Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Allopatrie'

Les moules Bathymodiolinae sont associées aux sources hydrothermales et aux suintements froids, mais incluent aussi des espèces associées à des substrats organiques coulés, pour lesquelles peu de données sont disponibles. Une réévaluation de la diversité de ce groupe sert ici de support à l’analyse des processus de spéciation et d’adaptation chez ces organismes. Dans un premier temps, l’analyse de spécimens collectés grâce aux dispositifs expérimentaux montre que plusieurs espèces des genres Idas et Adipicola sont capables de coloniser des substrats variés. Cette absence de spécialisation écologique est mise en relation avec les capacités adaptatives conférées par des symbiontes thiotrophes. Dans un second temps, 28 ESUs sont définies et représentent vraisemblablement des espèces nouvelles. Un patron récurrent de spéciation allopatrique est mis en évidence et explique la diversité des espèces dans notre jeu de données. Enfin, la structure génétique est analysée à un niveau populationnel afin de mieux comprendre les patrons géographiques observés.

Le processus de spéciation reflète l’origine et la mise en place de barrières à la reproduction. Cela revient donc à répondre aux questions suivantes: comment les barrières à la reproduction se mettent en place, est-ce qu’elles permettent le maintien de l’intégrité génétique des populations et quelle est l’architecture génétique de l’isolement reproducteur (IR)? L’objectif de ma thèse est d’apporter des premières réponses à ces questions dans le genre Silene tout en prenant en compte l’impact potentiel des systèmes de reproduction sur le processus de spéciation. Une première partie de ma thèse se concentre sur l’espèce gynodioïque S. nutans chez qui j’ai identifié deux lignées génétiques qui se sont différenciées en allopatrie, lors des glaciations. Actuellement, en contact secondaire, leur IR est quasi-complet. Toutefois, l’hétérogénéité de la sélection le long du génome ayant façonné le patron de différenciation génétique empêche l’étude de l’architecture génétique de l’IR par un scan génomique. Dans une seconde partie, je me suis intéressée à l’effet de la dioécie sur la divergence des populations et les capacités d’adaptation des espèces. La découverte de différents systèmes de détermination du sexe entre deux espèces proches permet de proposer une architecture génétique de l’IR associée à la labilité des chromosomes sexuels. Mes travaux de thèse apportent des premières pistes pour mieux comprendre comment l’IR peut se mettre en place entre deux taxons. La prise en compte du système de reproduction des organismes et les conflits génétiques qui y sont associés (chromosomes sexuels, conflit nucléo-cytoplasmique) peuvent s’avérer importants dans l’étude de la spéciation
Speciation reflects the origins and further development of reproductive barriers. The study of speciation thus requires answering three main questions: which processes lead to reproductive barriers; how effective these barriers are to maintain the genetic integrity of populations; and what are their genetic basis. The goal of my thesis is to attempt to answer these questions in the context of the Silene genus, and to evaluate the potential impact of breeding systems in the speciation process. In the first part, I focused on S. nutans, a gynodioecious species which exhibits two genetic lineages that differentiate in allopatry. Nowadays in secondary contact, the reproductive isolation between these lineages is almost complete. The heterogeneity of selection along the genome has shaped the heterogeneity of genetic differentiation. Therefore, I was not able to propose candidate regions of the genetic basis of the reproductive barriers. In a second part, I focused on the impact of dioecy on population divergence and species adaptation. The discovery of distinct sex determination in close species allowed me to propose to associate the genetic basis of the reproductive isolation to sex chromosome lability. My work furthers the understanding how reproductive barriers developed between two taxas and shows that taking into account the breeding system of taxa and associate genetic conflicts (sex chromosome, cyto-nuclear conflicts) can be important in the study of speciation

La première partie de ma thèse est une revue donnant un aperçu du répertoire génomique des bactéries intracellulaires et de leurs symbiotes. L'objectif de cette étude est d'explorer le processus permettant aux bactéries intracellulaires d'acquérir leur mode de vie spécifique. Nous avons commencé par examiner les données à propos de l'existence ancienne de bactéries intracellulaires, leur adaptation à leur hôte et les différences entre sympatrie et allopatrie. Une comparaison du contenu génomique de plusieurs bactéries avec différents modes de vie a révélé la capacité des bactéries à échanger des gènes à des degrés différents, en fonction de l'écosystème. La deuxième partie de ma thèse porte sur la séquence du génome de la souche Diplorickettsia massiliensis 20B qui est une bactérie intracellulaire obligatoire à Gram négatif isolée à partir des tiques de Slovaquie Ixodes ricinus. Dans ma troisième et dernière partie, nous exploré le répertoire du génome de Diplorickettsia massiliensis en le comparant aux génomes de bactéries phylogénétiquement très proches de Diplorickettsia massiliensis, issues de différentes niches. Ceci a permis de révélé son mode de vie allopatrique. Dans cette étude, nous avons comparé les caractéristiques du génome de Diplorickettsia massiliensis avec vingt-neuf espèces séquencées de Gammaproteobacteria (Legionella, Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis et Rickettsiella grylli) en utilisant l'approche pangénomique multi-genre. Ce travail de thèse fournit des données originales et permet d’apporter plus de lumière sur la diversité des bactéries intracellulaires
The initial purpose of my thesis is to understand with the help of comparative genomics, genomic variations based on coexistence, by examining data on the ancient existence of intracellular bacteria, their host adaptation and the differences between sympatry and allopatry. The first part of my thesis is a review giving insight into intracellular bacterial genome repertoire and symbionts. The goal of this review is to explore how intracellular microbes acquire their specific lifestyle. Due to their different evolutionary trajectories, these bacteria have different genomic compositions. We reviewed data on the ancient existence of intracellular bacteria, their host adaptation and the differences between sympatry and allopatry. A comparison of the genomic contents of bacteria with certain lifestyles revealed the bacterial capacity to exchange genes to different extents, depending on the ecosystem. The second part of my thesis present about the genome sequence of Diplorickettsia massiliensis strain 20B which is an obligate intracellular, gram negative bacterium isolated from Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from Slovak. In the third part, we investigated the genome repertoire of Diplorickettsia massiliensis compared to closely related bacteria according to its niche, revealing its allopatric lifestyle. In this study, we compared the genomic features of Diplorickettsia massiliensis with twenty-nine sequenced Gammaproteobacteria species (Legionella strains, Coxiella burnetii strains, Francisella tularensis strains and Rickettsiella grylli) using multi-genus pangenomic approach. This thesis work provides original data and sheds light on intracellular bacterial diversity

L’histoire démographique des espèces hydrothermales profondes et leurs échanges génétiques le long de la dorsale du Pacifique oriental ont été analysés en combinant des approches classiques d’analyses de fréquences alléliques entre populations avec des méthodes d’analyse plus récentes basées sur la théorie de la coalescence. Une approche de phylogéographie comparée sur sept espèces (un bivalve, trois gastéropodes, trois polychètes), réalisée sur le gène mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxydase I, a permis de révéler une barrière aux flux de gènes, commune à toutes les espèces entre le Nord et le Sud EPR datant d’environ 1,3 Ma et probablement liée à la formation de failles transformantes entre 0°-7°25’N. Cette séparation de faune s’est accompagnée d’une expansion démographique généralisée plus récente (< 0,5 Ma) au Sud. Une approche multi-locus a ensuite été effectuée sur trois taxons cibles aux traits d’histoire de vie contrastés : le polychète A. Pompejana, le bivalve B. Thermophilus et le gastéropode L. Elevatus (comprenant deux espèces cryptiques). Cette approche a permis de confirmer les résultats obtenus par l’approche multi-spécifique. L’hybridation entre lignées divergentes, détectée chez ces trois taxons, suggère une semi-perméabilité de la barrière aux flux de gènes. L’étendue de la zone de contact secondaire dépend du taxon considéré selon ses traits d’histoire de vie, et des forces de sélection agissant au locus considéré. Les patrons de distributions phylogéographique et biogéographique mis en évidence sur les espèces et les communautés s’accordent pour séparer la dorsale du Pacifique oriental en deux provinces biogéographiques différentes de part et d’autre de l’Equateur

