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Journal articles on the topic 'Allotropes du carbone'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Pezoldt, Jörg. "Formation of Different Carbon Phases on SiC." Materials Science Forum 615-617 (March 2009): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.615-617.227.

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Carbon is able to crystallise in different allotrope modifications. They mainly differ in the dominating bindings formed in dependence on the hybridization sp, sp2 and sp3 of the carbon atoms. The present work demonstrates the formation of two different forms of car¬bon allotropes by heating both polar surfaces of on axis 6H-SiC(0001) and 6H-SiC(000 ) crystals to temperatures above 1600°C. In consequence of the structural evolution graphite-like (sp2-hybridised) and carbine-like (sp-hybridised) allotropic carbon modifications were obtained.

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2

Yap, Stephanie Hui Kit, Kok Ken Chan, Swee Chuan Tjin, and Ken-Tye Yong. "Carbon Allotrope-Based Optical Fibers for Environmental and Biological Sensing: A Review." Sensors 20, no. 7 (April 5, 2020): 2046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072046.

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Recently, carbon allotropes have received tremendous research interest and paved a new avenue for optical fiber sensing technology. Carbon allotropes exhibit unique sensing properties such as large surface to volume ratios, biocompatibility, and they can serve as molecule enrichers. Meanwhile, optical fibers possess a high degree of surface modification versatility that enables the incorporation of carbon allotropes as the functional coating for a wide range of detection tasks. Moreover, the combination of carbon allotropes and optical fibers also yields high sensitivity and specificity to monitor target molecules in the vicinity of the nanocoating surface. In this review, the development of carbon allotropes-based optical fiber sensors is studied. The first section provides an overview of four different types of carbon allotropes, including carbon nanotubes, carbon dots, graphene, and nanodiamonds. The second section discusses the synthesis approaches used to prepare these carbon allotropes, followed by some deposition techniques to functionalize the surface of the optical fiber, and the associated sensing mechanisms. Numerous applications that have benefitted from carbon allotrope-based optical fiber sensors such as temperature, strain, volatile organic compounds and biosensing applications are reviewed and summarized. Finally, a concluding section highlighting the technological deficiencies, challenges, and suggestions to overcome them is presented.

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3

Rickhaus, Michel, Marcel Mayor, and Michal Juríček. "Chirality in curved polyaromatic systems." Chemical Society Reviews 46, no. 6 (2017): 1643–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cs00623j.

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Chiral non-planar polyaromatic systems that display zero, positive or negative Gaussian curvature are analysed and their potential to ‘encode’ chirality of larger sp²-carbon allotropes is evaluated. Shown is a hypothetical peanut-shaped carbon allotrope, where helical chirality results from the interplay of various curvature types.

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4

Pan, Bitao, Jun Xiao, Jiling Li, Pu Liu, Chengxin Wang, and Guowei Yang. "Carbyne with finite length: The one-dimensional sp carbon." Science Advances 1, no. 9 (October 2015): e1500857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500857.

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Carbyne is the one-dimensional allotrope of carbon composed of sp-hybridized carbon atoms. Definitive evidence for carbyne has remained elusive despite its synthesis and preparation in the laboratory. Given the remarkable technological breakthroughs offered by other allotropes of carbon, including diamond, graphite, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, interest in carbyne and its unusual potential properties remains intense. We report the first synthesis of carbyne with finite length, which is clearly composed of alternating single bonds and triple bonds, using a novel process involving laser ablation in liquid. Spectroscopic analyses confirm that the product is the structure of sp hybridization with alternating carbon-carbon single bonds and triple bonds and capped by hydrogen. We observe purple-blue fluorescence emissions from the gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of carbyne. Condensed-phase carbyne crystals have a hexagonal lattice and resemble the white crystalline powder produced by drying a carbyne solution. We also establish that the combination of gold and alcohol is crucial to carbyne formation because carbon-hydrogen bonds can be cleaved with the help of gold catalysts under the favorable thermodynamic environment provided by laser ablation in liquid and because the unique configuration of two carbon atoms in an alcohol molecule matches the elementary entity of carbyne. This laboratory synthesis of carbyne will enable the exploration of its properties and applications.

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5

JOYA, M. R., A. R. ZANATTA, and J. BARBA-ORTEGA. "RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF TEMPERATURE INDUCED EFFECTS IN FOUR CARBON ALLOTROPES." Modern Physics Letters B 27, no. 28 (October 24, 2013): 1350203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984913502035.

