Journal articles: 'Alloying of cast iron'

1

Stawarz, M., W. Kajzer, A. Kajzer, and M. Dojka. "Physicochemical Properties of Silicon Cast Iron." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0059.

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Abstract The article presents results of pitting corrosion studies of selected silicon cast irons. The range of studies included low, medium and high silicon cast iron. The amount of alloying addition (Si) in examined cast irons was between 5 to 25 %. Experimental melts of silicon cast irons [1-3] were conducted in Department of Foundry of Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice and pitting corrosion resistance tests were performed in Faculty of Biomedical Engineering in Department of Biomaterials and Medical Devices Engineering of Silesian University of Technology in Zabrze. In tests of corrosion resistance the potentiostat VoltaLab PGP201 was used. Results obtained in those research complement the knowledge about the corrosion resistance of iron alloys with carbon containing Si alloying addition above 17 % [4-6]. Obtained results were supplemented with metallographic examinations using scanning electron microscopy. The analysis of chemical composition for cast irons using Leco spectrometer was done and the content of alloying element (silicon) was also determined using the gravimetric method in the laboratory of the Institute of Welding in Gliwice. The compounds of microstructure were identify by X-ray diffraction.

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Chen, Xiang-Ru, Qi-Jie Zhai, Han Dong, Bao-Hua Dai, and Hardy Mohrbacher. "Molybdenum alloying in cast iron and steel." Advances in Manufacturing 8, no. 1 (December 10, 2019): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40436-019-00282-1.

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AbstractMetal casting is an important manufacturing technology for efficiently producing massive components with complex shape. A large share of industrial castings is made from iron and steel alloys, combining attractive properties and low production cost. Upgrading of properties in cast iron and steel is mainly achieved by alloying and in fewer cases by heat treatment. Molybdenum is an important alloying element in that respect, increasing strength, hardness and toughness. It also facilitates particular heat treatments such as austempering. The paper describes the metallurgical functionality of molybdenum alloying in iron-based castings and demonstrates its effectiveness for applications in the automotive and mining industry.

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Kong, Jian, and Lin Che. "The Study of a New Type of Cast Iron Material Used in the Glass Mould." Applied Mechanics and Materials 727-728 (January 2015): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.727-728.83.

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Develop a new type of alloy cast iron material.Design experimental scheme and research method, choose low tin vermicular cast iron as raw materials, to determine the main alloying element and trace alloying elements, formulate the necessary particularizing alloy. On the basis of strict technology and process, to complete the cast iron smelting, produce vermicular cast iron that has a good comprehensive performance. To observe the metallographic structure of cast iron under a microscope. Finally，test the stretchability of the developed vermicular cast

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Xiao, Li Li, Feng Zhang Ren, Meng Qi Liu, Yu Fei Wang, Na Wen Zhang, and Rui Wu. "Influence of Alloying on the Uniformity of Strength and Structure of Gray Iron." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 3348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.3348.

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Two gray cast irons with equal tensile strength were prepared to investigate the influence of alloying on the machinability of gray iron. After 75SiFe modifying treatment, they were alloyed by the mixture additive containing RE, Cr, Mn, Si and Fe with a certain proportion and pure copper, respectively. The hardness, section sensitivity, structuralhomogenity and machinability were tested in this experiment. The results show that both of the gray irons have the same brinell hardness and the micro-hardness. The section sensitivity of the gray iron alloyed by the mixture additive is smaller than the gray iron alloyed by copper. The main cutting force of the cast iron alloyed by the mixture additive is lower than that of the cast iron alloyed by copper, therefore, the gray cast iron alloyed by the mixture additive has a better machinability than the cast iron alloyed by copper.

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Huang, Ru Qing, Ri Lai Ma, Zhen Lin Lu, and Yan Zhang. "Effect of Alloying Elements on the Corrosion Wear Behaviors of Low Chromium Cast Iron." Materials Science Forum 695 (July 2011): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.695.397.

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The effect of alloying elements on the corrosion wear behaviors of low chromium cast iron in slurry with different ions was studied by self-made three-body corrosion wear tester. The results show that the corrosion wear resistance of low chromium cast iron was decreased with the increase of concentration of Cu2+ ion or SO42- ion in slurry. The corrosion wear mechanism of low chromium cast iron was dominated by micro-cutting of abrasive, accompanying by corrosion action. The addition of alloying elements did not improve the corrosion wear properties of low chromium cast iron obviously, because the amount of carbide and its hardness was decreased when the alloying elements were added into low chromium cast iron as well as the amount of silicon element was increased.

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Boeri, R., and F. Weinberg. "Microsegregation of Alloying Elements in Cast Iron." Cast Metals 6, no. 3 (November 1993): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09534962.1993.11819142.

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7

Hamid, Yawer. "Heat Treatment and Alloying of Spherulitic Graphite Cast Iron for Intensification of Properties." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-4 (June 30, 2018): 2010–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd14557.

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8

Usol’tsev, A. A., N. A. Kozyrev, S. V. Knyazev, A. I. Kutsenko, and A. R. Mikhno. "On a possibility of replacing grey cast iron for manufacturing cast elements of electrolyzer gas collecting bell." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 1063–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-9-1063-1070.

