Journal articles: 'Alpha- and beta-phases titanium alloy'

1

Bryan, David. "ATI 425^® Alloy Formability: Theory and Application." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.543.

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ATI 425® Alloy, nominal composition Ti-4.0Al-2.5V-1.5Fe-0.25O, is a new alpha/beta Ti alloy of significant commercial interest as a viable replacement for Ti-6Al-4V, CP-Ti, and other titanium alloys in a variety of aerospace applications. ATI 425® Alloy offers properties comparable to Ti-6Al-4V alloy with significant improvements in formability, both at room and elevated temperatures. The reasons for the improved formability, particularly at low temperatures, are not well understood. The development of a thorough understanding is complicated by the wide array of phases, microstructures, and deformation paths available via thermomechanical processing in alpha/beta titanium alloys. In this paper, theories of strengthening and dislocation mobility in titanium and HCP metals will be reviewed and applied to better understand why ATI 425® Alloy offers a unique combination of strength and formability not obtainable by conventional alpha/beta titanium alloys. Subsequently, the application of the improved formability to a range of product forms including sheet, tubing, and forgings will be discussed.

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Zherebtsov, Sergey V., Sergey Mironov, Maria A. Murzinova, S. Salishchev, and S. Lee Semiatin. "Mechanical Behaviour and Microstructure Evolution of Severely Deformed Two-Phase Titanium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 584-586 (June 2008): 771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.584-586.771.

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Microstructure evolution and mechanical behavior of alpha/beta Ti-6Al-4V (VT6) and near-beta Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe (VT22) titanium alloys during uniaxial compression at 600°C to a high strain of 70% was studied. The plastic-flow response for both alloys is characterized by successive stages of strain hardening, flow softening, and steady-state flow. During compression the lamellae spheroidized to produce a partially globular microstructure. Globularization in VT6 is associated with the loss of the initial Burgers-type coherency between the alpha and beta phases and the subsequent individual deformation of each phase. The misorientations of boundaries increase to the high-angle range by means of the accumulation of lattice dislocations. In VT22 alloy the alpha phase evolves similar to that in VT6 alloy, while in the beta phase mainly low-angle boundaries are observed even after 70 pct. reduction.

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Zhang, X. D., J. M. K. Wiezorek, D. J. Evanst, and H. L. Fraser. "Characterization of precipitates of Ti3Al in a titanium alloy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 1008–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100167500.

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A two phase alpha-beta titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-2Mo-2Cr-2Sn-2Zr-0.2Si (Ti-6-22-22S), has recently been reconsidered as a high temperature material for aircraft engine applications. This alloy exhibits specific strength and fracture toughness superior to those of Ti-6A1-4V. However, similar to other alpha-beta titanium alloys, microstructural stability is one of the major concerns regarding industrial application of Ti-6-22-22S, since changes of the microstructure during long term high temperature exposure significantly affect the performance of components. Two types of precipitates have been observed in Ti-6-22-22S alloys, namely silicides and alpha 2-Ti3Al. The presence of intermetallic precipitates, such as alpha 2-Ti3Al, in the parent alpha matrix has been reported to result in brittle behaviour of the alpha-beta alloys due to the formation of intense planar slip bands. The present paper presents results of the characterization of intermetallic alpha2-Ti3Al precipitates in the alpha phase by methods of scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM respectively).

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Kim, Hong-Min, Se-Yeong Park, and Dong-Geun Lee. "Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties According to Aging Conditions of Ti-5Mo-2Fe Alloy." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 61, no. 8 (2023): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2023.61.8.545.