La spéciation est un processus évolutif conduisant à la formation de nouvelles espèces par l’établissement de barrières à la reproduction entre populations. Par l’étude et la cartographie des gènes impliqués dans la spéciation, nous avons caractérisé si l’architecture des divergences synonyme et non-synonyme des gènes reflétait le mode de spéciation pour 2 complexes d’espèces hydrothermales. Pour les annélides du genre Alvinella (allopatrie), la barrière Équatoriale de la dorsale Est-Pacifique limitant le flux génique entre populations a joué un rôle sur l’émergence de barrières à la reproduction renforcées par de l’adaptation locale aux communautés microbiennes. 3 espèces de moules atlantiques du genre Bathymodiolus vivent dans des habitats différant par la profondeur, la composition chimique du fluide et les communautés microbiennes (parapatrie). Les pressions de sélection liées à l’adaptation locale semblent à l’origine des verrous génomiques contrant le flux génique. L’isolement est favorisé par l’éloignement spatial des populations remises en contact localement aboutissant à de l’introgression adaptative. Les éléments transposables impactent aussi l’architecture génomique. Nous avons étudié les rétrotransposons à LTR chez les annélides et mollusques. Les différentes superfamilles suivent des stratégies évolutives distinctes : éléments Gypsy grand nombre de copies diversifiées (théorie de la Reine Rouge), Copia rares et dominés par 3 clades(Domino Day spreading model), BEL/Pao intermédiaires. Leur rôle pourrait être négligeable dans la spéciation chez Alvinella (peu d’ETs) il n’en est pas de même chez Bathymodiolus dont le génome serait composé à50% d’ETs
Speciation is an evolutionary process leading to the emergence of new species through the establishment ofreproductive barriers between populations. By studying and mapping the genes involved in speciation, weinvestigated if the architecture of synonym and non-synonym gene divergences could reflect the on-goingmode of speciation of two sets of hydrothermal species. For the polychaetes of the genus Alvinella (allopatry),the Equatorial barrier from the East Pacific Rise limiting gene flow between populations plays a role in the emergence of reproductive barriers reinforced by local adaptation related to the symbiotic interactions with the local microbial communities of the vents. 3 species of Atlantic deep-sea mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus live in environments of varying depths, fluid chemical composition and microbial communities. The selective pressures due to local adaptation were likely at the origin of the first genomic barriers countering gene flow.Isolation was also favored by spatial distance with local secondary contacts which in turn allowed adaptive introgressions. Transposable elements also impact the architecture of genomes. We studied LTR retrotransposons within the annelid and mollusc genomes. The 3 superfamilies follow distinct evolutionary dynamic strategies: Gypsy elements very diversified with numerous copies (Red Queen dynamics), Copia are rarer and dominated by 3 clades (Domino Days spreading model), BEL/Pao in intermediate position. If their role was probably negligible in the speciation in the Alvinella system (very few mobile elements) this is probably not true in the Bathymodiolus system as TEs make up for roughly 50% of their genomes

Book Summary: This new reference ― part of The Secrets Series® provides balanced coverage of all current complementary and alternative therapies by leading experts in the field. Discusses each CAM modality and the disorders for which it has been proven beneficial; what to look for in a practitioner of each field; whether there is a "best" CAM approach; supporting evidence; and the effectiveness of CAM compated to allopathic approaches. Includes chapters on the various alternative therapies as well as chapters on medical disorders and the CAM treatments for those diseases Focuses on the evidence for the effectiveness of CAM therapies Kohatsu one of the leaders in the field (member of first group of fellows of Andrew Weil at University fo Arizona Department of Integrative Medicine Book uses an "integrative" approach---not just CAM therapies, but therapies used in conjunction with total program for treating patient's condition (including standard medical therapies, nutrition, etc). Concise answers that include the author's pearls, tips, memory aids, and "secrets".

A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine.
The value of an allopathic medical school interview lies in its inherent ability to produce something of value that is unobtainable by other means: a rough assessment of the non‐ cognitive components of a viable candidate. Many allopathic institutions rely on the interview when determining applicant viability for both professional standards and institutional fit. However, applicants can distort the truth or train themselves to appear to exude any one of a number of admirable qualities for a brief period of time. Responses that reflect socially acceptable answers, rather than the true nature of an applicant’s character, represent forms of dishonesty. It is our belief that the high‐stakes setting of a conventional allopathic interview creates a moral hazard for prospective matriculates, such that applicants’ genuine responses are confounded with social desirability bias. Social desirability is often simplified for the research world to refer to the articulation of both self‐deceptive enhancement and impression management (IM). We sought to establish the presence of impression management and/or self‐deceptive enhancement tactics among interviewing allopathic medical school applicants. The presence of the aforementioned was determined using the 6th version of the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR), a validated inventory that relies on 40 self‐responses on a Likert scale to common situations. We offered the BIDR interview to all interviewing applicants to the University of Arizona College of Medicine ‐ Phoenix on three of the six interview days. This inventory was administered during a 10 minute break period offered directly after the completion of the university’s multiple mini interviews, so as to assess the presence or absence of social desirability as close to the high stakes setting as possible. We received 104 responses, 12 of which were not included in the dichotomous scoring because they were not completed in their entirety. Our findings from 92 allopathic medical school applicant respondents indicated that our average interviewing medical school applicant was engaging in impression management tactics above and beyond the oft‐referenced BIDR cutoff values, with an average of 7.543/20; however, they were not engaging in self‐deceptive enhancement tactics beyond their BIDR reference peers with an average of 6.27/20. Both self‐ deception and impression management exist on a spectrum; however the arbitrary cutoffs of honest impression management established by Paulhaus’ 6th version of the BIDR were exceeded. Our results indicate that the context of allopathic interviews is associated with increased levels of impression management tactics; conversely, it is not associated with increased self‐deceptive enhancement tactics.

Harmful algal blooms, commonly referred to as red tides, occur yearly with dramatic impacts on marine ecology, coastal economies, and human health. As a consequence, research into the zooplankton grazers that consume HABs is highly important. However, changes in ocean temperature may increase the range of many HABs, exposing historically naive copepods to new species and their associated chemicals. Little research into the impact of allopatric verses sympatric species, particularly on the immediate behavioral impact, has been performed, leaving the indirect fitness effects of HAB exposure and consumption relatively unknown. We measured alterations in the swimming behavior of the calanoid copepod Temora longicornis following exposure to sympatric Alexandrium fundyense and allopatric Karenia brevis treatments. After a 15-16 hours depuration period postA. fundyense exposure, T. longicornis exhibited increased average swimming speed and an elevated net to gross displacement ratio (NGDR). During exposure toK. brevis, copepods exhibited an immediate decrease in swimming speed and NGDR, as well as an increased frequency of jump behavior. However, these effects faded after an one-hour depuration period, and disappeared after a 15-16 hour depuration period. The alterations in swimming behavior demonstrated by the copepods treated A. fundyense may increase encounter rate with predators, while copepods treated with K. brevis remain in bloom conditions for longer periods of time, negatively affecting survivorship. Temora longicornis individuals also may be made more visible to predators due to the increase in jumps seen during treatment with K. brevis. These behavioral changes suggest how HABs escape from zooplankton grazer control by altering copepod swimming behavior, and the pattern of predator-prey evolution that occurs over time.

The formal recognition of traditional healing has been controversial for some time with traditional healers being labelled by those of conventional medical orientation as a medical hazard and purveyors of superstition. The support for the development of traditional medicine and establishment of co-operation between traditional healers and allopathic heath practitioners was first promoted in the international health arena by the World Health Organisation. Estimating that 80% of the population living in rural areas of many developing countries was using traditional medicine for the primary healthcare needs, this organisation advocated for the establishment of mechanisms that would facilitate strong cooperation between traditional healers, scientists and clinicians. The study was undertaken in the Amathole District Municipality, Province of the Eastern Cape based on Chapter 2, Section 6(2) (a) of the Traditional Health Practitioners Bill 2003, which required regulation and promotion of liaison between traditional health practitioners and other health professionals registered under any law. The purpose of the study was to develop and propose strategies to facilitate collaboration between traditional and allopathic health practitioners to optimise and complement healthcare delivery. The conceptual framework guiding the study was derived from Leininger’s theory of Cultural Care Diversity and Universality chosen because of its appropriateness. The terms used throughout the study were defined to facilitate the reader’s understanding. Ethical principles were adhered to throughout the research process. To ensure trustworthiness of the study, Guba’s model (in Krefting,1991:214-215) was used where the four aspects of trustworthiness namely, truth value, applicability, consistency and neutrality were considered. A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual research design was used which assisted in articulating the appropriate strategies to develop to facilitate v collaboration between allopathic and traditional health practitioners. The study was done in two phases. Phase one entailed data collection using unstructured interviews, a focus group interview, literature control and modified participant observation. In Phase two strategies to facilitate collaboration between allopathic and traditional health practitioners were developed. The population in this study comprised three groups of participants. Group 1 consisted of allopathic health practitioners, Group 2 comprised traditional healers and Group 3 was composed of participants who were trained as both traditional healers and allopathic health practitioners. All participants had to respond to three research questions which aimed at:  exploring and describing the nature of the relationship between allopathic and traditional health practitioners before legalisation of traditional healing and their experience as role-players in the healthcare delivery landscape in the Amathole District Municipality.  eliciting the viewpoints of allopathic and traditional health practitioners regarding the impact on their practices of legalisation of traditional healing and  developing strategies to facilitate collaboration between allopathic and traditional health practitioners. Data obtained from each group was analysed using Tesch’s method as described by Creswell (2003:192). Themes emerging from data and the corresponding strategies to address the themes were identified for each group. The participants’ responses to the three research questions revealed areas of convergence and divergence. Of significance was the reflection by the participants on their negative attitude towards each other. They also highlighted that there was no formal interaction between traditional and allopathic health practitioners in the Amathole District Municipality. Their working relationship was characterised by a one-sided referral system with traditional healers referring patients to allopathic health practitioners but this seemed not to be reciprocated vi by the latter group. The exception was the case of traditional surgeons whose working relationship with allopathic health practitioners was formally outlined in the Application of Health Standards in the Traditional Circumcision Act, Act No.6 of 2001. Allopathic health practitioners attributed their negative attitude as emanating from the unscientific methods used by traditional healers in treating patients, interference of traditional healers with the efficacy of hospital treatments and delays by traditional healers in referring patients to the hospitals and clinics. Traditional healers stated that they were concerned about failure of allopathic health practitioners to refer patients who talked about “thikoloshe” and “mafufunyana” to the traditional healers. Consequently, these patients presented themselves to the traditional healers when the illness was at an advanced stage. A reciprocal referral system was perceived by the traditional healers as the core element or crux of collaboration. There were ambivalent views regarding the impact of legalisation of traditional healing on the practices of both traditional and allopathic health practitioners. Elimination of unscrupulous healers, economic benefits, and occupational protection were benefits anticipated by traditional healers from the implementation of the Act. The possibility of having to divulge information regarding their traditional medicines, monitoring of their practice resulting in arrests should errors occur were however, cited by traditional healers as threatening elements of the Act. A lack of understanding the activities of each group with an inherent element of mistrust became evident from the participants’ responses. Ways of fostering mutual understanding between them were suggested which included holding meetings together to discuss issues relating to healing of patients, exposing both groups of health practitioners to research, as well as training and development activities. The participants also highlighted areas of collaboration as sharing resources namely, budget, physical facilities, equipment and information and role clarification especially pertaining to disease management. The participants vii strongly suggested that there should be clarity on the type of diseases to be handled by each group. The need for capacity building of traditional and allopathic health practitioners in preparation for facilitating collaboration was advocated by all and the relevant activities to engage into were suggested. Analysis, synthesis and cross referencing of the themes that emerged from the data culminated in the identification of three strategies that were applicable to all groups of participants and which would assist in facilitating collaboration between allopathic and traditional health practitioners. The researcher coined the three strategies “Triple C” strategies abbreviated as the TRIC strategies. The first “C” of the three “Cs” stands for “change attitude”, the second “C” for “communication” and the third “C” for “capacity building.” Each of the proposed three strategies is discussed under the following headings:- Summary of findings informing the strategy  Theory articulating the strategy  Aim of the strategy  Suggested implementation mechanism As the strategies had to be grounded in a theory which would serve as a reference point, the researcher used the Survey List by Dickoff, James and Wiedenbach (1968:423) as a conceptual framework on which to base the proposed three strategies. The results of this study and recommendations that have been made will be disseminated in professional journals, research conferences and seminars.