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The main process leading to the destruction of the cast elements of gas-collection bell of electrolyzer, made of grey cast iron, is the oxidation of iron by oxygen, SO2 gas and sulfur vapors to form magnetite, hematite and pyrrhotin. The simultaneous formation of iron oxides and sulfides does not prevent further corrosion, since scale is formed with a loose structure that does not have protective properties. Reducing the length of the interfacial boundaries inside the material of the cast enables to reduce the rate of corrosion destruction, which can be achieved by modifying the cast iron to change the shape of graphite inclusions, i.e. obtaining high-strength cast iron with a spherical shape of graphite inclusions. However, the obtaining spherical graphite in cast iron using magnesium modification does not exclude the access of aggressive gases to the surface of the products and the possibility of their diffusion along the grain boundaries. It was shown that alloying can be an alternative, which leads not only to the exclusion of lamellar secretions of graphite in the structure of cast iron, but also to the formation of surface oxide layers based on the alloying element preventing the corrosion. Alloying with chromium gives cast iron high abrasive resistance due to the presence of a carbide component in the structure, as well as corrosion resistance due to the alloying of the metal base, heat resistance due to increasing the electrochemical potential of the metal base and creating a strong neutral oxide film on the surface of the castings, heat resistance, etc. An experimental comparative analysis of the corrosion resistance of cast iron used for manufacturing of gas collecting bell of electrolyzers showed that chromic cast iron ЧХ3 has a higher corrosion resistance than high-strength cast iron with spherical graphite ВЧ50 and much higher than grey cast iron with lamellar graphite. However, chromic cast iron ЧХ3 has low casting properties, is very sensitive to the cooling rate and has a large heterogeneity in structure, which makes it difficult to use it for the manufacture of gas collecting bell of electrolyzers.

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9

Liu, T., Song Zhang, and Jiang Feng Li. "Analysis of Element Diffusion between Alloy Cast Iron and WC/Co Cemented Carbides." Materials Science Forum 874 (October 2016): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.874.339.

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An alloy cast iron has special properties by adding some alloying elements to the ordinary cast iron ASTMNo35A. Diffusion wear is one of the main cutting tool wear mechanisms in machining of the alloy cast irons. The diffusion of tungsten (W) and iron (Fe) between the alloy cast iron and the WC/Co cemented carbides was investigated in this paper by means of heating diffusion couple. It has be proved from the experiment that Fe in the alloy cast iron diffused a deeper distance in the WC/Co cemented carbides with the higher Co content; while the diffusion of W element in the WC/Co cemented carbides the alloy cast iron was not serious. The Vickers-hardness analysis of the alloy cast iron and K20 cemented carbide couple was determined. The elements diffusion impaired the hardness of the alloy cast iron and WC/Co cemented carbide cutting tool.

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10

Janus, A. "Effect of Chemical Composition on Number of Eutectic Colonies in Ni-Mn-Cu Cast Iron." Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0010.

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Abstract Determined were direction and intensity of influence of alloying additions on the number of eutectic graphite colonies in austenitic cast iron Ni-Mn-Cu. Chemical composition of the cast iron was 1.7 to 3.3% C, 1.4 to 3.1% Si, 2.8 to 9.9% Ni, 0.4 to 7.7% Mn, 0 to 4.6% Cu, 0.14 to 0.16% P and 0.03 to 0.04% S. Analysed were structures of mottled (20 castings) and grey (20 castings) cast iron. Obtained were regression equations determining influence intensity of individual components on the number of graphite colonies per 1 cm2 (LK). It was found that, in spite of high total content of alloying elements in the examined cast iron, the element that mainly decides the LK value is carbon, like in a plain cast iron.

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Levin, Maksim, and Edis Ten. "Heat Resistance Increase of Chromium Cast Iron by Modifying." Applied Mechanics and Materials 729 (January 2015): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.729.64.

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The influence of chromium cast iron Cr8 treatment by Fe-45Si-6Mg-0,5REM modifier on the structure, phase transformation and heat resistance was studied experimentally.It is demonstrated that during modifying of chromium cast iron Cr8 the alloying effect takes place. The initial cast iron structure which consists of alloyed ferrite, carbide (Cr,Fe)7C3 and cementite (Fe,Cr)3C is transformed as in the process of chromium alloying according to modifier consumption increase. At the modifier consumption of 0,15 % the mass quota of cementite (Fe,Cr)3C decreases from 3,2 % to zero, and the mass quota of carbide (Cr,Fe)7C3 increases from 20 % up to 30 %.

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12

Jianglong, Liu. "Laser surface alloying of cast iron with chromium." Materials Letters 15, no. 1-2 (October 1992): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-577x(92)90012-9.

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13

Omole, Sylvester Olanrewaju, Kenneth Kanayo Alaneme, and Akinlabi Oyetunji. "MECHANICAL DAMPING CHARACTERISTICS OF DUCTILE AND GREY IRONS MICRO-ALLOYED WITH COMBINATIONS OF Mo, Ni, Cu AND Cr." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 27, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ams.27.2.791.

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Damping behaviour of micro alloyed ductile and gray cast irons were investigated in this study. This was aimed at establishing the effect of composition and microstructural parameters on the damping properties of the micro alloyed cast irons, which have shown promise for utilization in automobile and machine building where enhanced damping performance are vital. Gray cast iron containing manganese as base metal was micro alloyed randomly with molybdenum, nickel, chromium and copper at an amount not more than 0.2 % each; magnesium was added to the melt prior to casting. The microstructures show that both ductile and gray irons were developed, ductile irons consisted of pearlite and ferrite phases with their nodular graphite surrounded by the ferrite phase. The micro-alloyed ductile irons generally had higher storage (78906.39 – 120868.51 MPa) and loss modulus (78906.39 - 120868.51MPa) than the micro-alloyed gray cast irons and the ductile iron composition without alloying elements. Although the damping capacity of the composition without micro alloying elements was highest for all the cast irons (~ 0.085), but it failed at approximately 110 ᵒC, while most of the micro-alloyed ductile irons exhibited satisfactory capacity for vibration energy dissipation up to 190 ᵒC than the micro-alloyed gray irons.

