Academic literature on the topic 'Alms house'

The word (notion) alms or pisanija signified the house-to-house collection of small amounts of money for the Orthodox Christian monasteries in Serbia and beyond its borders. In one case (1831/1832), it was collected for the inauguration of the metropolitan and two bishops. There are no grounds for the assumption that the giving of alms originated in the times of Nemanjic rule (XII-XV century), in view of the fact that, in those centuries, the monasteries were largely endowed by the rulers and the nobility - placing their subjects under obligation by law, and in material terms. When the development of the Serbian nation was violently interrupted by enslavement under the Ottoman Turks, there were periodical outbreaks of religious arrogance with the destruction of the Serbian monasteries and the flight of their monks. Tradition - preserving the great memory of the size and importance of the monasteries in its own ways - was flawlessly handed down through the centuries. During the times of Ottoman rule, the people undertook the task of maintaining the monasteries by working for them and giving alms in the measure they were able to in those conditions of general hardship. ?Our ancestors? served as a model to them. After 1815 and specially after the autonomy of the Principality of Serbia in 1831, the emerging state (of Prince Milos) supported this spontaneously born tradition and approved the giving of alms. The monks themselves collected them with the approval and support of the state, for their respective monasteries. The monasteries were obliged to collect alms because there were very few monks - sometimes one or two, and rarely more in each monastery. Alms were also collected by the civil or ecclesiastical authorities if it involved the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. In that case, alms were considered to be a kind of obligatory contribution and lost their essential feature - of being voluntary.

Rumah Zakat is a philanthropic institution that manages zakat and infaq/alms with an average amount of zakat and infaq/alms collection for 5 (five) years from 2015-2019 amounting to IDR176,298,735,332.80, and the average amount of distribution for 5 (five) years for the period 2015-2019 amounting to IDR152,627,321,395.80. The problem in this research is how is the effectiveness of zakat distribution and charity/alms house? The purpose of this study was to measure the effectiveness of the distribution of zakat and donations/charity at the Rumah Zakat. This research uses a literature study and quantitative method with the Allocation to Collection Ratio (ACR) ratio measurement model based on Zakat Core Principle (ZCP). The object used in this study is the financial statements of the Rumah Zakat for the period of 2010 to 2019. The results of the study show that distribution includes 8 asnaf, namely: fakir, miskin, Amil, Muallaf, Riqob, Ghorimin, Ibnu Sabil, and Fii Sabilillah, in four groups empowerment namely: Healthy Smiles, Champion Smiles, Independent Smiles, and Sustainable Smiles with an Integrated Community Development (ICD) approach that is aligned with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Based on ZCP the effectiveness of distribution for 5 years of operation is 87% or included in the Effective category, where the Alocation to Collection Ratio (ACR) reaches 70-89%. That is, zakat and donation/alms are channeled to mustahik effectively. Suggestion from this research is that Rumah Zakat can increase the effectiveness of zakat distribution with an effectiveness level above 90% so that it is included in the Highly Effective category if ACR ≥ 90 percent)

Ekonomi Islam merupakan sarana dalam mewujudkan ekonomi masyarakat madani. Kegagalan sistem konvensional membuat terjadi penyimpangan dari nilai sosial dan nilai normatif moral masyarakat sehingga sistem itu dianggap gagal dalam membentuk sarana ekonomi masyarakat. Untuk itu instrumen ekonomi syari’ah merupakan salah satu alternatif dalam pembentukan ekonomi masyarakat madani melalaui instrumen baitul maal, lembaga zakat, lembaga wakaf, sedekah dan sebagainya. Economic of Islam is supporting facilities for in realizing public chartered investment counsel madani. Fails of conventional system makes happened variation from value social and normative value of public morale so that the system is assumed to fails in forming faciliti public chartered investment counsel. For the purpose intstrument chartered investment counsel syari’ah is one of alternative in forming of public chartered investment counsel madani with instrument treasure house, religious obligatory institute, communal ownership institute, alms and all that.