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In this paper, we report strong variations in the Raman spectra of different carbon allotropes samples, for temperatures ranging from 83 K to 1123 K. The temperature dependence of D and G peak frequencies in the Raman spectrum of diamond, graphite, graphene, and carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) with 20 nm dot-size were investigated. These effects caused by temperature can be estimated from the changes in position [Formula: see text] and in linewidth of peak full width at half maximum (FWHM) G in the Raman spectrum of each sample. The broadening for each allotrope under the same conditions of temperature were: diamond ~ 4 cm-1, graphite ~ 50 cm-1, graphene ~ 5 cm-1 and nanoparticles ~ 7 cm-1. We also used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study the morphology and determine the size of the samples. According to the experimental data, the residual structural disorder and stress present in the samples are enhanced with temperature and responds for the observed changes in the Raman spectra. We present a systematic study of the temperature-dependent Raman spectra of four carbon allotropes.

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6

Abdulnabi, Hussein A., and Yasin Yousif Al-Aboosi. "Design of Tunable Multiband Hybrid Graphene Metal Antenna in Microwave Regime." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 12, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v12.i3.pp1003-1009.

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<p>Graphene is an <a title="Allotrope" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotrope">allotrope</a> (form) of carbon consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in an <a title="Hexagonal lattice" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal_lattice">hexagonal lattice</a>. It is the basic structural element of many other allotropes of carbon, such as <a title="Graphite" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite">graphite</a>, <a title="Charcoal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal">charcoal</a>, <a title="Carbon nanotube" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube">carbon nanotubes</a> and <a title="Fullerene" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene">fullerenes</a>. In this paper, a tunable hybrid metal-graphene antenna in the microwave regime is proposed. This antenna composed of the copper patch and four graphene strips. The antenna designs used for the cellular long-term evolution system and the operating frequency bands of 1.8, 2.5, 2.6, and 3.6 GHz, are evaluated to demonstrate the working principle and the performance tradeoffs. Furthermore, the proposed antenna can be tuned by varying applied DC voltage on the graphene which leads to change in the chemical potential of the graphene and hence the surface conductivity and electrical properties are changed. The simulation results reveal that the antenna operates in multi-band where scattering factor S<sub>11</sub>< -10 dB. In addition, the results show that hybrid metal-graphene frequency reconfigurable antennas can, at the same time, provide a tunable bandwidth and antenna matching.</p>

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7

Galimberti, M., V. Barbera, S. Guerra, and A. Bernardi. "FACILE FUNCTIONALIZATION OF sp2 CARBON ALLOTROPES WITH A BIOBASED JANUS MOLECULE." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 90, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 285–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.17.82665.

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ABSTRACT A simple, versatile, sustainable, not expensive method for the functionalization of sp2 carbon allotropes, both nano-sized and nano-structured, without altering their bulk crystalline organization, is presented. Carbon materials available at the commercial scale were used: furnace carbon black (CB), nano-sized graphite with high surface area, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. A bio-sourced molecule, 2-(2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-1,3-propanediol (serinol pyrrole), was used for the functionalization. Serinol pyrrole (SP) was obtained from serinol through a reaction with atomic efficiency of about 82%, performed in the absence of solvents or catalysts. Synthesis of serinol pyrrole was performed as well on carbon allotropes as the solid support. Adducts of serinol pyrrole with a carbon allotrope were prepared with the help of either thermal or mechanical energy. Functionalization yield was in all cases larger than 90%. With such adducts, stable dispersions in water and in NR latex were prepared. A few layers of graphene were isolated from the water dispersions, and NR-based composites precipitated from the latex revealed very even distribution of fine graphitic particles. Composites were prepared, based on NR, IR, and BR as the rubbers and CB and silica as the fillers, with different amounts of CB–SP adduct, and were cross-linked with a sulfur-based system without observing appreciable effect of functionalization on vulcanization kinetics. The CB–SP adduct led to appreciable reduction of the Payne effect.

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8

Gao, Jingrong, Shan He, Anindya Nag, and Jonathan Woon Chung Wong. "A Review of the Use of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene-Based Sensors for the Detection of Aflatoxin M1 Compounds in Milk." Sensors 21, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 3602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113602.