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14

SAEGUSA, Masahiko, Keishi SUGIURA, and Eiji YUASA. "Compressive Bonding of High-Carbon Cast Iron Powder Fabricated byMechanical Alloying to Cast Iron." Journal of the Japan Society for Technology of Plasticity 48, no. 560 (2007): 824–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.9773/sosei.48.824.

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15

Marukovich, E. I., V. M. Ilyushenko, V. A. Pumpur, V. M. Andrienko, and P. Yu Duvalov. "Influence of alloying elements and heat treatment on the mechanical properties of chromium cast iron." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 3 (October 20, 2020): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2020-3-36-40.

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The results of experimental studies to determine the effect of alloying and heat treatment on the mechanical properties of the high-chromium cast iron are described. When alloying the melt with nickel, molybdenum and manganese, as well as during heat treatment by quenching, specific wear, tensile strength in bending of the obtained samples, their hardness and microhardness were studied. A comparative analysis of the influence of alloying elements and heat treatment methods has been performed. When alloying Ni, Mo, and Mn, cast specimens that have not undergone heat treatment have the highest specific wear. It was established that the hardened Ni alloyed samples have the greatest bending strength. It was found that cast samples that were not subjected to heat treatment have much lower hardness and microhardness. The approximate composition of chromium cast iron was determined for further studies to increase its wear resistance. The research results are used in the manufacturing process of parts for crushing and grinding equipment.

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16

Boulifa, Iliasse, and Ali Hadji. "Study of the Influence of Alloying Elements on the Mechanical Characteristics and Wear Behavior of a Ductile Cast Iron." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 15, no. 56 (March 28, 2021): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.56.06.

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In the present work, the influence of alloying elements, on the mechanical characteristics and wear behavior by modification of the chemical composition of the ductile iron was studied, in order to improve these characteristics for the manufacture of agricultural tractors parts in particular front and rear axles, ploughshares, gear crankcase, pinions, transmission shafts, crankshafts, etc... The cast iron investigated was prepared in an induction furnace at 1500°C and inoculated with a ferro-silicon-magnesium to 45% Si and 10% Mg. The specimens were casted into self-hardening sand moulds at 1450°C, after an addition of alloying elements, Manganese (0.6%), Nickel (0.5%), Molybdenum (0.2%) and Vanadium(0.1%)) in the base spheroidal graphite cast iron produced. Various techniques, Optical microscopy, Microhardness, Hardness, Tensile strength, Impact resistance, and Wear tests (Wear resistance and Friction coefficient) were used to characterize these specimens. The obtained results show that the tested samples have ductile iron structures formed by ferrite and pearlite. Moreover, mechanical and wear tests prove that the alloyed cast iron has improved characteristics compared to unalloyed cast iron and shows the positive effect of alloying elements on these characteristics.

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17

Kotarska, Aleksandra. "The Laser Alloying Process of Ductile Cast Iron Surface with Titanium." Metals 11, no. 2 (February 6, 2021): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020282.

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The article presents the results of the laser alloying process of ductile cast iron EN-GJS 350-22 surface with titanium. The laser alloying process was conducted on 2 kW high power diode laser (HPDDL) Rofin Sinar DL02 with rectangular focus and uniform power density distribution in the focus axis. The laser alloying was conducted with constant laser beam power and processing speed with titanium powder feed rate variation. The tests of the produced surface layers included macrostructure and microstructure observations, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, Vickers hardness, and solid particle erosion according to ASTM G76-04 standard. To assess the erosion mechanism, SEM observations of worn surfaces after erosive test were carried out. As a result of laser alloying of a ductile cast iron surface, the in situ metal-matrix composite structure was formed with TiC reinforcing particles. The microstructure change resulted in the increase of surface layers hardness and erosion resistance in comparison to the base material.

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Kiss, Imre. "Cast iron rolls." Tehnički glasnik 13, no. 2 (June 17, 2019): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20180516131304.

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The manufacturing process of the rolling rolls, as well as the quality of materials used in casting them, can have an important influence upon the quality and the safety of the exploitation. Our approaches to the issue of quality assurance of the rolling rolls, from the viewpoint of the quality of materials that are featured, can cause duration and safety in the rolling exploitation. This research is required because of the numerous flaws that cause rejection, since the phase of melting of these irons is intended to cast rolls. According to the industrial analysis in the cast iron rolls foundries, the results show that one of the main rejection categories is due to the inadequate hardness of the rolls. One of the parameters that will determine the cast iron’s structure is the chemical composition, and this factor could assure the exploitation properties of each roll in all the stands of rolling mill. In this sense, the paper presents an overview of industrial and laboratory research regarding the assurance of the chemical composition of the irons (with nodular graphite) destined for the half–hard rolls casting, and tries to draw some remarks upon the proper correlations of these irons. This study analyses iron rolls cast in combined moulds (iron chill, for the barrel and moulding sand, for the necks of rolls) and includes charges of rolls from half–hard classes, with definite structure and nodular graphite, obtained in simplex cast processes. It presents, in graphical form, the influence of the chemical composition of these irons on the hardness, measured on the barrel. The proper solution is determined through some mathematical restrictions to the input data that the mathematical modelling is initiated with. It will be determined through regression equations, which describe the mathematical dependency between the hardness and the elements of chemical composition – the basic elements (Carbon [C], Manganese [Mn] and Silicon [Si]), the particulate elements (Sulphur [S], Phosphorus [P] and Magnesium [Mg]) and the main alloying elements (Nickel [Ni], Molybdenum [Mo] and Chrome [Cr]). The main results and the graphical addenda are presented.