Poverty in Indonesia is a very difficult problem to overcome. Therefore, one of the efforts to overcome poverty is the empowerment of the potential for zakat, infaq and alms (ZIS). However, the implementation of receipt and distribution of ZIS is still not optimal. This study aims to measure the level of efficiency of the financial performance of the Zakat Management Organization (OPZ), namely the National Zakat Management Organization (LAZ). The population in this study is the national level Indonesian Zakat House for the period 2010-2019. The factors that cause the Indonesian Zakat House to experience inefficiency as well as the policies that will be carried out by the government and the Indonesian Zakat House to improve performance or better governance. The analytical tool used non-parametric quantitative methods, namely Data Envelment Analysis (DEA) with a production approach using DEAP 2.1 software. The type of data used is secondary data in the form of financial statements of the Indonesian Zakat House for the period 2010-2019. There are two variables used in this study, namely the input variable and the output variable. The input variables in this study were operational costs, personnel costs and socialization costs, and total assets, while the output variables in this study were total ZIS funds received and ZIS funds disbursement. This study uses 2 assumptions, namely Constant Return to Scale (CRS) and Variable Return to Scale (VRS). Based on the results of research carried out with the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method, it was found that the performance of Rumah Zakat Indonesia experienced efficiency in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018 and 2019, namely 100% and Rumah Zakat Indonesia experienced inefficiency, namely in 2015 amounting to 98.1% and in 2016 amounting to 99.5%. Efficiency occurs because the actual value is not the same as the target value set by the DEA.

Edward Jenner is accredited with one of the greatest feats of medical science, which is responsible for saving millions of lives. In 1796, he invented the smallpox vaccine. Jenner discovered the vaccine by observing that milkmaids were generally immune to smallpox. He hypothesised that the pus in the blisters that milkmaids received from cowpox protected them from smallpox. He then infected an eight year-old boy with cowpox, which he obtained from the blisters of an infected milkmaid. Afterwards, he injected the boy with smallpox material and the boy showed no sign of infection. He subsequently vaccinated a group of orphan children. The vaccine was also tested on 48 children in an alms-house in Philadelphia. It was through these experiments with children that Jenner created the vaccine for smallpox. While it cannot be denied that these experiments contributed greatly to the progress of medical science and the health of human beings, ...

This article describes the wiriddan tradition carried out by the community in Lubuk Bayas Village, North Sumatra. The focus of this study is on two wiriddan traditions, which take place twice a week, once especially for male congregations and another day specifically for female congregations. This research uses interview, observation, and descriptive analysis methods. In this tradition, the congregation usually reads surah yasin, al-ikhlash, al-falaq, al-nas and takhtim takhlil. Wiriddan activities take place at the house of a community by applying a rotating system. Through the interview method, the writer can classify several social values that are considered by the community to be very important and make it a motivation to continue to carry out the wiriddan tradition. The socio-religious values that are felt by the community, including the moment of gathering, the opportunity to give alms, mutual assistance, respect for teachers, a forum for dialogue between residents, and through this way, they can strengthen brotherhood, especially between neighbors.

The article examines on the basis of the small number of essential literary and sigillographic evidence the scope and duties of the ????????? (as a terminus technicus) in the Byzantine administration. The earliest evidence comes from the 6th century, the latest from the 12th. Already in the Early Byzantine period the scope of their activities is fixed: administration of domains and municipal and fiscal administration. Acting in the capacity of stewards of private and official real estate these people were responsible for collecting and transmitting taxes to the responsible department, minus an allowance for themselves. Their colleagues in the municipal and provincial administration were revenue officers with special authority. In the provincial administration of the 11th the pronoetai were sometimes also ?????????? in their region. Till now we know only one example of a commander of a thema who was at the same time also a ????????? (Eustathios Charsianites). The ????????? ??? ???????? (scil. fiscus) were authorized to exact outstanding taxes. A special case is the ????????? of the alms-house of Michael Attaleiates in Rhaidestos, because he was the highest administrator of all its estates and dependencies. Normally the ????????? were administrators of a lower rank in the domains, subject to the ????????? or the ????????.

The juvenile court was given jurisdiction over neglect and dependent children for the purpose of this act the words dependent child and neglected shall mean any child who for any reason is destitute or homeless, abandoned, no proper parental care or guardianship; or who habitually begs or receives alms; or who is found living, in any house of ill fame or with any vicious or disreputable person; or whose home, by reason of neglect, cruelty or depravity on the part of its parents, guardian or other person in whose care it may be, is an unfit place for such a child” (Abadinsky pg 102). In 1968 Congress “passed the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act. The act was designed to encourage states to develop plans and programs that would work on community levels to discourage juvenile delinquency. The Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act was precursor to the extensive Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act that replaced it in 1974. However, to prevent a juvenile from committing a crime or re-offending, this study believes that the juvenile court and the state legislators must designed a program that juveniles can participate in and engage them in positive activities. This way a youth will change his or her behavior and become a law-abiding

