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Journal articles on the topic 'Allophones in free variation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Gierut, Judith A. "Sound change: A phonemic split in a misarticulating child." Applied Psycholinguistics 7, no. 1 (March 1986): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400007189.

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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to report a clinically induced phonemic split (i.e., the restructuring of allophones as distinct phonemes) by presenting longitudinal data from a functionally misarticulating child. For this child, three qualitatively and quantitatively distinct stages were observed relative to the acquisition of the phonemic split: 1. complementary distribution (allophones of the same phoneme); 2. position-specific free variation (intermediate to a phonemic split); and 3. phonemic distinction for some, but not all morphemes (phonemic split).The results of this clinical case study, documenting the nature and development of a phonemic split, have implications for related phenomena in normal language acquisition, second-language learning, and sound change in primary languages.

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2

Thabit,M.A, Dr Shaymaa Yaseen, and Assist Prof Muslih Shwaysh Ahmed.Ph.D. "A Phonological Analysis of Segmental Phonemes in Standard English." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 215, no. 1 (November 11, 2018): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v0i215.607.

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The phonological analysis of phonemes as segments including consonants and their allophones, consonant clusters, and vowels with their allophones that may work in complementary distribution or in free variation with each other are tackled in this paper beside sounds in context to show how sounds produced in rapid connected speech reveal affection to each other producing utterances colored by assimilation, elision, and intrusion. The paper aims to show the different sub-types of these phonological processes such as coalescent assimilation, syncopic elision, and epenthetic intrusion. The paper is a reprint of an edited chapter of an M.A. thesis entitled '' A Phonological Analysis of Segmental Phonemes in Standard English and Hit Iraqi Arabic '' to be presented in confirming with the requirements for an M.A. degree.

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3

Saeed, Saeed A., and Laureen I. Naser. "An Investigation of The Velar Nasal in Badini Kurdish Dialect." Humanities Journal of University of Zakho 5, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.26436/2017.5.4.512.

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The velar nasal, also called "Engma" or "Angma", can be found in the phonologicalinventories of many languages across the world. Kurdish researchers vary in their opinions as to whether this sound is listed among the inventory of Kurdish language phonemes or not. Some researchers have tackled this case in Sorani Kurdish but research in Badini is scarce in this area. In this paper we aim to investigate the velar nasal /N/ in Badini Kurdish, which is a very controversial topic. The paperaims to answer the question as to whether it can be considered as a phoneme or it is just an allophonic realization of the alveolar nasal /n/ when followed by the voiced velar stop/g/. This is done through providing examples that have the combination of (n+g) which have a possible occurrence of the velar nasal. These examples are first analyzed articulatory in terms of some phonological processes such as assimilation, morpheme affixation, and syllabification. They are then analyzed acoustically by contrasting the pairs and searching for nasal bands using Praat. After analyzing both articulatory and acoustic data, it was concluded that the velar nasal can be found in Badini Kurdish but only as an allophone of the alveolar nasal which is the result of certain phonological rules such as assimilation and co-articulation. They are in free variation and couldn’t change the meaning. So, we can’t consider it as a distinct phoneme in this dialect.

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4

Al Mahmoud, Mahmoud S. "A Constraint-based Analysis of Velar Affrication in Najdi vs. Hijazi Arabic." Education and Linguistics Research 6, no. 2 (September 22, 2020): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/elr.v6i2.17551.

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This paper attempts to account for the velar affrication in Najdi Arabic (NA) and its absence in Hijazi Arabic (HA). While NA consistently alters /k/ into [ts], and /ɡ/ into [dz], HA retains the velars and as such is more faithful to standard Arabic. The analysis follows from an Optimality-Theoretic (OT) framework (Prince and Smolensky, 1993) explicating different constraint interactions and introducing new markedness constraints. It is argued that the realizations of the velars as [k] and [ɡ] are in free variation distribution with their allophonic affricate counterparts [ts] and [dz], respectively, although the two variants of the same phoneme alternate under phonologically conditioned contexts.

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5

Crosby, Drew, and Amanda Dalola. "Phonetic variation in the Korean liquid phoneme." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 6, no. 1 (March 20, 2021): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v6i1.5002.