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Mrzygłód, B., A. Kowalski, I. Olejarczyk-Wożenska, T. Giętka, and M. Głowacki. "Characteristics of ADI Ductile Cast Iron with Single Addition of 1.56% Ni." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 2273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0335.

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Abstract The results of examinations of microstructure and an analysis of its impact on selected mechanical properties of austempered ductile iron (ADI) were presented in the paper. The ADI was produced from the ductile iron containing 1.56% Ni only alloying addition. The effect of the austempering time and temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the examined cast iron was considered. Constant conditions of austenitizing were assumed and six variants of the austempering treatment were adopted. The studyof mechanical properties included a static tensile test, Charpy impact strength test and Brinellhardness measurement. This work complements the knowledge about alloying additions effect on microstructure and mechanical properties of ADI and focuses on the impact of a single alloying element (Ni).

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20

Cheiliakh, Oleksandr P., and Irina V. Kolodyazhna. "New Wear-Resistant Metastable Strain Hardenable Alloyed Cast Irons." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.267.

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This work addresses an urgent problem which is saving alloying elements (Ni, Mo, Nb, V, W and others) -which very scarce in Ukraine and other countries- while increasing the physical, mechanical and operational properties of the new designed and developed wear-resistant cast irons. Optical microscopy, x-ray structure analysis, transmission and scanning (fracture) electron microscopy methods, different-thermal, magnetometric and x-ray analyses, as well as hardness and micro-hardness tests, impact energy, and abrasive wear tests in environments of cast-iron shots were employed in the research. The work summarizes the controlling conditions for forming various metastable phases by including deformation (or strain) induced phase transformation (DIPT) and through realization in the process of testing. New wear-resistant economical alloyed cast irons with a metastable austenite-carbide and austenite-martensite-carbide structure are developed, which are being strain- hardened under impact-abrasive wearing operation conditions due to the realization of process DIPT in the superficial layer. These new cast irons are intended for manufacturing parts of different equipment (protective plates of sinter machines, furnaces, tracks for transferring raw materials at iron and steel works, etc.). These cast irons do not contain expensive and deficit alloying components, like nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, and more expensive similar materials. Simultaneously they possess enhanced impact-abrasive wear resistance.

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Stoian, Elena Valentina, Vasile Bratu, Cristiana Maria Enescu, and Dan Nicolae Ungureanu. "Researches Regarding the Influence of Alloying Elements on the Mechanical Properties of Lamellar Graphite Cast Iron." Scientific Bulletin of Valahia University - Materials and Mechanics 16, no. 15 (October 1, 2018): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bsmm-2018-0012.

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Abstract Aim of the study is to present the technological process of obtaining cast iron with lamellar graphite for use in the manufacture of cylinder liners, and to identify the main alloying elements and track their influence on the mechanical properties of cast iron with lamellar graphite. Also paper presents analysis of 20 batches of cast iron with lamellar graphite, which are made of cylinder liners, in terms of chemical composition and the mechanical properties. After the analysis of the 20 castings of cast iron Fc 250 it is observed that: the increase in the carbon content shows a decrease of the tensile strength and hardness of the gray cast iron; the increase in silicon content shows a decrease in hardness and tensile strength. Decreasing the amount of graphite and especially the alloy of silicon iron lead to hardness increase 1% Si increases hardness by 50 HB). A statistical analysis has been performed on the data obtained that accounts for changes in alloying additions. A modeling and optimization of mechanical properties (tensile strength and hardness) was performed according to the percentages of carbon, silicon and manganese. Mathematical modeling found that the hardness and traction resistance of the cast iron decreased with the increase in carbon, silicon and manganese content.

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22

Gao, Zhi Yu, Wei Hua Xue, Xin Ren, Yue Jun Sun, and Shao Bin Yang. "Calculation of Statistical Values (S′) of Phase Structure Formation Factor (S) and Application to Solidification Theory of Cast Iron." Advanced Materials Research 299-300 (July 2011): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.299-300.114.

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Statistical values (S′) of phase structure formation factor (S) of alloying elements in cast iron are calculated by the calculation method on statistical value of alloy phases electronic structure parameters based on the empirical electron theory of solids and molecules (EET), and the solidification process of cast iron is discussed by S′. According to the effects of phase structure formation factor (that isS′) on the formation process of graphite, cementite and austenite, electronic structure parameters criterion of graphitization behavior of alloying elements is advanced and the results agree well with the practical cases.

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Mironova, Tatiana, and Svetlana Proidak. "Peculiarities of Alloying Effect on the Eutectic Cementite Behavior Under Hot Rolling." New Trends in Production Engineering 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2019-0093.

