several roots. The choice of specific allomorphs and the presence or absence of alternation depends on the root vowels. In roots with short vowels, there is no alternation, and affixes with lower vowels are used: =ам (1SG.SG) and =а (1SG.SG). When the personal-possessive affixes are attached to roots with long vowels, lower vowels are replaced by corresponding upper vowels. After roots with long upper vowels, =эм (1SG.SG) and =э (2SG.SG) affix variants are used, and no alternation occurs, because vowels can no longer be ‘moved’ upwards. After stems with long non-upper vowels, the =əм (1SG.SG) and =əн (2SG.SG) affixes are used, and alternation takes place in the root. This is not true for some specific cases: in roots with long middle vowels, these processes may occur according to the upper vowel model, or the lower vowel model; for example, the lexeme вӧӈ ‘son-in-law’, which contains a short vowel, can be followed by affixes with the vowel э, typical for roots with long upper vowels. Our research is based on field materials collected in the Surgut District, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, or Yugra, in 2017‒2019. The audio records were segmented and annotated in the Praat software. Acoustic analysis and further statistical analysis of our data was performed on the basis of Emu-SDMS corpus system and R language.
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Koshcheeva, Olga V. "USING THE REVERSE DICTIONARY FOR OVERCOMING READING DISORDERS AMONG CHILDREN WITH GENERAL SPEECH UNDERDEVELOPMENT." Science and School, no. 5, 2020 (2020): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/1819-463x-2020-5-190-197.
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The article deals with the issues of improving methods of speech therapy assistance to primary school age children with severe speech impairments. It is known that they are the ones who experience persistent difficulties in mastering reading skills at the level of technical and semantic components. A comprehensive impact on the formation of reading skills and language generalizations in children is proposed, using materials from the reverse dictionary of modern Russian. The questions of correlation of these types of exercises with the thematic features of the school curriculum in the Russian language and literary reading are considered. Variants of creative tasks are offered to develop students’ skills in language analysis, synthesis and morphemic division of a word. Recommendations are given on the use of certain types of exercises in work with children who have general underdevelopment of speech, as well as underdevelopment of memory and attention processes.
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Gordeeva, L. P. "“The theatre’s full, the boxes glitter…” linguistic and cultural description." Philology and Culture, no. 4 (December 28, 2024): 53–58. https://doi.org/10.26907/2782-4756-2024-78-4-53-58.
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The article examines French borrowings, nominating the audience hall in theatrical terminology. We investigate the semantic history of linguistic modules related to the temple of art, the ones that affect such issues as interference and assimilation of linguistic units in written and oral speech. The relevance of the research is determined by the fact that the rapidly changing architecture of the spatial environment transforms the perception of personality in their awareness of spiritual values. A linguistic and cultural analysis was carried out in order to actualize the semiotic approach to architecture and reactivate the appeal to cultural heritage by studying the lexeme evolution in the sphere of art. In the study, we use the texts of the bilingual author and creator of the modern Russian literary language Alexander Pushkin, whose works contain the considered lexical units in the dynamics of the language system evolution at the semantic and phonetic levels. Our study also includes elements of comparative and contextual analyses (correlation of the analyzed phenomena in Pushkin’s context). The article presents a number of examples proving the historical relationship between the proto-language and the theatrical structure form, illustrating the phonographic and semantic changes of French units, and draws a parallel between the modern semantic complex and the archaic version of lexemes. Based on the results of the study, the article draws conclusions about the substitution of morphemic and non-morphemic segments in the process of contact between the French and Russian languages, presenting the most frequent variants of phonographic changes in the nomination of the auditorium. The results obtained are important for the revival of cultural values, the study of the lexeme interference in specific terminology and the activation of interest in both the work of A. Pushkin and theater building architecture.
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Petrova, N. E. "Spelling of verbs with suffixes -ova-(-eva-)/-iva-(-yva-) in terms of grammatical aspect." Russian language at school 84, no. 4 (2023): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2023-84-4-86-91.