The authors present the activity carried out at the Transylvanian Museum of Ethnography between 1922-1951 to set up an Archive that keep information on material and immaterial folk culture, obtained using the questionnaires as a research method. The following Questionnaires are presented: The list of objects to be collected for the Ethnograpfic Museum (1923), To preserve our artistic monuments (1925), Questionnaire no. 1: Christmas customs (1926), Questionnaire no. 2: Christmas and New Year customs, Young fellowships (1927), The New Year’s Goat Ritual (1927), The House (1931). The answers to these questions were the base for setting up The Museum’s Folklore and Ethnography Archive, that also includes Collections of folkloric materials, Collections of Year’s Events Customs and Seminar Papers made by students on the following topics: Customs throughout the year; Habits in relation to human life; Settlements and House; Village Monographs; Grazing; Folk costumes; Folk medicine; Pottery; Furriery. Among the materials preserved in the Museum’s Archives, the authors present 14 seminar papers on the customs related to human life events (birth, wedding, funeral). In connection with human birth, some popular beliefs and practices are described: from the prenatal period (bans for pregnant women), and from the post-natal period, focusing on the role of the midwife and of the godmother in the first days of the newborn’s life. On the wedding theme, the authors expose the main phases preceeding the wedding: looking for the predestinated spouse, asking in marriage, the engagement, wedding invitations, the preparation of the flag, of the wreath, of the tree and the fir-tree, the wedding ceremony, the wedding party. Regarding the funeral, the authors present beliefs about the signs portending the death (the owlet song, howling dogs, objects falling off the walls), the dying persons’s spiritual preparation (Confession, Communion), physical preparation of the dead person (washing, grooming, dressing), the wake, the funeral service, the burial, alms (highlighting the importance of water as charity for the dead). The authors also present the funeral with fir-tree, for the unmarried young people, known as the dead’s wedding.

O reassentamento involuntário é uma forma de intervenção que promove a remoção forçada de uma população de suas casas para uma nova casa em outra localidade, visando à implementação de um projeto de habitação. Sendo um processo que envolve mudanças de casa, espaço e comunidade, o presente trabalho busca uma maior compreensão sobre a dimensão psicológica do reassentamento involuntário a partir da perspectiva de famílias reassentadas sobre a sua experiência e os sentidos atribuídos ao processo. Assim, foram entrevistados quatro reassentados do Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento/Projetos Prioritários de Investimento, do município de Pinhais do estado do Paraná, em diferentes estágios do reassentamento. Considerando o espaço como simbólico e a casa como referência do indivíduo no mundo, verificou-se a grande mobilização de conteúdos emocionais a partir da experiência do reassentamento para estes sujeitos. A ausência de participação na execução do programa e as perdas inerentes às mudanças exigidas, em especial da casa, mobilizaram imagens de sofrimento e morte por parte dos reassentados-independente de uma concordância anterior dos entrevistados pelo reassentamento. Assim, antes que possam se ver como beneficiários de uma casa nova, os reassentados enfrentam perdas profundas e uma morte simbólica, necessitando de uma elaboração da experiência para conseguir reconstruir a sua vida, seu lar e, por fim, renascer
Involuntary resettlement is a form of intervention that promotes the forced removal of a population from their homes to a new home in another location in order to implement a housing project. Being a process that involves home changes, and community space, this paper seeks a greater understanding of the psychological dimension of the involuntary resettlement from the perspective of resettled families about their experience and the meanings attributed to the process. Consequently, we interviewed four resettled PAC program / PPI in the city of Pinhais / Paraná, at different stages of resettlement. Considering the space as a symbol and the house as the individual reference in the world, there was a great mobilization of emotional content from the resettlement experience for these persons. The lack of participation in the program implementation and losses of the inescapable changes, especially the house, mobilized suffering and death images by the resettled - regardless of a previous agreement of the interviewed about the resettlement. So, before they can see themselves beneficiaries of a new home, the resettled must deal with deep losses and a symbolic death, requiring an elaboration of experience to be able to reconstruct their life, their home and finally reborn

Questa tesi presenta il progetto concettuale di un rover sviluppato per la partecipazione del progetto UNIBO Alma-X alla competizione European Rover Challange (ERC). In questo lavoro vengono descritte tecniche tipiche del progetto concettuale, come la Casa della Qualità, e metodi Technique for Ordered Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), che sono applicati allo sviluppo di un rover pensato per l’esplorazione di Marte. I risultati ottenuti confermano che l’applicazione di tecniche strutturate, già nella fase del progetto concettuale, può supportare lo sviluppo di un prodotto, favorendo la comprensione del problema ed orientando le successive fasi di progetto, preliminare e di dettaglio, verso una soluzione competitiva con quanto già esistente e che riesca a soddisfare al meglio le specifiche.