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Most discussions of the Korean liquid phoneme /l/ identify two allophones: a flap, [ɾ], in the onset of syllables, and an alveolar lateral approximant syllable-finally and in geminates. However, some research paints a more complex picture indicating a wide range of interspeaker variation for the precise articulatory realization of these allophones. The present research finds that in regards to the tap and laterals realizations previous descriptions are largely correct. It also affirms through analysis of F2 values that previous findings showing that the Korean lateral is palatalized before high front vocoids are correct. Most importantly, it analyzes F3 values to show that the retroflex variant is particularly prevalent near pauses, suggesting that retroflexion may be a secondary cue to prosodic boundaries.

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6

Tse, Holman. "Variation and change in Toronto heritage Cantonese." Asia-Pacific Language Variation 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 124–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aplv.2.2.02tse.

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Abstract This paper presents the first sociophonetic study of Cantonese vowels using sociolinguistic interview data from the Heritage Language Variation and Change in Toronto Corpus. It focuses on four allophones [iː], [ɪk/ɪŋ], [uː], and [ʊk/ʊŋ] of two contrastive vowels /iː/ and /uː/ across two generations of speakers. The F1 and F2 of 30 vowel tokens were analyzed for these four allophones from each of 20 speakers (N = 600 vowel tokens). Results show inter-generational maintenance of allophonic conditioning for /iː/ and /uː/ as well as an interaction between generation and sex such that second-generation female speakers have the most retracted variants of [ɪk/ɪŋ] and the most fronted variants of [iː]. This paper will discuss three possible explanations based on internal motivation, phonetic assimilation, and phonological influence. This will illustrate the importance of multiple comparisons (including inter-generational, cross-linguistic, and cross-community) in the relatively new field of heritage language phonology research.

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7

Bissell, Marie. "Automatic phonetic classification of vocalic allophones in Tol." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 6, no. 1 (March 20, 2021): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v6i1.4977.

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The aim of the present study involving automatic phonetic classification of /e/ and /u/ tokens in Tol is two-fold: first, I test existing claims about allophonic variation within these vowel classes, and second, I investigate allophonic variation within these vowel classes that has yet to be documented. The acoustic phonetic classifications derived in the present study contribute to a more detailed understanding of the allophonic systems operating within the Tol language. Operationalizing machine learning algorithms to investigate under-resourced, indigenous languages has the potential to provide detailed insights into the acoustic phonetic dynamics of a diverse range of vocalic systems.

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8

Michailovsky, Boyd. "STRUCTURE SYLLABIQUE ET VARIATION COMBINATOIRE : VOISEMENT ET GEMINATION EN LIMBU." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 15, no. 2 (April 26, 1986): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-90000433.

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In the phonology and morphophonology of Limbu (Tibeto-Burman, Nepal), we find what could be considered as rules of voicing (of stops) and gemination (of stops and nasals). The interpretation of these phenomena leads us to assign an independent role to the syllable boundary as part of the phonological environment conditioning the distribution of allophones.

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9

Derrick, Donald, and Bryan Gick. "Individual variation in English flaps and taps: A case of categorical phonetics." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 56, no. 3 (November 2011): 307–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100002024.

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AbstarctThis article questions the view that phonetics governs exclusively gradient phenomena. Experimental data from an ultrasound study of English flap allophones show unconditioned categorical variation in the production of everyday words. Individual variation is discussed as an essential area of empirical investigation in uncovering emergent categorical properties of language.

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10

Spreafico, Lorenzo, and Alessandro Vietti. "The Sociophonetics of /r/ in Bozen: Modelling Linguistic and Social Variation." International Journal of Linguistics 8, no. 5 (October 4, 2016): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v8i5.9849.

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<p class="1">How do speakers reconstruct the boundaries of an allophonic system? In our paper, we address this question and examine how speakers organize into consistent groups of allophones the array of /r/-variants that are used in South-Tyrol Italian (STI). In addition, we discuss that this process of grouping is based on two intertwining sources of variation: the linguistic source and the socio-indexical source. We argue that the indexical dimension is not disconnected from the linguistic one, but it contributes in an essential way to its structuring.</p><p class="1">Our investigation is based on a sample of two thousand tokens of /r/. These occurrences are extracted from a corpus that includes the (semi)spontaneous productions of 14 Italian-German bilingual speakers. The analysis concerns the identification of possible relationships among the allophones with respect to (a) distributional, (b) stylistic and (c) biographical factors. Data are analyzed using a multivariate exploratory technique, namely the multiple correspondence analysis approach. The results clearly show how the aggregation of indexical and linguistic factors determines the emergence of two different allophonic subsystems, that is the Italian of Italian-dominant speakers (STI-i) and the Italian of German-dominant speakers (STI-d).</p>

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11

Hall, Tracy Alan. "The phonology of German /R/." Phonology 10, no. 1 (May 1993): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700001743.

