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Journal articles on the topic 'Alpaca – Diseases'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Rojas, Miguel, Alberto Manchego, Camila B. Rocha, Luz Alba Fornells, Raquel C. Silva, Gabriella S. Mendes, Helver G. Dias, Nieves Sandoval, Danilo Pezo, and Norma Santos. "Outbreak of diarrhea among preweaning alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in the southern Peruvian highland." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 10, no. 03 (March 31, 2016): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.7398.

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Introduction: Infections, particularly diarrheal infections, are a major cause of neonatal death in South American camelids. The aim of this study was to identify the pathogens that could have caused the recent diarrhea outbreak among the alpacas in Silli, Cusco, located in the southern Peruvian highland. Methodology: Spleen, kidney, and intestine tissue along with fecal and intestinal lavage samples were obtained from 50 one- to five-week-old alpacas and analyzed for the presence of parasites, bacteria, and viruses. Results: Laboratory testing of the 50 crias included in this study revealed that 80% were infected with Eimeria spp., 40% with coronavirus, 34% with E. coli, 32% with rotavirus, 22% with Clostridium spp., and 20% with Cryptosporidium spp. Of these 50 alpaca crias, 20 presented with a single infection (19 positive for Eimeria spp. and 1 positive for rotavirus). Co-infections with up to four pathogens occurred in 60% of the samples. The significance of such infections is not clear, but it is noteworthy that the animals suffering from necrotic and/or hemorrhagic enteritis presented with quadruple infections. It is likely that co-infections increase the severity of the disease. Conclusions: These data show that multiple pathogens circulate among young alpaca crias and could be associated with diarrheal disease in these animals. The findings from this study warrant the provision of subsidies for future assessment of the potential economic impact of these infections on the productivity of the Peruvian alpaca industry.

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Sampaio, Natalia, Mark Gishen, Kevin Reed, Mel Brown, Daphne Gregory, and Kylie Munyard. "The occurrence and severity of grass toxicoses in Australian alpaca (Vicugna pacos) herds." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 8 (2008): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06325.

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A survey of 108 alpaca producers registered with the Australian Alpaca Association examined the occurrence and severity of ‘staggers’ (a colloquial term embracing various diseases of the nervous system in animals, characterised by neck tremors and head nodding in the milder alpaca cases and a lack of coordination in moving, a staggering gait and frequent falling in severe cases) in Australian alpaca and the presence of four pasture grasses, during three production seasons in 2004–2006. There have been few studies on the susceptibility of alpaca to staggers and its effect on productivity and animal welfare. The survey found that 23% of alpaca producers had observed staggering animals, with Victoria and South Australia being the most severely affected states. Clinical signs of staggers were most frequent in January–March, with a mean duration of 3 months. Some animals showed clinical signs lasting up to 12 months. A strong correlation was found between the presence of perennial ryegrass (P < 0.001) and phalaris (P < 0.003) and the occurrence of staggers. Based on grass presence and the timing when staggers was observed, it was concluded that perennial ryegrass toxicosis was the main cause of staggers in alpaca. About 12% and 9% of alpaca grazing pasture containing perennial ryegrass exhibited staggers in the two full seasons for which data were collected. Herds with staggering animals were correlated with those exhibiting possible subclinical effects – heat sensitivity and ill-thrift (P < 0.01) and reduced fertility (P < 0.05) – of perennial ryegrass endophyte toxins. Results indicate that weanlings and cria are more likely to stagger than adults. Thirteen of the 15 mixed farms with staggering alpaca did not observe staggers in other livestock, suggesting that alpaca may be more sensitive to the causal toxins than sheep and cattle.

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3

Björklund, Christina, Renée Båge, Jane Morrell, Kerstin de Verdier, Lisbeth Nisu Hartzell, Nanna Kjellinbro, Katinka Belák, Karin Bernodt, and Dolores Gavier-Widen. "Diseases and causes of death among alpacas in Sweden: a retrospective study." Veterinary Record Open 6, no. 1 (April 2019): e000239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2017-000239.

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BackgroundDue to increasing popularity in Sweden during the last decade, alpacas are frequently encountered by practising veterinarians and pathologists. Knowledge regarding their health and diseases under Swedish conditions is, however, limited.ObjectivesTo improve knowledge about the health of alpacas in Sweden by collecting information on diseases and health status.DesignA retrospective study was made of 93 necropsies conducted on alpacas in Sweden during the period 2001–2013.SettingData were obtained from the two major veterinary pathology centres in Sweden. The alpacas were hobby or farm animals and they were submitted by veterinarians in local practices or at a national animal healthcare organisation.ResultsThe digestive system was most frequently affected (29 per cent), with parasitic gastroenteritis (17 per cent) and hepatic disease being especially prevalent (15 per cent fascioliasis and 7 per cent hepatitis). Cardiovascular conditions (9 per cent), systemic diseases (7 per cent) and perinatal deaths were also common, including abortions (10 per cent) and fatal septicaemia (4 per cent). Wasting/emaciation was a frequent finding (26 per cent). Other diagnoses included dermatitis (8 per cent), diseases of the central nervous system (8 per cent), traumatic injuries (7 per cent), neoplasia (5 per cent), pneumonia (5 per cent) and nephritis (3 per cent).ConclusionsThis study identified areas of concern regarding diagnostic and pathological procedures, for which specific measures have been recommended. One particular cause for concern was the number of deaths from emaciation in weanling alpacas during late winter or early spring. For adult alpacas, infectious and non-infectious causes of death were approximately equally frequent. Many of the diseases were considered clinically acute but pathology often showed them to be chronic conditions that had eventually deteriorated and presented as acute cases in the late stages. This study revealed similarities in the health/disease status reported in other European countries and in North America. The results can be used by alpaca keepers and veterinary practitioners to improve management, diagnosis and treatment of alpacas.

