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Journal articles on the topic 'Allotrop'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Schröder, Detlef, Helmut Schwarz, Matthias Wulf, Heinrich Sievers, Peter Jutzi, and Markus Reiher. "Experimenteller Nachweis von neutralem P6: ein neues Allotrop des Phosphors." Angewandte Chemie 111, no. 23 (December 3, 1999): 3723–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19991203)111:23<3723::aid-ange3723>3.0.co;2-x.

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2

Pezoldt, Jörg. "Formation of Different Carbon Phases on SiC." Materials Science Forum 615-617 (March 2009): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.615-617.227.

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Carbon is able to crystallise in different allotrope modifications. They mainly differ in the dominating bindings formed in dependence on the hybridization sp, sp2 and sp3 of the carbon atoms. The present work demonstrates the formation of two different forms of car¬bon allotropes by heating both polar surfaces of on axis 6H-SiC(0001) and 6H-SiC(000 ) crystals to temperatures above 1600°C. In consequence of the structural evolution graphite-like (sp2-hybridised) and carbine-like (sp-hybridised) allotropic carbon modifications were obtained.

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3

Impellizzeri, A., A. A. Vorfolomeeva, N. V. Surovtsev, A. V. Okotrub, C. P. Ewels, and D. V. Rybkovskiy. "Simulated Raman spectra of bulk and low-dimensional phosphorus allotropes." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 31 (2021): 16611–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp02636d.

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The Placzek approximation with DFT accurately reproduces experimental Raman spectra for phosphorus allotropes. We explain bulk allotrope spectral features in black and white phosphorus, and predict spectra for phosphorus nanostructures.

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4

Rickhaus, Michel, Marcel Mayor, and Michal Juríček. "Chirality in curved polyaromatic systems." Chemical Society Reviews 46, no. 6 (2017): 1643–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cs00623j.

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Chiral non-planar polyaromatic systems that display zero, positive or negative Gaussian curvature are analysed and their potential to ‘encode’ chirality of larger sp²-carbon allotropes is evaluated. Shown is a hypothetical peanut-shaped carbon allotrope, where helical chirality results from the interplay of various curvature types.

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5

Yap, Stephanie Hui Kit, Kok Ken Chan, Swee Chuan Tjin, and Ken-Tye Yong. "Carbon Allotrope-Based Optical Fibers for Environmental and Biological Sensing: A Review." Sensors 20, no. 7 (April 5, 2020): 2046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072046.

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Recently, carbon allotropes have received tremendous research interest and paved a new avenue for optical fiber sensing technology. Carbon allotropes exhibit unique sensing properties such as large surface to volume ratios, biocompatibility, and they can serve as molecule enrichers. Meanwhile, optical fibers possess a high degree of surface modification versatility that enables the incorporation of carbon allotropes as the functional coating for a wide range of detection tasks. Moreover, the combination of carbon allotropes and optical fibers also yields high sensitivity and specificity to monitor target molecules in the vicinity of the nanocoating surface. In this review, the development of carbon allotropes-based optical fiber sensors is studied. The first section provides an overview of four different types of carbon allotropes, including carbon nanotubes, carbon dots, graphene, and nanodiamonds. The second section discusses the synthesis approaches used to prepare these carbon allotropes, followed by some deposition techniques to functionalize the surface of the optical fiber, and the associated sensing mechanisms. Numerous applications that have benefitted from carbon allotrope-based optical fiber sensors such as temperature, strain, volatile organic compounds and biosensing applications are reviewed and summarized. Finally, a concluding section highlighting the technological deficiencies, challenges, and suggestions to overcome them is presented.

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6

Knapp, J. A., and D. M. Follstaedt. "Rapid e-beam heating for studying metastable transitions in Mn." Journal of Materials Research 4, no. 6 (December 1989): 1393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1989.1393.

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We have used rapid e-beam heating and quenching to study metastable transitions between allotropic phases in Mn and to determine relative rates of transformation between the allotropes. The equilibrium α ⇉ β transition at 720 °C is bypassed and the metastable α ⇉ γ transition is observed to occur at a temperature (880 ± 30 °C) near that predicted thermodynamically (864 °C).

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7

JOYA, M. R., A. R. ZANATTA, and J. BARBA-ORTEGA. "RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF TEMPERATURE INDUCED EFFECTS IN FOUR CARBON ALLOTROPES." Modern Physics Letters B 27, no. 28 (October 24, 2013): 1350203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984913502035.