A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine.
Over 100 years after the Flexner Report first revolutionized medical education, medical schools across the United States are rethinking the role of scholarly research in their curricula. Scholarly research helps fulfill a number of essential elements of the medical school curriculum. The Scholarly Project (SP) engenders self‐directed independent learning, critical thinking skills, writing skills, life‐long learning, and many other objectives. The SP also allows students to assess evidence and the credibility of sources. According to a 2010 study, the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Curriculum Directory listed 84 medical schools with required research and 9 schools with a required thesis. This research requirement can take on many forms, some of which have been outlined for specific medical schools. Since then, more schools have embraced SP’s in their curricula, and the SP requirements and objectives have evolved dramatically at many U.S. medical schools. This project aims to (1) identify which U.S. allopathic medical schools have required and elective SP’s, (2) determine the components of these SP’s with respect to the duration and placement within the four‐year curriculum, the types of projects that qualify as SPs, the capstone requirement for the finished SP product, the curricular elements, and the objectives of the SP, and (3) determine how many schools have a required, four‐year longitudinal, hypothesis‐driven SP that culminate in a manuscript or thesis. The 136 allopathic medical schools on the AAMC Application Service website as of September 4, 2014 were included in this research. The individual website of each school was queried to attempt to determine the presence and characteristics of a formal SP within the curriculum. Each school was then contacted with the information that was found from the initial query in order to verify and/or elaborate on the preliminary results. Each SP was analyzed to determine (1) whether it was required or optional, (2) its duration and placement within the 4‐year curriculum, (3) the capstone requirement, (4) whether the research was required to be hypothesis‐driven, (5) the topic areas available for students, (6) whether there was formal curriculum in scholarly pursuit within the general medical curriculum, and (7) what the program objectives were. A total of 136 medical schools were surveyed in this study. Our analysis revealed that 78 of these schools include some structured SP in their curricula. Of these, 48 SPs are required, and 30 are optional. The majority of these SPs (36) require less than 1 year for completion. A total of 48 of the 78 medical schools had a manuscript or thesis requirement for the final capstone. Of the 48 schools with a required SP, 25 required the research to be hypothesis driven. A total of 43 of the 78 schools included required scholarship/research curricula as part of the overall medical education curriculum. The objectives of the programs are described in detail in this study. This study identified four medical schools with a required, 4‐year longitudinal, hypothesis‐driven SP that culminates with production of a manuscript or thesis. The four allopathic medical schools with a required, 4‐year longitudinal, hypothesisdriven SP that culminates in a manuscript/thesis are as follows: the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, the University of Arizona College of Medicine‐ Phoenix, the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, and Yale University. The details of each program are explored in the text.

The purpose of this QI project is to educate current allopathic and osteopathic residents on the fundamentals of OMT as well as appropriate indications and contraindications for osteopathic manipulation therapy. In order to accomplish this goal, we propose to administer a pretest before giving a presentation on fundamentals of OMT and appropriate OMT referrals. Afterwards, we will perform a posttest to see if there was a significant increase in overall scores from the residents. We will then compile the scores into a spreadsheet and using data analysis, evaluate to see if current residents have had a significant improvement in overall knowledge of OMT fundamentals, indications and contraindications.

The role of competition in structuring a lacustrine community of two salmonid species, cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki Richardson) and Dolly Varden char (Salvelinus malma Walbaum), was investigated in three coastal B.C. lakes. Habitat utilization of both species alone (allopatric) and in coexistence with each other (sympatric) was determined by gill netting at depth contours from lake surfaces to bottoms such that littoral, epipelagic, pelagic, and epibenthic habitats were sampled. From June to October, trout utilized mainly surface habitats (littoral and epipelagic) in sympatry and allopatry. Char utilized all habitats in allopatry, and exhibited generalist feeding behaviour by opportunistically utilizing different habitats as prey abundance varied between sampling periods. However, in sympatry, char shifted to deeper habitats not occupied by trout. In sympatry, trout and char were spatially segregated with depth. However, temporal segregation was not pronounced. The habitat shift by char supports an hypothesis of competition between sympatric trout and char for habitat resources, where competition acts more strongly on char. However, food abundance partly explained patterns in fish distribution. The hypothesis that habitat segregation between sympatric trout and char is based on behavioural interactions was investigated in laboratory experiments. There were changes in the type and intensity of interaction between trout and char with irradiance level that were consistent with their distribution and depth of habitat. At high irradiance levels such as occur in surface habitats, trout were more aggressive to char than at low irradiance levels. In sympatry with trout, char may seek refuge from aggression by trout in deeper habitats with lower irradiance levels. The feeding performance of char in interspecies pairs dominated by trout increased with decreasing intensity of behavioural interactions. However, the feeding performance of these char did not improve at low irradiance levels, presumably because char continued to display subordinate behaviours while confined in an aquarium with dominant trout. Whether the shift to deeper habitats by lake-dwelling sympatric char is a result of interference mechanisms is not clear. However, an hypothesis involving an interactive mechanism of segregation and interference competition along irradiance level gradients cannot be rejected by this study.
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate

The ranks of the medical profession have typically been filled by Anglo-Saxon males. A slow change in attitude appears to be leading toward a desire to increase diversity in the medical profession. Previous attempts to allow for increased representation of those underrepresented in medicine failed due to legal challenges. The Association of American Medical Colleges, an organization which oversees medical education, residency training, and research of both American and Canadian allopathic medical schools, has introduced Holistic Review as a method for creating a diverse population in a medical school class; this study investigates the way medical schools are incorporating these strategies into their medical school admissions policies and how effective these policies are in increasing diversity in medical school classes. The implication encourage admissions committees to modify the importance of certain selection criteria in an ongoing effort to increase diversity in their medical school classes.

