Academic literature on the topic 'Allyle – Composés'
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Journal articles on the topic "Allyle – Composés"
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Mickley, Lyn A., Jong-Seok Lee, Zheng Weng, et al. "Genetic Polymorphism in MDR-1: A Tool for Examining Allelic Expression in Normal Cells, Unselected and Drug-Selected Cell Lines, and Human Tumors." Blood 91, no. 5 (1998): 1749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v91.5.1749.
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Abstract By using RNase protection analysis, residues 2677 and 2995 ofMDR-1 were identified as sites of genetic polymorphism. Through use of oligonucleotide hybridization, the genomic content and expression of individual MDR-1 alleles were examined in normal tissues, unselected and drug selected cell lines, and malignant lymphomas. In normal tissues, unselected cell lines, and untreated malignant lymphoma samples, expression of MDR-1 from both alleles was similar. In contrast, in drug selected cell lines, and in relapsed malignant lymphoma samples, expression of one allele was found in a large percentage of samples. To understand how expression of one allele occurs, two multidrug resistant sublines were isolated by exposing a Burkitt lymphoma cell line to increasing concentrations of vincristine. The resistant sublines expressed only one allele and had a hybrid MDR-1 gene composed of non–MDR-1 sequences proximal to MDR-1. Previous studies showing hybridMDR-1 genes after rearrangements provided a potential explanation for activation and expression of one MDR-1 allele. We conclude that oligonucleotide hybridization can be used as a sensitive tool to examine relative allelic expression of MDR-1,and can identify abnormal expression from a single allele. Acquired drug resistance in vitro and in patients is often associated with expression of a single MDR-1 allele, and this can be a marker of a hybrid MDR-1 gene.
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Mickley, Lyn A., Jong-Seok Lee, Zheng Weng, et al. "Genetic Polymorphism in MDR-1: A Tool for Examining Allelic Expression in Normal Cells, Unselected and Drug-Selected Cell Lines, and Human Tumors." Blood 91, no. 5 (1998): 1749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v91.5.1749.1749_1749_1756.
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By using RNase protection analysis, residues 2677 and 2995 ofMDR-1 were identified as sites of genetic polymorphism. Through use of oligonucleotide hybridization, the genomic content and expression of individual MDR-1 alleles were examined in normal tissues, unselected and drug selected cell lines, and malignant lymphomas. In normal tissues, unselected cell lines, and untreated malignant lymphoma samples, expression of MDR-1 from both alleles was similar. In contrast, in drug selected cell lines, and in relapsed malignant lymphoma samples, expression of one allele was found in a large percentage of samples. To understand how expression of one allele occurs, two multidrug resistant sublines were isolated by exposing a Burkitt lymphoma cell line to increasing concentrations of vincristine. The resistant sublines expressed only one allele and had a hybrid MDR-1 gene composed of non–MDR-1 sequences proximal to MDR-1. Previous studies showing hybridMDR-1 genes after rearrangements provided a potential explanation for activation and expression of one MDR-1 allele. We conclude that oligonucleotide hybridization can be used as a sensitive tool to examine relative allelic expression of MDR-1,and can identify abnormal expression from a single allele. Acquired drug resistance in vitro and in patients is often associated with expression of a single MDR-1 allele, and this can be a marker of a hybrid MDR-1 gene.
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Wang, Wubin, Bin Zhou, Jianbo He, et al. "Comprehensive Identification of Drought Tolerance QTL-Allele and Candidate Gene Systems in Chinese Cultivated Soybean Population." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 14 (2020): 4830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144830.
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Drought is one of the most important factors affecting plant growth and productivity. The previous results on drought tolerance (DT) genetic system in soybean indicated a complex of genes not only few ones were involved in the trait. This study is featured with a relatively thorough identification of QTL-allele/candidate-gene system using an efficient restricted two-stage multi-locus multi-allele genome-wide association study, on two comprehensive DT indicators, membership index values of relative plant weight (MPW) and height (MPH), instead of a single biological characteristic, in a large sample (564 accessions) of the Chinese cultivated soybean population (CCSP). Based on 24,694 multi-allele markers, 75 and 64 QTL with 261 and 207 alleles (2–12/locus) were detected for MPW and MPH, explaining 54.7% and 47.1% of phenotypic variance, respectively. The detected QTL-alleles were organized into a QTL-allele matrix for each indicator, indicating DT is a super-trait conferred by two (even more) QTL-allele systems of sub-traits. Each CCSP matrix was separated into landrace (LR) and released cultivar (RC) sub-matrices, which showed significant differentiation in QTL-allele constitutions, with 58 LR alleles excluded and 16 new ones emerged in RC. Using the matrices, optimal crosses with great DT transgressive recombinants were predicted. From the detected QTL, 177 candidate genes were annotated and validated with quantitative Real-time PCR, and grouped into nine categories, with ABA and stress responders as the major parts. The key point of the above results is the establishment of relatively full QTL-allele matrices composed of numerous gene functions jointly conferring DT, therefore, demonstrates the complexity of DT genetic system and potential of CCSP in DT breeding.
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Iwasaki, Risa L., Koji Ishiya, Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Yosuke Kawai, Jun Gojobori, and Yoko Satta. "Evolutionary History of the Risk of SNPs for Diffuse-Type Gastric Cancer in the Japanese Population." Genes 11, no. 7 (2020): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11070775.