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The article aims to reveal the relationship between the orthogram in the verbal suffixes -ova-(-eva-)/-iva- (-yva-) and aspectual varieties and inter-aspectual correlation of Russian verbs. Another objective is to provide additional recommendations for choosing the correct suffix spelling. The relevance of the topic is due to the challenge of fostering a culture of conscious literacy which the modern school faces. To examine the factual material, the research employed observation, morphemic and word-formation analysis, as well as comparative-contrastive analysis. The existing recommendations for selecting the correct spelling of the suffixes -ova-(-eva-)/-iva-(-yva-) are based on the formal relationship between verb stems. However, taking account of the fact that the suffixes under consideration can result in perfectivation and imperfectivation of verbs might help to resolve this spelling issue. The study does not include verbs with the stressed suffix -ova-(-eva), verbs with the morphs -irova-, -izirova- and the suffix -stvova- in the controversial cases as the variants *-iryva-, *-iziryva-, *-stvyva- are unacceptable. Perfective verbs, including bi-aspectual verbs, are also excluded since their structure cannot contain the suffix -iva-(-yva-). The article notes the following regularity: imperfective verbs with the suffix -ova-(-eva-) acquire the perfective aspectual meaning while performing the function of a derivational base. Verbs with the suffix -iva-(-yva-) acquire the imperfective aspectual meaning performing the function of a derived unit. The specific morphemic structure of derivational bases determined the absence of prefixes in imperfective verbs with the suffix -ova-(-eva-) and the regular presence of prefixes, including etymological ones, in verbs with the suffix -iva-(-yva-). Based on these patterns, the paper formulates additional recommendations for choosing the correct vowel in the suffixes -ova-(-eva-)/-iva-(-yva-). These guidelines could be useful in the practice of teaching the Russian language at school.
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Marqueta Gracia, Bárbara. "The Spell-Out of Non-Heads in Spanish Compounds: A Nanosyntactic Approach." Languages 7, no. 2 (2022): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7020105.
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This paper considers the morphophonological variants found in the non-head position of Spanish productive compound patterns. In the literature it has been noted that compounds resort to both I- and O-ending stems and words (even inflected ones) to spell-out compound non-heads. The study takes a nanosyntactic approach to compound syntax and examines the functional structure of the main classes of Spanish compounds. The goal of the analysis is to show that the functional structures of compounds determine to some extent which spell-outs are chosen in lexical innovations within the schemas, and also to address the issue of why certain allomorphs never appear in a given context while others seem to compete for lexical insertion. Research was conducted using a self-compiled sample of 1250 compounds extracted from contemporary Spanish written corpora. The results provide empirical support for syntacticist approaches to compounding, in that the proposed functional structures capture the predominantly compositional semantics of compounding, and also because traditional “linking vowels” are reconsidered to be the stable and systematic spell-outs for relational categories inside compounds.
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Chowell, Diego, Sri Krishna, Pablo D. Becker, et al. "TCR contact residue hydrophobicity is a hallmark of immunogenic CD8+ T cell epitopes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 14 (2015): E1754—E1762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1500973112.
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Despite the availability of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-binding peptide prediction algorithms, the development of T-cell vaccines against pathogen and tumor antigens remains challenged by inefficient identification of immunogenic epitopes. CD8+ T cells must distinguish immunogenic epitopes from nonimmunogenic self peptides to respond effectively against an antigen without endangering the viability of the host. Because this discrimination is fundamental to our understanding of immune recognition and critical for rational vaccine design, we interrogated the biochemical properties of 9,888 MHC class I peptides. We identified a strong bias toward hydrophobic amino acids at T-cell receptor contact residues within immunogenic epitopes of MHC allomorphs, which permitted us to develop and train a hydrophobicity-based artificial neural network (ANN-Hydro) to predict immunogenic epitopes. The immunogenicity model was validated in a blinded in vivo overlapping epitope discovery study of 364 peptides from three HIV-1 Gag protein variants. Applying the ANN-Hydro model on existing peptide-MHC algorithms consistently reduced the number of candidate peptides across multiple antigens and may provide a correlate with immunodominance. Hydrophobicity of TCR contact residues is a hallmark of immunogenic epitopes and marks a step toward eliminating the need for empirical epitope testing for vaccine development.
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Baayen, R. Harald, Yu-Ying Chuang, and James P. Blevins. "Inflectional morphology with linear mappings." Mental Lexicon 13, no. 2 (2018): 230–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.18010.baa.