This study was initiated to gain a better understanding of evolution and adaptation of elasmobranchs by investigating how a putative biogeographic barrier, the Benguela Current, had influenced populations of a demersal shark species, Triakis megalopterus. It was hypothesized that the Benguela Current formed a biogeographic barrier in the distribution of T. megalopterus and was responsible for the divergence between South African (SA) and Angolan (AN) populations. Since elasmobranchs are generally characterized by a slow rate of evolutionary change and conservative morphology and life history traits, it was hypothesized that there would be limited genetic, morphological and life history divergence between the populations. Both mtDNA Control Region (mtCR) and microsatellites (nDNA) were used to assess population connectivity and structure of T. megalopterus. The mtCR predominantly showed a northern (Angola, AN, and Namibia, NA) versus southern (Western Cape, WC, and Eastern Cape, EC) Benguela subsystem arrangement. This suggested that the formation of the Benguela Current had an influence on the genetic structure of T. megalopterus during the early Pleistocene. The nDNA, however, showed a distinct transoceanic, Atlantic (AN, NA, WC) versus Indian Ocean (EC) arrangement, and this was attributed to the more recent exposure of the Agulhas Bank and reduced rocky shore habitat during the glaciations of the late Pleistocene. Traditional morphological analyses on full body and tooth morphology were used to assess phenotypic plasticity and/or adaptability of T. megalopterus. A novel method of geometric morphology, with potential for non-lethal application, was developed and tested to examine interpopulation divergence in shape. Traditional morphometrics showed significant divergence between populations and this variation was congruous with the mtCR haplotypes. However, the divergence in the truss variables was not concomitant to the haplotypes and suggested that differences in shape may be attributed to phenotypic plasticity. There was limited divergence in the tooth morphology between populations. The divergence in several morphological characters associated with swimming speed and manoeuvrability may be attributed to both habitat structure and dominant prey in the different biogeographic zones. The diet of T. megalopterus consisted primarily of crustaceans, teleosts and molluscs. The significant variation in the diet between populations suggested a generalist tooth configuration and broad trophic adaptability. There was significant divergence in the interpopulation life history parameters. The AN population had the fastest growth, smallest size at maturity, and shortest longevity. Individuals in the EC population had the youngest age at maturity, while the WC population had the earliest parturition. This divergence may be attributed to the contrasting thermal regimes in the three biogeographic regions and the dissimilar exploitation rates of the three populations. The results of this thesis demonstrated that a combination of the formation of the Benguela Current and sea level change most likely contributed to vicariance of three populations of T. megalopterus. The significant interpopulation morphological and life history divergence appeared to be both phenotypic and genetic, and suggested that contrasting environmental drivers can result in relatively rapid change in elasmobranchs.

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University
OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of osteopathic and allopathic medical schools that offer courses and clerkships related to the care of people with disabilities. DESIGN: Faculty members from 28 osteopathic schools and 28 allopathic medical schools were asked to complete a short survey that contained objective and subjective questions about the availability of curriculum offerings related to caring for people with disabilities at their institution. RESULTS: We found no statistically significant differences between measures in the survey which might have suggested that there was a difference between the proportion of osteopathic and allopathic schools that provide coursework related to the care of people with disabilities. However, we found that 50% of osteopathic schools offer a course or clerkship that is primarily devoted to this subject, compared with 40% of allopathic schools. Additionally, 86% of osteopathic schools offer a course or clerkship that is partially related to this subject, compared to 88% of allopathic schools. DISCUSSION: Osteopathic and allopathic institutions are similarly equipped to train their students to treat patients with disabilities, as indicated by the fact that none of the measured differences reached statistical significance. The data suggest that 9-12% of medical students were required to participate in a course or clerkship that is primarily focused on care for people with disabilities, and 66- 77% of medical students will be required to participate in a course that contains material related to this subject. CONCLUSION: Although less than 100% of medical students graduate with experience related to treating people with disabilities, the fact that medical faculty realize the importance of this issue and that the majority of schools require students to participate with some experience suggests that the medical world is responding to this important issue.

Magister Artium (Child and Family Studies) - MA(CFS)
One of the sustainable development goals the World Health Organization (WHO) has set for member countries is the implementation of universal health coverage (UHC) in order to ensure all citizens have the right to access healthcare. In recognising that the global demand for traditional and complementary medicine (T&CM) continues to grow, the WHO has encouraged the inclusion of T&CM into the national health systems of member countries as a way of ensuring that UHC can be achieved.

The research reviews that the majority of Black South Africans will frequent a traditional African healer as a primary means of health care. This may be partly due to the fact that traditional African healer is accredited as offering more affordable means of health care. Traditional African healing has been esteemed in treating the physical, mental and spiritual health of the population. This paradigm is also respected for its holistic approach which stretches beyond sole biological assumptions in the pursuit of optimum health. Depression is also confirmed as being an illness which is rife in contemporary living. South Africans may also be at an increased risk with regards to this mood disorder, due to harsh psychosocial circumstances including poverty, unemployment and crime. The research offers that the social worker and mental health care professional alike are under increased pressure to obtain ‘cultural competence’ in understanding how traditional African discourse constructs common mental illnesses like depression. Therefore in light the above, the research attempted to explore an understanding of depression amongst a sample of traditional healers in Johannesburg. There is little research done on this subject. Therefore a qualitative research approach was adopted. Qualitative research may offer a more reflective space as a point of entry into a subject which has not been explored. The case study research design, specifically a collective case study was used and semi-structured interviews were conducted, using an interview schedule. The researcher interviewed 10 traditional healers. The interview aimed to explore how traditional healers understand depression. iii The research used a content analysis to draw common themes from the transcribed interviews with the participants who formed part of the sample, selected by means of purposive sampling. The themes derived from the interviews offer some reflections on the traditional healers’ understanding of depression. These themes included: relevancy of depression; distinctions between depression and sadness; intuitive assessments of depression; external circumstances and psychosocial circumstances; relevance of biomedical interventions; treatment by the African traditional healer; counselling; supernatural and spiritual influences; punishment; depression experienced as a collective vs. individualistic cultural experience; somatisation and specific emotional difficulties related to the vocation of traditional African medicine. The research concluded that the traditional healers’ conception of depression was in a state of flux and was very much dependent on the individual interpretations by the traditional healer. This appeared to be influenced by the level of the traditional healers’ acculturation into westernized culture and exposure to biomedical interventions. The relevancy of the concept of depression was viewed as being both redundant and ripe in relevance by the sample. Depression and sadness could not always be distinguished between. However, there was a conceptualization of depression as being a more intense and severe form of sadness. Intuitive assessments of depression were generally adopted as opposed to exploring specific diagnostic criteria. Cognitive distortions such as ‘thinking too much’ and external circumstances were recognized as significant contributors. Depression was mostly indirectly recognized as an illness. Allopathic medicine was both rejected and held in high regard. Counselling was viewed as being necessary. This was not always adopted by the traditional healers. The spiritual significance was graded on a subjective spectrum of making meaning of depressive experiences. However the ancestors were still revered in all assessments and interventions. Depression was viewed on a continuum between individualistic and collective cultures. There were no significant somatic reports. In a nutshell the research concludes that there is no unified perception of depression, but highlights some common cultural variables. The research specifically highlighted the psychosocial and spiritual qualifying factors which may differentiate and qualify this paradigm from other biological and allopathic interventions. iv The research paves the way for further research to be done in this area. Recommendations are made for social workers and mental health care professionals alike to become more fluent in traditional African healing discourse in the area of mental health and depression in order to understand their clients from the African culture.
Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
Social work and Criminology
unrestricted