Die Entwicklung neuer humanmilchähnlicher, funktioneller und bioaktiver Lebensmittel (z. B. Trinkmilch oder Joghurt), die Oligosaccharide mit einer möglichen Gesundheitswirkung enthalten („Health Claim”), sind für die menschliche Ernährung von besonderem Interesse. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, geeignete Verfahren zu entwickeln, um - unter Ausnutzung der Transferaseaktivität von β-Galactosidase - komplexe Galacto-Oligosaccharide aus Lactose zu synthetisieren und nicht-proteingebundene, komplexe milcheigene Oligosaccharide aus Kuhmilch aufzureinigen und zu charakterisieren. Zur Identifizierung und Quantifizierung der Oligosaccharide wurden zunächst hochempfindliche Analysenmethoden etabliert (siehe Kapitel 4.1). Da Oligosaccharide Minorkomponenten in der Milch sind, mussten diese von Fetten, Proteinen und Lactose abgetrennt werden. Die Entfettung erfolgte durch Zentrifugation in der Kälte. Die Proteinabtrennung war unter Verwendung einer 10kDa-Ultrafiltrations-Membran optimal (siehe Kapitel 4.1.1.1). Die Abtrennung der Lactose von den Oligosacchariden stellte die größte Herausforderung dar, da beide Stoffklassen zu den Kohlenhydraten gehören und sich nur geringfügig in ihren Molmassen unterscheiden. Des Weiteren liegt Lactose in Kuhmilch im ca. 1000-fachen Überschuss im Vergleich zu den Oligosacchariden vor. Beim Vergleich verschiedener Aufarbeitungsmethoden zur Lactoseabtrennung stellte sich die Festphasenextraktion an Aktivkohle (GCC-SPE) als am besten geeignet heraus. Mit dieser Methode wurde - im Gegensatz zur ebenfalls untersuchten Größenausschlusschromatographie - eine hohe Reproduzierbarkeit der Analyten erreicht. Während bei der Größenausschlusschromatographie das Kuhmilch-Oligosaccharid GalNAc-α-(1→3)-Gal-β-(1→4)-Glc nahezu vollständigen verloren ging, konnten nach GCC-SPEAufarbeitung fast 100 % des Analyten wiedergefunden werden (siehe Kapitel 4.1.1.2). Zur Charakterisierung der Oligosaccharide wurde eine hochauflösende Anionenaustauscherchromatographie mit pulsierender amperometrischen Detektion (HPAEC-PAD) etabliert. Parallel zur hochempfindlichen Detektion mittels PAD wurde zur direkten Strukturaufklärung von underivatisierten Zuckern eine Online-Kopplung an einen Massendetektor (IT-MS) aufgebaut. Einzelne Analyten konnten mit Hilfe von kommerziell erhältlichen Oligosaccharidstandards identifiziert und quantifiziert werden (siehe Kapitel 4.1.1.3). Als weitere Möglichkeit zur Quantifizierung der Oligosaccharide wurden photometrische Schnelltests entwickelt (siehe Kapitel 4.1.2). Zur Absicherung der HPAEC-PAD-Analysendaten sollten zukünftig weitere Analysenmethoden etabliert werden (z. B. enzymatischer Verdau der Oligosaccharide, Analyse der Monosaccharide nach Hydrolyse der OS, HILIC-HPLC). Die entwickelte HPAEC-PAD-Methode wurde zur Identifizierung und Quantifizierung von Oligosacchariden in Milchproben verschiedener Nutztierarten (siehe Kapitel 4.2.1) und in Produktströmen der milch- und molkeverarbeitenden Industrie (siehe Kapitel 4.2.2) verwendet. Die Untersuchungen von Milchproben unterschiedlicher Nutztierarten zeigten, dass jede Milch hinsichtlich der MOS einzigartig ist. Dies konnte anhand der verschiedenen, identifizierten MOS mit unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen belegt werden. Der höchste MOS-Gehalt konnte in Humanmilch detektiert werden, gefolgt von Kamelmilch, Schafsmilch, Ziegenmilch, Kuhmilch und Stutenmilch (siehe Kapitel 4.2.1). Die Untersuchungen der Produktströme der milch- und molkeverarbeitenden Industrie zeigten, dass es während der Lactosekristallisation und der Aktivkohlebehandlung zu Verlusten an MOS kommt. Bei anderen Prozessschritten, wie Entfettung, Proteinabtrennung, Aufkonzentrierung oder Käseherstellung, war kein Einfluss auf die MOS-Konzentrationen ersichtlich (siehe Kapitel 4.2.2). Die entwickelte Methode zur OS-Bestimmung mittels HPAEC-PAD könnte zukünftig auf die Analysen proteingebundener Oligosaccharide ausgedehnt werden [[Grey, 2009] und [Weiß, 2001]]. Zur Herstellung eines Oligosaccharid-angereicherten Lebensmittels wurden Galacto-Oligosaccharide enzymatisch - unter Ausnutzung der Transferaseaktivität von β-Galactosidase - aus Lactose synthetisiert (siehe Kapitel 4.3). Für die Entwicklung des Verfahrens wurden verschiedene β-Galactosidasen (Enzyme aus Kluyveromyces lactis, Aspergillus oryzae und Bacillus circulans) bei unterschiedlichen Reaktionsbedingungen getestet. Die höchste GOS-Ausbeute (19,8 Flächenprozent der HPAEC an Haupt-Trisaccharid, 40,5 % GOS) konnte mit Hilfe der β-Galactosidase aus B. circulans bei pH 4, 40 °C und 12 U/g erreicht werden. Dabei wurden v. a. Tri- bis Pentasaccharide gebildet. Das Hauptreaktionsprodukt war das Trisaccharid 4'-Galactosyllactose (4'-GL). Mit Hilfe der β-Galactosidase aus A. oryzae konnte bei pH 4,5, 40 °C und 12 U/g die zweitgrößte GOS-Ausbeute (14,2 % Haupt-Trisaccharid, 19,7 % GOS) synthetisiert werden. Dabei wurden v. a. Tri- und Tetrasaccharide mit dem Hauptreaktionsprodukt 6'-Galactosyllactose (6'-GL) gebildet. Die geringste GOS-Ausbeute (10,5 % Haupt-Trisaccharid, 3,0 % GOS) wurde mit der β-Galactosidase aus K. lactis bei pH 7, 40 °C und 12 U/g erreicht. Di- und Trisaccharide sowie ein geringer Anteil an Tetrasacchariden konnten dabei synthetisiert werden. Das Hauptreaktionsprodukt war hierbei das Trisaccharid 6'-GL. Außerdem konnte gezeigt werden, dass die milcheigenen Oligosaccharide während der Lactosehydrolyse mit den drei getesteten β-Galactosidasen weitgehend