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The German uvular /R/ probably shows more surface variation than any other segment in the language. (1) illustrates that /R/ has a vocalic allophone [A], which can surface either as a glide or a vowel, a sonorant consonant allophone, which is pronounced as a uvular trill or approximant, and two obstruent allophones:In the present study I focus on the rules producing the consonantal allophones of /R/ in both Standard German and in certain dialects of the Lower Rhineland (henceforth LRG).

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12

Roberts, Julie. "Acquisition of a rural variety." Linguistic Variation 16, no. 1 (October 7, 2016): 12–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.16.1.02rob.

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Glottal stop is a widely reported phenomenon in the United Kingdom, but it has been rarely studied in the United States. The current study follows up on work on this feature in a wide age range of speakers in Vermont. Currently the speakers comprise thirty-six children ages 2;6 to 5 from this same location. In addition to demonstrating that these children have acquired the phonological constraints, as well as the full range of allophones of /t/, the results provide a lens through which to explore other issues of language acquisition and language variation, most notably, the boundary between dialectal and developmental variation. In general, it is argued that sociolinguistically conditioned variation adds empirical as well as theoretical value to studies of phonetically and phonologically conditioned variation and acquisition of the phonological system by first language learners.

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13

Gross, Johan, Sally Boyd, Therese Leinonen, and James A. Walker. "A tale of two cities (and one vowel): Sociolinguistic variation in Swedish." Language Variation and Change 28, no. 2 (June 17, 2016): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394516000065.

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AbstractPrevious studies of language contact in multilingual urban neighborhoods in Europe claim the emergence of new varieties spoken by immigrant-background youth. This paper examines the sociolinguistic conditioning of variation in allophones of Swedish /ε:/ of young people of immigrant and nonimmigrant background in Stockholm and Gothenburg. Although speaker background and sex condition the variation, their effects differ in each city. In Stockholm there are no significant social differences and the allophonic difference appears to have been neutralized. Gothenburg speakers are divided into three groups, based on speaker origin and sex, each of which orients toward different norms. Our conclusions appeal to dialectal diffusion and the desire to mark ethnic identity in a diverse sociolinguistic context. These results demonstrate that not only language contact but also dialect change should be considered together when investigating language variation in modern-day cities.

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14

Tse, Sou-Mee, and David Ingram. "The influence of dialectal variation on phonological acquisition: a case study on the acquisition of Cantonese." Journal of Child Language 14, no. 2 (June 1987): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900012939.

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ABSTRACTThe phonological acquisition of a young girl whose parents spoke two dialects of Cantonese was examined. The father's dialect had a phonological distinction between initial /l/ and /n/ which was merged into /l/ in the mother's dialect. The child was followed bi-weekly for approximately one year. The results indicate that she acquired neither the mother's nor the father's dialect. Instead, she acquired [l] and [n] as freely varying allophones of a single phoneme. In the first months, [n] was the most frequent realization of the phoneme, with [l] becoming the most frequent one in later sessions. The results are interpreted as supporting the claim that children use all available input in acquiring language rather than limiting themselves to a primary language model.

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15

Conforti, Emilia. "PHONOLOGY in Italo-Albanian dialect: San Benedetto Ullano, Province of Cosenza, Italy." International Journal of Linguistics 7, no. 3 (June 23, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v7i3.7875.

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<p>This paper reports a normative study on the phonological development of the Italo-Albanian dialect of San Benedetto Ullano.</p><p>It is a description that including geographic isolation of the speakers and the rudimentary state of informants’ knowledge. Many villages today have lost the dialect.</p><p>To give a general notion of the structure of this dialect it is convenient at the outset to list the phonemes which are used by the people. The phonemes are ordered on the basis of their sequential distribution in the dialects, or forms of speech, under discuss.</p><p>Italo-Albanian has, like all Albanian dialects, for each of its consonants rather few readily perceptible allophones, e very few allophones indeed. All consonants are articulated with moderate tension. It is the consonant articulation that perceives the most marked characteristics of individual variation in the dialect.</p><p>Many of the general features of consonants accord with the well known characteristics of Italian articulation.</p>Phonology of a language constitutes a highly organized system of knowledge. It is useful for anyone interested in how learners acquire such knowledge.