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Abstract This methodological study provides a step-by-step introduction to a computational implementation of word and paradigm morphology using linear mappings between vector spaces for form and meaning. Taking as starting point the linear regression model, the main concepts underlying linear mappings are introduced and illustrated with R code. It is then shown how vector spaces can be set up for Latin verb conjugations, using 672 inflected variants of two verbs each from the four main conjugation classes. It turns out that mappings from form to meaning (comprehension), and from meaning to form (production) can be carried out loss-free. This study concludes with a demonstration that when the graph of triphones, the units that underlie the form space, is mapped onto a 2-dimensional space with a self-organising algorithm from physics (graphopt), morphological functions show topological clustering, even though morphemic units do not play any role whatsoever in the model. It follows, first, that evidence for morphemes emerging from experimental studies using, for instance, fMRI, to localize morphemes in the brain, does not guarantee the existence of morphemes in the brain, and second, that potential topological organization of morphological form in the cortex may depend to a high degree on the morphological system of a language.
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Akimova, Elvira, and Tatiana Mochalova. "Deverbatives in Russian Dialects Spoken on the Territory of Mordovia." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 3 (August 2020): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2020.3.2.
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The article deals with deverbatives (names of actions) represented in Russian dialects spoken on the territory of the Republic of Mordovia. The research aim is to describe semantic peculiarities and uniqueness of the word formation and morphemic structure of the nouns belonging to this class. Deverbatives are considered as syncretic unities that are built by merging the grammatical features of both a verb and a noun, typical of the Russian language. The deverbative origin results in preserving the semantics of an abstract action; according to their semantic structure, they can be divided into two main groups: the actions performed by human beings and the ones without their participation. The latter are animals' and birds' motions, natural phenomena, stages in a process or time intervals. It is noted that some language units are subjected to specialization of lexical meaning, processual semantics loss sand are used to nominate an object, place or time of action. Deverbatives have been characterized as demonstrating underdeveloped system of paradigmatic relations. They are derived of national and dialectal verbal stems in full accordance with the general Russian word formation rules and models, including the most productive morphological pattern with its suffixal and zero affixation variants, and the least productive ones, as prefixation-suffixation and complex suffixation. Since deverbatives are closely connected with intellectual human activity, worldview and reality awareness, they constitute unique fragments of dialectal mentality.
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Dadiani, Eka. "Vitarebiti brunvis gamoxatvisatvis qartuli enis taour dialeqtshi /ვითარებითი ბრუნვის გამოხატვისათვის ქართული ენის ტაოურ დიალექტში [Expressing Adverbial Case in Tao Dialect of the Georgian Language]". Kartveluri Memk'vidreoba [Kartvelian Heritage] 25, № 25-1 (2021): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.54635/tpks.2022.07putk.
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The adverbial case in the speech of the Georgians of Tao is mainly formed by the allomorphs that are characteristic of the Georgian literary language and the dialects. However, the frequency of their occurrence is rather different. The -a suffix is the most common one, to which in some cases -i/-y is added. The occurrences of the variants that include d/t consonant (-ad/-at/-d/-t) are relatively rare. It is noteworthy that as an alternative to the adverbial case, the forms of the nominative case or postpositional forms (-ze, -baaze/barze) are quite frequently represented, which are less common in other dialects. The adverbial case forms primarily manifest manner and purpose, while the expression of time and place is relatively uncommon. Almost no occurrences of translative and sequential functions have been attested. We believe, the above-mentioned facts refer to the weakening of the position of the adverbial case in the Taoian dialect which could be explained by the influence of the Turkish language; there is no adverbial case in Turkish, mainly the nominative or dative forms are applied to express the relevant content. The use of the nominative case or postpositional forms as having the adverbial function is not uncommon in Georgian either, however, its activation in those constructions where the adverbial case is established in Georgian, should have been driven by close contact with the Turkish language. This is evidenced by the data of Laz, the Kartvelian subsystem functioning within the sphere of Turkish. Currently, there is no adverbial case in Laz (its function is performed by the nominative case), though historically it should have occurred here. In terms of expressing the adverbial case, the Taoian dialect exhibits common Georgian tendencies, on the one hand, and those changes that emerge as a result of bilingualism, on the other. საკვანძო სიტყვები: ქართული დიალექტოლოგია, ტაოური დიალექტი, სახელის ფორმაწარმოება, ვითარებითი ბრუნვა.Keywords: Georgian dialectology, Taoian dialect, formation of nominals, adverbial case.
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Efimova, Valeriya. "Old Church Slavonic Multi-Word Nominations versus Compounds." Slavic Almanac, no. 3-4 (2023): 171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2023.3-4.08.