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In this paper, we report strong variations in the Raman spectra of different carbon allotropes samples, for temperatures ranging from 83 K to 1123 K. The temperature dependence of D and G peak frequencies in the Raman spectrum of diamond, graphite, graphene, and carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) with 20 nm dot-size were investigated. These effects caused by temperature can be estimated from the changes in position [Formula: see text] and in linewidth of peak full width at half maximum (FWHM) G in the Raman spectrum of each sample. The broadening for each allotrope under the same conditions of temperature were: diamond ~ 4 cm-1, graphite ~ 50 cm-1, graphene ~ 5 cm-1 and nanoparticles ~ 7 cm-1. We also used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study the morphology and determine the size of the samples. According to the experimental data, the residual structural disorder and stress present in the samples are enhanced with temperature and responds for the observed changes in the Raman spectra. We present a systematic study of the temperature-dependent Raman spectra of four carbon allotropes.

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8

DI, You-Ying, Qi YANG, Chun-Sheng ZHOU, Cheng-Fang QIAO, Xiao-Wei CUI, and Sheng-Li GAO. "The Allotropes of Nonmetallic Elements (Ⅰ):An Overview of Hydrogen and Boron Allotrope." University Chemistry 32, no. 9 (2017): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.dxhx201704022.

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9

Abdulnabi, Hussein A., and Yasin Yousif Al-Aboosi. "Design of Tunable Multiband Hybrid Graphene Metal Antenna in Microwave Regime." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 12, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v12.i3.pp1003-1009.

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<p>Graphene is an <a title="Allotrope" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotrope">allotrope</a> (form) of carbon consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in an <a title="Hexagonal lattice" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal_lattice">hexagonal lattice</a>. It is the basic structural element of many other allotropes of carbon, such as <a title="Graphite" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite">graphite</a>, <a title="Charcoal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal">charcoal</a>, <a title="Carbon nanotube" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube">carbon nanotubes</a> and <a title="Fullerene" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene">fullerenes</a>. In this paper, a tunable hybrid metal-graphene antenna in the microwave regime is proposed. This antenna composed of the copper patch and four graphene strips. The antenna designs used for the cellular long-term evolution system and the operating frequency bands of 1.8, 2.5, 2.6, and 3.6 GHz, are evaluated to demonstrate the working principle and the performance tradeoffs. Furthermore, the proposed antenna can be tuned by varying applied DC voltage on the graphene which leads to change in the chemical potential of the graphene and hence the surface conductivity and electrical properties are changed. The simulation results reveal that the antenna operates in multi-band where scattering factor S<sub>11</sub>< -10 dB. In addition, the results show that hybrid metal-graphene frequency reconfigurable antennas can, at the same time, provide a tunable bandwidth and antenna matching.</p>

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10

Galimberti, M., V. Barbera, S. Guerra, and A. Bernardi. "FACILE FUNCTIONALIZATION OF sp2 CARBON ALLOTROPES WITH A BIOBASED JANUS MOLECULE." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 90, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 285–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.17.82665.

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ABSTRACT A simple, versatile, sustainable, not expensive method for the functionalization of sp2 carbon allotropes, both nano-sized and nano-structured, without altering their bulk crystalline organization, is presented. Carbon materials available at the commercial scale were used: furnace carbon black (CB), nano-sized graphite with high surface area, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. A bio-sourced molecule, 2-(2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-1,3-propanediol (serinol pyrrole), was used for the functionalization. Serinol pyrrole (SP) was obtained from serinol through a reaction with atomic efficiency of about 82%, performed in the absence of solvents or catalysts. Synthesis of serinol pyrrole was performed as well on carbon allotropes as the solid support. Adducts of serinol pyrrole with a carbon allotrope were prepared with the help of either thermal or mechanical energy. Functionalization yield was in all cases larger than 90%. With such adducts, stable dispersions in water and in NR latex were prepared. A few layers of graphene were isolated from the water dispersions, and NR-based composites precipitated from the latex revealed very even distribution of fine graphitic particles. Composites were prepared, based on NR, IR, and BR as the rubbers and CB and silica as the fillers, with different amounts of CB–SP adduct, and were cross-linked with a sulfur-based system without observing appreciable effect of functionalization on vulcanization kinetics. The CB–SP adduct led to appreciable reduction of the Payne effect.