erhalten bleiben (siehe Kapitel 4.3.4). Neben den Galacto-Oligosacchariden, die nach enzymatischer Synthese direkt im Lebensmittel eingesetzt werden können, wurden milcheigene Oligosaccharide aus Kuhmilch aufgereinigt (siehe Kapitel 4.4.1). Zur Aufreinigung der MOS wurden Nanofiltrationsversuche in verschiedenen Maßstäben, mit unterschiedlichen Prozessparametern und diversen Membranen durchgeführt. Die im hohen Überschuss vorhandene Lactose wurde vor der Nanofiltration durch enzymatische Hydrolyse in ihre Monosaccharide gespalten, wodurch die Trennung von Monosacchariden und MOS verbessert wurde. Die Membran SR50/SR2 stellte sich für die MOS-Aufreinigung als am besten geeignet heraus. Mono- und Disaccharide konnten mit dieser Membran nahezu vollständig abgetrennt und MOS zu 42,1 % bis 52,4 % wiedergefunden werden. Das Verhältnis der Mono- und Disaccharide zu MOS konnte von ca. 1000:1 auf 18,5:1 zu Gunsten der MOS verändert werden. Der Anteil der Oligosaccharide am Gesamtzuckergehalt wurde von 0,1 % auf 5,1 % erhöht. Aus 40 kg hydrolysiertem Ultrafiltrations-Magermilchpermeat konnten 332,5 mg GalNAc-α-(1→3)-Gal-β-(1→4)-Glc, 414,1 mg 3'-SL und 91,5 mg 6'-SL gewonnen werden (Kapitel 4.4.1.4). Die durch Nanofiltration aufgereinigten, MOS-haltigen Proben sind für den Einsatz in einem potentiell funktionellen Lebensmittel geeignet. Da der Restlactosegehalt der synthetisierten, GOS-haltigen Proben und der aufgereinigten, MOS-haltigen Proben für weitere Analysen - wie orientierende Studien zur potentiell bifidogenen Wirkung - zu hoch war, erfolgte eine zweite Aufreinigung mittels präparativer Chromatographie an Aktivkohle (siehe Kapitel 4.4.2). Dadurch konnten bei den synthetisierten, GOS-haltigen Proben die Monosaccharide vollständig entfernt, der Restlactosegehalt auf unter 1 % am Gesamtzuckergehalt gesenkt und GOS aufgereinigt werden. Durch die Aktivkohle-Aufreinigung der durch Nanofiltration aufgereinigten, MOS-haltigen Proben konnten Mono- und Disaccharide von dem milcheigenen Oligosaccharid GalNAc-α-(1→3)-Gal-β-(1→4)-Glc sowie von den GOS - entstanden durch die vorherige Behandlung mit β-Galactosidase - abgetrennt werden. Die Sialyllactosen gingen dabei nahezu vollständig verloren. Auf Grund der vermuteten gesundheitsfördernden Wirkung der Sialyllactosen bedarf es weiterer Forschungsaktivitäten. Insbesondere ist eine Optimierung des Aufgabevolumens, der Konditionierung und der Wahl der stationären Phase wünschenswert. Mit den durch Aktivkohle aufgereinigten GOS-Lösungen, die weniger als 1 % Mono- und Disaccharide am Gesamtzuckergehalt enthielten, wurden orientierende Studien zur potentiell bifidogenen Wirkung durchgeführt (siehe Kapitel 4.5). Die orientierenden Studien mit Bifidobacterium longum ließen eine potentiell bifidogene Wirkung der untersuchten GOS-Lösungen erkennen. Diese GOS-Proben zeigten dabei eine stärkere bifidogene Wirkung als die bifidogene Referenzsubstanz Lactulose und der Vivinal®GOS-Sirup. Zukünftig sollten die Proben, die nach Beendigung der bakteriellen Reaktion gewonnen wurden, mittels HPAEC-PAD analysiert werden. Dadurch könnte der Kohlenhydratabbau bzw. die Bildung organischer Säuren untersucht werden. Der zeitliche Verlauf sowie der Einsatz anderer Mikroorganismen - wie Lactobazillen und Clostridien - könnten ebenfalls untersucht werden. Andere orientierende Studien, wie antiinflammatorische Tests, wären bei der weiteren Charakterisierung der Oligosaccharide hilfreich. Die Herstellung eines Oligosaccharid-angereicherten Lebensmittels erfolgte im Labormaßstab unter Zusatz der potentiell bifidogenen GOS-Lösung, die mit Hilfe von β-Galactosidase aus K. lactis synthetisiert wurde. Die Art der Erhitzung des Lebensmittels - Pasteurisierung vs. Hocherhitzung - hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Zuckerzusammensetzung und die Zuckergehalte. Während einer anschließenden sechswöchigen Lagerung in der Kälte konnte kein Abbau der Kohlenhydrate detektiert werden. Als Ausblick für weitere Forschungen ist die Bestätigung der potentiell bifidogenen Wirkung der MOS-haltigen Proben von primärer Bedeutung. Anschließend könnten Studien mit funktionellen, MOS-haltigen Lebensmitteln durchgeführt werden. Dabei sollte versucht werden, ein humanmilchähnliches Lebensmittel mit ca. 20 % sauren und ca. 80 % neutralen Oligosacchariden herzustellen. Die mittels Nanofiltration aufgereinigten, MOS-haltigen Proben könnten als saurer Zusatz und die enzymatisch synthetisierten, GOS-haltigen Proben als neutraler Zusatz verwendet werden. Des Weiteren sollte eine Überprüfung der potentiell bifidogenen Wirkung sowie eine sensorische Prüfung des hergestellten Lebensmittels durchgeführt werden. Sobald MOS durch Nanofiltration bzw. GOS mittels enzymatischer Synthese im großtechnischen Maßstab aufgereinigt bzw. hergestellt werden können, sind Humanstudien zur Bestätigung der Wirksamkeit von milcheigenen Oligosaccharide bzw. der Galacto-Oligosaccharide möglich. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit konnten potentiell funktionelle Lebensmittelinhaltsstoffe (enzymatisch synthetisierte, GOS-haltige Lösungen) und Lebensmittelinhaltsstoffe, deren vermutete Funktionalität noch nicht bestätigt wurde (durch Nanofiltration aufgereinigte, MOS-haltige Lösungen), hergestellt werden. Unter Verwendung der in dieser Arbeit gewonnenen Erkenntnisse und der Erfüllung der im Ausblick geschilderten Bedingungen, ist eine großtechnische Produktion eines funktionellen, Oligosaccharid-angereicherten Lebensmittels möglich.