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The article is devoted to the study of the lexical inventory of the Old Church Slavonic language. The author proceeds from the idea of the lexical fund of the language as consisting not only of words but also phrases. The lexical inventory of the Old Church Slavonic language was created by the elite circle of literati in the process of translation (mainly from Byzantine Greek). Although the Old Church Slavonic language was based on the folk Slavic speech of the time, most of the Old Church Slavonic compounds and multi-word names were created by Slavic bookmen themselves. Many of these names appeared in the Old Church Slavonic lexicon due to the need to nominate concepts related to Christianity and “medieval encyclopedism”. The basis for the formation of these new names was the morphemic and phraseological calquing of Greek counterparts, which interacted with the mechanisms of nomination in the Slavic folk speech. The article demonstrates that the Old Church Slavonic nominations with multi-word names and compounds reveal “spheres of intersection”. As the author believes, these “spheres of intersection” were caused by the main and most difficult task that Slavic bookmen solved in translating both Greek compounds (or derivatives from compounds) and Greek multi-word names – the transfer of semantics of significant roots. Even within the epoch of the existence of the Old Church Slavonic language proper (i. e. 9th–11th centuries), there are variants of the translation of the same Greek compounds by both Old Church Slavonic multi-word names and Old Church Slavonic compounds. The occasionalisms that arose in the process of word-creation of bookmen in the form of compounds and multi-word names could subsequently be fixed in the usus of the language, but they could also remain hapax both within a certain text and within the entire corpus of Old Church Slavonic texts, which is not completely closed and has been studied extremely insufficiently.
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Teshaboyeva, Nafisa Zubaydulla qizi, and Sarvinoz Shukurullo qizi Iskandarova. "THE STRUCTURE OF THE WORD: MORPHEME. TYPES OF MORPHEMES." Journal of Science-Innovative Research in Uzbekistan 2, no. 1 (2024): 269–77. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10511883.
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The word "morpheme" consists of two morphemes: "morph" and "eme." The first morpheme "morph" is a free morpheme, meaning it can stand alone as a word with its own meaning. In this case, "morph" refers to form or shape. The second morpheme "eme" is a bound morpheme, meaning it cannot stand alone and must be attached to another morpheme. Bound morphemes typically modify the meaning of the free morpheme they are attached to.There are two main types of morphemes: free morphemes and bound morphemes. Free morphemes can stand alone as words, while bound morphemes must be attached to another morpheme. Bound morphemes can be further categorized into two subtypes: derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes. Understanding the structure and types of morphemes is essential for analyzing and understanding the formation and meaning of words in a language
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Stramljic-Breznik, Irena, and Tjasa Markezic. "An example of the variant suffixes -ica and -ka in feminatives derived from masculine words ending in -or and -ator." Juznoslovenski filolog 79, no. 1 (2023): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi2301029s.
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The article examines feminatives as a semantic and word-formation category. In Slavic languages feminatives are mainly regarded as modificational derivatives formed from masculine derivatives by the whole replacement of the masculine suffix (bor-(-ec/-k?), partial replacement of the masculine suffix (bra-l/(-ec/-ka), or by adding the feminine suffix to the masculine suffix (miz-ar/-ka). Due to the expansion of global communication through mass media, the inevitable broadening of vocabulary requires the adaptation of borrowed words to the morphemic, morphological and word-formation paradigms of the borrowing language. As a consequence, it comes as no surprise that feminatives formed from the same masculine base often have two or more variants of feminine suffixes (dekan-ica - dekan-ka - dekan-ja). Three examples of variant feminine suffixes -ica and -ka added to masculine nouns ending in suffixes -or and -ator, which are of foreign origin, are examined in this paper. The purpose of the study is to establish which of the feminine suffixes are more productive and how they conform to the established patterns. The examined cases of masculine formations using the borrowed suffixes -or and its variant -ator (in addition to -tor, -itor and -utor) in the semantic category of living beings show variability in languages such as Slovene, Serbian and Slovakian, which are dependent on the existence of an appropriate nominal or verbal base in the language. In Slovene, such formations are consistently deverbal, while in Serbian and Slovakian they are either denominal or deverbal. The study focuses on three masculine formations koordinator, selektor and senator, and examines how their suffixes combine with the feminine suffix variants (-ka and -ica). The established pattern in Slovene predicts that masculine formations in -ator will form feminatives by adding the suffix -ka, while masculine formations in -or will form feminatives by adding the suffix -ica. In the example of the words koordinator- ka (from koordin-ator) and selektor-ica (from selekt-or), the usage confirms this pattern. However, there is a deviation from this pattern in the example of senatorka (from senat-or), where the feminative senator-ica would be predicted. The study offers a possible answer to the question of such deviations from the predictable patterns in contrast to the actual use of feminative suffixes. It is clear that language users are guided by different analogies when they form words. Although these analogies may not be linguistically supported, they are important in motivating the formation of many new words, especially those from borrowed bases. The language user depends on the recognition of the formal structure of the word to be able to choose a predictable word-formation pattern. In borrowed words, such formal structure is less clear, since it is based on foreign word-formation patterns with foreign root and derivational morphemes.