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11

Gao, Jingrong, Shan He, Anindya Nag, and Jonathan Woon Chung Wong. "A Review of the Use of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene-Based Sensors for the Detection of Aflatoxin M1 Compounds in Milk." Sensors 21, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 3602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113602.

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This paper presents a comprehensive review of the detection of aflatoxin compounds using carbon allotrope-based sensors. Although aflatoxin M1 and its derivative aflatoxin B1 compounds have been primarily found in milk and other food products, their presence above a threshold concentration causes disastrous health-related anomalies in human beings, such as growth impairment, underweight and even carcinogenic and immunosuppressive effects. Among the many sensors developed to detect the presence of these compounds, the employment of certain carbon allotropes, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, has been highly preferred due to their enhanced electromechanical properties. These conductive nanomaterials have shown excellent quantitative performance in terms of sensitivity and selectivity for the chosen aflatoxin compounds. This paper elucidates some of the significant examples of the CNTs and graphene-based sensors measuring Aflatoxin M1 (ATM1) and Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) compounds at low concentrations. The fabrication technique and performance of each of the sensors are shown here, as well as some of the challenges existing with the current sensors.

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12

Suryana, Nana. "Kajian Pengaruh Temperatur Sintering terhadap Peningkatan Derajat Kristalinitas Karbon dari Limbah Kulit Kemiri." Jurnal Ilmu dan Inovasi Fisika 5, no. 2 (August 9, 2021): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jiif.v5i2.35078.

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Allotropes of carbon has advantages in the ability to intercalate ions, atoms or molecules that potentially to apply in various technological applications. Graphite one of allotrope carbon which has well intercalation and ion transport capabilities. In case, the synthesis of activated carbon made from candlenut shell was carried out with carbonization temperatures at 700C and used a chemical activator in form of 30% KOH. After the activation process, given the sintering treatment for activating carbon with temperature of 950C and 1000C, respectively, which this process is expected to increase the crystalline phase of activated carbon close to the graphite phase. The result showed that dominantion of the structures were amorphous, with varying degrees of crystallinity ranging 35.23% and 35.44%, respectively, and the degrees of graphitization 36% and 37% for the vertical and horizontal directions, respectively. The treatment of the sintering process with a temperature of 1000C has the highest degree of crystallinity, 35.44%. This indicates that the sintering process has an effect on the activated carbon

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13

Bondarchuk, Sergey V., and Boris F. Minaev. "Super high-energy density single-bonded trigonal nitrogen allotrope—a chemical twin of the cubic gauche form of nitrogen." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 9 (2017): 6698–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp08723j.

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A new ambient-pressure metastable single-bonded nitrogen allotrope was predicted using reliable theoretical methods. The predicted allotrope has a number of similarities with the experimentally detected cubic gauche nitrogen allotrope.

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14

Sun, Jiang-Hua, Stephen R. Clarke, Gary L. Debarr, and C. Wayne Berisford. "Parasitoid Complex of the Mealybug Oracella acuta (Lobdell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in Georgia, USA." Journal of Entomological Science 39, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-39.1.11.

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The parasitoid complex of the mealybug Oracella acuta (Lobdell) was examined in two field populations in Georgia in 1995–96. Allotropa n. sp. and Zarhopalus debarri Sun were the primary endoparasitoids emerging from O. acuta. Adult abundance varied seasonally, with Allotropa n. sp. numbers peaking in June and Z. debarri in September. Parasitism rates of female O. acuta exceeded 60% at one site and ranged from 24 to 29% at the other site. The adult female was the preferred host stage for parasitism (76%), though Allotropa n. sp. and the endoparasitoid Acerophagus coccois E. Smith occasionally utilized second and third instar females as hosts. These two species exhibited gregarious parasitism, with up to 5 Allotropa n. sp. or 4 A. coccois emerging from a single host. Adult longevity of female and male Z. debarri averaged 6.4 and 5.3 days, respectively, and access to a food source usually increased adult lifespan. Female Z. debarri contained an average of 119 eggs, compared to 74 eggs per female for Allotropa n. sp.

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15

Buhl, Peter N. "A new species of Allotropa Förster (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), parasitoid of Delottococcus aberiae (De Lotto) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in South Africa." Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 155, no. 1 (January 25, 2019): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/m00138908.1551.3957.