The lack of coordination of clinical information communicated between chiropractic and allopathic physicians is detrimental to patients' overall health care. This lack of coordination and communication contributes significantly to the fragmentation of shared patient care among these medical providers. The goal of this research was to identify effective ways to improve coordination of patient information between chiropractic and allopathic physicians through secure methods of electronic communication. This research investigated applying digital pen-and-paper technology, Semantic Web technology standards, and biomedical ontologies to improve coordination of patient information. Specifically, the dissertation investigated whether I) digital pen and- paper technology was a viable approach to capture health data electronically; 2) the proposed agile software development methodology was appropriate for prototyping a secure Web-based Health Record (WHR); and 3) a Semantic Web ontology of an electronic health record for chiropractic medicine was feasible. This investigation also initiated awareness for a new informatics specialty coined Chiro-informatics - the application of computing to solve problems in chiropractic medicine. Volunteer patients from a chiropractic group who were also being treated by an orthopedist, neurologist, or internist were recruited for this investigation. Authentic health data was collected from these patients using digital pen-and-paper technology, and verified for accuracy using Mi-Forms software. The verified data was then transferred automatically into a relational database where ID Protect was executed to secure anonymity for the patients' identities. This authentic health data along with the anonymous identities provided the information base for prototyping the WHR. Next, the Extreme Programming (XP) agile software development methodology was followed to prototype the secure WHR successfully. XP use case stories recorded on CRC cards specified nine software requirements of this proof-of-concept: populating, logging in securely, logging out securely, authenticating, authorizing, viewing, updating, downloading, and printing. Ontologies constitute the backbone of the Semantic Web, which provides data with structure and meaning for computational processing. This research germinated chiro-ontology’s©, a Semantic Web ontology of an electronic health record for chiropractic medicine. Constructing chiro-ontology is feasible by me deploying Semantic Web technology standards for interoperability; 2) leveraging reference ontologies for semantic consistency; and 3) integrating chiropractic expertise for spinal manipulation knowledge.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Crustaceans of the genus Aegla occur in continental waters, in southern South America. The genus is composed by more than 70 species, most of them characterized by having restricted distributions. Unlike this pattern, the species Aegla longirostri and Aegla platensis have wide geographic distributions. Moreover, both species form non-monophyletic groups, which may indicate that these groups are formed by cryptic species. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze populations of A. longirostri and A. platensis through a geometric morphometric approach, in order to clarify their intraspecific relationships. For A. longirostri, we analyzed 120 individuals from 6 populations, totalizing 20 animals per population. For A. platensis, we analyzed 110 individuals from 11 populations (four Argentinean and seven Brazilian), totalizing 10 animals per population. For both species, the animals were photographed in dorsal view, and 19 landmarks were defined on the carapace. Both sides of the carapace were symmetrized, and the landmarks coordinates were superimposed. Variations in centroid size were tested with an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey s test. For A. longirostri, we also used a Procrustes ANOVA. Variations in carapace shape were explored through a principal component analysis (PCA), and afterwards through a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and a canonical variate analysis (CVA), based on the first 8 principal components. The Mahalanobis distances between the populations were calculated. For statistical test of carapace shape differences, we used multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and for pairwise comparisons among populations we used Bonferroni corrections for adjust of p-value after multiple MANOVAs. For A. longirostri, CV1 and CV2 represented 46.5% and 23.1% of the variation, respectively. The most geographically distant population showed the highest values of Mahalanobis distance. The pairwise comparisons showed that all populations of A. longirostri differ significantly in carapace shape. For A. platensis, CV1 and CV2 represented 28.5% and 22.2% of the variation, respectively. There was a separation between Argentinean and Brazilian populations, with high values of Mahalanobis distances between populations from both countries. The pairwise comparisons showed that all populations of A. platensis differ significantly in carapace shape, with the exception of a pair of Argentinean populations and a pair of Brazilian populations. Some characteristics of the aeglids indicate that these animals may have low dispersal potential, thus the geographic distance may have led to an interruption of the gene flow between populations. Added to the non-monophyletic grouping, the intraspecific difference in carapace shape in A. longirostri and A. platensis could be an evidence that populations of both species are fragmented.
Crustáceos do gênero Aegla ocorrem em águas continentais, no sul da América do Sul. O gênero é composto por mais de 70 espécies, caracterizadas em sua maioria por possuírem distribuições restritas. Ao contrário deste padrão, as espécies Aegla longirostri e Aegla platensis possuem distribuições geográficas amplas. Além disso, ambas as espécies formam agrupamentos não-monofiléticos, o que pode indicar que esses agrupamentos são formados por espécies crípticas. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar populações de A. longirostri e A. platensis através de técnicas de morfometria geométrica, visando esclarecer suas relações intraespecíficas. Para A. longirostri, foram analisados 120 indivíduos provenientes de seis populações, totalizando 20 animais de cada população. Para A. platensis, foram analisados 110 indivíduos provenientes de 11 populações (quatro argentinas e sete brasileiras), totalizando 10 animais de cada população. Para ambas as espécies, os animais foram fotografados em vista dorsal e foram selecionados 19 marcos anatômicos localizados na carapaça. Ambos os lados da carapaça foram simetrizados e as coordenadas dos marcos anatômicos foram sobrepostas. Variações no tamanho do centroide foram testadas através de análise de variância (ANOVA) de um critério e teste de Tukey. Para A. longirostri, também foi utilizada ANOVA de Procrustes. Variações na forma da carapaça foram exploradas através de análise de componentes principais (PCA), e posteriormente através de análise linear discriminante (LDA) e análise de variáveis canônicas (CVA), com base nos 8 primeiros componentes principais. Foi calculada a distância de Mahalanobis entre as populações. Variações na forma da carapaça foram testadas através de análise de variância multivariada (MANOVA) e MANOVAs par a par seguidas por correção de Bonferroni. Para A. longirostri, CV1 e CV2 corresponderam a 46,5% e 23,1% da variação, respectivamente. A população mais distante geograficamente apresentou os maiores valores de distância de Mahalanobis. As MANOVAs par a par demonstraram que todas as populações de A. longirostri diferem significativamente na forma da carapaça. Para A. platensis, CV1 e CV2 corresponderam a 28,5% e 22,2% da variação, respectivamente. Houve uma separação entre as populações argentinas e brasileiras, com valores de distância de Mahalanobis maiores entre as populações dos dois países. As MANOVAs par a par demonstraram que todas as populações de A. platensis diferem significativamente na forma da carapaça, com exceção de um par de populações argentinas e um par de populações brasileiras. Algumas características dos eglídeos indicam que esses animais possuem baixo potencial de dispersão, portanto, a distância geográfica pode ter levado à interrupção do fluxo gênico entre as populações. Somada à ausência de monofilia, a diferença intraespecífica na forma da carapaça em A. longirostri e A. platensis pode ser um indício de que populações de ambas as espécies estão fragmentadas.

HIV/AIDS and TB patients form part of the communities consulting both allopathic and traditional health practitioners. The study examined existing relationships between traditional and allopathic health practitioners, as they both manage HIV/AIDS and TB patients. The study aim was to develop a model for collaboration between allopathic and traditional health practitioners in the management of HIV/AIDS and TB patients in the Vhembe district, Limpopo Province. Participatory action research design was used. The study was conducted in three phases following the decision taken by the stakeholders during the consultative meetings. The first phase involved the training of 437 traditional health practitioners on HIV/AIDS and TB diseases, and also assessed their knowledge levels, beliefs and practices about the HIV/AIDS and TB. The HIV/AIDS and TB training workshops prepared the traditional health practitioners for group discussions with number of allopathic health practitioners in the second phase. The second phase explored their perceptions and experiences of collaboration in the management of HIV/AIDS and TB patients, identified strategies for collaboration. The findings confirmed that collaboration was long overdue, and it created an opportunity to build relationship to address challenges of patients secrecy, treatment overdose and abandonment of ARV treatment. They explored how they could work together in the fight against HIV/AIDS and TB infections. Change of mindset through the decolonization process was decided as the best suitable approach moving forward. Based on the findings of phases one and two, the third phase, which is a COHORT model for collaboration between allopathic and traditional health practitioners in the management of HIV/AIDS and TB patients was developed and described.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH)
PhD
Unrestricted

After its formulation by Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843) at the end of the 18th century, homoeopathy spread to Britain and America in the 1820ร. Based upon the principle or law of "similia similibus curentur"- let like be cured by like-homoeopathy presented a serious challenge to allopathic medicine. By the 1870s homoeopaths were part of science, performing the first single blind clinical trial, establishing the action of drugs upon the body by experimentation and investigating the nature of matter. Institutionally established, especially in the U.S., they regularly published statistics demonstrating the superiority of homoeopathic treatment in both general practice and in hospitals. Allopaths responded by "nihilating" homoeopathic theory and practice on several levels. Through the language of bacteriology they absorbed key homoeopathic tenets into their own symbolic universe. During the Progressive Era allopaths' ideological resonance with the corporations enabled them to finally vanquish homoeopaths and define medical science along new lines. Homoeopathy's decline in the 1920s was precipitated by its inability to handle experimental error effectively. Yet homoeopaths had raised important epistemological questions about the nature of the relationship between drugs and the human organism. These were never resolved but became repressed along with homoeopathy's scientific history. Since Tory historiography claims that the past informs the future, my aim in recovering homeopathy’s history is to highlight the contemporary importance of these issues for medicine. Only by explicitly addressing these unresolved dilemmas will the Hegelian outworking of Reason be accomplished.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The species complex Astyanax scabripinnis are composed by fish with wide geographic distribution. Their populations are often isolated in small streams, separated by thousands of years, making it a very interesting system to study evolution. The use of different markers is crucial, since they allow inferences on the identification of individuals and therefore the study of populations. Thus, three populations isolated from each other of Campos do Jordão - SP, and two of Maringá - PR were analyzed by geometric morphometrics, correlating with data from presence / absence of B chromosomes, karyotypic and cytogenetic data, and reproductive data. Canonical variate analysis (CVA) showed that there are significant differences between populations (p <0.0001). The discriminant function analysis (DFA) between males and females showed intra and interpopulational sexual dimorphism. The separate CVA of males and females from each population also showed significant difference between them. All populations have 2n = 50 chromosomes arranged in 6m+22sm+10st+12a, the only exception was a population from Maringá, where there was 2n = 48 chromosomes, differentiated in 8m+26sm+6st+8a. B chromosome were only found in the population of Campos do Jordão (1850m altitude), confirming previous studies. In a morphometric analysis separated for individuals with and without B chromosomes, the CVA showed difference in body shape. Individuals with B chromosomes have the ventral anterior region less dilated than those without of this chromosomal element. The CVA also showed differences in body shape between 2n = 50 and 2n = 48 populations in Maringa. The fluorescent in situ hybridization showed differences between markers 5S rDNA and 18S rDNA for all populations. The data suggest pre zygotic reproductive isolation between Campos do Jordao populations. The analysis of all data indicates that the populations are differentiated from each other, indicating adaptation to different environments. This reinforces, among other factors, that these populations should represent different species within the species complex A. scabripinnis, followed by independent evolutionary pathways.
O complexo de espécies Astyanax scabripinnis corresponde a peixes com ampla distribuição geográfica. Suas populações encontram-se geralmente isoladas em pequenos riachos, separadas por milhares de anos, tornando esses animais interessantes ao estudo evolutivo. O uso de diferentes marcadores é fundamental, uma vez que permitem inferências na identificação dos indivíduos e consequentemente o estudo das populações. Dessa maneira, três populações isoladas entre si de Campos do Jordão - SP, e duas de Maringá - PR foram analisadas por morfometria geométrica, correlacionando com dados de presença/ausência de cromossomos B, dados cariotípicos e citogenéticos, além de dados reprodutivos. A análise de variáveis canônicas (CVA) mostrou que há diferenças significativas entre as populações (p<0,0001). A análise de função discriminante (DFA) entre macho e fêmea mostrou que há dimorfismo sexual intra e interpopulacional. A CVA separada para machos e fêmeas de cada população também mostrou diferença significativa entre elas. Todas as populações possuem 2n=50 cromossomos organizados em 6m+22sm+10st+12a, a exceção de apenas uma população de Maringá onde foi observado um cariomorfo com 2n=48 cromossomos, diferenciados em 8m+26sm+6st+8a. Não foi encontrada a presença de cromossomos B apenas na população de Campos do Jordão (662m de altitude), corroborando estudos anteriores. Na análise morfométrica associada a indivíduos com e sem cromossomos B, a CVA mostrou que há diferença na forma do corpo, sendo que os indivíduos com cromossomos B possuem a região ventral anterior menos dilatada dos que não possuem este elemento cromossômico. A CVA também apontou diferença na forma do corpo entre o cariomorfo 2n=50 e o 2n=48, em Maringá. A hibridação in situ fluorescente mostrou diferença entre os marcadores de rDNA 18S e rDNA 5S para todas as populações. Os dados reprodutivos sugerem isolamento pré zigótico entre as populações de Campos do Jordão. A análise de todos os dados aponta que as populações encontram-se diferenciadas entre si, indicando indivíduos adaptados a ambientes distintos. Isso reforça, entre outros fatores, que essas populações devem representar espécies diferentes, dentro do complexo de espécies A. scabripinnis, seguindo por caminhos evolutivos independentes.