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A genome wide association study reported that the T allele of rs2294008 in a cancer-related gene, PSCA, is a risk allele for diffuse-type gastric cancer. This allele has the highest frequency (0.63) in Japanese in Tokyo (JPT) among 26 populations in the 1000 Genomes Project database. FST ≈ 0.26 at this single nucleotide polymorphism is one of the highest between JPT and the genetically close Han Chinese in Beijing (CHB). To understand the evolutionary history of the alleles in PSCA, we addressed: (i) whether the C non-risk allele at rs2294008 is under positive selection, and (ii) why the mainland Japanese population has a higher T allele frequency than other populations. We found that haplotypes harboring the C allele are composed of two subhaplotypes. We detected that positive selection on both subhaplotypes has occurred in the East Asian lineage. However, the selection on one of the subhaplotypes in JPT seems to have been relaxed or ceased after divergence from the continental population; this may have caused the elevation of T allele frequency. Based on simulations under the dual structure model (a specific demography for the Japanese) and phylogenetic analysis with ancient DNA, the T allele at rs2294008 might have had high frequency in the Jomon people (one of the ancestral populations of the modern Japanese); this may explain the high T allele frequency in the extant Japanese.
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Muntau, B., T. Thye, C. Pirmez, and R. O. Horstmann. "A novel DPA1 allele (DPA1*0203) composed of known epitopes." Tissue Antigens 49, no. 6 (1997): 668–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.1997.tb02821.x.
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Noizat-Pirenne, France, Ketty Lee, Pierre-Yves Le Pennec, et al. "Rare RHCE phenotypes in black individuals of Afro-Caribbean origin: identification and transfusion safety." Blood 100, no. 12 (2002): 4223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-01-0229.
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The molecular backgrounds of variants encountered in Afro-Caribbean black individuals and associated with the production of clinically significant antibodies against high-incidence antigens (anti-RH18, anti-RH34) and against Rhe epitopes were determined. We showed that RH:−18 phenotypes are produced by 3 distinct RHCEalleles: ceEK carrying 48G>C (exon 1), 712A>G, 787A>G, 800T>A (exon 5); ceBI carrying 48G>C (exon 1), 712A>G (exon 5), 818C>T (exon 6), 1132C>G (exon 8); and the already knownceAR allele carrying 48G>C (exon 1), 712A>G, 733C>G, 787A>G, 800T>A (exon 5), and 916A>G (exon 6). The RH:−34 phenotype is produced by the (C)ces haplotype described previously and composed of a hybrid D-CE(3-8)-D gene with 4 extra mutations next to a ces allele (733C>G; exon 5) with an extra mutation in exon 7 (1006G>T). Partial Rhe with risk of immunization against lacking epitopes can be produced by the new ces allele carrying an extra mutation in exon 3 (340C>T) and by the ceMO allele described previously. A population of sickle cell disease patients was screened to estimate the incidence of these rare alleles, with the conclusion that a procedure is required to detect the associated phenotypes in black donors to ensure transfusion safety for patients. We also described a new variant [ces(748)] and variants carrying different altered alleles in nonimmunized patients and for whom the risk of immunization is discussed.
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Medina-Rodríguez, Nathan, and Ángelo Santana. "Allele Imputation and Haplotype Determination from Databases Composed of Nuclear Families." R Journal 9, no. 2 (2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32614/rj-2017-057.
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Minegishi, Yoshiyuki, Elaine Coustan-Smith, Yui-Hsi Wang, Max D. Cooper, Dario Campana та Mary Ellen Conley. "Mutations in the Human λ5/14.1 Gene Result in B Cell Deficiency and Agammaglobulinemia". Journal of Experimental Medicine 187, № 1 (1998): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.187.1.71.
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B cell precursors transiently express a pre–B cell receptor complex consisting of a rearranged mu heavy chain, a surrogate light chain composed of λ5/14.1 and VpreB, and the immunoglobulin (Ig)-associated signal transducing chains, Igα and Igβ. Mutations in the mu heavy chain are associated with a complete failure of B cell development in both humans and mice, whereas mutations in murine λ5 result in a leaky phenotype with detectable humoral responses. In evaluating patients with agammaglobulinemia and markedly reduced numbers of B cells, we identified a boy with mutations on both alleles of the gene for λ5/14.1. The maternal allele carried a premature stop codon in the first exon of λ5/14.1 and the paternal allele demonstrated three basepair substitutions in a 33-basepair sequence in exon 3. The three substitutions correspond to the sequence in the λ5/14.1 pseudogene 16.1 and result in an amino acid substitution at an invariant proline. When expressed in COS cells, the allele carrying the pseudogene sequence resulted in defective folding and secretion of mutant λ5/14.1. These findings indicate that expression of the functional λ5/14.1 is critical for B cell development in the human.
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Nolin, Sarah L., Xiao-hua Ding, George E. Houck, W. Ted Brown, and Carl Dobkin. "Fragile X full mutation alleles composed of few alleles: Implications for CGG repeat expansion." American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 146A, no. 1 (2007): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.32087.
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Suprovych, T. M., T. M. Dyman, M. P. Suprovych, T. M. Karchevska, T. V. Koval, and V. A. Kolodiy. "Population genetic structure of the Ukrainian black-pied dairy breed with the genome BoLA-DRB3." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 9, no. 4 (2018): 568–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021885.