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Abstract Currently, cast iron remains one of the major modern casting materials in metallurgy and machine-building industry and is sure to take the lead in the future. Chilled cast iron has high hardness and wear resistance due to a large number of carbide phases in its structure. However, low ductility and impact hardness essentially limit its applicability in terms of processing. Hot plastic working, under which the eutectic net crushing is observed, appears to be one of the most effective means of the eutectic alloy products shape and microstructure transformation. Chilled cast iron properties fundamentally improve after hot plastic working: ductility, strength and impact hardness increase by 2-3 times on retention of the high hardness factor. Chilled cast iron ductility increase can be attained when using phase transformations in eutectic cementite under lean alloying with carbide forming elements. The purpose of the paper is to study alloying effect on the chilled cast iron ductility as well as eutectic cementite behavior under hot rolling. In the paper hardening and softening of the structural components in chilled cast iron under hot working have been studied. The deformation texture forming in eutectic cementite under hot rolling has been revealed, which is connected with the dynamic softening and depends on the degree and the nature of its alloying. The mechanism and regularities of the phase transformation effect in cementite on its behavior under plastic deformation and on the alloys ductility in general have been studied. In cementite chromium alloying initiates processes, that can be characterized as the pre-precipitation stage of the new phases, and this way it contributes to the cast iron ductility reduction and embrittles cementite. Carbide transformation, that occurs in eutectic cementite under alloying with vanadium, stimulates softening of the alloy and increases its ductility level. Moreover, the multiple glide planes {130},{011},{112} in cementite have been determined. It has been found out, that in supersaturated cementite vanadium carbides precipitation stimulates the extra glide plane {111} occurrence under hot rolling. The essence of the carbide transformation phenomenon is that under hot working there occurs the lubricating effect at the transition of the metastable iron carbide condition, which is strengthened with vanadium supersaturation and mechanical hardening, to a more stable condition due to precipitation of the proeutectoid constituents on the one hand, and because of the dynamic softening processes on the other hand. At that, the autocatalyticity effect is observed: there is precipitation of carbides with hardening and softening, similar to the processes that arise as a result of the superplastic effect induced by phase transformations.

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Zhang, Jun Tao, and Feng Zhang Ren. "Study on the Influences on Microstructure and Properties of High-Strength Grey Cast Iron in Addition to Alloying Elements Nb." Advanced Materials Research 800 (September 2013): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.800.221.

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The increase of the strength of gray cast iron is mainly depended on alloying. However, with the improvement of strength, its processing performance will always decrease. So three different gray cast irons are studied in this experiment, including adding 0.1% Nb elements, adding 0.2% Nb elements and adding 0.3% Nb elements, to investigate the Nbs effect to the mechanical performance of gray cast iron, we adopt Dynamic Strain Amplifier to measure cutting force to evaluate processing performance, use Optical Microscope and Electron Microscopy observe each samples organization, explains the relationship between Nbs content and the mechanical and processing performance of gray cast iron from micro-level. Finally, we draw the conclusion: when the Nb comes to 0.3 percent, the appearance of E-type graphite and Nb carbide durum granular will greatly decrease its processing performance.

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Jianglong, Liu, Luo Qiquan, and Zou Zhirong. "Laser alloying on a cast iron surface with W-V-Co-Cr alloying powder." Surface and Coatings Technology 56, no. 1 (December 1992): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(92)90194-f.

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Kopyciński, D., and S. Piasny. "Influence of Tungsten and Titanium on the Structure of Chromium Cast Iron." Archives of Foundry Engineering 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10266-012-0011-3.

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Influence of Tungsten and Titanium on the Structure of Chromium Cast Iron The paper analyses the as-cast state structure of chromium cast iron designed for operation under harsh impact-abrasive conditions. In the process of chromium iron castings manufacture, very strong influence on the structure of this material have the parameters of the technological process. Among others, adding to the Fe-Cr-C alloy the alloying elements like tungsten and titanium leads to the formation of additional carbides in the structure of this cast iron, which may favourably affect the casting properties, including the resistance to abrasive wear.

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Xu, Zhang Yin, and Yin Ju Jiang. "Study on the Thermal Fatigue Resistance of Ductile Iron." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 2093–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.2093.

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Simulated service condition of aluminum ingot casting molds, samples of ductile iron was tested in a temperature Cycle from750°C and water-cooled to 25°C till a crack appeared in the sample. its thermal fatigue resistance of samples based various microstructure included as—casting, annealing or alloying ferritic matrix structure, or alloying pearlitic structure and the upper or low the bainitic structure had been researched. The study shows that the thermal fatigue resistance of the annealing ferritic nodular cast iron was superior to the others.

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Villanueva Bravo, Sergio, Kaoru Yamamoto, Hirofumi Miyahara, and Keisaku Ogi. "Control of Carbides and Graphite in Ni-Hard Type Cast Iron for Hot Strip Mills." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 1023–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.1023.

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The carbide and graphite formation and redistribution of alloy elements during solidification were investigated on Ni-hard type cast iron (Fe-C-Si-Ni-Cr-Mo) to develop higher quality rolls for hot steel strip mills. By the control of Ni and Si contents of iron, eutectic graphite flakes crystallize even in cast irons containing strong carbide formers such as V, Nb and Cr. The crystallization of Ni-hard type cast iron with V and Nb proceeds in the order of primary , + MC, + M3C and + graphite eutectic. Since the influence of each alloying element on graphite formation is estimated based on the solubility of C in molten iron, the change in graphite forming tendency of residual liquid is evaluated by the parameter expressing the solubility limit of C to molten iron. The amount of graphite increases with the decreasing of solubility parameter. In addition, inoculation with ferrosilicon effectively increases the graphite flakes.

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PACZKOWSKA, Marta, and Jarosław SELECH. "AN INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF LASER ALLOYING OF THE SURFACE LAYER ON ABRASIVE WEAR RESISTANCE OF CAST IRON ELEMENTS." Tribologia 282, no. 6 (December 31, 2018): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8428.