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This paper presents a comprehensive review of the detection of aflatoxin compounds using carbon allotrope-based sensors. Although aflatoxin M1 and its derivative aflatoxin B1 compounds have been primarily found in milk and other food products, their presence above a threshold concentration causes disastrous health-related anomalies in human beings, such as growth impairment, underweight and even carcinogenic and immunosuppressive effects. Among the many sensors developed to detect the presence of these compounds, the employment of certain carbon allotropes, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, has been highly preferred due to their enhanced electromechanical properties. These conductive nanomaterials have shown excellent quantitative performance in terms of sensitivity and selectivity for the chosen aflatoxin compounds. This paper elucidates some of the significant examples of the CNTs and graphene-based sensors measuring Aflatoxin M1 (ATM1) and Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) compounds at low concentrations. The fabrication technique and performance of each of the sensors are shown here, as well as some of the challenges existing with the current sensors.

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9

Suryana, Nana. "Kajian Pengaruh Temperatur Sintering terhadap Peningkatan Derajat Kristalinitas Karbon dari Limbah Kulit Kemiri." Jurnal Ilmu dan Inovasi Fisika 5, no. 2 (August 9, 2021): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jiif.v5i2.35078.

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Allotropes of carbon has advantages in the ability to intercalate ions, atoms or molecules that potentially to apply in various technological applications. Graphite one of allotrope carbon which has well intercalation and ion transport capabilities. In case, the synthesis of activated carbon made from candlenut shell was carried out with carbonization temperatures at 700C and used a chemical activator in form of 30% KOH. After the activation process, given the sintering treatment for activating carbon with temperature of 950C and 1000C, respectively, which this process is expected to increase the crystalline phase of activated carbon close to the graphite phase. The result showed that dominantion of the structures were amorphous, with varying degrees of crystallinity ranging 35.23% and 35.44%, respectively, and the degrees of graphitization 36% and 37% for the vertical and horizontal directions, respectively. The treatment of the sintering process with a temperature of 1000C has the highest degree of crystallinity, 35.44%. This indicates that the sintering process has an effect on the activated carbon

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10

Kaiser, Katharina, Lorel M. Scriven, Fabian Schulz, Przemyslaw Gawel, Leo Gross, and Harry L. Anderson. "An sp-hybridized molecular carbon allotrope, cyclo[18]carbon." Science 365, no. 6459 (August 15, 2019): 1299–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay1914.

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Carbon allotropes built from rings of two-coordinate atoms, known as cyclo[n]carbons, have fascinated chemists for many years, but until now they could not be isolated or structurally characterized because of their high reactivity. We generated cyclo[18]carbon (C18) using atom manipulation on bilayer NaCl on Cu(111) at 5 kelvin by eliminating carbon monoxide from a cyclocarbon oxide molecule, C24O6. Characterization of cyclo[18]carbon by high-resolution atomic force microscopy revealed a polyynic structure with defined positions of alternating triple and single bonds. The high reactivity of cyclocarbon and cyclocarbon oxides allows covalent coupling between molecules to be induced by atom manipulation, opening an avenue for the synthesis of other carbon allotropes and carbon-rich materials from the coalescence of cyclocarbon molecules.

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11

Okwundu, Onyeka Stanislaus, Emmanuel Uche Aniekwe, and Chinaza Emmanuel Nwanno. "Unlimited potentials of carbon: different structures and uses (a Review)." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 24, no. 3 (October 19, 2018): 145–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/388.

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Carbon is a unique chemical element whose different forms or allotropes are inexhaustible in number. It has been in use since antiquity and now, the possibility of manipulating the lattice structure of its crystalline allotropes, offers it unlimited advanced applications. This review aims at demonstrating certain aspects of engineering material in different applications. Various structures of some identified allotropes carbon, respective properties and uses of the allotropes were reviewed. Amorphous carbon materials find application mainly as fuels and sometimes as parent materials for synthesis of more useful chemicals. Their limited application was ascribed to their unstable irregular patterned structure which cannot be manipulated easily to meet further needs. Structurally, carbon exists in the sp3 and sp2 hybridized state in the crystal lattice of its crystalline allotropes. Due to the salient features of its allotropes, carbon finds application in energy generation and storage, optics, electronics, opto-electronics, electro-catalysis, corrosion control, bio-sensing (diagnostics), sensing, agriculture, water treatment, making of composite materials with unique properties and more. There is no limit to the application of carbon. It was recommended that renewable and sustainable alternative precursors for synthesis of carbon nanomaterials with crystal growth control be sought for.