Die Geräte, durch die Musik im Zeitalter der technischen (Re-)Produktion gehört wird, haben sich immer wieder gewandelt. Solche Geräte müssen überhört werden. Nur so kann Musik gehört werden. Trotzdem – so die These der Arbeit – organisieren diese Geräte das Hören und sind Agenturen einer Bewirtschaftung und Technisierung der Wahrnehmung. In der Arbeit wird anhand von zwei Fallstudien aus der Geschichte der Rock- und Popmusik gezeigt, wie solche Geräte sowohl den Hörer als auch die gehörte Musik formieren. Durch Hörtechnologien bilden sich neue Hörpraktiken heraus und die Körperlichkeit des Hörers wird neu bestimmt. Die Anpassung von Klanggeschehen an spezifische Hörtechnologien wird im Mastering – dem letzten Schritt der technischen Musikproduktion – untersuchbar. Die Geräte, durch die Musik gehört wird, sind also weder schlichte Wiedergabetechnologien noch bloße elektrotechnische Artefakte. Vielmehr sind sie Gefüge aus Klanglichkeit, Körperlichkeit und Technologie. Diese werden in der Arbeit als Hörgeräte auf den Begriff gebracht. Die Hörgeräte der Rock- und Popmusik zielen – wie ihre medizintechnischen Verwandten – auf die Materialität der Wahrnehmung. Im Gegensatz zu diesen funktionieren sie jedoch nicht als Prothesen, die an einer gattungsweit postulierten Norm ausgerichtet sind. Statt Normen bergen sie Exzesse – an Serialität und Wiederholung – sowie Eskalationen – von Lautstärke und von hohen und tiefen Frequenzen. Die Arbeit ist in drei Kapiteln gegliedert. Im ersten Kapitel wird die These der Arbeit in Bezug auf theoretische Diskurse der Musik-, Kultur- und Medienwissenschaft verortet und eine begriffliche Systematik entwickelt. Kapitel zwei und drei sind Fallstudien gewidmet. In der ersten wird das Jukeboxhören der Rock’n’Roll-Kultur der 1950er Jahre untersucht, in der zweiten das Soundsystemhören der Disco- und Clubkultur der 1970er bis 1990er Jahre. Die im ersten Kapitel entwickelte begriffliche Systematik macht die Fallstudien vergleichbar.
The devices by which music is listened to in the age of technological (re-)production have changed over and over again. These devices must be imperceptible to the ear. Only then can music be heard. Nonetheless – this is the claim of the thesis – these devices organize hearing and are agents of a cultivation and technization of perception. Based on two case studies from the history of rock and pop music, this thesis reveals how such devices constitute not only the listener but also the music which is listened to. Through listening technologies new listening practices emerge and the corporality of the listener is newly defined. The adaptation of sound to specific listening technologies can be analysed during the mastering process, the last step in technological music production. The devices by which music is listened to are thus neither simple technologies of reproduction nor mere electrotechnical artefacts. Rather, they are assemblages of sound, corporality, and technology. In this thesis these assemblages are called “Hörgeräte” (listening devices). The listening devices of rock and pop music target – like medical-technical “Hörgeräte” (hearing aids) – the materiality of perception. Contrary to medical technologies, however, listening devices do not function as prostheses, which are calibrated according to medical industry standards. Instead, they contain excesses – of seriality and repetition – and escalations – of amplitude and high and low frequencies. The thesis is arranged in three chapters. In the first chapter I situate the main argument of the thesis within discourses of musicology, media and cultural studies, and develop my own terminology. Chapters two and three deal with case studies. In chapter two I investigate jukebox listening in 1950s rock’n’roll culture, whilst in chapter three I explore sound system listening in disco and club culture from the 1970s to the 1990s. The terminology developed in chapter one enables a comparison of the case studies.