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The second exon of the BoLA-DRB3 gene has the highest level of polymorphism among all studied loci of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in cattle, which allows it to be used for studying population-genetic structure and assessing the level of biodiversity of populations or comparing the biodiversity of particular herds. According to the results of typing the blood samples of 293 cows using the method of PCR-RLFP, we determined allele frequencies of the BoLA-DRB3 gene for the Ukrainian black-pied dairy breed. The study was conducted on three herds in Khmelnytskyi Oblast: LLC “Kozatska Dolyna 2006” (herd A, n = 122), agrofirm “Perlyna Podillya” (herd B, n = 82) and branch “Ridnyy kray” (herd C, n = 89). In total, 37 alleles were found: herd A 31, herd B 25 and herd C 28. In total, in the three subpopulations seven alleles were found with frequency of over 5%, the total share of which equaled 55.8%. The most widely distributed allele was BoLA-DRB3.2*24, which composed 22.2% of the allele pool of the breed. We determined a high level of observed (0.89 to 0.95) and expected (0.93 to 0.94) heterozygosity. In herds A and B, there was determined domination of homozygotes. Deviation from HWE, calculated using the value of Wright`s individual fixation index, equaled FIS(A) = 0.016 (χ2 = 0.03; P > 0.05) and FIS(B) = 0.044 (χ2 = 0.076; P > 0.05). In herd C, we found excess of heterozygotes FIS(C) = -0.017 (χ2 = 0.026; P > 0.05). Rather low values were determined for the subpopulation fixation index: FST(A) = 0.009 (χ2 = 65.9; P < 0.01), FST(B) = 0.012 (χ2 = 47.2; P < 0.05) and FST(C) = 0.003 (χ2 = 14.4; P > 0.05), which were significantly different from the mean value for cattle (FST = 0.078), indicating insignificant reduction of heterozygosity and divergence between the subpopulations by the BoLA-DRB3 gene. To assess genetic diversity, we calculated parameters of effective allele number (Ae) and Shannon’s information index (I). In spite of the different numbers of alleles found in the selections, it was suggested that for assessing their diversity, an efficiency index will be used which shows the share of effective alleles among all alleles found in a subpopulation (Ae/Nа). The calculated values of the parameters equaled: herd A Ae = 14.9, Ae/Nа = 0.48, I = 3.05; herd B Ae = 14.5, Ae/Nа = 0.58, I = 2.87; herd C Ae = 16.4, Ae/Nа = 0.59, I = 3.01. Frequencies of BoLA-DRB3 alleles were used for calculating genetic similarity and standard genetic distances according to Nei. Cows of herds B and C were found to be more genetically affinitive by the BoLA-DRB3 gene. Standard genetic distance between them was the lowest D = 0.13, which coincides with the geographic locations and historical development of these populations. The results of the study prove that the studied herds have a high level of polymorphism. Frequency characteristics, values of expected heterozygosity, effective allele number, efficiency index and Shannon’s information index compared to the similar parameters for Holstein, black-pied and some other local breeds of cattle indicate the high genetic diversity of the studied subpopulations of the Ukrainian black-pied dairy breed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Allyle – Composés"
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Saluzzo, Christine. "Synthèse de β-fluorosulfures et de β-fluoroséléniures saturés et vinyliques, précurseurs de fluorures allyliques, vinyliques ou alléniques". Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10193.
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Les syntheses de beta-fluorosulfures et de beta-seleniures satures (a partir d'alcenes) ou vinyliques (a partir d'alcynes) ont ete effectuees par une addition electrophile des donneurs de cations respectivement methane (ou benzene) sulfenyle et benzene selenenyle, en presence d'un donneur d'ions fluorure (le trifluorhydrate de triethylamine ou le reactif de olah). Les adduits formes resultent toujours d'une trans addition conformement aux donnees de la litterature pour des additions du meme type. Quelques essais de synthese de fluorures allyliques, vinyliques ou alleniques ont ete realises. Les fluorures allyliques, peu stables, proviennent d'une thermolyse de beta-fluoroalkyl (ou phenyl) sulfoxydes ou selenoxydes; les fluorures vinyliques sont obtenus par reduction radicalaire du groupement benzeneselenyle de beta-fluorophenylseleniures vinyliques a l'aide de l'hydrure de triphenyletain en presence d'azobisisobutyronitrile; quant aux fluorures alleniques, ils ont ete formes par pyrolyse de beta-fluorophenylselenoxydes vinyliques
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Vicart, Nicolas. "Carbopalladation des allènes : étude d'un modèle de complexe π-allylique insaturé portant un groupe alcoxy : synthèse d'aminodiènes, nouvelle approche du squelette décahydroquinoléinique des pumiliotoxines". Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10246.
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La carbopalladation des allenes est un processus elementaire correspondant a l'insertion d'un motif allenique dans la liaison carbone-palladium d'un complexe sigma-palladique. Il permet la formation d'un complexe pi-allylique, porteur d'une chaine insaturee sur l'atome de carbone central. La substitution de ce complexe pi-allylique du palladium par divers nucleophiles conduit a des dienes fonctionnalises. Les travaux decrits dans ce memoire portent sur deux aspects de cette reaction: aspect mecanistique: des travaux anterieurs effectues a partir d'alcoxyallenes, avaient montre des selectivites de substitution variables. Nous avons mis au point un modele simple permettant de montrer l'influence d'un groupement alcoxy, porte par un complexe pi-allylique, sur la regioselectivite de substitution de ce dernier. Hormis le cas de la 2-methylcyclopentane-1,3-dione qui laisse supposer un phenomene d'equilibration, tous les nucleophiles envisages (carbonucleophiles, ethylate ou hydrure) substituent un tel complexe tres selectivement, voire totalement, sur le pole alcoxyle. Une etude theorique a permis de rationaliser d'un point de vue orbitalaire et electronique cette regioselectivite de substitution. Aspect synthetique: nous avons etudie l'utilisation de triflates de 3 et 4-piperidones, dans des reactions de carbopalladation du propa-1,2-diene. En presence de carbonucleophiles, nous avons obtenu les alpha et beta-aminodienes correspondants. Nous avons observe un cas particulier d'isomerisation d'une sulfone homoallylique en sulfone allylique dans nos conditions reactionnelles. De plus, l'emploi du sulfinate de sodium, nouveau nucleophile en carbopalladation d'allene, ouvre de nouvelles potentialites a cette methodologie. L'un des alpha-aminodienes ainsi prepares a ete utilise dans une nouvelle approche du squelette decahydroquinoleinique, structure de base de la pumiliotoxine c. Cette voie de synthese comprenait en outre une etape de cyclisation via une reaction d'alpha-lithiation d'amine protegee
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Berthe, Anne-Lise. "Oxydation-réarrangement de sélénoéthers allyliques. Synthèse de composés di- et tri-fonctionnels éthyléniques ou alléniques." Rouen, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ROUES025.