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12

Li, Qi, Aigen Li, B. W. Jiang, and Tao Chen. "On carbon nanotubes in the interstellar medium." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 493, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 3054–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa467.

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ABSTRACT Since their discovery in 1991, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) – a novel one-dimensional carbon allotrope – have attracted considerable interest worldwide because of their potential technological applications such as electric and optical devices. In the astrophysical context, CNTs may be present in the interstellar space since many of the other allotropes of carbon (e.g. amorphous carbon, fullerenes, nanodiamonds, graphite, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and possibly graphene as well) are known to be widespread in the Universe, as revealed by pre-solar grains in carbonaceous primitive meteorites and/or by their fingerprint spectral features in astronomical spectra. In addition, there are also experimental and theoretical pathways to the formation of CNTs in the interstellar medium (ISM). In this work, we examine their possible presence in the ISM by comparing the observed interstellar extinction curve with the ultraviolet/optical absorption spectra experimentally obtained for single-walled CNTs of a wide range of diameters and chiralities. Based on the absence in the interstellar extinction curve of the ${\sim}$4.5 and 5.25 ${\rm eV} \ \pi$-plasmon absorption bands that are pronounced in the experimental spectra of CNTs, we place an upper limit of ${\sim}10\, {\rm ppm}$ of C/H (i.e. ${\sim}$4 per cent of the total interstellar C) on the interstellar CNT abundance.

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13

Remya, Karunakaran, and Cherumuttathu H. Suresh. "Non-covalent intermolecular carbon–carbon interactions in polyynes." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 40 (2015): 27035–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp04467g.

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Polyynes, the smaller analogues of one dimensional infinite chain carbon allotrope carbyne, have been studied for the type and strength of the intermolecular interactions in their dimer and tetramer complexes using density functional theory.

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14

Zhuo, Zhiwen, Xiaojun Wu, and Jinlong Yang. "Me-graphene: a graphene allotrope with near zero Poisson's ratio, sizeable band gap, and high carrier mobility." Nanoscale 12, no. 37 (2020): 19359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr03869e.

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The exploration of new two-dimensional (2D) allotropes of carbon has attracted great research attention after graphene, but experiment-feasible graphene allotropes with novel properties are still rare.

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15

Hu, Meng, Fei Tian, Zhisheng Zhao, Quan Huang, Bo Xu, Li-Min Wang, Hui-Tian Wang, Yongjun Tian, and Julong He. "Exotic Cubic Carbon Allotropes." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 116, no. 45 (November 2012): 24233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp3064323.

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16

Albinson, J. S., and A. Evans. "Possible Role of the White Dwarf in Grain Formation in Cataclysmic Variable Systems." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 93 (1987): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100105184.

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AbstractWe consider the possibility that carbon, in the form of the allotrope carbyne, might form in the atmosphere of the white dwarf in a cataclysmic variable system, and be expelled from the system by radiation pressure. It seems that, under some circumstances, cataclysmic variable systems may indeed have carbon dust in their vicinity.

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17

Al-Fahdi, Mohammed, Alejandro Rodriguez, Tao Ouyang, and Ming Hu. "High-Throughput Computation of New Carbon Allotropes with Diverse Hybridization and Ultrahigh Hardness." Crystals 11, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11070783.

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The discovery of new carbon allotropes with different building blocks and crystal symmetries has long been of great interest to broad materials science fields. Herein, we report several hundred new carbon allotropes predicted by the state-of-the-art RG2 code and first-principles calculations. The types of new carbon allotropes that were identified in this work span pure sp2, hybrid sp2/sp3, and pure sp3 C–C bonding. All structures were globally optimized at the first-principles level. The thermodynamic stability of some selected carbon allotropes was further validated by computing their phonon dispersions. The predicted carbon allotropes possess a broad range of Vickers’ hardness. This wide range of Vickers’ hardness is explained in detail in terms of both atomic descriptors such as density, volume per atom, packing fraction, and local potential energy throughout the unit cell, and global descriptors such as elastic modulus, shear modulus, and bulk modulus, universal anisotropy, Pugh’s ratio, and Poisson’s ratio. For the first time, we found strong correlation between Vickers’ hardness and average local potentials in the unit cell. This work provides deep insight into the identification of novel carbon materials with high Vickers’ hardness for modern applications in which ultrahigh hardness is desired. Moreover, the local potential averaged over the entire unit cell of an atomic structure, an easy-to-evaluate atomic descriptor, could serve as a new atomic descriptor for efficient screening of the mechanical properties of unexplored structures in future high-throughput computing and artificial-intelligence-accelerated materials discovery methods.