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4

Küchler, Leonore, Isabelle Rüfli, Michel C. Koch, Melanie M. Hierweger, Ronja V. Kauer, Céline L. Boujon, Monika Hilbe, et al. "Astrovirus-Associated Polioencephalomyelitis in an Alpaca." Viruses 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13010050.

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An 8-year-old alpaca was admitted to the emergency service of the Clinic for Ruminants in Bern due to a reduced general condition and progressive neurological signs. Despite supportive treatment, its condition deteriorated and the animal had to be euthanized. Histopathological analysis revealed a severe non-suppurative polioencephalomyelitis with neuronal necrosis, most likely of viral origin. We detected abundant neuronal labelling with antibodies directed against two different epitopes of Bovine Astrovirus CH13/NeuroS1 (BoAstV-CH13/NeuroS1), which is a common viral agent associated with non-suppurative encephalitis in Swiss cattle. These findings were further verified by detection of viral RNA by use of in-situ hybridization and real-time RT-PCR. Next generation sequencing revealed that the detected virus genome had a pairwise identity of 98.9% to the genome of BoAstV-CH13/NeuroS1. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an astrovirus-associated polioencephalomyelitis in an alpaca. These results point to the possibility of an interspecies transmission of BoAstV-CH13/NeuroS1.

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5

Prkno, Almut, Donata Hoffmann, Matthias Kaiser, Daniela Goerigk, Martin Pfeffer, Karsten Winter, Thomas W. Vahlenkamp, Martin Beer, and Alexander Starke. "Field Trial Vaccination against Cowpox in Two Alpaca Herds." Viruses 12, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12020234.

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In Europe, cowpox virus (CPXV) infection in South American camelids occurs as a so-called spill-over infection. Although infected animals generally have a mild form of the disease and survive, cases of fatal generalised CPXV infection have also been described. Prevention by prophylactic vaccination is the only way to protect animals from disease. In the present study, modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vaccine, which has been successfully used in many animal species, was used in a prime-boost vaccination regimen in two alpaca herds with a history of CPXV infection. The focus of the study was the prevention of further clinical cases, and to determine the safety and immunogenicity of the MVA vaccine in alpacas. The MVA vaccine was well tolerated and safe in the 94 animals vaccinated. An indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using MVA as an antigen showed that the seroprevalence of antibody after booster vaccination was 81.3% in herd I and 91.7% in herd II. Detectable antibody titres declined to 15.6% in herd I and 45.8% in herd II over a 12-month period after booster vaccination. Animals could be divided into four groups based on individual antibody titres determined over one year: Group 1 consisted of 19.3% of animals that were seropositive until the end of the trial period; Group 2 consisted of 58.0% of animals that were seropositive after booster vaccination, but seronegative one year later; Group 3 consisted of 14.7% of animals that were not seropositive at any time point; and Group 4 consisted of 7.9% of animals that were seropositive after initial immunisation, seronegative six months later, but seropositive or intermediate in IFA one year after immunisation, likely because of natural exposure. In new-born crias born to MVA-vaccinated mares, specific maternal antibodies were detected in 50.0% of animals up to 14 weeks of age. Our results confirm that MVA vaccination is a feasible tool for the prevention of CPXV disease in alpacas. Long-term studies are needed to verify future vaccination regimen in CPXV affected herds.

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Kumar, Chaudhary, Lu, Duff, Heffel, McKinney, Bedenice, and Marthaler. "Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing Reveal Presence of a Novel Ungulate Bocaparvovirus in Alpacas." Viruses 11, no. 8 (July 31, 2019): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11080701.

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Viruses belonging to the genus Bocaparvovirus (BoV) are a genetically diverse group of DNA viruses known to cause respiratory, enteric, and neurological diseases in animals, including humans. An intestinal sample from an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) herd with reoccurring diarrhea and respiratory disease was submitted for next-generation sequencing, revealing the presence of a BoV strain. The alpaca BoV strain (AlBoV) had a 58.58% whole genome nucleotide percent identity to a camel BoV from Dubai, belonging to a tentative ungulate BoV 8 species (UBoV8). Recombination events were lacking with other UBoV strains. The AlBoV genome was comprised of the NS1, NP1, and VP1 proteins. The NS1 protein had the highest amino acid percent identity range (57.89–67.85%) to the members of UBoV8, which was below the 85% cut-off set by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The low NS1 amino acid identity suggests that AlBoV is a tentative new species. The whole genome, NS1, NP1, and VP1 phylogenetic trees illustrated distinct branching of AlBoV, sharing a common ancestor with UBoV8. Walker loop and Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) motifs that are vital for virus infectivity were identified in NS1 and VP1 proteins, respectively. Our study reports a novel BoV strain in an alpaca intestinal sample and highlights the need for additional BoV research.