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Le premier chapitre est consacré à l'étude de la synthèse et de la réactivité de sélénoéthers allyliques simples. La préparation de ces composés est réalisée par des réactions de Wittig et Wittig-Horner. Les sélénoéthers, à double liaison terminale, ont pu être efficacement synthétisés, malgré une relative instabilité chimique (réarrangement [1,3] sélénoallylique). Afin d'étudier la réactivité des divers sélénoéthers préparés, des réactions d'amination et d'halogénation ont été effectuées. Elles conduisent respectivement, par un réarrangement [2,3] sigmatropique, à des carbamates insaturés et à des dihalogénoalcanes. La deuxième partie concerne l'étude de sélénoéthers insaturés mono (nitriles et cétones) et bifonctionnels (bis-nitriles et cyano-esters), obtenus par des réactions de Knoevenagel. Lors de l'étude de leur réactivité, le groupement sélénié est transformé en groupe partant, par oxydation ou par halogénation. L'oxydation fournit des alcools allyliques mono ou di-fonctionnalisés sur le carbone α. Quant à l'halogénation, elle conduit, selon le cas, à des composés fonctionnels α-halogénés β,γ-insaturés ou α,ß-insaturés γ-halogénés. La dernière partie concerne l'accès à des allènes diversement fonctionnalisés. Par oxydation ou halogénation de diènes conjugués phénylséléniés. Un réarrangement [2,3] sigmatropique conduit à des α-hydroxy ou à des α-halogénoallènes. Lorsque l'oxydation par la N-chlorosuccinimide est effectuée en présence du tert-butyl carbamate, il se forme des dérivés d'α-aminoallènes.
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Besson, Laure. "Applications des réactions de carbopalladation et d'hydropalladation des allènes." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10259.
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Les travaux decrits dans ce memoire ont trait, tout d'abord, a la reaction de carbopalladation des allenes et a l'utilisation ulterieure des dienes resultants. Nous avons synthetise par le biais de cette reaction des dienes fonctionnalises silyles dont la cyclisation a conduit a des composes dimethylenecyclohexaniques. Ce type d'intermediaire a permis de realiser la synthese d'un motif modifie d'aglycone d'anthracycline par une cycloaddition de diels-alder. Nous avons egalement approfondi l'etude des reactions de cyclisation observees lorsque l'entite capable de pieger l'intermediaire pi-allyl palladium est contenue dans le substrat allenique; celles-ci etaient susceptibles de conduire a des analogues d'esters chrysanthemiques. Ces reactions n'ont pas conduit a ces composes mais a des lactones dieniques apparentees, dont la formation semble due a un encombrement sterique trop important de l'intermediaire piallylique. Afin de nous affranchir de ce probleme sterique nous avons entrepris l'etude de la reaction d'hydropalladation des allenes. Nous avons pu montrer que celle-ci permet d'engendrer egalement des complexes pi-allyl palladium qui peuvent etre pieges par certains carbonucleophiles ou des amines, ces dernieres conduisant a des amines allyliques. Les rendements obtenus restent cependant fonction des conditions operatoires et du nucleophile utilise: les amines se sont revelees etre de meilleurs candidats que les derives 1,3-dicarbonyles. Leur utilisation offre, a partir des allenes et des alcools alpha-alleniques, un acces rapide a des amines et amino-alcools allyliques
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Le, Toumelin Jean-Brice. "Synthèse de complexes intramoléculaires amines-boranes. Rôle de l'interaction N-B à travers l'étude des propriétés tensioactives et du pouvoir réducteur de ces complexes." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30149.
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Nous avons synthetise une nouvelle famille de composes organobores contenant une liaison intramoleculaire semi-polaire nb. La difference de la force de complexation nb nous permet d'envisager deux categories de composes organobores :. Molecules inerte conduisant aux tensioactifs,. Molecules reactives appliquees aux reductions de cetones prochirales. Le chapitre 1 constitue une mise au point bibliographique sur les tensioactifs. Nous rapportons les differentes familles, toutes caracterisees, au moins par une tete polaire et une queue hydrophobe. Les divers parametres d'activite de surface sont brievement exposes afin de faciliter la comprehension de nos resultats. L'acces a des acides boroniques represente le premier challenge a atteindre compte tenu d'une certaine analogie qui existe entre la fonction acide boronique et groupes carboxylique, sulfonique et phosphorique habituellement rencontres dans les squelettes de tensioactifs. Ces recherches font l'objet du chapitre 2. Abordes a partir de l'etude de l'hydroboration d'amines allyliques a longue chaine, les syntheses d'acides aminoorganoboroniques sont envisagees. Les intermediaires a liaison semi-polaire intramoleculaire nb seront recherches, isoles et caracterises afin de determiner les valeurs des differents parametres de surface et de les comparer a celles de tensioactifs connus. Dans le chapitre 3, nous recherchons a attenuer la force de la complexation pour parvenir a des composes reactifs. Nous etudions ainsi les syntheses d'originales n-spiroazaborolidines chirales en vue de la reduction de cetones prochirales sur la base des reactifs de cbs reduction. En conclusion, nous rappelons que la chimie du bore peut s'inscrire dans le domaine des tensioactifs. De meme les proprietes reductrices des n-spiroazaborolidines apportent une nouvelle orientation aux cbs reduction mettant en evidence l'importance de la chiralite de l'atome d'azote.