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18

Kudryavtsev, Yu P., S. E. Evsyukov, M. B. Guseva, V. G. Babaev, and V. V. Khvostov. "Carbyne ? the third allotropic form of carbon." Russian Chemical Bulletin 42, no. 3 (March 1993): 399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00698417.

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19

Chen, Tao, and Aigen Li. "Synthesizing carbon nanotubes in space." Astronomy & Astrophysics 631 (October 18, 2019): A54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935789.

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Context. As the fourth most abundant element in the universe, carbon (C) is widespread in the interstellar medium (ISM) in various allotropic forms (e.g. fullerenes have been identified unambiguously in many astronomical environments, the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules in space has been commonly acknowledged, and presolar graphite, as well as nanodiamonds, have been identified in meteorites). As stable allotropes of these species, whether carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and their hydrogenated counterparts are also present in the ISM or not is unknown. Aims. The aim of the present works is to explore the possible routes for the formation of CNTs in the ISM and calculate their fingerprint vibrational spectral features in the infrared (IR). Methods. We studied the hydrogen-abstraction and acetylene-addition (HACA) mechanism and investigated the synthesis of nanotubes using density functional theory (DFT). The IR vibrational spectra of CNTs and hydrogenated nanotubes (HNTs), as well as their cations, were obtained with DFT. Results. We find that CNTs could be synthesized in space through a feasible formation pathway. CNTs and cationic CNTs, as well as their hydrogenated counterparts, exhibit intense vibrational transitions in the IR. Their possible presence in the ISM could be investigated by comparing the calculated vibrational spectra with astronomical observations made by the Infrared Space Observatory, Spitzer Space Telescope, and particularly the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope.

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20

Mitura, Katarzyna, Joanna Kornacka, Elżbieta Kopczyńska, Jacek Kalisz, Ewa Czerwińska, Maciej Affeltowicz, Witold Kaczorowski, et al. "Active Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Food Packaging." Coatings 11, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11020161.

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Carbon-based nanomaterials (CBN) are currently used in many biomedical applications. The research includes optimization of single grain size and conglomerates of pure detonated nanodiamond (DND), modified nanodiamond particles and graphene oxide (GO) in order to compare their bactericidal activity against food pathogens. Measurement of grain size and zeta potential was performed using the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) method. Surface morphology was evaluated using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and confocal microscope. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed in order to confirm the crystallographic structure of detonation nanodiamond particles. Bacteriostatic tests were performed by evaluating the inhibition zone of pathogens in the presence of carbon based nanomaterials. Raman spectroscopy showed differences between the content of the diamond and graphite phases in diamond nanoparticles. Fluorescence microscopy and adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) determination methods were used to assess the bactericidal of bioactive polymers obtained by modification of food wrapping film using various carbon-based nanomaterials. The results indicate differences in the sizes of individual grains and conglomerates of carbon nanomaterials within the same carbon allotropes depending on surface modification. The bactericidal properties depend on the allotropic form of carbon and the type of surface modification. Depending on the grain size of carbon-based materials, surface modification, the content of the diamond and graphite phases, surface of carbon-based nanomaterials film formation shows more or less intense bactericidal properties and differentiated adhesion of bacterial biofilms to food films modified with carbon nanostructures.

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21

Wang, Jian-Tao, and Changfeng Chen. "New carbon allotropes derived from nanotubes via a three-fold distortion mechanism." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 22 (2020): 12489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp00834f.

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22

Melchionna, M., S. Marchesan, M. Prato, and P. Fornasiero. "Carbon nanotubes and catalysis: the many facets of a successful marriage." Catalysis Science & Technology 5, no. 8 (2015): 3859–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cy00651a.

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23

Geng, Deng, and Yu Zhiwu. "The Stability of Carbon Allotropes." University Chemistry 30, no. 3 (2015): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.dxhx2010385.