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Starko, Vasyl. "Problematic cases of forming personal feminine nouns in Ukrainian corpora and dictionaries." Language: classic - modern - postmodern, no. 10 (December 23, 2024): 99–117. https://doi.org/10.18523/lcmp2522-9281.2024.10.99-117.
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Background. Feminine personal nouns in Ukrainian have increased in frequency at a high rate over the past years. This highly dynamic expansion has created difficulties with some designations.Contribution to the research field. The findings show that a combination of language panel results and analyses of corpus data yields otherwise unattainable insights into the highly dynamic lexicon group and should be used by lexicographers and researchers concerned with such. More specifically, the author establishes which problematic cases with feminine terms have been resolved since 2022 and which remain in status nascendi.Purpose. The purpose of the study is to compare survey and corpus data and show how they can be applied to resolving problematic cases of feminine noun derivation in Ukrainian.Methods. Corpus analysis, involving both quantitative and qualitative aspects, is used to study textual data, and the comparative method is applied to compare survey and corpus results. Morphemic and derivational analysis are involved in the treatment of personal feminine nouns.Results. The author has analyzed 30 problematic cases of feminine derivation and found converging survey and corpus data from 2021–2022 suggesting that 14 feminine terms previously thought to be problematic have become established as primary nominations. In the other cases considered here in detail, the results are mixed, with several variants vying for supremacy and corpus data either being insufficient or contradicting survey results.Discussion. Feminine personal nouns are a highly dynamic lexical group in Ukrainian, marked by speakers’ experimentation and competition among variant forms. It has experienced fast, steady if somewhat disorderly, expansion since (and partly due to) the Revolution of Dignity. Still, it has undergone partial structuring over the past years, as this study shows. Several productive derivational models have become established, and compound feminine nouns are shown to play an important role as a safe choice in complicated cases. Corpus data has proven to be an indispensable complement to survey results in obtaining an accurate picture of the lexical group under study. Lexicographic coverage of Ukrainian feminine terms has improved over the past five years, but more corpus-based work needs to be done in this area. Lexicographers and linguists are advised to combine survey and corpus data in their studies.
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Kulmanov, Sarsenbay, Nagima Ashimbaeva, Ayagul Omarova, and Jaras Eskendir. "Linguistic Characteristics of the Terminological System of Technical Sciences." Eurasian Journal of Philology: Science and Education 194, no. 2 (2024): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26577/ejph.2024.v194.i2.ph07.
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The article is devoted to the linguistic description of the terminological system of technical sciences, namely the branches of mechanics and mechanical engineering, which provided for the classification of terms of these industries in terms of type and content (structural and semantic), analysis of the process of their terminologization. In the course of the study, the ways of creating terms in the field of technology in general were highlighted, and the process of naming new concepts that have arisen in the field of science and technology was grouped by stages. The article defines the following features of the terminology of the branches of mechanics and mechanical engineering: the synthetic (morphological) method is intensively used, that is, the creation of a term using suffixes; the composition of terms created by the analytical (syntactic) method is diverse; such types of analistic (syntactic) method as word composition and word combination are often used; terms formed by word combinations, they are based on the method of structural, semantic and syntactic calculus from the Russian language; terminological names created by the lexico-semantic (conversion) method arise as a result of the expansion of the meaning of the original words of the Kazakh language through metaphorical use based on national cognition; in these dictionaries there are different types of use of variants; such uses are due to various linguistic and extralinguistic factors. Methods of selection, systematization, classification into lexico-semantic groups, structural (morphemic) analysis, description, structural-semantic grouping, component analysis, synchronous analysis, deductive and inductive analysis, linguistic interpretation, interdisciplinary comparison, comparison were used in the course of the study. The results of the article contribute to the improvement of scientific-theoretical, applied-practical and methodological foundations for the development of the terminological system of branches of technical sciences and the terminological fund of the Kazakh language as a whole, that is, the study is valuable for writing scientific research, compiling various dictionaries (registry, explanatory, etc.), compiling various methodological guidelines for terminological work, organizing courses advanced training of specialists in the branches of technical sciences, teaching staff, journalists, lectures on terminology in higher educational institutions.