L'etude qualitative et quantitative des signaux acoustiques (surtout les chants) fait apparaitre sans contestation l'existence des deux types de chanteurs. Etude de l'assortiment des couples, des hybrides iberiques europeens et de leurs habitats

This study focuses on a secondary contact zone between two sister species of woodrat, Neotoma fuscipes (dusky-footed woodrat) and N. macrotis (big-eared woodrat). Along the Nacimiento River, on the border of southern Monterey and northern San Luis Obispo counties, the ranges of these sister species of woodrats meet and overlap forming a secondary contact zone. The zone of secondary contact is estimated to include a 500-meter (~1,650 linear feet) portion of the Nacimiento River riparian corridor. This research examines quantifiable morphological change that is likely associated with heightened inter-specific competition within the contact zone. When in sympatry the sister species may compete for resources indirectly through exploitative competition, or directly through contest competition, or through a combination of these two processes. The prediction that heightened competition has resulted in distinctive morphological character shifts between allopatric and sympatric populations was tested my examining size and shape of adult woodrats along a 20-kilometer transect. It was confirmed that adults woodrats of the two sister taxa are morphologically distinct (N = 602) and that the phallus morphology was indeed a reliable means to identify adult male woodrats as to species (p < 0.0001, N = 331). A two model approach was used to examine convergence and divergence in size and shape of woodrats across the transect. Neotoma fuscipes exhibited a statistically significant divergerence from N. macrotis with regard to breadth of rostrum (p < 0.0001, N = 414) in a region of sympatry along the Nacimiento River. Based on the results on one statistical model, N. macrotis exhibited a statistically significant convergence with regard to body-size (p = 0.0240, N = 587) and length of hind foot (p < 0.0001, N = 563) towards those of N. fuscipes between zones of sympatry and allopatry. Alternatively, based on the results of a second statistical model that accounted for environmental variation within the system both species exhibited a statistically significant divergence with regard to body-size (p = 0.0054, N = 587) and towards that of N. fuscipes between zones of sympatry and allopatry. Also, N. macrotis exhibited a statistically significant convergence with regard to length of ear (p = 0.0022, N = 563) towards that of N. fuscipes. Based on the results of both models, detectable re-patterning of size-independent traits was observed to varying degrees. The morphological character shifts between sympatric populations and allopatric populations of woodrats suggest that ecological interactions between the species are occuring. Specifically, across the contact zone, patterns of variation in body-size and other morphological character traits are consistent with expectations of a combination of contest and exploitative competition.

L’épilepsie est une maladie neurologique chronique fréquente. En 2018, en Asie du Sud-Est, l'épilepsie est toujours entourée de croyances négatives liées au contexte socioculturel. En République Démocratique Populaire Lao, Les pratiques traditionnelles sont profondément enracinées dans les perceptions et les croyances en matière de santé et de maladies. La médecine traditionnelle est utilisée pour des maladies chroniques et aiguës, telle que l'épilepsie. Ce travail de doctorat a été raisonné comme une recherche en santé publique visant à comprendre les itinéraires thérapeutiques des patients vivant avec une épilepsie (PVEs) en RDP Lao. Nos travaux de recherche ont été conduits avec trois groupes de personnes (PVEs, leur entourage et les personnels soignants) au travers de recherches observationnelles transversales. Ce travail se compose ainsi de 3 études.(i) La non-adhérence des PVEs aux soins communautaires : cette étude a montré que les principaux facteurs sont l’indisponibilité ou les difficultés d'accès aux médicaments antiépileptiques (MAEs), le niveau de revenu, et le médicaments prescrit sur le lieu de consultation éloigné du lieu de résidence.(ii) Concernant l’influence de l’entourage des PVEs (famille, chef du village et agent communautaire de santé) sur leurs décisions thérapeutiques : deux formes d'influences se distinguent (famille vs communauté villageoise), alors que la médecine traditionnelle était considérée comme un complément à la médecine conventionnelle. (iii) Enfin, une étude exploratoire avec des soignants (médecins conventionnels et médecins traditionnels) a montré que les médecins traditionnels avaient conscience de l’efficacité de la médecine conventionnelle et la recommandaient systématiquement aux PVEs, alors que l’inverse était beaucoup plus rare. En conclusion, améliorer la disponibilité des médicaments dans le pays et au niveau communautaire, la mise en place de campagnes d’information, d’éducation, et de communication (IEC), ainsi qu’une collaboration entre la médecine conventionnelle et la médecine traditionnelle nous a permis de décrire et de schématiser les itinéraires thérapeutiques des PVEs en RDP Lao, afin d’élaborer d’une intervention appropriée
Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disease. In 2018, in Southeast Asia, epilepsy is still surrounded by negative beliefs related to the socio-cultural context. In the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), traditional practices are deeply rooted in perceptions and beliefs about health and disease. Traditional medicine is used for chronic and acute diseases, such as epilepsy. This doctoral work has been described as public health research aimed at understanding the therapeutic pathways of patients living with epilepsy (PWE) in Lao PDR. Our research was conducted with three groups of people (PWE, entourage and caregivers) through cross-sectional observational research. This work thus consists of 3 studies : (i) Non- adherence of PWE to community care: this study showed that the main factors are unavailability or difficulty in accessing antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), income level, and prescribed medication in the place of consultation far from where they live. (ii) Concerning the influence of the entourage of PWE (family, village headman, and community health worker) on their therapeutic decisions: two forms of influence are distinguished (family vs. village community), while traditional medicine was considered as a complement to conventional medicine. (iii) Finally, an exploratory study with caregivers (conventional and traditional doctors) showed that traditional doctors were aware of the effectiveness of conventional medicine and systematically recommended it to PWE, while the opposite was much rarer. In conclusion, improving the availability of medicines in the country and at community level, the implementation of information, education, and communication (IEC) campaigns, as well as collaboration between conventional and traditional medicine, has enabled us to describe and schematize the therapeutic pathway of PWE in Lao PDR, in order to elaborate an appropriate intervention

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
Cytogenetic studies have been revealing a great diversity not detected, until then, in several families of fishes. Many of these groups, especially those that exhibit great diversity, like Perciformes and Siluriformes, possess species with difficult morphologic characterization, called cryptic species, commonly detected through karyotypic analyses, which reveals outstanding interespecific variations with relationship to the number and its chromosomal structures. Thus, the present work intends to contribute for the cytogenetic knowledge of marine and brackish fish species, because they peculiar life habits and by lack of cytogenetic data of your genetic aspects. Therefore, cytogenetic studies were developed in a species of Apogonidae (Perciformes), two species of sea catfishes of the family Ariidae (Siluriformes) and brackish fish Paurachenipterus galeatus (Siluriformes, Auchenipteridae), through C banding, Ag-NOR, use of base-specific flourochromes (DAPI and CMA3), as well as FISH (Fluorescent in situ hybridization) using ribosomal DNA probes 5S and 18S. The present results contribute to a better understanding of the processes of differentiation patterns and chromosome evolution in these groups. The use of other approaches (the morphology and molecular tools) will allow a larger understanding of the genetic and biological diversity of the Brazilian ichthyofauna.
Estudos citogen?ticos t?m revelado uma grande diversidade at? ent?o n?o detectada em diversas fam?lias de peixes. Muitos destes grupos, sobretudo os que exibem grande diversidade, como Perciformes e Siluriformes, possuem esp?cies de dif?cil caracteriza??o morfol?gica, chamadas de esp?cies cr?pticas, muitas vezes s? detectadas atrav?s de an?lises cariot?picas, as quais revelam varia??es interespec?ficas marcantes quanto ao n?mero e estrutura cromoss?mica. Desta forma, o presente trabalho pretende contribuir para o conhecimento citogen?tico de esp?cies marinhos e estuarinos, que, por n?o serem exploradas comercialmente ou terem h?bitos de vida peculiares s?o pouco estudadas quanto aos seus aspectos gen?ticos. Assim, an?lises cariot?picas foram desenvolvidas em uma esp?cie da fam?lia Apogonidae (Perciformes), em duas esp?cies de bagres marinhos da fam?lia Ariidae (Siluriformes), al?m de uma esp?cie de siluriforme estuarino, Paurachenipterus galeatus (Auchenipteridae) atrav?s de bandamento C, Ag-RONs, colora??o com DAPI e CMA3, bem como pela FISH (Fluorescent in situ hibridization), utilizando sondas ribossomais 5S e 18S. Os resultados aqui apresentados indicam grande diversidade inerente a estes grupos. Outras abordagens (an?lises morfol?gicas e ferramentas moleculares) permitir?o obter maior entendimento acerca da diversidade biol?gica da ictiofauna brasileira