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Allotropa delottococci sp. n., a parasitoid of the citrus fruit pest Delottococcus aberiae (De Lotto), is described from South Africa. A key to known Afrotropical species of Allotropa Förster is provided.

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16

Li, Qi, Aigen Li, B. W. Jiang, and Tao Chen. "On carbon nanotubes in the interstellar medium." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 493, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 3054–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa467.

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ABSTRACT Since their discovery in 1991, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) – a novel one-dimensional carbon allotrope – have attracted considerable interest worldwide because of their potential technological applications such as electric and optical devices. In the astrophysical context, CNTs may be present in the interstellar space since many of the other allotropes of carbon (e.g. amorphous carbon, fullerenes, nanodiamonds, graphite, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and possibly graphene as well) are known to be widespread in the Universe, as revealed by pre-solar grains in carbonaceous primitive meteorites and/or by their fingerprint spectral features in astronomical spectra. In addition, there are also experimental and theoretical pathways to the formation of CNTs in the interstellar medium (ISM). In this work, we examine their possible presence in the ISM by comparing the observed interstellar extinction curve with the ultraviolet/optical absorption spectra experimentally obtained for single-walled CNTs of a wide range of diameters and chiralities. Based on the absence in the interstellar extinction curve of the ${\sim}$4.5 and 5.25 ${\rm eV} \ \pi$-plasmon absorption bands that are pronounced in the experimental spectra of CNTs, we place an upper limit of ${\sim}10\, {\rm ppm}$ of C/H (i.e. ${\sim}$4 per cent of the total interstellar C) on the interstellar CNT abundance.

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17

Pan, Bitao, Jun Xiao, Jiling Li, Pu Liu, Chengxin Wang, and Guowei Yang. "Carbyne with finite length: The one-dimensional sp carbon." Science Advances 1, no. 9 (October 2015): e1500857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500857.

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Carbyne is the one-dimensional allotrope of carbon composed of sp-hybridized carbon atoms. Definitive evidence for carbyne has remained elusive despite its synthesis and preparation in the laboratory. Given the remarkable technological breakthroughs offered by other allotropes of carbon, including diamond, graphite, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, interest in carbyne and its unusual potential properties remains intense. We report the first synthesis of carbyne with finite length, which is clearly composed of alternating single bonds and triple bonds, using a novel process involving laser ablation in liquid. Spectroscopic analyses confirm that the product is the structure of sp hybridization with alternating carbon-carbon single bonds and triple bonds and capped by hydrogen. We observe purple-blue fluorescence emissions from the gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of carbyne. Condensed-phase carbyne crystals have a hexagonal lattice and resemble the white crystalline powder produced by drying a carbyne solution. We also establish that the combination of gold and alcohol is crucial to carbyne formation because carbon-hydrogen bonds can be cleaved with the help of gold catalysts under the favorable thermodynamic environment provided by laser ablation in liquid and because the unique configuration of two carbon atoms in an alcohol molecule matches the elementary entity of carbyne. This laboratory synthesis of carbyne will enable the exploration of its properties and applications.

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18

Hernandez, Angela, and Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert. "Allotropes." Callaloo 23, no. 3 (2000): 987–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.2000.0159.

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19

Nisar, Jawad, Xue Jiang, Biswarup Pathak, Jijun Zhao, Tae Won Kang, and Rajeev Ahuja. "Semiconducting allotrope of graphene." Nanotechnology 23, no. 38 (September 4, 2012): 385704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/23/38/385704.

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20

Elguero, José, Concepción Foces-Foces, and Antonio L. Llamas-Saiz. "Another Possible Carbon Allotrope." Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges 101, no. 9 (September 1, 2010): 795–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19921010909.

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21

Millecam, Todd, Austin J. Jarrett, Naomi Young, Dana E. Vanderwall, and Dennis Della Corte. "Coming of age of Allotrope: Proceedings from the Fall 2020 Allotrope Connect." Drug Discovery Today 26, no. 8 (August 2021): 1922–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2021.03.028.

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22

Zhu, Xi, and Min Wang. "Porous CY carbon: a new semiconducting phase with an sp1–sp2–sp3 bonding network." RSC Advances 6, no. 113 (2016): 112035–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra18047g.

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23

Siegel, Jay S. "Allotropy by design—Carbon nanohoops." Science 356, no. 6334 (April 13, 2017): 135–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aan0441.