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24

Ghosh, S., D. K. Avasthi, A. Tripathi, D. Kabiraj, S. Singh, and D. S. Misra. "Electronic sputtering of carbon allotropes." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 219-220 (June 2004): 973–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2004.01.199.

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25

Kusner, Robert B., Paul M. Lahti, and C. Peter Lillya. "New surface allotropes of carbon." Chemical Physics Letters 241, no. 5-6 (August 1995): 522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(95)00682-t.

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26

Haddon, R. C. "Magnetism of the carbon allotropes." Nature 378, no. 6554 (November 1995): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/378249a0.

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27

Dobrowolski, Jan Cz, and Aleksander P. Mazurek. "C60Topological Isomers: Other Carbon Allotropes." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 102, no. 27 (July 1998): 5260–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp980277+.

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28

Arora, Vijay. "Bandgap engineering of carbon allotropes." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 27, no. 1 (2014): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1401113a.

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Starting from the graphene layer, the bandgap engineering of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) is described by applying an appropriate boundary condition. Linear E-k relationship of graphene transforms to a parabolic one as momentum vector in the tube direction is reduced to dimensions smaller than inverse of the tube diameter of a CNT. Similar transition is noticeable for narrow width of a GNR. In this regime, effective mass and bandgap expressions are obtained. A CNT or GNR displays a distinctly 1D character suitable for applications in quantum transport.

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29

Hirsch, Andreas. "The era of carbon allotropes." Nature Materials 9, no. 11 (October 22, 2010): 868–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat2885.

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30

Milosevic, Ivanka, George Volonakis, Stergios Logothetidis, Zoran Popovic, and Milan Damnjanovic. "Pentaheptite Allotropes of Carbon Nanotubes." ECS Transactions 6, no. 16 (December 19, 2019): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2812895.

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31

Richter, Moses, Thomas Heumüller, Gebhard J. Matt, Wolfgang Heiss, and Christoph J. Brabec. "Carbon Photodetectors: The Versatility of Carbon Allotropes." Advanced Energy Materials 7, no. 10 (November 9, 2016): 1601574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201601574.

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32

Díez-Pascual, Ana María. "Carbon-Based Nanomaterials." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 7726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147726.

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Research on carbon-based nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives, nanodiamonds, fullerenes, and other nanosized carbon allotropes, has experienced sharp exponential growth over recent years [...]

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33

Berdiyorov, G. R., U. Khalilov, H. Hamoudi, and Erik C. Neyts. "Effect of chemical modification on electronic transport properties of carbyne." Journal of Computational Electronics 20, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 848–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10825-020-01639-7.

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AbstractUsing density functional theory in combination with the Green’s functional formalism, we study the effect of surface functionalization on the electronic transport properties of 1D carbon allotrope—carbyne. We found that both hydrogenation and fluorination result in structural changes and semiconducting to metallic transition. Consequently, the current in the functionalization systems increases significantly due to strong delocalization of electronic states along the carbon chain. We also study the electronic transport in partially hydrogenated carbyne and interface structures consisting of pristine and functionalized carbyne. In the latter case, current rectification is obtained in the system with rectification ratio up to 50%. These findings can be useful for developing carbyne-based structures with tunable electronic transport properties.

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Kim, Hwan-Young, Da-Seul Kim, Kun-Su Kim, and Nong-Moon Hwang. "Various Allotropes of Diamond Nanoparticles Generated in the Gas Phase during Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition." Nanomaterials 10, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 2504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10122504.

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Diamond nanoparticles have been synthesized using various methods. Nanodiamonds generated in the gas phase were captured on the membrane of a transmission electron microscope grid during a hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) diamond process. In total, ~600 nanoparticles, which were captured for 10 s in six conditions of the capture temperatures of 900 °C, 600 °C and 300 °C and the gas mixtures of 1% CH4-99% H2 and 3% CH4-97% H2, were analyzed for phase identification using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and fast Fourier transformation. Hexagonal diamond, i-carbon, n-diamond, and cubic diamond were identified. The observation of two or more carbon allotropes captured on the same membrane suggested their coexistence in the gas phase during HFCVD. The crystal structure of carbon allotropes was related to the size of the nanodiamond. The crystal structure of the nanoparticles affected the crystal structure of diamond deposited for 8 h. Confirmation of various carbon allotropes provides new insight into the nanodiamond synthesis in the gas phase and the growth mechanism of HFCVD diamond.