Offloading hoses are used to transfer crude oil or liquid petroleum products from a fixed offshore production platform/floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) unit to shuttle tankers. The hoses are subjected to environmental loads that are mainly waves, current, and vessel motions from both FPSO and the shuttle tanker. New offloading hoses were planned to be applied in a FPSO in harsh environment, and a design analysis was done in this connection. Numerical simulations were performed on ultimate limit state (ULS), serviceability limit state (SLS) and accidental limit state (ALS) by using the software RIFLEX [2]. Critical responses such as curvature and axial forces are checked. The following conditions are checked: 1. Normal operation condition with oil filled hose 2. Connect operation condition, floating gas filled hose 3. Emergency disconnect condition A SIMA [3] workflow was established to calculate accumulated fatigue damage of all the elements of the offloading hose model. For the new offloading hose, it is important to have a combined bending-tension loading capacity check. A utilization factor is proposed that possibly may be generalized. The results show that the specified hose has ample capacity for the considered operating conditions for the shuttle tanker to stay in any position within the 2nd emergency shut down sector (ESD2).

Weir et al’s work [1] applied the relative effectiveness of outflow reduction to address the Intelligent Block Valve Placement (IVP) for liquid transmission pipelines. In their work, the effectiveness measure for each potential valve placement location is a length-weighted sum of the calculated volume reduction at all points along the pipeline in which the outflow volumes are multiplied by weighting factors that reflect the relative importance of spills in different sensitive areas; In our work, the original approach was enhanced to more quantitatively reflect both the likelihood of line failure and the full consequences of line failure as impacted by additional valve placement considering both block and check valves. This paper presents an IVP approach integrated with a quantitative risk assessment through which block and/or check valve placement schemes are optimized. The process involves a computer analysis in which block and check valves are iteratively selected and placed for each case. The risk reduction associated with each case is determined as the product of failure likelihood and the weighted average cost reduction. Failure likelihood is typically quantified using reliability methods or industry failure statistics, and is not the focus of this paper. The cost reduction focuses on environmental factors, which are represented by the clean-up cost of a spill that impacts both sensitive and non-sensitive areas for each incidence. In modeling consequence, the reduction of outflow potential is quantified by an in-house outflow simulation tool; and the potential spill impact is assessed through a mechanistic in-house VBA extension of ArcGIS, a three-dimensional (3-D) overland-hydrographical spill simulation package. Optimal valve placement design is achieved by balancing the costs associated with environmental risk with the costs associated with installing and maintaining block and check valves. The valves included in the assessment for outflow simulation and cost analysis are check valves and block valves. The automatic valve placement simulation is terminated when the valve installation/maintenance cost outweighs the benefits of placing more valves in the line.