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Sharipova, MOHICHEHRA. "THEME: ENGLISH WORDS STRUCTURE." May 30, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8083116.
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There are two levels of approach to the study of word- structure: the level of morphemic analysis and the level of derivational or word-formation analysis. Word is the principal and basic unit of the language system, the largest on the morphologic and the smallest on the syntactic plane of linguistic analysis. It has been universally acknowledged that a great many words have a composite nature and are made up of morphemes, the basic units on the morphemic level, which are defined as the smallest indivisible two-facet language units.
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"Pedagogical grammar as the framework of tefl research. part 5. native language morphology acquisition at the simple sentence stage." Teaching languages at higher institutions, no. 33 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2073-4379-2018-33-10.
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The paper presents the results of the experimental data analysis in the said sphere, as well as the list of the researched grammar morphemes. Basing upon a high degree of the data similarity, the author makes a conclusion that the native language morphology acquisition is a rule-governed process, which might be based upon the operation of language universals. Taking into account the said data, the author also offers assumptions concerning the existence of a universal sequence in the process of the grammar morphemes acquisition in English as a native language, as well as regarding the speed different allomorphsare acquired at. A particular morpheme may be acquired relatively quickly, while the fine-tuning of allomorph use microrules within the said general rule may require a relatively longer period. The author also offers the reason why some allomorphs are acquired faster in relation to natural words as compared to artificial ones. The paper summarises the characteristics, which may accelerate or slow down the process of grammar morphemes acquisition: perceptual saliency, frequency, semantic and grammar complexity. The latter is subdivided into further constituents: presence of redundancy or allomorphism and paradigm regularity. The author sums up the general principles of morphology acquisition in English as a native language, which amount to the following. Lexical acquisition means that paradigmatic variants are memorized as holistic units, and only later, their constituents are distributed among the corresponding categories. Generalisation is the result of subconscious formulation of a hypothetic rule related to the said variants use in speech. Overgeneralisation is viewed as a transfer of the specific rule to a wider range of objects than it actually applies to. Finally, uniqueness involves blocking the creation of the rules, allowing, for example, two plural forms of the same word. The author also outlines the prospects of his further research.
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Genon-Sieras, Shangrela V., and International Journal of English Language Studies. "Affixations and Allomorphs in Verbs and Nouns in a Research Abstract: A Morphemic and Morphophonemic Analysis." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3661273.
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Cornforth, Terri V., Nathifa Moyo, Suzanne Cole, et al. "Conserved allomorphs of MR1 drive the specificity of MR1-restricted TCRs." Frontiers in Oncology 14 (October 3, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2024.1419528.
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BackgroundMajor histocompatibility complex class-1-related protein (MR1), unlike human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class-1, was until recently considered to be monomorphic. MR1 presents metabolites in the context of host responses to bacterial infection. MR1-restricted TCRs specific to tumor cells have been described, raising interest in their potential therapeutic application for cancer treatment. The diversity of MR1-ligand biology has broadened with the observation that single nucleotide variants (SNVs) exist within MR1 and that allelic variants can impact host immunity.MethodsThe TCR from a MR1-restricted T-cell clone, MC.7.G5, with reported cancer specificity and pan-cancer activity, was cloned and expressed in Jurkat E6.1 TCRαβ− β2M− CD8+ NF-κB:CFP NFAT:eGFP AP-1:mCherry cells or in human donor T cells. Functional activity of 7G5.TCR-T was demonstrated using cytotoxicity assays and by measuring cytokine release after co-culture with cancer cell lines with or without loading of previously described MR1 ligands. MR1 allele sequencing was undertaken after the amplification of the MR1 gene region by PCR. In vivo studies were undertaken at Labcorp Drug Development (Ann Arbor, MI, USA) or Epistem Ltd (Manchester, UK).ResultsThe TCR cloned from MC.7.G5 retained MR1-restricted functional cytotoxicity as 7G5.TCR-T. However, activity was not pan-cancer, as initially reported with the clone MC.7.G5. Recognition was restricted to cells expressing a SNV of MR1 (MR1*04) and was not cancer-specific. 7G5.TCR-T and 7G5-like TCR-T cells reacted to both cancer and healthy cells endogenously expressing MR1*04 SNVs, which encode R9H and H17R substitutions. This allelic specificity could be overcome by expressing supraphysiological levels of the wild-type MR1 (MR1*01) in cell lines.ConclusionsHealthy individuals harbor T cells reactive to MR1 variants displaying self-ligands expressed in cancer and benign tissues. Described “cancer-specific” MR1-restricted TCRs need further validation, covering conserved allomorphs of MR1. Ligands require identification to ensure targeting MR1 is restricted to those specific to cancer and not normal tissues. For the wider field of immunology and transplant biology, the observation that MR1*04 may behave as an alloantigen warrants further study.