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7

Severo, L. C., J. C. Bohrer, G. R. Geyer, and L. Ferreiro. "Invasive aspergillosis in an alpaca (Lama pacos)." Medical Mycology 27, no. 3 (January 1989): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02681218980000261.

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8

Adney, Danielle, Lingshu Wang, Neeltje van Doremalen, Wei Shi, Yi Zhang, Wing-Pui Kong, Megan Miller, et al. "Efficacy of an Adjuvanted Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein Vaccine in Dromedary Camels and Alpacas." Viruses 11, no. 3 (March 2, 2019): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11030212.

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MERS-CoV is present in dromedary camels throughout the Middle East and Africa. Dromedary camels are the primary zoonotic reservoir for human infections. Interruption of the zoonotic transmission chain from camels to humans, therefore, may be an effective strategy to control the ongoing MERS-CoV outbreak. Here we show that vaccination with an adjuvanted MERS-CoV Spike protein subunit vaccine confers complete protection from MERS-CoV disease in alpaca and results in reduced and delayed viral shedding in the upper airways of dromedary camels. Protection in alpaca correlates with high serum neutralizing antibody titers. Lower titers of serum neutralizing antibodies correlate with delayed and significantly reduced shedding in the nasal turbinates of dromedary camels. Together, these data indicate that induction of robust neutralizing humoral immune responses by vaccination of naïve animals reduces shedding that potentially could diminish the risk of zoonotic transmission.

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Haake, Christine, Sarah Cook, Nicola Pusterla, and Brian Murphy. "Coronavirus Infections in Companion Animals: Virology, Epidemiology, Clinical and Pathologic Features." Viruses 12, no. 9 (September 13, 2020): 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12091023.

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Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses capable of causing respiratory, enteric, or systemic diseases in a variety of mammalian hosts that vary in clinical severity from subclinical to fatal. The host range and tissue tropism are largely determined by the coronaviral spike protein, which initiates cellular infection by promoting fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. Companion animal coronaviruses responsible for causing enteric infection include feline enteric coronavirus, ferret enteric coronavirus, canine enteric coronavirus, equine coronavirus, and alpaca enteric coronavirus, while canine respiratory coronavirus and alpaca respiratory coronavirus result in respiratory infection. Ferret systemic coronavirus and feline infectious peritonitis virus, a mutated feline enteric coronavirus, can lead to lethal immuno-inflammatory systemic disease. Recent human viral pandemics, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and most recently, COVID-19, all thought to originate from bat coronaviruses, demonstrate the zoonotic potential of coronaviruses and their potential to have devastating impacts. A better understanding of the coronaviruses of companion animals, their capacity for cross-species transmission, and the sharing of genetic information may facilitate improved prevention and control strategies for future emerging zoonotic coronaviruses. This article reviews the clinical, epidemiologic, virologic, and pathologic characteristics of nine important coronaviruses of companion animals.

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10

Gomez-Puerta, Luis A., Johan Carrasco, Katherine Robles, Ana Vargas-Calla, Nelly G. Cribillero, Gianfranco Arroyo, Hugo Castillo, Maria T. Lopez-Urbina, and Armando E. Gonzalez. "Coccidiosis in clinically asymptomatic alpaca (Vicugna pacos) crias from the Peruvian Andes." Parasitology International 85 (December 2021): 102438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2021.102438.

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11

Li, Zeng, Joar Esteban Pinto Torres, Julie Goossens, Didier Vertommen, Guy Caljon, Yann G. J. Sterckx, and Stefan Magez. "An Unbiased Immunization Strategy Results in the Identification of Enolase as a Potential Marker for Nanobody-Based Detection of Trypanosoma evansi." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (July 24, 2020): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030415.

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Trypanosoma evansi is a widely spread parasite that causes the debilitating disease “surra” in several types of ungulates. This severely challenges livestock rearing and heavily weighs on the socio-economic development in the affected areas, which include countries on five continents. Active case finding requires a sensitive and specific diagnostic test. In this paper, we describe the application of an unbiased immunization strategy to identify potential biomarkers for Nanobody (Nb)-based detection of T. evansi infections. Alpaca immunization with soluble lysates from different T. evansi strains followed by panning against T. evansi secretome resulted in the selection of a single Nb (Nb11). By combining Nb11-mediated immuno-capturing with mass spectrometry, the T. evansi target antigen was identified as the glycolytic enzyme enolase. Four additional anti-enolase binders were subsequently generated by immunizing another alpaca with the recombinant target enzyme. Together with Nb11, these binders were evaluated for their potential use in a heterologous sandwich detection format. Three Nb pairs were identified as candidates for the further development of an antigen-based assay for Nb-mediated diagnosis of T. evansi infection.

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Reusken, Chantal B. E. M., Chrispijn Schilp, V. Stalin Raj, Erwin De Bruin, Robert H. G. Kohl, Elmoubasher A. B. A. Farag, Bart L. Haagmans, et al. "MERS-CoV Infection of Alpaca in a Region Where MERS-CoV is Endemic." Emerging Infectious Diseases 22, no. 6 (June 2016): 1129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2206.152113.