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24

Delodovici, Francesco, Nicola Manini, Richard S. Wittman, Daniel S. Choi, Mohamed Al Fahim, and Larry A. Burchfield. "Protomene: A new carbon allotrope." Carbon 126 (January 2018): 574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.10.069.

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25

Nulakani, Naga Venkateswara Rao, and Venkatesan Subramanian. "Superprismane: A porous carbon allotrope." Chemical Physics Letters 715 (January 2019): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2018.11.006.

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26

Hu, Menglei, Ziao Wang, Yanheng Xu, Jiechun Liang, Jiagen Li, and Xi Zhu. "fvs-Si48: a direct bandgap silicon allotrope." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 41 (2018): 26091–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp03165g.

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27

Wang, Haipeng, Cheng Liu, Huili Wang, Xinpeng Han, Shaojie Zhang, Jiantong Sun, Yiming Zhang, Yu Cao, Yuan Yao, and Jie Sun. "The synthesis of greenish phosphorus on carbon substrates." Chemical Communications 57, no. 33 (2021): 3975–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc01419f.

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28

Enyashin, Andrey N., and Alexander L. Ivanovskii. "Graphene allotropes." physica status solidi (b) 248, no. 8 (January 10, 2011): 1879–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.201046583.

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29

Gao, Xin, Huibiao Liu, Dan Wang, and Jin Zhang. "Graphdiyne: synthesis, properties, and applications." Chemical Society Reviews 48, no. 3 (2019): 908–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00773j.

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30

Takahashi, Lauren, and Keisuke Takahashi. "Structural stability and electronic properties of an octagonal allotrope of two dimensional boron nitride." Dalton Transactions 46, no. 13 (2017): 4259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7dt00372b.

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31

Bandyopadhyay, Arka, Atanu Nandy, Arunava Chakrabarti, and Debnarayan Jana. "Optical properties and magnetic flux-induced electronic band tuning of a T-graphene sheet and nanoribbon." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 32 (2017): 21584–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp03983b.

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32

Pradhan, Nihar R., Carlos Garcia, Michael C. Lucking, Srimanta Pakhira, Juan Martinez, Daniel Rosenmann, Ralu Divan, et al. "Raman and electrical transport properties of few-layered arsenic-doped black phosphorus." Nanoscale 11, no. 39 (2019): 18449–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr04598h.

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33

Du, Yonghui, Wenjing Li, Eva Zurek, Lili Gao, Xiangyue Cui, Miao Zhang, Hanyu Liu, Yuanye Tian, Songbo Zhang, and Dandan Zhang. "Predicted CsSi compound: a promising material for photovoltaic applications." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 20 (2020): 11578–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp01440k.

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34

Yin, Wen-Jin, Yuan-Ping Chen, Yue-E. Xie, Li-Min Liu, and S. B. Zhang. "A low-surface energy carbon allotrope: the case for bcc-C6." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 21 (2015): 14083–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp00803d.

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35

Chen, Tao, and Aigen Li. "Synthesizing carbon nanotubes in space." Astronomy & Astrophysics 631 (October 18, 2019): A54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935789.

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Context. As the fourth most abundant element in the universe, carbon (C) is widespread in the interstellar medium (ISM) in various allotropic forms (e.g. fullerenes have been identified unambiguously in many astronomical environments, the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules in space has been commonly acknowledged, and presolar graphite, as well as nanodiamonds, have been identified in meteorites). As stable allotropes of these species, whether carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and their hydrogenated counterparts are also present in the ISM or not is unknown. Aims. The aim of the present works is to explore the possible routes for the formation of CNTs in the ISM and calculate their fingerprint vibrational spectral features in the infrared (IR). Methods. We studied the hydrogen-abstraction and acetylene-addition (HACA) mechanism and investigated the synthesis of nanotubes using density functional theory (DFT). The IR vibrational spectra of CNTs and hydrogenated nanotubes (HNTs), as well as their cations, were obtained with DFT. Results. We find that CNTs could be synthesized in space through a feasible formation pathway. CNTs and cationic CNTs, as well as their hydrogenated counterparts, exhibit intense vibrational transitions in the IR. Their possible presence in the ISM could be investigated by comparing the calculated vibrational spectra with astronomical observations made by the Infrared Space Observatory, Spitzer Space Telescope, and particularly the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope.