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Benard-Carmona, Nathalie. "Réactions de chlorocarbonylation catalysées par des composés du palladium." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30197.
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L'objectif de ce travail est la synthese de chlorures d'acide chlores par catalyse de carbonylation. La reaction de chlorocarbonylation catalytique a donc ete developpee sur des substrats allyliques, en presence de chlorure d'hydrogene, de monoxyde de carbone et de composes zerovalents ou divalents du palladium. Ce nouveau systeme catalytique de double fonctionnalisation a permis la mise au point d'un nouveau procede de preparation du chlorure de 3,4-dichlorobutanoyle a partir du chlorure d'allyle. Cette methode, qui constitue une amelioration considerable par rapport a l'unique synthese decrite a ce jour, a lieu dans des conditions douces a des pressions moderees en monoxyde de carbone et en chlorure d'hydrogene. Malgre la formation de produits secondaires (propene, 2-chloropropane, autres especes carbonylees), le chlorure de 3,4-dichlorobutanoyle peut etre obtenu avec une selectivite de 90% par rapport aux produits de carbonylation. Une etude mecanistique basee sur l'influence de divers parametres reactionnels, l'utilisation de methodes spectroscopiques et de reactions modeles a permis de proposer un cycle catalytique. En outre, l'extension de cette reaction de chlorocarbonylation a pu etre realisee avec certains substrats olefiniques (ethylene et butadiene). Une application du chlorure de 3,4-dichlorobutanyle a ete egalement developpee, a savoir la synthese d'une lactone (le 2-buten-4-olide), source de nombreuses applications phytosanitaires, par traitement de ce dernier par le carbonate de calcium en milieu aqueux (rendement: 70 %)
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Friess, Béatrice. "Carbopalladation des allènes : étude mécanistique (stéréo et régiosélectivité) : application à la synthèse d'α-aminoacides diéniques". Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10047.
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Colovray-Gotteland, Véronique. "Synthèse et valorisation de diènes silylés fonctionnalisés obtenus par carbopalladation des allènes." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10097.
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L'objet de ce travail est de proposer un schema reactionnel permettant d'acceder a des dienes fonctionnalises diversement substitues par un motif trimethylsilyle. La carbopalladation d'hydrocarbures anneniques par des complexes vinyliques du palladium (engendres in situ par addition oxydante d'un halogenure vinylique sur un complexe du palladium zerovalent) conduit a un complexe allylique. Celui-ci est ulterieurement piege par un nucleophile pour conduire presque exclusivement a un systeme dienique. L'ensemble de cette synthese est catalytique en pallasium et permet de former en une seule etape deux liaisons carbone-carbone. Selon la position du silicium, nous avons pu atteindre diverses classes de silanes dieniques pouvant presenter un grand interet en synthese. Certains de ces dienes possedant dans la meme molecule un motif allylsilane et une fonction carbonyle ont ete cyclises pour conduire a des composes dimethylene-1,2 cyclohexaniques qui sont des precurseurs potentiels de systemes polycarbones plus elabores
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Sundararaju, Basker. "Cyclisation de dérivés de β-amino acides par métathèse et nouveaux catalyseurs pour l'allylation regiosélective et la fonctionnalisation C-H". Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1S148.
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In this doctoral thesis, ruhtenium complexes were examined in three major topics. New Cp*Ru(IV) complexes were developed, which showed excellent regioselectivity in favour of branched products for allylic substitution, especially from unactivated allylic alcohols with leaving groups. Introduction of allyl groups on to selected positions of non-natural β-aminoacids was carried out with [RuCp*] catalysts. Further cyclizations with olefin metathesis ruthenium alkylidene catalysts were efficiently conducted to produce mono-, di- and tetrapeptides featuring a medium to large size cyclic fragment. A series of new Ru (p-cymène)(II) catalysts were prepared. They were found to be very active in hydrogen transfer processes and made possible N-alkylation of cyclic amines in good yieds, but more importantly performed regioselective C(3)-alkylation of the same amines<br>Au cours de cette thèse, de nouveaux complexes du ruthénium ont été évalués dans trois différentes applications. Des complexes inédits Cp*Ru(IV) ont été préparés et ont permis de réaliser des réactions d'allylation régiosélectives en faveur des dérivés ramifiés à partir de divers dérivés allyliques, et plus particulièrement directement à partir d'alcools allyliques sans groupement partant. L'incorporation en des positions choisies de motifs allyliques à des dérivés de β-aminoacides a été réalisée grâce à l'utilisation de catalyseurs de type [RuCp*]. Leur cylcisation en présence de catalyseur de métathèse ruthénium alkylidène a permis l'accès à divers mono-, di- et tétra-peptides incorporant des structures cycliques de taille moyenne et macrocycliques. Enfin, des complexes originaux du ruthénium (p-cymène)(II) ont été préparés. . Ils ont été engagés avec succès dans des réactions de transfert d'hydrogène et permis l'alkylation d'amines cycliques avec de bons rendements, et de façon plus importante, l'alkylation régiosélective en C(3) des mêmes amines
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Seghrouchni, Latifa. "Réactions d'allylation, de couplage et d'alcynylation de composés carbonylés dans la chimie organométallique de l'indium." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112186.