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The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of the laser alloying of the coulter flaps working in a sand medium on the intensity of their abrasive wear. The treatment was performed with a dual diode TRUDISK 1000 laser device. Two types of alloying were performed (with boron and the mixture of boron and chromium). The wear experiment was carried out with a “rotating bowl” device to testing wear in a sandy medium. In comparison to the surface layer of the base coulter flaps (only chilled – with white cast iron microstructure) after laser alloying finer, more homogenous and additionally hardened microstructure of the surface layer was achieved. Such microstructure improved the hardness by approx. 2 times for laser alloying with boron and 3 times for the alloying with boron and chromium. Wear tests proved that this translated into over 2-fold improvement in durability of treated coulter flaps. Mass loss was similar in the case of both types of alloying despite of achieving the higher value of hardness by laser alloying with boron and chromium than by alloying only with boron. It may result from some discontinuities observed in the microstructure of the layer containing chromium that was created due to the technology. It was also observed that alloying with boron improved the surface roughness parameters.

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Dučić, Nedeljko, Aleksandar Jovičić, Srećko Manasijević, Radomir Radiša, Žarko Ćojbašić, and Borislav Savković. "Application of Machine Learning in the Control of Metal Melting Production Process." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 6048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10176048.

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This paper presents the application of machine learning in the control of the metal melting process. Metal melting is a dynamic production process characterized by nonlinear relations between process parameters. In this particular case, the subject of research is the production of white cast iron. Two supervised machine learning algorithms have been applied: the neural network and the support vector regression. The goal of their application is the prediction of the amount of alloying additives in order to obtain the desired chemical composition of white cast iron. The neural network model provided better results than the support vector regression model in the training and testing phases, which qualifies it to be used in the control of the white cast iron production.

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Aoyama, M., K. Tahashi, and K. Matsuno. "Effects of Heat Treatment and Alloying of Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron on Corrosion Resistance in Aqueous Environment." Materials Science Forum 449-452 (March 2004): 533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.533.

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The present study examined the effects of heat treatment and the addition of Cu-Ni alloy on the corrosion resistance of the matrix of spheroidal graphite cast iron in aqueous environments. Test materials of white cast iron and carbon steel were used for comparison with spheroidal graphite cast iron. The alloy spheroidal graphite cast iron that added Cu and Ni was prepared. The spheroidal graphite cast iron was subjected to three kinds of heat treatment to adjust the matrix: annealing, oil quenching, and austemper heat treatment. In electrochemical tests, measurements of corrosion electrode potential and cathode and anode polarization were used. The following was clarified from the relationship between the electrode potential and current density of each of the materials in each of the solution. The alloy spheroidal graphite cast iron had a high corrosion electrode potential owing to the addition of Cu-Ni, and tended to have a low corrosion current density. This demonstrates that in any of the materials having a matrix adjusted by heat treatment, the addition of Cu-Ni increased the corrosion resistance. The corrosion current density was highest in a sulfuric acid environment.

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Gabelchenko, N. I., N. A. Kidalov, A. A. Belov, M. D. Bezmogorychnyy, and A. I. Gabelchenko. "RESEARCH OF THE INFLUENCE OF SLOW-DOWN COOLING SPEED IN THE INTERVAL OF EUTEKTIC TRANSFORMATION ON THE STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CAST IRON CASTINGS." IZVESTIA VOLGOGRAD STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, no. 7(242) (July 29, 2020): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35211/1990-5297-2020-7-242-51-55.

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The work is devoted to the study of the effect of slowing down the cooling rate in the interval of eutectic transformation on the structure and mechanical properties of castings from gray doeutectic iron. To slow down the cooling rate in the interval of eutectic transformation, an exothermic carbon-containing additive, fuel oil M-100, was used. It is shown that the use of controlled cooling can significantly increase the quality index of cast iron without introducing additional alloying elements into the composition of cast iron.

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Xin, Tong, Zhou Hong, and Liu Min. "Study on Thermal Fatigue Resistance of Non-Smooth Cast Iron Treated by Laser Surface Alloying of CrNi Powders." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 1405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.1405.

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The past studies indicated that thermal fatigue resistance of cast irons could be improved by partly laser melting treatment. However the only disadvantage of this technology is that the enhancement of thermal fatigue resistance would be limited because of the fixed chemical composition of sample matrix. For this purpose, the laser surface alloying of CrNi was selected for changing both the compositions and the microstructures of laser treated zone, and the effects of alloy powder compositions on thermal fatigue behavior were also investigated in this paper. The results indicate that the alloy elements distribute homogeneously, and their contents increase markedly in the non-smooth unit on the alloyed layer. The non-smooth unit is strengthened further compared with laser melting treatment. Thermal fatigue resistance of cast iron is enhanced evidently by laser surface alloying of CrNi powders, and for all samples tested, those treated with 25%Cr-75%Ni powders have the best thermal fatigue resistance.

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34

Liu, Song. "Foundry and Development of Ductile Iron Crankshaft." Open Mechanical Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (October 7, 2015): 791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874155x01509010791.

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In this paper, we introduce the production of ductile iron crankshaft of the engine status quo and development. Ductile iron crankshaft discussed smelting process, alloying and manufacturing process mode. This paper focuses on the application of isothermal hardened spheroidal graphite cast iron in the crankshaft, especially its application in the power of the engine crankshaft. We also introduce a way for casting production technique of high strength-high toughness nodular iron crankshaft. In order to increase the strength, toughness of the nodular iron crankshaft and improve casting quality, a series of investigations were carried out on the mini-amount alloying technique, control technique of iron melt eutectic point, nodularizing treating technique, curved parting method and the structure normalization process and, as the result, the high-strength and high toughness nodular iron crankshaft was successfully developed. The tensile strength of the crankshaft was increased from original 872 MPa to 927 MPa.