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"SIGNIFICANCE OF MORPHOPHONOLOGICAL ELEMENTS IN THE PROCESS OF WORD FORMATION." Philology matters, March 25, 2020, 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36078/987654417.
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The article considers the role of morphophonological elements such as stress, alternation of phonemes in the choice of suffixes in the deminutative word formation, and the nature of the relationship between them. It is traditionally believed that Russian word formation is agglutinative, since the affix dominates, and the stress and alternation of phonemes are subordinate to it. The Russian language is fusional in the typological characteristics, as fusional characteristics that manifest themselves in alternation of phonemes, alternation of stress, declension, conjugation and derivation, define the typological features of the Russian language. Therefore, the article suggest that Russian word formation is also fusional. Fusion is expressed in the fact that the morphological characteristics of the deriving word predict the choice of suffixes, which are variants within the same paradigm of allomorphs of the word-forming affix. The research showed that stress, phoneme alternation and suffix are functionally equal, since suffix can also specify the stress and the alternant of the derived word. Consequently, the alternation of allomorphs of suffixes, as well as alternations in a word stem, including the rules for choosing allomorphs, is not an object of word-formation analysis, but relate to morphophonology. Thus, the hypothesis of functional equivalence of stress, phoneme alternation, and affix alternation is confirmed in the description of word formation of masculine diminutives with suffixes -ик, -ок (-ек), -ушек (-юшк, -ишек), -анёк (-енёк), as shown in the suffix allomorph selection table.
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S.B. Im. "THE ROLE OF MORPHONOLOGICAL UNITS IN DESCRIPTION OF TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF FUSIONAL LANGUAGES." EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), November 18, 2023, 283–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.36713/epra14921.
Full textAbstract:
The article deals with issues related to the fusion of the Russian language. According to the author, it manifests itself in such morphonological phenomena as alternation of stress, alternation of phonemes and alternation of affixes. They are units of morphonology that participate in the process of synthesizing the sound image of a word in inflection and derivation of the Russian language. Stress and alternations have been described in works by prof. V.A. Red’kin. An affix as a morphoneme representing variants (allomorphs) of a derivational suffix is considered in the works by S.B. Im. KEY WORDS: Morphonology, Morphoneme, Fusion, Agglutination, Alternation.
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Storme, Benjamin. "Paradigm uniformity effects on French liaison." Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, February 12, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11049-023-09596-z.
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AbstractFrench liaison is a type of external sandhi involving the use of a special consonant-final allomorph before vowel-initial words. Consonants occurring at the end of these allomorphs are challenging for phonological theory because of evidence that their prosodic and segmental realization is intermediate between the realizations of word-final and word-initial consonants. This puzzling behavior of French liaison has been used to motivate new phonological and lexical representations, including floating consonants, lexical constructions and gradient symbolic representations. This paper proposes an alternative analysis: the variable realization of liaison is derived as a paradigm uniformity effect, assuming traditional phonological and lexical representations. In a Word1-Word2 sequence, the liaison consonant at the boundary between the two words ends up acquiring properties of both word-final and word-initial consonants because of a pressure to make contextual variants of Word1 and Word2 similar to their citation forms. The proposal is implemented in a probabilistic constraint-based grammar including paradigm uniformity constraints and is shown to account for the intermediate behavior of liaison both in terms of prosodic attachment and segmental realization. The paper provides evidence for two key predictions of this analysis, using judgment data on the prosodic attachment of liaison consonants in European French and phonetic data on the interaction between liaison and affrication in Quebec French.