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La chimie de l'indium connaît un essor depuis peu. Ce métal est connu pour effectuer les réactions d'allylation en milieu aqueux et son utilisation dans la chimie des sucres est l'une de ses principales applications. Au laboratoire, un système catalytique en indium, régénéré in situ par le manganèse et le chlorotriméthylsilane, a été mis au point. Cette réaction est d'abord étudiée avec différents réducteurs. L'alcool homoallylique se forme avec des rendements variant entre 15 et 88%. Avec le manganèse comme réducteur, différentes sources d'indium peuvent être utilisées (rendement = 13-88%). Afin d'appliquer ce système catalytique en phase aqueuse, une étude faisant varier le réducteur et le donneur de proton a été entreprise. Le produit d'allylation se forme en faible quantité (50% maximum) avec la présence d'une réaction compétitive : le couplage pinacolique. De plus, l'indium en présence de chlorotriméthylsilane permet le couplage du benzaldéhyde; la désoxyhenzoi͏̈ne (9%) et le diphényalcétaldéhyde (89%) se forment à la suite d'un réarrangement. L'addition d'aluminium dans le système entraîne la transformation du diphénylacétaldéhyde en produit désoxygéné : le trans-stilbène. Plusieurs paramètres ont été variés mais le maximum en trans-stilbène obtenu est de 27% avec 0,1 équivalent d'indium, 1,5 équivalents d'aluminium et 2 équivalents de chlorotriméthylsilane. Enfin, l'indium a été utilisé dans la réaction d'alcynylation des composés carbonylés. En présence d'indium, l'iodophénylacétylène en excès reagit avec les aldéhydes pour former les alcools correspondants avec de bons rendements (25-99%). En revanche, avec un excès d'aldéhyde, les cétones correspondantes se forment (61-93%). Enfin, l'alcynylation des cétones permet la formation du produit d'addition avec des rendements variant entre 32 et 91 %<br>Chemistry of indium has been recently developed. This metal is known for allylation in organic and in aqueous media ; one of his application is in sugar chemistry. In laboratory, the catalytic version of this reaction was obtained with manganese associated to trimethylsilyl chloride in tetrahydrofurane. First of all, the allylation reaction of carbonyl compounds with catalytic amounts of indium in organic media affords homoallylic alcohols (15-88%) with different reducers. With manganese and different sources of indium, the yield varies between 13 and 88%. Then, the reaction was studied in aqueous media, without silylated reactant of course. Several systems were studied : indium coupled with different reductive metals ; then different proton donors were tested and at last various quantities of water are used. Without trimethylsilyl chloride, the yields of allylated product were lower than 50% because of the competitive pinacolic coupling reaction. On the second part, the system indium/trimethylsilyl chloride allows benzaldehyde coupling. The product in the reactional medium leads, throw a rearrangement, to deoxybenzoine (9%) and diphenylacetaldehyde (90%). The adduct of aluminum in this system allows the transformation of the diphenylacetaldehyde into a deoxygenated product : the trans-stilbene. Several parameters of this reaction were varied but the maximum amount of trans-stilbene obtained was 27% with 0. 1 equivalent of indium, 1. 5 equivalents of aluminum and 2 equivalents of trimetylsilyl chloride. On the last part, indium was used in the alkynylation of carbonyl compounds. Phenylethynyl iodide reacts with an aldehyde in presence of indium leading to an alcohol (25-99%) when the iodide is in excess, or to a ketone (61-93%) when the aldehyde is in excess. When the reaction is carried out with a ketone the alcohol is obtained with 32-91% yield
Books on the topic "Allyle – Composés"
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Bartolomei, Girolamo. Didascalia cioè dottrina comica libri tre (1658-1661). Edited by Sandro Piazzesi. Firenze University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-490-9.
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La composizione di azioni con soggetti sacri e profani e il riutilizzo di fabulae antiche, declinate secondo il principio dell’utilità morale dei temi trattati, caratterizza la ricerca letteraria di Girolamo Bartolommei che si cimentò nelle forme della scrittura lirica, epica, drammaturgica e musicale, richiamando ‘i benigni lettori’ delle sue opere alla funzione etica e sociale della poesia. La sua Didascalia cioè dottrina comica (stampata a Firenze nel 1658 e ristampata nel 1661), di cui presentiamo l’edizione critica, si rende interessante per la peculiarità della proposta teorica, riconducibile alle ragioni del teatro d’accademia, tesa a dimostrare ai giovani letterati, procedendo da questioni di poetica generale fino agli ‘abbozzi di commedie di mezzo’ da lui stesso composti, come solo l’ ‘onestà’ e il decoro di una ‘ben ordinata commedia’ potessero risollevare le sorti dell’arte comica dal degrado in cui era caduta.
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Brandsma, Lambert. Best Synthetic Methods: Acetylenes, Allenes and Cumulenes (Best Synthetic Methods). Academic Press, 2003.
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Igarashi, Yohei. The Connected Condition. Stanford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503610040.001.0001.
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How can Romantic poetry, motivated by the poet’s intense yearning to impart his thoughts and feelings, be so often difficult and the cause of readerly misunderstanding? How did it come to be that a poet can compose a verbal artwork, carefully and lovingly put together, and send it out into the world at the same time that he is adopting a stance against communication? This book addresses these questions by showing that the period’s writers were responding to the beginnings of our networked world of rampant mediated communication. The Connected Condition reveals that major Romantic poets shared a great attraction and skepticism toward the dream of perfectible, efficient connectivity that has driven the modern culture of communication. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Percy Shelley, and John Keats all experimented with their artistic medium of poetry to pursue such ideals of speedy, transparent communication at the same time that they tried out contrarian literary strategies: writing excessively ornate verse, prolonging literary reading with tedious writing, being obscure, and questioning the allure of quickly delivered information. This book shows that the Romantic poets have much to teach us about living in—and living with—the connected condition, as well as the fortunes of literature in it.
Book chapters on the topic "Allyle – Composés"
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Brodsky, Seth. "Music & New Music (2)." In From 1989, or European Music and the Modernist Unconscious. University of California Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520279360.003.0016.