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16

Ledent, Jacques, Marie Mc Andrew, and Gérard Pinsonneault. "Le choix de la langue d’enseignement au cégep chez les élèves issus de l’immigration scolarisés en français au secondaire québécois." Articles, no. 7 (May 19, 2016): 122–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1036419ar.

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« Les enfants de la loi 101 » réfère généralement aux jeunes issus de l’immigration (1re et 2e générations), quelle que soit leur langue maternelle. Ces jeunes semblent favoriser davantage le français comme langue d’enseignement au cégep que ne le laisse croire la donnée officielle, qui ne porte que sur les allophones. Grâce à la nature longitudinale des données utilisées, nous analysons la variation de leur choix linguistique en fonction de caractéristiques comme la génération, l’origine géographique, la langue maternelle/d’usage et la localisation résidentielle. De plus, nous examinons le maintien ou non au niveau universitaire du choix linguistique au cégep avant d’étudier l’existence de liens possibles entre la persévérance scolaire et le choix de la langue d’enseignement au cégep.

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17

LAKER, STEPHEN. "An explanation for the early phonemicisation of a voice contrast in English fricatives." English Language and Linguistics 13, no. 2 (July 2009): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674309002998.

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Most handbooks and grammars contend that in Old English the voiced fricatives [v, ð, z] were merely allophones of /f, θ, s/ in sonorous environments. How these voiced fricatives became phonemes is debated among scholars. In this article, all previous accounts are critically reviewed. A new proposal is then presented, which explains the facts in a more direct way than previous theses. I argue that phonemicisation of a previous allophonic voice alternation in fricatives had already taken place in many areas of Anglo-Saxon England through language contact with Brittonic. Voiceless as well as voiced fricative phonemes existed in Brittonic at the time of contact, and language shift would have led directly to the phonemicisation of the previous allophonic variation found in early Old English.

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18

Haveraaen, Magne, and Helmer Andre Friis. "Coordinate-free numerics: all your variation points for free?" International Journal of Computational Science and Engineering 4, no. 4 (2009): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcse.2009.029159.

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19

Alrasheedi, Eisa S. "Affrication in Ha’ili Arabic: A Rule-Based Approach." International Journal of Linguistics 7, no. 4 (August 26, 2015): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v7i4.8017.

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<p>The current work tackled two phonemes, /k/ and /g/, examining the phonological operations in charge of their allophonic variation in Ha’ili Arabic. The study found out that the phoneme /k/ has two allophones: [k] and the dental voiceless affricate [ts]. The latter occurs when preceded or followed by either [a] or [i], whilst the former shows up elsewhere. However, the latter generalisation falls out when the resulting allophone violates the Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP) which impinges on the occurrence of the allophone affricate [ts] when clustered with sounds with same place features. Similarly, the study argued that the phone /g/ has two surface forms whose occurrence is predictable: [g] and the voiced dental affricate [dz]. The latter shows up when preceded or followed by the front high vowel [i], whereas the former occurs elsewhere. Additionally, the study worked out how affrication feeds vowel lowering in HA. </p>

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20

Blondeau, Hélène, and Michael Friesner. "Manifestations phonétiques de la dynamique des attributions ethnolinguistiques à Montreal." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 59, no. 1 (March 2014): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100000165.

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AbstractMontrealers are often categorized into three distinct groups: Anglophones, Francophones, and Allophones. However, within these groups there are individuals whose trajectories are complex, as reflected, for example, in their linguistic practices. Our interest lies in the relationship between these complex practices and the ethnolin-guistic attributions of the speakers. We concentrate on two groups of Francophones: those from Spanish-speaking families who have been in Quebec for one or two generations and those from Francophone families who have frequent English-speaking contacts. After summarizing the results of a perception test, in which Francophones from Quebec were asked to identify the ethnolinguistic affiliation of speakers of various origins based on short clips of their French, we analyze the usage of sociopho-netic variables reflecting the influence of French, Spanish, or English. The analysis indicates that phonetic variation stems from speakers’ sociosymbolic orientation, as well as certain other sociodemographic factors linked to identity construction as it relates to ethnicity.

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21

Kujundzic, Nebojsa. "Reinach, Material Necessity, and Free Variation." Dialogue 36, no. 4 (1997): 721–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300017625.