Cette thèse porte sur l’étude de la relation paradoxale entre la médecine conventionnelle et les médecines complémentaires dans la France contemporaine, pays dans lequel une multitude de pratiques complémentaires s’épanouissent malgré la présence d’une hostilité institutionnalisée contre ces formes de pratique médicale non autorisées et l’absence générale de législation nationale réglementant leur exercice et statut. Pour ce faire, j’utilise une approche ethnographique reposant sur trois années et demie d’observation participante et d’entretiens ouverts, semi-dirigés avec des praticiens, des utilisateurs, des administrateurs, des organisations, des syndicats et des éducateurs des deux côtés de la relation conventionnelle-complémentaire. L'analyse est encadrée par une approche des « systèmes complexes adaptatifs » et la théorie de la mondialisation. Elle met l'accent sur l'interrelation et la coévolution de la science, de la médecine et de la société. Les représentations de la santé, de la maladie, du bien-être et de l'art de guérir sont examinées à travers une analyse rhétorique des données recueillies auprès des participants pendant mon travail de terrain, ainsi que les stigmates, les stéréotypes et les peurs qui caractérisent leur perception des deux côtés. De nombreuses études de cas sont présentées, mettant en évidence l'intégration de pratiques complémentaires dans les hôpitaux privés et les hôpitaux universitaires en France. Ensemble, ces cas fournissent une notion nuancée de « l'acceptation » de pratiques complémentaires et de dynamiques émergentes qui témoignent des efforts individuels pour intégrer la médecine complémentaire dans la société française. Ces dynamiques sont à situer dans le contexte de la mondialisation et des tendances en matière de santé publique, « lieu » dans lequel les médecines complémentaires s’étendent. Les résistances comme par exemple la polémique actuelle autour du déremboursement de l’homéopathie peut être considérée, dans la société française, comme une réaction à l’empiétement des médecines complémentaires sur la médecine conventionnelle. Pour conclure, cette thèse se termine par quelques réflexions sur le potentiel de croissance continu de la médecine complémentaire dans la France contemporaine, malgré les représentations négatives qui y sont associées et leur manque de régulation
This thesis explores the paradoxical relationship between conventional and complementary medicine in contemporary France; a country in which a multitude of complementary practices are flourishing despite the presence of an institutionalized hostility against these unsanctioned forms of medical practice and the overall lack of national legislation for their regulation. To do so, it uses an ethnographic approach that is based on three and a half years of participant observation and semi-directed, open-ended interviews conducted with practitioners, users, administrators, lobbies, organizations, and educators on both sides of the conventional-complementary relationship. The analysis is framed using a complex adaptive systems approach and globalization theory, with an emphasis on the interrelationship between and co-evolution of science, medicine, and society. Representations of health, illness, well-being, and the art of healing are considered through the analysis of rhetoric collected from both sides of the conventional-complementary relationship; as are the stigmas, stereotypes, and fears that characterize the perceptions of both sides. Multiple case studies are presented evidencing the integration of complementary practices in both private hospitals and public university-hospitals in contemporary France, as are case studies drawn from participant observation. Together these cases provide a nuanced notion of the “acceptance” of a complementary practice in French society and the patterns emerging from individual efforts to integrate complementary medicine in mainstream French society. These dynamics are considered within the context of globalized public health trends that are creating a “place” for complementary medicine and in terms of the current backlash against complementary medicine in French society. This thesis concludes with some reflections on the potential for the continuing growth and integration of complementary medicine in contemporary France, despite the negative representations associated with it and the enduring political unwillingness to create legislation regulating it

Une identification précise des espèces exotiques est essentielle afin de déterminer la nature et l’ampleur des impacts que ces espèces auront sur leurs nouveaux habitats. Le complexe d’Arion subfuscus s. l., originaire d’Europe, fait partie des limaces les plus abondantes dans le nord-est de l’Amérique du Nord et plusieurs impacts dus à leur présence ont été rapportés. Cependant, l’identité des espèces introduites demeure inconnue dans la plupart des régions. L’objectif de ce projet est donc de déterminer la répartition récente, la diversité taxonomique et l’origine des membres du complexe d’A. subfuscus s. l. au Québec en se basant sur leur identité mitochondriale (16S rDNA). Un total de 526 spécimens provenant de 68 sites à travers le Québec et un site en Nouvelle-Écosse ont été analysés à l’aide de la technique des SSCP et leurs séquences ont été déterminées. Huit haplotypes de deux espèces allopatriques, A fuscus et A. subfuscus s. s. (lignées S1 et S2) ont été détectés. Les résultats confirment que des limaces provenant de régions distinctes d’Europe ont été introduites à de multiples reprises. Une comparaison avec des données historiques de répartition a révélé une expansion fulgurante de la répartition depuis les 50 dernières années. Arion fuscus est la principale espèce envahissante qui a été détectée dans toutes les régions échantillonnées, ce qui contraste avec les études antérieures réalisées ailleurs en Amérique du Nord. Le rôle potentiel des échanges commerciaux internationaux dans l’histoire d’introduction des espèces exotiques est discuté.
Accurate identification of exotic species is required to assess the magnitude and nature of consequences on their new habitats. The Arion subfuscus s. l. species complex comprised slugs of European origins that are amongst the most abundant slug species in northeastern North America and various impacts of their presence are reported. However, the identities of the species introduced remain unknown in most regions. This study aims at determining the current distribution, taxonomic identity and the origins of the members of the A. subfuscus s. l. complex in Quebec (Canada) based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA. A total of 526 specimens from 68 locations throughout Quebec and one site in Nova Scotia were SSCP analysed and their sequences were determined. Eight haplotypes of the allopatric A. fuscus and A. subfuscus s. s. (lineages S1 and S2) were detected. Results confirmed that slugs from distinct European regions were introduced multiple times. Comparison with previous survey revealed an impressive expansion of the distribution during the last 50 years. Arion fuscus is the major invasive species found throughout Quebec, contrasting with previous North American studies. The potential role of international trade in the introduction history of exotic species is discussed.

The two types of physicians in the United States healthcare system differ based on the type of medical education they receive. The first type train at allopathic medical schools and upon completion, students are awarded their Doctorate of Medicine and are then known as MDs. The second, less known type of medical education is that of osteopathy. Students that go to osteopathic medical schools earn a degree of Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine, and are thus considered DOs. This literature review analyzed public satisfaction with MDs or DOs since there are fundamental differences in the core philosophies of the two. It also answers whether this translates into better clinical outcomes and a more positive prognosis for the patient. The purpose of this study was to find any noticeable differences that translated into actual practice and discuss the implications they may have for the future of healthcare. Although no conclusion could be made, based on findings discussed throughout this paper, one may speculate that patients are more satisfied with a DO as opposed to an MD. Furthermore, as a patients' satisfaction is indicative of their health related quality of life, it is possible that patients that visit DO physicians would most likely have a better health related quality of life.