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36

FERRER-SUAY, MAR, JORDI PARETAS-MARTÍNEZ, JESÚS SELFA, and JULI PUJADE-VILLAR. "Taxonomic and synonymic world catalogue of the Charipinae and notes about this subfamily (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae)." Zootaxa 3376, no. 1 (July 4, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3376.1.1.

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The Charipinae (Cynipoidea: Figitidae) are a small group of Hymenoptera biologically characterized as being secondary parasitoids of aphids and psyllids (Hemiptera) (Menke & Evenhuis, 1991). A total of 281 species of Charipinae have been described since the first species was described by Westwood (1833) (including two fossils, one of them recently transferred in a new family, Protimaspidae). An updated world catalogue of the Charipinae is presented here, with 168 valid species: 111 included in Alloxysta Förster, 31 in Phaenoglyphis Förster, 13 in Dilyta Förster, 5 in Apocharips Fergusson, 4 in Thoreauana Girault, and 1 in Dilapothor Paretas-Martínez & Pujade-Villar, Lobopterocharips Paretas-Martínez & Pujade-Villar, Lytoxysta Kieffer and †Protocharips Kovalev. Eight species are considered as nomen nudum: Allotria fusca Dahlbom, 1842; Allotria thoreyi Dahlbom, 1842; Xystus xanthocephala Dahlbom, 1842; Allotria pusillina Giraud, 1877; Charips aphidiinaecida de Santis, 1937; Alloxysta keudelli Hedicke, 1927; Allotria amygdali Buckton, 1879 and Allotria polita Provancher, 1881. Six as nomen dubium: Allotria (Allotria) recticornis atra Kieffer, 1902; Allotria (Allotria) brevicornis Kieffer, 1902; Allotria (Allotria) orthocera Kieffer, 1902; Xystus femoralis Hartig, 1841; Charipsella laevigata Brèthes, 1913; Dilyta (Alloxysta) ignorata Kieffer, 1900. Three species are incertae sedis: Charips silvicola Belizin, 1928, Cynips atriceps Buckton, 1879 and Allotria (Allotria) testaceipes Kieffer, 1902. Two species are here synonymized: Alloxysta discreta (Förster, 1869) with A. ramulifera (Thomson, 1862) and A. megaptera (Cameron, 1889) with A. ruficollis (Cameron, 1883). Two species are raised from synonymy and considered here as valid species: Alloxysta cameroni (Cameron, 1883) and A. marshalliana (Kieffer, 1900). New names for species of Alloxysta are presented for homonimies with other Alloxysta species derived from the new combinations: Alloxysta ionescui Pujade-Villar & Ferrer-Suay new name for Alloxysta luteipes (Ionescu, 1969) n. comb., Alloxysta forshagei Pujade-Villar & Ferrer-Suay new name for Alloxysta bicolor (Ionescu, 1959) n. comb., and Alloxysta mattiasi Pujade-Villar & Ferrer-Suay new name for Alloxysta luteipes (Ionescu, 1959) n. comb. Also a new name to Phaenoglyphis is presented for the same reason before mentioned but without new combination: Phaenoglyphis hedickei Pujade-Villar & Ferrer-Suay new name for Phaenoglyphis longicornis Hedicke, 1928 and two new combinations are presented: Alloxysta rufa (Ionescu, 1959) n. comb and Alloxysta consobrina (Zetterstedt, 1838) Forshage n. comb. This catalogue includes: (i) a diagnosis of the subfamily with the most important taxonomic characters for species recognition, and illustrations of these characters; (ii) a key to genera; (iii) a list of all authors describing species of Charipinae; and (iv) a host table. The distribution of the Charipinae includes 106 Palaearctic species, 37 Nearctic, 11 Neotropical, 10 Afrotropical, 7 Oriental and 11 Australian. The species Alloxysta victrix (Westwood, 1833), A. fuscicornis (Hartig, 1841) and Phaenoglyphis villosa (Hartig, 1841) are cosmopolitan.

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Rahman, Mohammad Z., and Tomas Edvinsson. "Rational design and resolution of the mystery of the structure of Cyclo[18]carbon." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 17 (2020): 8234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta13193k.

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Li, Da, Fubo Tian, Binhua Chu, Defang Duan, Shuli Wei, Yunzhou Lv, Huadi Zhang, et al. "Cubic C96: a novel carbon allotrope with a porous nanocube network." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 19 (2015): 10448–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta01045d.