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35

Kim, Hwan-Young, Da-Seul Kim, and Nong-Moon Hwang. "Comparison of diamond nanoparticles captured on the floating and grounded membranes in the hot filament chemical vapor deposition process." RSC Advances 11, no. 10 (2021): 5651–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra09649k.

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36

Bhattacharya, Debaprem, and Debnarayan Jana. "Twin T-graphene: a new semiconducting 2D carbon allotrope." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 18 (2020): 10286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp00263a.

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37

Casari, C. S., and A. Milani. "Carbyne: from the elusive allotrope to stable carbon atom wires." MRS Communications 8, no. 02 (April 5, 2018): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2018.48.

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38

Chalifoux, Wesley A., and Rik R. Tykwinski. "Synthesis of polyynes to model the sp-carbon allotrope carbyne." Nature Chemistry 2, no. 11 (September 19, 2010): 967–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.828.

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39

Wang, Yuzhong, and Gregory H. Robinson. "Carbene-stabilized main group diatomic allotropes." Dalton Trans. 41, no. 2 (2012): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1dt11165e.

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Elguero, José, Concepción Foces-Foces, and Antonio L. Llamas-Saiz. "Another Possible Carbon Allotrope." Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges 101, no. 9 (September 1, 2010): 795–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19921010909.

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41

Delodovici, Francesco, Daniel S. Choi, Mohamed Al Fahim, Larry A. Burchfield, and Nicola Manini. "Carbon sp chains in diamond nanocavities." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 39 (2019): 21814–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp03978c.

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42

Fan, Qitang, Linghao Yan, Matthias W. Tripp, Ondřej Krejčí, Stavrina Dimosthenous, Stefan R. Kachel, Mengyi Chen, et al. "Biphenylene network: A nonbenzenoid carbon allotrope." Science 372, no. 6544 (May 20, 2021): 852–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abg4509.

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The quest for planar sp2-hybridized carbon allotropes other than graphene, such as graphenylene and biphenylene networks, has stimulated substantial research efforts because of the materials’ predicted mechanical, electronic, and transport properties. However, their syntheses remain challenging given the lack of reliable protocols for generating nonhexagonal rings during the in-plane tiling of carbon atoms. We report the bottom-up growth of an ultraflat biphenylene network with periodically arranged four-, six-, and eight-membered rings of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms through an on-surface interpolymer dehydrofluorination (HF-zipping) reaction. The characterization of this biphenylene network by scanning probe methods reveals that it is metallic rather than a dielectric. We expect the interpolymer HF-zipping method to complement the toolbox for the synthesis of other nonbenzenoid carbon allotropes.

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Zhou, Yalan, Xiang Chen, Song-Li Liu, and Li-Hua Gan. "Three tetragonal superhard sp3 carbon allotropes." Solid State Communications 323 (January 2021): 114095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2020.114095.

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Mylvaganam, K., and L. C. Zhang. "Nano-Friction of Some Carbon Allotropes." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 7, no. 10 (October 1, 2010): 2199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2010.1603.

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Formosa, Jean Paul, Reuben Cauchi, and Joseph N. Grima. "Carbon allotropes exhibiting negative linear compressibility." physica status solidi (b) 252, no. 7 (July 2015): 1656–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.201552234.

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Falcao, Eduardo HL, and Fred Wudl. "Carbon allotropes: beyond graphite and diamond." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 82, no. 6 (2007): 524–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1693.

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Vostrowsky, Otto, and Andreas Hirsch. "Molecular Peapods as Supramolecular Carbon Allotropes." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 43, no. 18 (April 26, 2004): 2326–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200301749.

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Domingos, H. S. "Carbon allotropes and strong nanotube bundles." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 16, no. 49 (November 27, 2004): 9083–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/16/49/023.

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Yang, L., H. Y. He, and B. C. Pan. "Theoretical prediction of new carbon allotropes." Journal of Chemical Physics 138, no. 2 (January 14, 2013): 024502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773448.

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Esser, Marc, Arina A. Esser, Davide M. Proserpio, and Richard Dronskowski. "Bonding analyses of unconventional carbon allotropes." Carbon 121 (September 2017): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.05.062.

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