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13

Crossley, Beate, Richard Mock, Scott Callison, and Sharon Hietala. "Identification and Characterization of a Novel Alpaca Respiratory Coronavirus Most Closely Related to the Human Coronavirus 229E." Viruses 4, no. 12 (December 12, 2012): 3689–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v4123689.

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14

Venjakob, Peter Lennart, Corinna Vogel, Peter-Henning Clausen, and Ard M. Nijhof. "First report of a Hypoderma diana infestation in alpaca (Vicugna pacos) in Germany." Parasitology Research 118, no. 6 (May 8, 2019): 1963–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06333-7.

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15

Diab, Santiago, Suzanne M. Johnson, Jorge Garcia, Erin L. Carlson, Demosthenes Pappagianis, Jana Smith, and Francisco A. Uzal. "Case report: Abortion and disseminated infection by Coccidioides posadasii in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) fetus in Southern California." Medical Mycology Case Reports 2 (2013): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mmcr.2013.10.002.

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Scott, Danny W., Jeff W. Vogel, Rebekah I. Fleis, William H. Miller, and Mary C. Smith. "Skin diseases in the alpaca (Vicugna pacos): a literature review and retrospective analysis of 68 cases (Cornell University 1997-2006)." Veterinary Dermatology 22, no. 1 (September 6, 2010): 2–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00918.x.

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Ruiz-López, Eduardo, and Alberto J. Schuhmacher. "Transportation of Single-Domain Antibodies through the Blood–Brain Barrier." Biomolecules 11, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11081131.

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Single-domain antibodies derive from the heavy-chain-only antibodies of Camelidae (camel, dromedary, llama, alpaca, vicuñas, and guananos; i.e., nanobodies) and cartilaginous fishes (i.e., VNARs). Their small size, antigen specificity, plasticity, and potential to recognize unique conformational epitopes represent a diagnostic and therapeutic opportunity for many central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. However, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) poses a challenge for their delivery into the brain parenchyma. Nevertheless, numerous neurological diseases and brain pathologies, including cancer, result in BBB leakiness favoring single-domain antibodies uptake into the CNS. Some single-domain antibodies have been reported to naturally cross the BBB. In addition, different strategies and methods to deliver both nanobodies and VNARs into the brain parenchyma can be exploited when the BBB is intact. These include device-based and physicochemical disruption of the BBB, receptor and adsorptive-mediated transcytosis, somatic gene transfer, and the use of carriers/shuttles such as cell-penetrating peptides, liposomes, extracellular vesicles, and nanoparticles. Approaches based on single-domain antibodies are reaching the clinic for other diseases. Several tailoring methods can be followed to favor the transport of nanobodies and VNARs to the CNS, avoiding the limitations imposed by the BBB to fulfill their therapeutic, diagnostic, and theragnostic promises for the benefit of patients suffering from CNS pathologies.

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Neubert, Saskia, Alexandra von Altrock, Michael Wendt, and Matthias Gerhard Wagener. "Llama and Alpaca Management in Germany—Results of an Online Survey among Owners on Farm Structure, Health Problems and Self-Reflection." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010102.

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An online survey of llama and alpaca owners was used to collect data on the population, husbandry, feeding, management measures and health problems. A total of 255 questionnaires were evaluated. In total, 55.1% of the owners had started keeping South American camelids within the last six years. The majority managed small farms with fewer than 15 animals (66.4% of 250 farms). More than half of the participants stated that they kept the camelids as hobby animals (64.3%), although they used them for wool production (55.7%) and/or for breeding (51.8%). Vaccination and deworming were carried out on more than 80% of the farms. The most common diseases occurring on the farms were endo- and ectoparasites. A total of 55.3% of the owners estimated their own knowledge of South American camelids as good, 14.5% as very good. In contrast, more than half of the owners agreed little or not at all with the statement that veterinarians generally have sufficient knowledge about South American camelids. Further research is needed to include veterinarians’ perspectives and thus optimise animal husbandry.

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Han, Lu, Quanli Gao, Keshu Zhou, Jian Zhou, Baijun Fang, Jishuai Zhang, Hongjian Li, and Yongping Song. "The phase I clinical study of CART targeting BCMA with humanized alpaca-derived single-domain antibody as antigen recognition domain." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): 2535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.2535.