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Wang, Haidi, Xingxing Li, Zhao Liu, and Jinlong Yang. "ψ-Phosphorene: a new allotrope of phosphorene." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 3 (2017): 2402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp07944j.

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Liu, Jing, and Haigang Lu. "Azugraphene: a new graphene-like hexagonal carbon allotrope with Dirac cones." RSC Advances 9, no. 59 (2019): 34481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra07953j.

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Eliášová Sohová, Marianna, Michal Bodík, Peter Siffalovic, Nikola Bugárová, Martina Labudová, Miriam Zaťovičová, Tibor Hianik, et al. "Label-free tracking of nanosized graphene oxide cellular uptake by confocal Raman microscopy." Analyst 143, no. 15 (2018): 3686–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8an00225h.

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González-González, R., M. G. Salas-Zepeda, and A. Tlahuice-Flores. "New two-dimensional carbon nitride allotrope with 1 : 1 stoichiometry featuring spine-like structures: a structural and electronic DFT-D study." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 28 (2019): 15282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp02846c.

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Raeber, Alexandra E., and David A. Mazziotti. "Non-equilibrium steady state conductivity in cyclo[18]carbon and its boron nitride analogue." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 41 (2020): 23998–4003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp04172f.

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Okwundu, Onyeka Stanislaus, Emmanuel Uche Aniekwe, and Chinaza Emmanuel Nwanno. "Unlimited potentials of carbon: different structures and uses (a Review)." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 24, no. 3 (October 19, 2018): 145–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/388.

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Carbon is a unique chemical element whose different forms or allotropes are inexhaustible in number. It has been in use since antiquity and now, the possibility of manipulating the lattice structure of its crystalline allotropes, offers it unlimited advanced applications. This review aims at demonstrating certain aspects of engineering material in different applications. Various structures of some identified allotropes carbon, respective properties and uses of the allotropes were reviewed. Amorphous carbon materials find application mainly as fuels and sometimes as parent materials for synthesis of more useful chemicals. Their limited application was ascribed to their unstable irregular patterned structure which cannot be manipulated easily to meet further needs. Structurally, carbon exists in the sp3 and sp2 hybridized state in the crystal lattice of its crystalline allotropes. Due to the salient features of its allotropes, carbon finds application in energy generation and storage, optics, electronics, opto-electronics, electro-catalysis, corrosion control, bio-sensing (diagnostics), sensing, agriculture, water treatment, making of composite materials with unique properties and more. There is no limit to the application of carbon. It was recommended that renewable and sustainable alternative precursors for synthesis of carbon nanomaterials with crystal growth control be sought for.

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Faghihnasiri, Mahdi, S. Hannan Mousavi, Farzaneh Shayeganfar, Aidin Ahmadi, and Javad Beheshtian. "Hydrogenated Ψ-graphene as an ultraviolet optomechanical sensor." RSC Advances 10, no. 44 (2020): 26197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra03104f.

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Hu, Junping, Yu Liu, Ning Liu, Jianwen Li, and Chuying Ouyang. "Theoretical prediction of T-graphene as a promising alkali-ion battery anode offering ultrahigh capacity." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 6 (2020): 3281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp06099e.

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Lo, Rabindranath, Maximilián Lamanec, Weizhou Wang, Debashree Manna, Aristides Bakandritsos, Martin Dračínský, Radek Zbořil, Dana Nachtigallová, and Pavel Hobza. "Structure-directed formation of the dative/covalent bonds in complexes with C70⋯piperidine." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 7 (2021): 4365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp06280d.

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Wang, Shuaiwei, Baocheng Yang, Houyang Chen, and Eli Ruckenstein. "Popgraphene: a new 2D planar carbon allotrope composed of 5–8–5 carbon rings for high-performance lithium-ion battery anodes from bottom-up programming." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 16 (2018): 6815–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta00438b.

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Bhattacharya, Debaprem, and Debnarayan Jana. "First-principles calculation of the electronic and optical properties of a new two-dimensional carbon allotrope: tetra-penta-octagonal graphene." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 44 (2019): 24758–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp04863d.

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Marinho, Enesio, and Pedro Alves da Silva Autreto. "Me-graphane: tailoring the structural and electronic properties of Me-graphene via hydrogenation." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 15 (2021): 9483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp06684b.

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