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RésuméJ'examine dans cet article une notion assez spéciale de nécessité, celle de la nécessité matérielle, introduite explicitement pour la première fois par Adolf Reinach. Je soutiens que la variation libre joue un rôle important dans la découverte et la description de la nécessité matérielle et j'explore également quelques questions apparentées ayant trait à la présentation et à la signification, à la théorie des actes de discours, ainsi qu'à la qualité et à la matière de la présentation.

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22

O'Connor, David. "A Variation on the Free Will Defense." Faith and Philosophy 4, no. 2 (1987): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/faithphil19874212.

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23

Freund, H., and A. Ganguly. "Phase variation in free-electron laser amplifiers." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 23, no. 9 (September 1987): 1657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jqe.1987.1073547.

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24

Ellis, R. "Item versus system learning: explaining free variation." Applied Linguistics 20, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 460–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/applin/20.4.460.

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25

Freund, Henry P., and Achintya K. Ganguly. "Phase variation in free electron laser amplifiers." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 259, no. 1-2 (September 1987): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(87)90459-1.

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26

Chakrabarty, Arijit, Sukrit Chakraborty, and Rajat Subhra Hazra. "Regular variation and free regular infinitely divisible laws." Statistics & Probability Letters 156 (January 2020): 108607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spl.2019.108607.

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27

Saglam, Hasan Salih, and Fatma Ozdemir. "Daily Variation of Free PSA/Total PSA Ratio." Sakarya Medical Journal 1, no. 2 (2011): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/sakaryamj.2011.30502.

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28

GALPERIN, EFIM A., and QUAN ZHENG. "Variation-free iterative method for global optimal control." International Journal of Control 50, no. 5 (November 1989): 1731–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207178908953462.

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29

Kischel, Stine Grønmo, Ingjerd Dønnem, and Knut Egil Bøe. "Variation in free water intake in lactating ewes." Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A — Animal Science 67, no. 3-4 (October 2, 2017): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064702.2018.1464057.

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30

Pélandakis, Michel, Johan F. De Jonckheere, and Pierre Pernin. "Genetic Variation in the Free-Living AmoebaNaegleria fowleri." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 2977–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.8.2977-2981.1998.

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ABSTRACT In this study, 30 strains of the pathogenic free-living amoebaNaegleria fowleri were investigated by using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. The present study confirmed our previous finding that RAPD variation is not correlated with geographical origin. In particular, Mexican strains belong to the variant previously detected in Asia, Europe, and the United States. In France, surprisingly, strains from Cattenom gave RAPD patterns identical to those of the Japanese strains. In addition, all of these strains, together with an additional French strain from Chooz, exhibited similarities to South Pacific strains. The results also confirmed the presence of numerous variants in Europe, whereas only two variants were detected in the United States. The two variants found in the United States were different from the South Pacific variants. These findings do not support the previous hypothesis concerning the origin and modes of dispersal of N. fowleri.

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Braga, Federica, Ilenia Infusino, Alberto Dolci, and Mauro Panteghini. "Biological variation of free light chains in serum." Clinica Chimica Acta 415 (January 2013): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2012.09.008.

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Zaninotto, Martina, Sara Altinier, Mariacristina Varagnolo, and Mario Plebani. "Biological variation of free light chains in serum." Clinica Chimica Acta 418 (March 2013): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2013.01.001.

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Hansen, Charlotte Toftmann, and Niels Abildgaard. "Biological variation of free light chains in serum." Clinica Chimica Acta 427 (January 2014): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2013.09.020.

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34

Kokke, Wen. "Rusty Variation: Deadlock-free Sessions with Failure in Rust." Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science 304 (September 12, 2019): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4204/eptcs.304.4.

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35

Feng, J. L., R. Ho, Z. Shao, and A. P. Somlyo. "Parallel electron energy-loss spectroscopy free from gain variation." Ultramicroscopy 76, no. 4 (April 1999): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3991(98)00087-4.

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36

Pavageau, Michel, and Claude Rey. "Observation of volume variation effects in turbulent free convection." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 45, no. 1 (January 2002): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0017-9310(01)00119-3.

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JOSHI, SHANTANU H., ALBERT PRIETO-MÁRQUEZ, and WILLIAM C. PARKER. "A landmark-free method for quantifying biological shape variation." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 104, no. 1 (August 19, 2011): 217–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01704.x.

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Goel, Reema, Zachary Bitzer, Samantha M. Reilly, Neil Trushin, Jonathan Foulds, Joshua Muscat, Jason Liao, Ryan J. Elias, and John P. Richie. "Variation in Free Radical Yields from U.S. Marketed Cigarettes." Chemical Research in Toxicology 30, no. 4 (March 20, 2017): 1038–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00359.