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2535 Background: Several phase I clinical trials already shown Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CART) targeting BCMA has the promised effects to treat the relapsed/refractory (RR) multiple myeloma (MM), RRMM. We developed CART cells (CART-BCMA) using one single-domain antibody as recognition domain. The anti-BCMA single-domain antibody was derived from the alpaca, and humanized with the affinity of 1.14nM. The CART-BCMA use the 4-1BB and CD3ζ intracellular regions as T cell activation domain. Methods: A phase I, single arm clinical study was conducted to assess safety and efficacy of CART-BCMA. The enrolled RRMM patients had received average 10 lines of prior treatment, no matter BCMA expression level on plasma cells. Patients were subjected to a lymphodepleting regimen with Cy (300-600 mg/m2, d-5, -4) and Flu (30 mg/m2, d-5 to d-3) before CART infusion at the dose of 2-10×106 CAR+ cells/kg. The efficacy was assessed based on the IMWG Criteria, and the toxicity was graded by CTCAE 4.02. Results: As of December 31, 2018, 16 patients were infused with autologous CART-BCMA cells, and had at least 1 month of follow-up. Many patients have M protein in serum, but haven't the high percent of plasma cells in bone marrow, which are difficult to be treated by CART cells because the tumor cells are aggregated, not diffused in bone marrow. 3 patiens were diagnosed with extramedullary diseases, were evaluated as PR at D28 (tumor SPD decreasing >50%). 13 patients haven't extramedullary diseases, at D28, ORR is 84.6% (11/13); At 10 weeks, 7 patients were evaluated, ORR is 100% (sCR/CR 42.8%, VGPR 14.3% , PR 42.8% ); 5 patients reached 16 weeks, 1 relapsed, 4 kept remission. The Pt3 and Pt6 shows the CRS grade 3 or 4, other patients shows the grade 0-2 CRS, the CRS is manageable. Conclusions: Our result demonstrates the promising efficacy compared with other reported results of CART targeting BCMA, and supports further development of this anti-RRMM cellular immunotherapy. Clinical trial information: NCT03661554.

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Jailkhani, Noor, Jessica R. Ingram, Mohammad Rashidian, Steffen Rickelt, Chenxi Tian, Howard Mak, Zhigang Jiang, Hidde L. Ploegh, and Richard O. Hynes. "Noninvasive imaging of tumor progression, metastasis, and fibrosis using a nanobody targeting the extracellular matrix." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 28 (May 8, 2019): 14181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817442116.

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Extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition is a hallmark of many diseases, including cancer and fibroses. To exploit the ECM as an imaging and therapeutic target, we developed alpaca-derived libraries of “nanobodies” against disease-associated ECM proteins. We describe here one such nanobody, NJB2, specific for an alternatively spliced domain of fibronectin expressed in disease ECM and neovasculature. We showed by noninvasive in vivo immuno-PET/CT imaging that NJB2 detects primary tumors and metastatic sites with excellent specificity in multiple models of breast cancer, including human and mouse triple-negative breast cancer, and in melanoma. We also imaged mice with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in which NJB2 was able to detect not only PDAC tumors but also early pancreatic lesions called pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias, which are challenging to detect by any current imaging modalities, with excellent clarity and signal-to-noise ratios that outperformed conventional 2-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT imaging. NJB2 also detected pulmonary fibrosis in a bleomycin-induced fibrosis model. We propose NJB2 and similar anti-ECM nanobodies as powerful tools for noninvasive detection of tumors, metastatic lesions, and fibroses. Furthermore, the selective recognition of disease tissues makes NJB2 a promising candidate for nanobody-based therapeutic applications.

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MORÉ, GASTÓN, CRISTIAN REGENSBURGER, M. LAURA GOS, LAIS PARDINI, SHIV K. VERMA, JULIANA CTIBOR, MARCOS ENRIQUE SERRANO-MARTÍNEZ, JITENDER P. DUBEY, and M. CECILIA VENTURINI. "Sarcocystis masoni, n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae), and redescription of Sarcocystis aucheniae from llama (Lama glama), guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and alpaca (Vicugna pacos)." Parasitology 143, no. 5 (March 2, 2016): 617–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201600007x.

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SUMMARYThere is considerable confusion concerning the species of Sarcocystis in South American camelids (SAC). Several species names have been used; however, proper descriptions are lacking. In the present paper, we redescribe the macroscopic sarcocyst forming Sarcocystis aucheniae and describe and propose a new name, Sarcocystis masoni for the microscopic sarcocyst forming species. Muscles samples were obtained from llamas (Lama glama) and guanacos (Lama guanicoe) from Argentina and from alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and llamas from Peru. Individual sarcocysts were processed by optical and electron microscopy, and molecular studies. Microscopic sarcocysts of S. masoni were up to 800 µm long and 35–95 µm wide, the sarcocyst wall was 2·5–3·5 µm thick, and had conical to cylindrical villar protrusions (vp) with several microtubules. Each vp had 11 or more rows of knob-like projections. Seven 18S rRNA gene sequences obtained from sarcocysts revealed 95–96% identity with other Sarcocystis spp. sequences reported in the GenBank. Sarcocysts of S. aucheniae were macroscopic, up to 1·2 cm long and surrounded by a dense and laminar 50 µm thick secondary cyst wall. The sarcocyst wall was up to 10 µm thick, and had branched vp, appearing like cauliflower. Comparison of the 11 sequences obtained from individual macroscopic cysts evidenced a 98–99% of sequence homology with other S. aucheniae sequences. In conclusion, 2 morphologically and molecularly different Sarcocystis species, S. masoni (microscopic cysts) and S. aucheniae (macroscopic cysts), were identified affecting different SAC from Argentina and Peru.

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22

Whitehead, Claire E., and Daniela Bedenice. "Neurologic Diseases in Llamas and Alpacas." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 25, no. 2 (July 2009): 385–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.02.004.

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23

Whitehead, Claire E. "Neonatal Diseases in Llamas and Alpacas." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 25, no. 2 (July 2009): 367–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.03.002.

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24

Van Saun, Robert J. "Nutritional Diseases of Llamas and Alpacas." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 25, no. 3 (November 2009): 797–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.07.013.