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35

Ten, Ed B., E. V. Rozhkova, and A. I. Konyukhova. "THERMODYNAMIC PRECONDITIONS OF ALLOYING EFFECT WHEN MODIFYING LOW-CHROMIC CAST IRON." Izvestiya Visshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Chernaya Metallurgiya = Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 56, no. 11 (March 27, 2015): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2013-11-51-54.

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SAEGUSA, Masahiko, Masato IIBUCHI, and Eiji YUASA. "Preparation of Cast Iron Powder Contained High Carbon by Mechanical Alloying." Proceedings of the Materials and processing conference 2003.11 (2003): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemp.2003.11.125.

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Hadji, Ali, Khedidja Bouhamla, and Hichem Maouche. "Improving Wear Properties of High-Chromium Cast Iron by Manganese Alloying." International Journal of Metalcasting 10, no. 1 (January 2016): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40962-015-0003-5.

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38

Kerimov, R. I., I. B. Bakhtiyarly, S. N. Namazov, F. T. Guliyev, V. S. Mammadov, Sh S. Abdullayeva, and Sh M. Mashayev. "SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CAST IRON WITH FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES FOR WORKING PART OF BIMETALLIC ROLLING PINS." Chemical Problems 19, no. 2 (2021): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/2221-8688-2021-2-113-119.

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A new functional cast iron alloyed with transition metals was synthesized for the manufacture of the working part of rolls. Its properties were studied using complex methods of physicochemical analysis (DTA, X-ray, MSA and measurement of hardness and microhardness). It was found that traces of martenicite, cementite, carbon (graphite) and α-ferritin are released in the subsolidus during cooling of molten iron in the studied concentration range (2.7 ÷ 3.5 %wt C. It includes transition metals as an alloying agent increasing resistance of cast iron to twisting, corrosion and destruction during operation.

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Lukáč, František, Jakub Čížek, Yvonna Jirásková, Ivan Procházka, Marian Vlček, Peter Švec, and Dušan Janičkovič. "Effect of Hydrogen on Formation of Fe-Al Nanoparticles by Mechanical Milling." Journal of Nano Research 29 (December 2014): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.29.23.

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Nanocrystalline powders of iron aluminum alloy of the Fe82Al18 nominal composition were prepared under air, hydrogen and nitrogen atmospheres from the Fe and Al elemental powders by mechanical alloying and also from the conventionally cast Fe82Al18 alloy by the high-energy ball milling. The intensive plastic deformation during high-energy mechanical treatment has introduced high concentrations of open volume defects and contributed to a rapid decrease in the crystallite size down to a nanoscopic range.The hydrogen atmosphere was found to be the most efficient for the Fe-Al mechanical alloying since it has resulted into the fully alloyed Fe82Al18 after 30 h of milling. On the other hand, the nitrogen and air atmosphere have slightly prevented mechanical alloying and after the same milling time the pure iron particles were still detected in the powder mixtures. This partial suppression of the mechanical alloying process is explained by a formation of thin iron nitride and/or oxide layers on the surface of Fe particles preventing mutual inter-diffusion of Fe and Al atoms.

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40

König, Mathias, Ingvar L. Svensson, and Magnus Wessen. "The Influence of Alloying Elements on Chill Formation in CGI." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.126.

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The influence of alloying elements on the chill formation in Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) is investigated. Chill wedges cast in an industrial foundry were used to investigate the chill formation. A total number of 19 chemical compositions were studied, including three trials of varying nodularity treatment level; four trials of varying copper content; four trials of varying silicon content; four trials of varying tin content and four trials of varying carbide promoter content. Three wedges were cast for each alloy composition, of which one was used for measuring the temperature at three different heights in the wedge. Contrary to some previous reports, the results indicate that low-nodularity CGI is not more prone to chill formation (columnar white) than high-nodularity CGI. Trends regarding the effect of alloying elements on chill formation are shown to generally be in agreement with previous work on spheroidal graphite iron and lamellar graphite iron. Most of the samples also show carbide formation in centre line areas of the wedge (inverse chill), this occurrence is also discussed in the paper.

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Kolaříková, Marie, Rostislav Chotěborský, Jarmila Savková, and Barbora Bryksí Stunová. "Local Mechanical Properties of Borides in Fe-B Steels." Key Engineering Materials 586 (September 2013): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.586.170.

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One of the ways to increase service life of the abrasive wear parts are new developed as-cast steels with ceramic phase. Expensive wear resistant high chromium cast iron can be exchanged by Fe – B alloys. The mechanical properties of the borides in the Fe – B cast iron depend on alloying elements like chromium or nickel. A set of sample with different content of carbon, chromium, nickel and boron has been prepared. Chemical composition (GDOES) and microstructure of the as-cast alloys have been investigated as well as the hardness and Young modulus of the borides. Our results shown that mechanical properties of borides depends both on chromium and carbon content.

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42

Paar, Armin, Leonel Elizondo, Michael Brandner, Thomas Trickl, Bernhard Sonderegger, Coline Beal, and Christof Sommitsch. "Application of Thermo-Calc TCFE7 to High-Alloyed Mottled Cast Iron." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1431.