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Heald, Adrian H., Fiona Ivison, Simon G. Anderson, Kennedy Cruickshank, Ian Laing, and J. Martin Gibson. "Significant ethnic variation in total and free testosterone concentration." Clinical Endocrinology 58, no. 3 (February 28, 2003): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01653.x.

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Chang, Huilan, Yi-Chang Chiu, and Yi-Lin Tsai. "A Variation of Cover-Free Families and Its Applications." Journal of Computational Biology 22, no. 7 (July 2015): 677–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cmb.2014.0222.

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Ye, Qiang. "A breakdown-free variation of the nonsymmetric Lanczos algorithms." Mathematics of Computation 62, no. 205 (January 1, 1994): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0025-5718-1994-1201072-2.

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Nerantzaki, M. S. "Free vibrations of circular plates with axisymmetric thickness variation." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 43, no. 3 (March 2008): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247jsa321.

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Herve, L., O. Cioni, P. Blandin, F. Navarro, M. Menneteau, T. Bordy, S. Morales, and C. Allier. "Multispectral total-variation reconstruction applied to lens-free microscopy." Biomedical Optics Express 9, no. 11 (October 30, 2018): 5828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boe.9.005828.

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King, Rebecca L., Emma M. Baxter, Stephanie M. Matheson, and Sandra A. Edwards. "Sow free farrowing behaviour: Experiential, seasonal and individual variation." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 208 (November 2018): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2018.08.006.

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Shiau, Le-Chung, and Yu-Hsii Chue. "Free-edge stress reduction through fiber volume fraction variation." Composite Structures 19, no. 2 (January 1991): 145–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-8223(91)90020-y.

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Van Hofwegen, Janneke. "Cross-generational change in /l/ in Chicano English." English World-Wide 30, no. 3 (September 25, 2009): 302–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.30.3.04van.

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The acoustic study of consonants has lagged considerably behind that of vowels. While a robust literature exists about vowel shifting, vowel quality, and the sociolinguistic significance of vowels, comparable literature is lacking for the acoustic quality of liquids. This study seeks to supplement the acoustic studies of vowels by analyzing characteristics of the liquid /l/ in its word-initial context. Traditionally, phonologists have subdivided /l/ into two allophones: dark and light, although current analysis has characterized these distinctions as gradient, not discrete. Word-initial /l/ is thought to be the canonically lightest variant of the phoneme, but cross-dialectal research has shown great acoustic variance in its phonetic realization. This case study aims to trace the phoneme through three generations of Chicano English speakers from South Texas, and to draw conclusions about how its variation among speakers and generations can shed light on other sociolinguistic phenomena, such as the persistence of substrate features from Spanish (with its characteristically light /l/s) or assimilation into mainstream American English dialects (with their characteristically dark /l/s). The study shows that there is indeed significant shift in the lightness of /l/ — independent of phonetic context — across the generations of speakers under examination. This result supports other studies that show notable assimilation with Anglo English varieties in earlier generations, but robust use of ethnically-marked phonological features among recent generations.

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Pomelli, Christian S., and Jacopo Tomasi. "Variation of surface partition in GEPOL: effects on solvation free energy and free-energy profiles." Theoretical Chemistry Accounts: Theory, Computation, and Modeling (Theoretica Chimica Acta) 99, no. 1 (February 20, 1998): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002140050300.

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Graversen, S. E., and M. Rao. "Quadratic variation and energy." Nagoya Mathematical Journal 100 (December 1985): 163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0027763000000283.

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It is well known that the concept of energy has played a fruitful role in potential theory and Markov processes. Cartan’s work [6] led to kernel-free potential theories of Beurling-Deny [2]. Since then many authors have worked on this, M. Fukushima [8], M. Silverstein [16], J. Bliedner [3], Berg-Forst [1], to name some. In these works, however, the main thrust is Hubert space theoretic.

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Mueller, Jakob C., Corinna Steinmeyer, and Bart Kempenaers. "Individual Variation in Sleep-Wake Rhythms in Free-Living Birds." Chronobiology International 29, no. 9 (August 10, 2012): 1216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2012.705404.

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Yin, Xuewen, and Junfeng Zhang. "Cell-free layer and wall shear stress variation in microvessels." Biorheology 49, no. 4 (2012): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bir-2012-0608.

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