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This chapter returns to the book's own present, but drags fi-de-siècle Vienna with it, exploring a network of “Mahler pieces” from 1989. The network emerges partly out of unrelated, stylistically disparate works, some of which explicitly cite or allude to the composer, others of which stage Mahlerian scenes or tropes. But the bulk of the network is the result of deliberate effort—European cultural institutions commissioning composers to fantasize on their behalf, to produce collective scenes in which “Mahler” serves as a musical representative of “Europe.” Unsurprisingly, the composers respond in the negative—not with scenes, but with their dismantling; not with representations, but their travesty, ruin, or residue. The remainder of the chapter stumbles into the book's central repression: the presence of Theodor Adorno, whose 1960 monograph on Mahler is taken as an uncanny guide to these later works. The book ends with an extended consideration of Adorno's place in a Lacanian account of European musical modernism.
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Klause, Inna. "Composers in the Gulag: A Preliminary Survey." In Russian Music since 1917. British Academy, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266151.003.0009.
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It has generally been supposed that the repressions of the Stalinist period affected musicians and composers to a far lesser extent that other artists. The researches carried out by the author of the present chapter indicate that this assumption is not altogether tenable. The reminiscences of former prisoners, the archival holdings of the Memorial organisation and a variety of other sources allude to numerous names of musicians who were either shot or who served sentences in labour camps between the 1920s and 1950s. The chapter focuses in particular on composers, analysing the grounds for their arrest and the conditions that they experienced in the camps.
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Dirksen, Rebecca. "Sweet Micky’s Allure." In After the Dance, the Drums Are Heavy. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190928056.003.0004.
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Though dismissed as jest at the time, in the mid-1990s Sweet Micky declared himself the “President of Konpa” and composed lyrics that avowed his seriousness for the job. Martelly’s play-acts at “presidential” performance suggest that he methodically crafted a political product inherently entangled with his musical product. Fundamental to Martelly’s stage persona are betiz, which encompass obscenities, off-color jokes, and sexual innuendo and which are considered typical carnivalesque behavior. Demonstrating that this staged vulgarity is nothing new, this chapter considers the long history of betiz as documented back to the colonial era. Such expressions have been key to the discursive practices of madigra bands of the 1930s, Coupé Cloué’s konpa hits of the 1960s–1980s, the rara bands of today, and even the Vodou lwa (spirit) Gede. This chapter reveals the deeper work of betiz, in navigating structures of power and oppression while establishing conditions for physical release and psychological healing.
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Canny, Nicholas. "The Vernacular Alternatives Composed during the Age of Revolutions." In Imagining Ireland's Pasts. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808961.003.0007.
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Irish-language vernacular verse history proved adaptable throughout the eighteenth century to take account both of new reverses, and of opportunities presented by revolutionary developments in North America, in France, and in Ireland. The oral and the written records were interlinked because manuscript copyists aided memory. Themes from the Irish oral tradition also resurfaced in English-language print form or in political speeches by Daniel O’Connell. Similarly in the Protestant experience narratives composed in the seventeenth century by such as Temple entered into Protestant vernacular culture because they were regularly regurgitated in sermons. When Musgrave composed a Protestant narrative of the 1798 rebellion he could therefore allude to Catholic proclivity to rebel knowing that this was a trope in Protestant oral culture. Musgrave could also dovetail the occurrences of 1798 with Temple’s narrative on 1641 and thus make it comprehensible for his audience.
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De Lucca, Valeria. "“Dalle sponde del Tebro alle rive dell’Adria”." In The Politics of Princely Entertainment. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190631130.003.0003.
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More than any of their contemporaries in Rome, Lorenzo Onofrio and Maria Mancini Colonna became involved with the activities of the commercial theaters of Venice during the 1660s. Maria found Venice a particularly congenial city for the freedom she could enjoy there, while Lorenzo Onofrio used the periods the couple spent there to raise his public political profile on an international stage. But what really kept bringing them back to Venice was the activity of the commercial opera theaters, which during these years saw an extraordinary number of operas dedicated to the Colonna. This chapter explores the Colonna support of composers, librettists, singers, and impresarios between Rome and Venice and examines the ways in which opera scores and librettos traveled across and beyond the Italian peninsula.
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Augoustakis, Antony. "Scylla’s lament in the Ciris and the Latin literary tradition." In Constructing Authors and Readers in the Appendices Vergiliana, Tibulliana, and Ouidiana. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864417.003.0002.
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In this chapter, Scylla’s lament in the Ciris and its complex intertextual links with other poems of the Augustan and imperial periods are considered. The hypothesis is advanced that, if this poem is an intentionally anachronistic Roman fake in a post-Virgilian or post-Ovidian world, it establishes a dialogue with contemporary Neronian or Flavian poetry by remaining relevant in an imperial, rather than a Republican, landscape as a poem to which poets allude. It can be argued that the Ciris-poet wrote in the imperial period after Ovid, and was part of a general revival of neoteric epyllion under the empire; compare Persius in his first satire or Lucan’s lost Orpheus. The poet of the Ciris should not be dismissed as an inferior composer because fashions change over time; note that Ovid, Lucan, and Statius are now thought of as canonical alongside Virgil, an unimaginable notion a century or so ago.
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"Genetic Principles." In DNA Fingerprinting, edited by Lorne t. Kirby. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780716770015.003.0005.