Tese de Doutoramento em Biociência, especialização em Ecologia, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra
Invasive species are a threat to biodiversity and economy, and extremely challenging to eradicate once established. Much research in invasion ecology had focused on understanding the factors behind invaders’ success in new environments relative to the native range, formulate invasion theories, predict species abundance and occurrence, and provide management solutions. Nowadays, the new advancements in genomic tools and sequencing technologies make possible to disentangle some of the underlying evolutionary processes of trait divergence and rapid adaptation characterizing species introduction and invasion in new habitats. The aim of this thesis was to explore the ecological and genomic basis of rapid adaptation and evolution in the invasive annual forb Centaurea solstitialis (yellow star-thistle), across its worldwide distribution, including sites in the native range (Turkey and Spain) and introduced range (Argentina, Chile, USA and Australia). The thesis focuses on four main directions: i) assessing the role of polyploidy and genome size on species success; ii) testing the allelopathic potential of leaf leachates iii) screening for reproductive isolation in allopatric populations, and iv) evaluating the adaptive phenotypic and genomic potential of introduced populations. In the introduction, I developed a brief systematic review by compiling information on the studies published in Centaurea solstitialis and indexed in the Web of Science during the past 70 years, to assess the current state of knowledge in this species. I identified a number of 365 relevant papers mostly with an ecological focus and having USA as the geographical region of the study. In the first chapter, I used flow cytometry to test the hypothesis that variation in genome size and changes in ploidy levels promote C. solstitialis invasion in the introduced range. I found no shifts in cytotype and similar genome size across native and non-native ranges, excluding the contribution of these factors to species invasiveness. Chapter II explored biogeographical variation in leaf allelochemical production and its effects on phytometer species between the two ranges, using three different leaf extract concentrations (0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75%) and germination bioassays tests. I found that C. solstitialis leaf leachates can have alellopathic potential, exhibiting substantial variation in chemical composition and inhibitory effects across regions. Results suggest that different selection pressures can act on the biochemical profiles in different regions. Chapter III utilized a novel approach in this study system by experimentally producing F1 hybrids of within-region and inter-region crosses to test for reproductive isolation. Results revealed a global mosaic of reproductive incompatibilities and fertilities with asymmetrical responses to inter-continental gene flow. Most negative and strong fitness interactions occurred in the Americas suggesting local adaptation and reinforcement against foreign pollen. In contrast, native Spain showed a preference for non-native pollen resulting in boosts in fertility. Results from this study show that reproductive isolation can emerge relatively fast in allopatry. The final chapter of my thesis explored the role of natural selection in species evolution in the introduced range by measuring neutral genetic differentiation (FST) at thousands of genome wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers and comparing it with phenotypic differentiation (PST), in a common garden experiment. I also screened for SNPs under selection and performed gene annotation. Based on these data, introduced populations in California, USA had significantly higher PST for seed mass than FST, compared to the two native regions as well as non-native Chile, suggesting that increased seed size had evolved post-introduction in California. Moreover, phenotypic divergence in flowering time and spine length exceeded neutral expectation in the comparison between California and Australia. My research also shed light on the genes likely to be involved in invasiveness, revealing genes associated to regulatory processes and response to environmental stressors. This suggests local adaptation in introduced populations, and reveals the importance of traits related to reproduction and possibly of epigenetic factors in shaping C. solstitialis evolution. Taken together, the results of my PhD thesis have demonstrated the crucial aspect of incorporating biogeography in studying biological invasions, in order to capture variability in factors and processes important for species success in different regions, and pioneers the use of experimental inter-regional crosses to illustrate how gene flow and local adaptation interact across large geographical scales.
As espécies invasoras são uma ameaça para a biodiversidade e a economia, sendo extremamente complicado erradicá-las uma vez estabelecidas. A maioria da investigação em ecologia da invasão focou-se em perceber os fatores inerentes ao sucesso das espécies invasoras em novos habitats em comparação com a área nativa, em formular teorias sobre a invasão, em prever a abundância e ocorrência de espécies, e em providenciar soluções de gestão. Hoje em dia, os avanços em ferramentas de genómica e em tecnologias de sequenciação tornam possível desvendar alguns dos processos evolutivos inerentes à divergência de características assim como perceber a adaptação rápida que caracteriza a introdução de espécies e a invasão de novos habitats. Os objetivos desta tese foram explorar a base ecológica e genómica da adaptação rápida e evolução na espécie invasora anual Centaurea solstitialis (cardo-estrelado amarelo), ao longo da sua distribuição à escala global, incluindo populações das áreas nativa (Turquia e Espanha) e invadidas (Argentina, Chile, EUA e Austrália). A tese foca-se em quatro direções principais: i) avaliação do papel da poliploidia e tamanho de genoma no sucesso da espécie; ii) teste do potencial alelopático de lixiviados foliares; iii) avaliação do isolamento reprodutivo em populações alopátricas; e iv) avaliação da potencial adaptativo fenotípico e genómico das populações introduzidas. Na introdução, desenvolvi uma breve revisão sistemática através da compilação de informação sobre os estudos publicados em Centaurea solstitialis e indexados na “Web of Science” durante os últimos 70 anos, para avaliar o estado atual do conhecimento nesta espécie. Identifiquei 365 artigos relevantes com um foco ecológico e tendo os EUA como área geográfica de estudo. No primeiro capítulo, utilizei a citometria de fluxo para testar a hipótese que a variação no tamanho do genoma e alterações nos níveis de ploidia promovem a invasão de C. solstitialis na área onde foi introduzida. Não foram encontradas alterações no citotipo, enquanto que o tamanho do genoma foi semelhante ao longo das áreas nativas e não nativas, excluindo a possibilidade destes fatores contribuírem para a invasão da espécie. No capítulo II explorei a variação biogeográfica na produção aleloquímica das folhas e os seus efeitos nas espécies fitométricas entre as duas áreas, usando três concentrações diferentes de extrato foliar (0,25%, 0,5% e 0,75%) e testes de bioensaios de germinação. Descobri que lixiviados foliares de C. solstitialis podem ter potencial alelopático, exibindo variação substancial na composição química e efeitos inibitórios em todas as regiões. Os resultados sugerem que diferentes pressões seletivas podem atuar nos perfis bioquímicos nas diferentes regiões. No capítulo III utilizei uma nova abordagem neste sistema de estudo, produzindo experimentalmente híbridos F1 de cruzamentos dentro e entre regiões para testar o isolamento reprodutivo. Os resultados revelaram um mosaico global de incompatibilidades e fertilidades reprodutivas com respostas assimétricas ao fluxo génico intercontinental. A maioria das interações de fitness negativas ocorreram nas Américas, sugerindo adaptação local e reforço contra pólen estrangeiro. Por outro lado, a área nativa de Espanha mostrou preferência pelo pólen não nativo, resultando num aumento da fertilidade. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que o isolamento reprodutivo pode emergir relativamente rápido em alopatria. O capítulo final da minha tese explorou o papel da seleção natural na evolução das espécies na área invadida medindo a diferenciação genética neutra (FST) em milhares de marcadores de polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) ao longo de todo o genoma e sua comparação com a diferenciação fenotípica (PST), numa experiência de estufa. Também examinei SNPs sob seleção e realizei anotação de genes. Com base nestes dados, as populações introduzidas na Califórnia, nos EUA, apresentaram PST significativamente maior para o peso das sementes do que o FST, em comparação com as duas regiões nativas e o Chile não nativo, sugerindo que o aumento do tamanho das sementes evoluiu após a introdução na Califórnia. Além disso, a divergência fenotípica no tempo de floração e comprimento dos espinhos excedeu a expectativa neutra na comparação entre a Califórnia e a Austrália. A minha investigação também lançou novos dados sobre os genes que estão provavelmente envolvidos na invasão, revelando genes associados a processos regulatórios e com a resposta a estressores ambientais. Isto sugere adaptação local em populações introduzidas e revela a importância de características relacionadas com reprodução e, possivelmente, fatores epigenéticos relacionados com a evolução de C. solstitialis. Em suma, os resultados da minha tese de doutoramento demonstraram que é crucial a incorporação da biogeografia no estudo de invasões biológicas, a fim de capturar a variabilidade em fatores e processos importantes para o sucesso de espécies em diferentes regiões, e é pioneira no uso de cruzamentos inter-regionais experimentais para ilustrar como o fluxo génico e a adaptação local interagem ao longo de grandes escalas geográficas.
POPH/ESF

The near-threatened southern African hedgehog, Atelerix frontalis (A. Smith, 1831) is divided into two subspecies based on its disjunct distribution of two allopatric populations. This is despite reservations because its nature and extent of geographic variation remains virtually unknown. The present study, therefore, represents the first analysis of geographic variation within A. frontalis and is based on a multidisciplinary approach involving traditional and two-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of the cranium and mandible, and molecular data in order to test the validity of the subspecies designations. The results of all univariate and multivariate analyses of both traditional and geometric morphometric data were congruent and provide evidence for a north-westerly–south-easterly clinal pattern of variation with cranial configuration being positively correlated with both latitude and longitude. These results are supported by Neighbour-joining, Maximum Likelihood, and Maximum Parsimony analyses of Cyt-b and ND2 data that revealed no variation across a 377 bp and 1034 bp region sequenced for each gene, respectively, while a 377 bp control region sequenced revealed low levels of variation between representatives of the two recognized subspecies (0.54 % pairwise sequence divergence). These results together with the lack of pronounced steps in the clinal pattern of variation suggest that the recognition of subspecies within A. frontalis may be untenable such that its disjunct distribution may represent a recent divergence event. If this is the case, then the results in this study may have implications in the conservation management strategies for A. frontalis, since it could be argued that one disjunct population could act as a source population for the other. However, it is recommended that prior to the implementation of conservation management plans for the species, further studies involving a wide range of alternative systematic techniques need to be undertaken first in order to gain a better understanding of the nature and extent of geographic variation within A. frontalis. These suggested studies should focus on comprehensive sampling and analyses involving a range of environmental and/or climatic variables in an attempt to identify factors that may explain the disjunct distribution and the clinal pattern of variation within the southern African hedgehog.
Dissertation (MS)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Zoology and Entomology
unrestricted