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Baayen, R. Harald, Yu-Ying Chuang, and James P. Blevins. "Inflectional morphology with linear mappings." December 31, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.18010.baa.
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This methodological study provides a step-by-step introduction to a computational implementation of word and paradigm morphology using linear mappings between vector spaces for form and meaning. Taking as starting point the linear regression model, the main concepts underlying linear mappings are introduced and illustrated with R code. It is then shown how vector spaces can be set up for Latin verb conjugations, using 672 inflected variants of two verbs each from the four main conjugation classes. It turns out that mappings from form to meaning (comprehension), and from meaning to form (production) can be carried out loss-free. This study concludes with a demonstration that when the graph of triphones, the units that underlie the form space, is mapped onto a 2-dimensional space with a self-organising algorithm from physics (graphopt), morphological functions show topological clustering, even though morphemic units do not play any role whatsoever in the model. It follows, first, that evidence for morphemes emerging from experimental studies using, for instance, fMRI, to localize morphemes in the brain, does not guarantee the existence of morphemes in the brain, and second, that potential topological organization of morphological form in the cortex may depend to a high degree on the morphological system of a language.
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ГАЦАЛОВА, Л. Б., and Л. К. ПАРСИЕВА. "ADAPTATION STAGES OF BORROWED WORDS IN THE RUSSIAN AND OSSETIAN LANGUAGES." Kavkaz-forum, no. 4(11) (December 18, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.46698/h4618-6813-5926-v.
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В статье рассмотрены вопросы формальной адаптации в русском и осетинском языках новых заимствованных слов, различных вариантов их графического оформления, морфемно-морфологических признаков, тематических групп, в наибольшей степени отличающихся от принятых в обоих языках правил адаптации. На примерах неологизмов русско- и осетиноязычного медиадискурса показаны этапы приспособления новаций к системе языка-реципиента. В осетинский язык входит множество заимствований, среди которых лексические единицы, относящиеся к совершенно различным тематическим кластерам, в том числе к IT-технологиям, цифровым технологиям, новым дистанционным и электронным образовательным технологиям, робототехнике и т.д. Осетинский язык какие-то из них заимствует в том виде, в котором они попадают в русский, а уже через посредство русского языка такие лексемы входят в осетиноязычное пространство в оригинальном или даптированном виде. Инографическое оформление иноязычных заимствований, вошедших в русский и осетинский языки в последние годы и месяцы, рассматривается не с точки зрения нарушения норм и традиций принимающего языка или посягательств на самостоятельность и этническую идентичность, а как один из этапов адаптации неологизма в языке, начальной стадии вхождения его в другую графическую систему, за которой в дальнейшем лексеме предстоит орфологическая адаптация. Большой языковой материал, использованный в исследовании, позволил авторам прийти к выводу о том, что современный осетинский язык является открытой системой, легко приспосабливающей к своей грамматической норме любые варианты лексем, которые она берет из других языков, совершенно разными способами, а не только инографическим оформлением. В нем много неологизмов, созданных средствами самого осетинского языка, что говорит о жизнеспособности и гибкости его в мире цифровых реалий. The article considers the means of formal adaptation of new loans borrowed into the Russian and Ossetian languages, as well as to various options of their graphic figuration, morphemic and morphological features, thematic groups, most especially distinct from the standard adaptation rules of both languages. The stages of novation adaptation to the system of the language recipient are demonstrated by the examples of neologisms in the Russian speaking and Ossetian speaking media. A lot of loan words enter the Ossetian language, among which are lexical units of various thematic clusters including IT, digital technologies, robotics et-cetera. The Ossetian language receives some of them through the mediation of the Russian language, this kind of lexemes enter the Ossetian speaking space having undergone adaptation or in their original forms. Latinized variants of the loan words borrowed by the Russian and Ossetian languages in recent years and months have been considered neither in terms of a contraversion of norms and traditions of a recepient language nor as an infringement of self-sufficiency or ethnic identity, but in terms of one of the adaptation stages, the initial stage of the infiltration of a loan into another graphic system, after which the lexeme is to be adapted morphologically. A considerable amount of linguistic data used in the research leads the authors to the conclusion, that currently the Ossetian language is an open system, where any variation of lexemes borrowed from other languages are easily adopted to its grammatical form not only by means of using Latin alphabet, but in variety of ways. It has coined a great number of neologisms, which proves the viability and flexibility of the Ossetian language in the contemporary digital world.