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Genetics is the study of heredity. Each individual’s makeup, or phenotype, is determined by nature and modified by environmental factors. DNA identity analysis is based strictly on heredity, and only in the rare case where a human had a bone marrow transplant would the white blood cell genotype differ from that inherited. Difficulties can arise with specimens because of DNA degradation or contamination by extraneous materials, and mixed cell populations could be present in tumorous tissue. The analyst must always be cognizant of these complicating factors. The concept of the gene was advanced by the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel in 1865 based on observations he made after crossing different varieties of garden peas; these experiments are considered the beginning of the discipline of genetics. (The term gene was actually coined by the Danish plant scientist W. Johannsen in the early 1900s.) Mendel formulated two laws. The law of segregation or separation states that two members of each gene pair (alleles) in a diploid organism separate to different gametes during sex cell formation. The law of independent assortment states that members of different pairs of alleles, if located on separate chromosomes or far apart on the same homologous chromosome pair, assort independently into gametes. These laws are basic to the understanding of biological family relationships and play a critical role in such contemporary issues as paternity testing and immigration disputes. The basic unit of life is the cell. Cells are microfactories in which raw materials (amino acids, simple carbohydrates, lipids, and trace elements) are received, new substances (proteins, complex lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids) are produced, and wastes are removed. The thousands of different enzymes required for the myriad ongoing chemical reactions are key to the efficient functioning of cells. Each cell has the ability to self-replicate using the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) code as the blueprint, raw materials as building blocks, and enzymes as catalysts. It has been estimated that the average human being is composed of approximately 100 trillion cells—a considerable amount of DNA.
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Mellroth, Elisabet. "Swedish teachers´ perspectives on educating highly able pupils." In Alle Talente wertschätzen – Grenz- und Beziehungsgebiete der Mathematikdidaktik ausschöpfen. WTM-Verlag Münster, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37626/ga9783959871228.0.11.
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This text is a brief summary of two studies presented in my doctoral thesis. The aim of the studies was to capture teachers’ perspectives on orchestrating teaching of mathematically highly able pupils (MHAPs) in diverse classroom. Positioning theory was used to analyze teachers’ (N=17) discussions in the context of a long term (two-year, 120 h) professional development programme on gifted education. The results show that, when teachers connect theories of gifted education with their teaching expertise, they express possibilities and obstacles, but also rights and duties, in their professional task, to include MHAPs in classroom learning. The teachers express a duty to collaborate with colleagues to meet the learning needs of MHAPs. Differentiation and well-composed mathematical tasks are suggested as possible ways of catering for those needs. Through the lens of positioning theory, the results show that teachers have deep knowledge of what constitutes high ability and that they have the power to orchestrate teaching to meet the needs of MHAPs. Whether they can or do use this power, however, is a question yet to be explored.
Conference papers on the topic "Allyle – Composés"
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Kwon, Eilhann, Kelly J. Westby, and Marco J. Castaldi. "Transforming Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Into Fuel via the Gasification/Pyrolysis Process." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3559.
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Municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification/pyrolysis enhancement using CO2 as gasification medium has been studied to understand the performance under various reaction conditions. MSW gasification/pyrolysis has been characterized thermo-gravimetrically under various atmospheres covering the gasification/pyrolysis process, which has been used as a basis for scale-up experimental work using a flow-through reactor (FTR) and drop tube reactor (DTR) (0.5 g/min of sample, 4–5 sec residence time, 500°C-1000°C). For example, FTR has been used to carry out the fast pyrolysis process having a nominal heating rate of 800°C/min. Oils produced from the FTR have been condensed and analyzed with GC/MS. Among identified chemical species in the pyrolysis sample, the 10 most abundant compounds (benzene, toluene, styrene, limonene, 2,3-dimethyl-1-heptene, benzoic acid, ethylbenzene, indole, xylene, and d-allose) in the pyrolysis oil sample were determined and quantified. These 10 abundant chemical species are substantially reduced in the presence of CO2. This leads to a substantial increase of C1–5 hydrocarbons in gaseous (non-condensable) products and a reduction of pyrolysis oil (∼20%) as well. In addition, MSW samples have been tested in the DTR at a temperature range from 500°C and 1000°C under various atmospheres with CO2 concentrations of 0% and 30%. The release of all chemical species from the DTR was determined using μ-GC. For example, CO (∼30%), H2 (∼25%), and CH4 (∼10%) under the presence of CO2 were generated and introducing CO2 into the gasification process substantially enhanced syngas production. Finally, steam gasification using different ratios of biomass to polyethylene has been explored to better understand the enhanced steam gasification of MSW that is mostly composed of biomass and polymer. Overall thermal degradation trend is the similar, but steam gasification of MSW needs a relatively long residence time and high temperature as compared to biomass.
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Fan, Nianqing, Daogang Lu, Minggang Zhu, Yikun Fang, Peide Zhou, and Chun Xie. "The Sensitivity Improvement of Passive Shutdown System Based on Curie Point Alloy in a Fast Reactor." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29723.
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The magnetic properties will be lost when the temperature of Curie point alloy is above the Curie point temperature. The physical properties of Curie point alloy are used for Passive Actuated Shutdown System (PASS) in the Fast Reactor, for example American, Japan, the shutdown systems are called Self Actuated Shutdown System (SASS). The shutdown device is composed of the up assembly and the down assembly. The up one is a magnetic material and the down one is Curie point alloy. The reliability of PASS in normal condition, and whereabouts of sensitivity are determined by the properties of Curie point alloy. The Reactor-type Experiment Furnace and related circuits were designed to carry out static and dynamic experiments under the high temperature. Cylindrical alloy functions were investigated through the high temperature experiments outside of the reactor. The results showed that improvement was necessary because of long response time. In order to improve the sensitivity of PASS, different shapes were designed for Curie point alloy, under the premise that PASS was reliable. The response times of different sharps were calculated by finite element software, ANSYS, in abnormal condition. Comparison of response times of cylinder, quincunx and fins model under the same conditions, quincunx structure had the shortest response time when the temperature of Curie point ally was above the Curie point temperature. The results obtained from the high-temperature experiments, also showed that the quincunx has the shortest response time. These results showed the quincunx structure was superior to the other models.