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25

Ma, Ye-Ting, Qing Liu, Shi-Chen Xie, Xiao-Dong Li, Yuan-Yuan Ma, Tao-Shan Li, Wen-Wei Gao, and Xing-Quan Zhu. "Prevalence and Subtypes of Blastocystis in Alpacas, Vicugna pacos in Shanxi Province, China." Korean Journal of Parasitology 58, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.181.

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<i>Blastocystis</i>, an enteric protist, has been reported to be an important cause of protozoal gastrointestinal manifestations in humans and animals worldwide. Animals harboring certain <i>Blastocystis</i> subtypes (STs) may serve as a potential source of human infection. However, information about the prevalence and genetic diversity of <i>Blastocystis</i> in alpacas is limited. In the present study, a total of 366 fecal samples from alpacas in Shanxi Province, northern China, were examined for <i>Blastocystis</i> by PCR amplification of the small subunit rRNA gene, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The prevalence of <i>Blastocystis</i> in alpacas was 23.8%, and gender difference in the prevalence of <i>Blastocystis</i>was observed. The most predominant <i>Blastocystis</i> ST was ST10, followed by ST14 and ST5. The detection of ST5, a potentially zoonotic genotype, indicates that alpacas harboring ST5 could be a potential source of human infection with <i>Blastocystis</i>. These data provide new insight into the prevalence and genetic diversity of <i>Blastocystis</i> in alpacas.

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Rhodes, Shelley, Tom Holder, Derek Clifford, Ian Dexter, Jacky Brewer, Noel Smith, Laura Waring, et al. "Evaluation of Gamma Interferon and Antibody Tuberculosis Tests in Alpacas." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 19, no. 10 (August 22, 2012): 1677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00405-12.

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ABSTRACTWe describe the performance of cell-based and antibody blood tests for the antemortem diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in South American camelids (SAC). The sensitivity and specificity of the gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release assay, two lateral flow rapid antibody tests (Stat-Pak and Dual Path Platform [DPP]), and two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based antibody tests (Idexx and Enferplex) were determined using diseased alpacas fromMycobacterium bovisculture-confirmed breakdown herds and TB-free alpacas from geographical areas with no history of bovine TB, respectively. Our results show that while the sensitivities of the IFN-γ and antibody tests were similar (range of 57.7% to 66.7%), the specificity of the IFN-γ test (89.1%) was lower than those of any of the antibody tests (range of 96.4% to 97.4%). This lower specificity of the IFN-γ test was at least in part due to undisclosedMycobacterium microtiinfection in the TB-free cohort, which stimulates a positive purified protein derivative (PPD) response. The sensitivity of infection detection could be increased by combining two antibody tests, but even the use of all four antibody tests failed to detect all diseased alpacas. These antibody-negative alpacas were IFN-γ positive. We found that the maximum sensitivity could be achieved only by the combination of the IFN-γ test with two antibody tests in a “test package,” although this resulted in decreased specificity. The data from this evaluation of tests with defined sensitivity and specificity provide potential options for antemortem screening of SAC for TB in herd breakdown situations and could also find application in movement testing and tracing investigations.

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Daley, L. P., L. F. Gagliardo, M. S. Duffy, M. C. Smith, and J. A. Appleton. "Application of Monoclonal Antibodies in Functional and Comparative Investigations of Heavy-Chain Immunoglobulins in New World Camelids." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 12, no. 3 (March 2005): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.12.3.380-386.2005.

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ABSTRACT Of the three immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotypes described to occur in camelids, IgG2 and IgG3 are distinct in that they do not incorporate light chains. These heavy-chain antibodies (HCAbs) constitute approximately 50% of the IgG in llama serum and as much as 75% of the IgG in camel serum. We have produced isotype-specific mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in order to investigate the roles of HCAbs in camelid immunity. Seventeen stable hybridomas were cloned, and three MAbs that were specific for epitopes on the γ chains of llama IgG1, IgG2, or IgG3 were characterized in detail. Affinity chromatography revealed that each MAb bound its isotype in solution in llama serum. The antibodies bound to the corresponding alpaca IgGs, to guanaco IgG1 and IgG2, and to camel IgG1. Interestingly, anti-IgG2 MAbs bound three heavy-chain species in llama serum, confirming the presence of three IgG2 subisotypes. Two IgG2 subisotypes were detected in alpaca and guanaco sera. The MAbs detected llama serum IgGs when they were bound to antigen in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and were used to discern among isotypes induced during infection with a parasitic nematode. Diseased animals, infected with Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, did not produce antigen-specific HCAbs; rather, they produced the conventional isotype, IgG1, exclusively. Our data document the utility of these MAbs in functional and physiologic investigations of the immune systems of New World camelids.

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Lopez-Urbina, M. T., A. E. Gonzalez, L. A. Gomez-Puerta, M. A. Romero-Arbizu, R. A. Perales-Camacho, F. A. Rojo-Vazquez, L. Xiao, and V. Cama. "Prevalence of Neonatal Cryptosporidiosis in Andean Alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Peru." Open Parasitology Journal 3, no. 1 (December 15, 2009): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874421400903010009.