Espécies silvestres de Manihot apresentam alta resistência a fatores bióticos e abióticos, além de possuírem genes de interesse para o melhoramento genético, que visam o aumento da produção de variedades comerciais como Manihot esculenta Crantz. Estacas de algumas espécies de Manihot não produzem brotações e é necessário o plantio de sementes para o desenvolvimento dos trabalhos de micropropagação. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a germinação de sementes de espécies de Manihot em ambiente telado. O trabalho foi conduzido em dois experimentos separadamente. O experimento 1 foi desenvolvido na Universidade do Estado da Bahia (UNEB), Campus Juazeiro-BA. Foi utilizado como material vegetal 90 sementes de M. glaziovii, M. cartaginensis, M. caerulescens, M. flabelifolia, M. peruviana e M. irwinii, 15 sementes de cada espécie. As sementes foram plantadas em recipientes de 200 mL contendo areia lavada. O experimento 2 foi conduzido na Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas- BA. Como material vegetal foram utilizadas 36 sementes de M. anomala, M. peruviana e M. dichotoma, 12 de cada espécie. As sementes foram plantadas em tubetes contendo substrato comercial Vivatto, terra vegetal e areia lavada (1:1:1). Após 60 dias foi avaliado o percentual de sementes germinadas. No experimento 1, apenas as espécies M. glaziovii e M. caerulescens apresentaram sementes germinadas, com um percentual de 13,3% de germinação cada. No experimento 2, houve germinação de sementes para todas as espécies, com 8,3% para M. peruviana e M. dichotoma e 16,6% para M. anomala. Todos os tratamentos tiveram baixa viabilidade das sementes, o que não corrobora com trabalhos anteriores que mostram alta viabilidade de sementes de mandioca silvestre mesmo após seis anos de armazenamento. Sendo assim, pode-se inferir que as sementes de Manihot utilizadas neste trabalho perderam a capacidade de germinar, apresentando baixo percentual de germinação nos dois experimentos. Com isso, surge a necessidade de aprofundamento nas análises para entender os motivos da dificuldade de germinação dessas sementes.