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The thermodynamic modeling of alloy systems consisting of stable and metastable phases e.g. high-alloyed mottled cast iron can be problematic. Thermodynamic databases are rather well-developed for low, medium and high alloyed steels (e.g. HSS) but the application of those databases is not yet very common for high-alloyed (mottled) cast irons. The Thermo-Calc software together with the TCFE7 database is used to calculate isopleth and property diagrams, using the CALPHAD method. Additionally Scheil-Gulliver calculations are performed to simulate the effects of microsegregation during solidification. The results from the thermodynamic calculations are compared with measurements on own samples and with literature values. Those measurements include quantitative light-optical analysis, SEM with BSE detector, EDX measurements for the distribution of the alloying elements as well as XRD and DSC measurements. The investigations show the possibilities which are offered by thermodynamic calculations for high-alloyed mottled cast iron as well as the limitations and the compromises which have to be taken into account when calculating stable and metastable phases existing next to each other.

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Dmytriyuk, Mykola, Dmytro Husachuk, Inna Parfentieva, and Yuriy Feshchuk. "High-Copper Cast Irons for the Products of Tribotechnical Applied." Key Engineering Materials 864 (September 2020): 292–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.864.292.

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The paper presents the results of the development of a special group of cast composite materials based on nodular cast irons. The alloys were based on alloying cast iron with copper in amounts that exceed its solubility in liquid Fe-C-Si systems (Cu>6 wt.%). A new component is obtained in the structure of castings in the form of a complex mixture based on the Cu-phase. Inclusions are relatively large (up to 200 μm) and globular in shape, with a uniform allocation in the volume of the castings. This favorably distinguishes the obtained alloys from the known cast irons and gives them high antifriction properties. With isothermal hardening, it is possible to obtain the lowest values of wear for structures of lower bainite. Developed cast composite materials are recommended to be used as tribotechnical materials working in conditions of poor lubrication and corrosion.

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44

Meran, Cemal, and Mehmet Yuksel. "Usability of Boron as an Alloying Element in Gray Cast Iron Rollers and its Effect to Abrasive Wear Behaviour." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.331.

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In this study, usability of boron as an alloy element in gray cast iron and its effect to abrasive wear behaviour were investigated. Pin-on-drum wear tests at the room temperature carried out for seven low nickels alloyed gray cast irons with different boron addition. The mass losses, hardness values and microstructures for gray cast iron specimens with different boron alloyed were investigated for determining wear behaviour. The pin for the wear tests was manufactured from X210Cr12 cold work tool steel with material number of 1.2080. Abrasive pin-on-drum wear tests were carried out at a 165 N constant load and two different sliding speeds that are closely related to the appropriate operating conditions in rolling mills. The experimental studies have shown that wear rate decrease with increasing boron amount in chemical composition of the alloy and the wear rate at high sliding speed has decreased more rapidly than the rate at the low sliding speed with increasing boron amount.

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Poonayom, Pramote, and Kittipong Kimapong. "SMAW Electrodes Selection for Producing Hard-Faced Layer on FC25 Cast Iron Surface." Key Engineering Materials 777 (August 2018): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.777.339.

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A shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) using various covered electrodes applied to produce a hard-faced weld metal on FC25 gray cast iron bare surface. It found that all welding parameters such as 3 electrode types and welding currents of 90-130 A were able to produce a sound weld metal without a defect that could deteriorate the joint strength. The white cast layer thickness that was formed at the interface between the weld metal and the base metal was increased when increasing in the welding current and the alloying element in the electrode. Impact strength tended to increase when the alloying element such as chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), and manganese (Mn) was existed, and it showed the maximum impact strength when H600 electrode was applied. In a comparison of microstructure characteristics of the joints, the joint that showed the maximum impact strength had the formation of fine needle-like grain in the weld.

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SAEGUSA, Masahiko, Manabu TAKEBAYASHI, Keishi SUGIURA, and Eiji YUASA. "Preparation of High Carbon Cast Iron by Mechanical Alloying Using Machined Chips." Journal of the Japan Society for Technology of Plasticity 47, no. 548 (2006): 875–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.9773/sosei.47.875.

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47

Sim, B. T., and R. Elliott. "Influence of alloying additions on austempering kinetics of compacted graphite cast iron." Materials Science and Technology 14, no. 2 (February 1998): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1998.14.2.89.

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48

Janicki, D. "Microstructural Evolution During Laser Surface Alloying of Ductile Cast Iron with Titanium." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 2425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0357.

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AbstractDiode laser surface alloying process was used to the in-situ synthesis of TiC-reinforced composite surface layers on the ductile cast iron substrate. The obtained composite surface layers were investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopy, and XRD diffraction.It was found that the morphology and fraction of TiC phase is directly dependent upon both the concentration of titanium in the molten pool and also the solidification rate. With increasing titanium content, the fraction of TiC increases, whereas the fraction of cementite decreases. The TiC phase promotes a heterogeneous nucleation of primary austenite grains, what reduces a tendency of cracking in the alloyed layers.

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Camacho, Gerardo Torres, Jacques Lacaze, and Claude Bak. "Redistribution of alloying elements during graphitization of mottled nodular graphite cast iron." International Journal of Cast Metals Research 16, no. 1-3 (August 2003): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13640461.2003.11819578.

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Wang, Gui-quan, Xiang Chen, Yan-xiang Li, Yuan Liu, Hua-wei Zhang, and Zhong-li Liu. "Effects of alloying elements on thermal conductivity of pearlitic gray cast iron." Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 26, no. 9 (August 31, 2019): 1022–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42243-019-00308-9.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Alloying of cast iron'

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