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Yücel, Esra, and Zeynep Tamay. "Kene Isırığı ile İlişkili Yeni Bir Hastalık: Alpha-Gal Allerjisi." Journal of Pediatric Infection 14, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/ced.202009.

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30

Adney, Danielle R., Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Airn E. Hartwig, and Richard A. Bowen. "Infection, Replication, and Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Alpacas." Emerging Infectious Diseases 22, no. 6 (June 2016): 1031–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2206.160192.

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Zhang, Qiyuan, Junqiang Li, Zhiguo Li, Chunyan Xu, Minyu Hou, and Meng Qi. "Molecular identification of Cryptosporidium spp. in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in China." International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 12 (August 2020): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.06.007.

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32

Goodwin, Len. "The life of charles ledger (1818–1905). Alpacas and Quinine." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83, no. 1 (January 1989): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(89)90722-0.

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33

Kadono, Hiroyuki, Jun-Ichi Kido, Masatoshi Kataoka, Noriyuki Yamauchi, and Toshihiko Nagata. "Inhibition of Osteoblastic Cell Differentiation by Lipopolysaccharide Extract from Porphyromonas gingivalis." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 2841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.6.2841-2846.1999.

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ABSTRACT Lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis(P-LPS), an important pathogenic bacterium, is closely associated with inflammatory destruction of periodontal tissues. P-LPS induces the release of cytokines and local factors from inflammatory cells, stimulates osteoclastic-cell differentiation, and causes alveolar bone resorption. However, the effect of P-LPS on osteoblastic-cell differentiation remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of P-LPS extract prepared by the hot-phenol–water method, on the differentiation of primary fetal rat calvaria (RC) cells, which contain a subpopulation of osteoprogenitor cells, into osteoblastic cells. P-LPS extract significantly inhibited bone nodule (BN) formation and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALPase), an osteoblastic marker, in a dose-dependent manner (0 to 100 ng of P-LPS extract per ml). P-LPS extract (100 ng/ml) significantly decreased BN formation to 27% of the control value and inhibited ALPase activity to approximately 60% of the control level on days 10 to 21 but did not affect RC cell proliferation and viability. P-LPS extract time-dependently suppressed the expression of ALPase mRNA, with an inhibitory pattern similar to that of enzyme activity. The expression of mRNAs for osteocalcin and osteopontin, matrix proteins related to bone metabolism, was markedly suppressed by P-LPS extract. Furthermore, P-LPS extract increased the expression of mRNAs for CD14, LPS receptor, and interleukin-1β in RC cells. These results indicate that P-LPS inhibits osteoblastic-cell differentiation and suggest that LPS-induced bone resorption in periodontal disease may be mediated by effects on osteoblastic as well as osteoclastic cells.

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Crameri, Gary, Peter A. Durr, Reuben Klein, Adam Foord, Meng Yu, Sarah Riddell, Jessica Haining, et al. "Experimental Infection and Response to Rechallenge of Alpacas with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus." Emerging Infectious Diseases 22, no. 6 (June 2016): 1071–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2206.160007.

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35

Li, Jin, Ye-Ting Ma, Qin-Li Liang, Run-Li Li, Fu-Guo Zheng, Qing Liu, Xing-Quan Zhu, and Wen-Wei Gao. "Serological evidence of Toxoplasma gondii and Chlamydia infection in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Shanxi Province, northern China." Microbial Pathogenesis 149 (December 2020): 104399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104399.

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36

Rashid, Mohammed H., Mark A. Stevenson, Jane L. Vaughan, Muhammad A. Saeed, Angus J. D. Campbell, Ian Beveridge, and Abdul Jabbar. "Epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes of alpacas in Australia: II. A longitudinal study." Parasitology Research 118, no. 3 (February 9, 2019): 901–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06236-7.

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Rashid, Mohammed H., Jane L. Vaughan, Mark A. Stevenson, Angus J. D. Campbell, Muhammad A. Saeed, Léa Indjein, Ian Beveridge, and Abdul Jabbar. "Epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes of alpacas in Australia: I. A cross-sectional study." Parasitology Research 118, no. 3 (February 4, 2019): 891–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06235-8.

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38

Dinges, S., I. Morard, M. Heim, J. F. Dufour, B. Müllhaupt, E. Giostra, P. A. Clavien, G. Mentha, and F. Negro. "Pegylated interferon-alpha2a/ribavirin treatment of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation." Transplant Infectious Disease 11, no. 1 (February 2009): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2008.00359.x.

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39

Pei, Cai-Xia, Qiang Liu, Chang-Sheng Dong, HongQuan Li, Jun-Bing Jiang, and Wen-Jun Gao. "Diversity and abundance of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences in forestomach of alpacas (Lama pacos) and sheep (Ovis aries)." Anaerobe 16, no. 4 (August 2010): 426–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2010.06.004.

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40

Schulz, Claudia, Christine Fast, Ulrich Wernery, Jörg Kinne, Sunitha Joseph, Kore Schlottau, Maria Jenckel, et al. "Camelids and Cattle Are Dead-End Hosts for Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants Virus." Viruses 11, no. 12 (December 8, 2019): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11121133.

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Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) causes a severe respiratory disease in small ruminants. The possible impact of different atypical host species in the spread and planed worldwide eradication of PPRV remains to be clarified. Recent transmission trials with the virulent PPRV lineage IV (LIV)-strain Kurdistan/2011 revealed that pigs and wild boar are possible sources of PPRV-infection. We therefore investigated the role of cattle, llamas, alpacas, and dromedary camels in transmission trials using the Kurdistan/2011 strain for intranasal infection and integrated a literature review for a proper evaluation of their host traits and role in PPRV-transmission. Cattle and camelids developed no clinical signs, no viremia, shed no or only low PPRV-RNA loads in swab samples and did not transmit any PPRV to the contact animals. The distribution of PPRV-RNA or antigen in lymphoid organs was similar in cattle and camelids although generally lower compared to suids and small ruminants. In the typical small ruminant hosts, the tissue tropism, pathogenesis and disease expression after PPRV-infection is associated with infection of immune and epithelial cells via SLAM and nectin-4 receptors, respectively. We therefore suggest a different pathogenesis in cattle and camelids and both as dead-end hosts for PPRV.

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Rashid, Mohammed H., Ian Beveridge, Jane L. Vaughan, and Abdul Jabbar. "Worm burdens and associated histopathological changes caused by gastrointestinal nematodes in alpacas from Australia." Parasitology Research 118, no. 3 (February 8, 2019): 1031–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06237-6.

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42

Gomez-Puerta, Luis A., Armando E. Gonzalez, Ana Vargas-Calla, Maria T. Lopez-Urbina, Vitaliano Cama, and Lihua Xiao. "Cryptosporidium parvum as a risk factor of diarrhea occurrence in neonatal alpacas in Peru." Parasitology Research 119, no. 1 (November 22, 2019): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06468-7.

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43

Krogsgaard, Kim. "The long-term effect of treatment with interferon-alpha2a in chronic hepatitis B." Journal of Viral Hepatitis 5, no. 6 (November 1998): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2893.1998.00118.x.

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44

Romano, C., E. Maritati, C. Miracco, L. Andreassi, and M. Fimiani. "Partial response to treatment with recombinant interferon-alpha2a in an adult patient with tufted angioma." Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 18, no. 1 (January 2004): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2004.00844.x.

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45

Ma, Ye-Ting, Yang Zou, Qing Liu, Shi-Chen Xie, Run-Li Li, Xing-Quan Zhu, and Wen-Wei Gao. "Prevalence and multilocus genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Shanxi Province, northern China." Parasitology Research 118, no. 12 (November 8, 2019): 3371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06503-7.

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46

Gao, Wen-Wei, Ye-Ting Ma, Yuan-Yuan Ma, Run-Li Li, Jin Li, Fu-Guo Zheng, Wen-Bin Zheng, Qing Liu, and Xing-Quan Zhu. "First report of Eimeria and Entamoeba infection in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Shanxi Province, northern China." Parasitology Research 120, no. 6 (April 22, 2021): 2031–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07157-0.

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47

Thakur, Kritika, Sangeeta H. Toshikhane, Dinesh Patil, and Shikha Desai. "Pakshaghat and its Management through Panchakarma: A Case Study." International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v12i1.1772.

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Vata among tridosha is considered as the controller of everything in the Sharira. Vitated Vata itself effects the Dusyas which pervades the entire body or a part of it and gives rise to different types ailment is called Vatavyadhi. Pakshaghata is one of the important diseases of such criteria which is popularly known as Hemiplegia. A 60 years old male Patient, K/C/O of HTN Since 3 year & Stroke 3 Months ago complaining of Kinchita Vak-Aspastata (incomplete speech), Bhar-Vruddhi (Heaviness of left limbs), Vama bahu Karma alpata (Left upper limb weakness), Vama amsha sandhi stabhata (Left shoulder stiffness) since 3 Month. Patient was on various treatment methods for the past 2 months but did not get complete improvement. He came to Parul Ayurveda Hospital. The patient was treated with Panchakarma procedure, Shamana Aushadhi and Physiotherapy. This study shows the effective result of Panchakarma treatment along with Shamana Aushadhi and Physiotherapy in Pakshaghata disease. It also helps to understand the pathophysiology of Pakshaghata through Ayurveda. In this study an attempt has been made to describe all Scientific effect of Panchakarma procedures, Shaman Aushadhis and effect of Physiotherapy has been explained in this case.

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Ramos, Patricio, Paulina Sepulveda-Garcia, Amir Alabí, Alex Romero, Teresa Pinto, Alejandro Rojas, Pedro Bittencourt, and Ananda Müller. "Molecular survey and genetic characterization of ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae’ in llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna pacos) from Southern Chile." Acta Tropica 222 (October 2021): 106046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106046.

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49

Byers, Stacey R., James F. Evermann, Daniel S. Bradway, Steven M. Parish, and George M. Barrington. "Evaluation of a commercial bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccine in nonpregnant female alpacas (Vicugna pacos)." Vaccine 28, no. 3 (January 2010): 591–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.026.

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50

Prati, Zanella, Zanuso, Vianello, E. Della Torre, Mozzi, Carriero, et al. "Sustained response to interferon-alpha2a monotherapy of young blood donors with minimal-to-mild chronic hepatitis C." Journal of Viral Hepatitis 7, no. 5 (September 2000): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2893.2000.00240.x.

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