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Beta-type titanium alloys have a low elastic modulus, excellent cold workability, and are widely used as implant materials. High strength is possible by forming a precipitation in the β-matrix via solution treatment and aging treatment. However, beta titanium alloys require a large amount of beta-stabilizing elements (Fe, Nb, Mo, Ta, etc), and these expensive beta stabilizing elements increase the manufacturing cost of these alloys. In this study, Ti-5Mo-2Fe metastable beta-titanium alloy was designed by adding Mo and Fe, which were relatively inexpensive and had excellent biocompatibility among beta-stabilizing elements, and an ingot was manufactured by vacuum arc remelting. Solution treatment was maintained at 850oC for a holding time of 1 hour, followed by furnace cooling. Aging treatments were conducted in a range of temperature 350~500oC and holding time 2 h~48 h. The microstructure behaviors and mechanical properties were analyzed according to these aging treatment conditions. Isothermal ω phases were precipitated by aging treatment, and hardness and yield strength were found to be significantly higher for conditions of 400oC, 8h. As holding time and temperature increased, these phases transformed into secondary alpha phases and the hardness and yield strength decreased due to this microstructural evolution.

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Serhii, Akhonin, Pikulin Oleksandr, Berezos Volodymyr, Severyn Andrii, Erokhin Oleksiy, and Kryzhanovskyi Vitalii. "Determining the structure and properties of heat-resistant titanium alloys VT3-1 and VT9 obtained by electron-beam melting." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, no. 12 (119) (2022): 6–12. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.265014.

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This paper reports a comprehensive study that investigated the quality of heat-resistant titanium alloys VT3-1 and VT9 obtained by the method of electron beam melting (EBM). It is shown that EBM makes it possible to produce high-quality metal of ingots of heat-resistant titanium alloys VT9 and VT3-1. Semi-finished articles were made in the form of bars from ingots obtained by the EBM method. It was established that in the macrostructure of the deformed metal there are no cracks, delamination, cavities, metal and non-metallic inclusions. The macrostructure of the metal of the bars corresponds to 4 points for the alloy VT3-1 and 4–5 points for the alloy VT9 on the 10-point scale of microstructures of instruction 1054-76. It was shown that the metal microstructure of forged bars of VT9 alloy consists of primary β grains with a continuous or intermittent α-rim along the grain boundaries 3–4 μs thick. The structure of the metal in the volume of grain – lamellar type with partially globularized plates of the α phase, plates of α-phase of close orientation form α colonies measuring 10–40 μs. The thickness of the α plates is 1–5 μs, between the plates or globules of the α phase there is a layer of β phase with a thickness of 1–2 μs. The microstructure of the deformed metal of titanium alloy VT3-1 consists of primary β grains, the volume of which contains colonies of lamellar α phases measuring 10–100 μs. The thickness of α plates is 1.5–3 μs, the layer of β phase in the intervals between α-plates is mainly 0.3–0.5 μs. The microstructure of semi-finished articles in the form of deformed bars of alloys VT9 and VT3-1 corresponds to type 4–6 according to the 9-type scale of the microstructure of instruction 1054-76. Studies of the mechanical properties of the obtained semi-finished articles have shown that they meet all the requirements of regulatory standards that are put forward by industry to the quality of the metal of heat-resistant titanium alloys

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Jáquez-Muñoz, Jesús, Citlalli Gaona Tiburcio, José Ángel Cabral Miramontes, Francisco Estupiñán López, Maria Lara-Banda, and Facundo Almeraya Calderon. "Electrochemical Characterization of Titanium Alloy Anodized." ECS Transactions 106, no. 1 (2022): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10601.0079ecst.

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The titanium has excellent electrochemical properties due to the formation of TiO2 on the surface. The capacity of generating a protective layer will depend on the titanium alloy used. Titanium alloys (Ti CP2, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, Ti-6Al-4V, and Ti Beta-C) were anodized in H2SO4 and H3PO4 at 1M concentration employing a current density of 0.025A/cm2. Electrochemical characterization was made by potentiodynamic polarization (ASTM G61). Alloys anodized on H3PO4 presented an electrochemical behavior related to a more homogenous layer. Alloys with more beta stabilizers showed higher corrosion resistance than the anodized alpha and near alpha alloys.

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Christ, Hans Jürgen, and Peter Schmidt. "Influence of Beta Stability on Hydrogen Diffusion in Various Beta Titanium Alloys." Defect and Diffusion Forum 289-292 (April 2009): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.289-292.87.

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The prediction of the applicability range of beta titanium alloys in hydrogen containing environments and the systematic study of hydrogen effects on the microstructure during heat treatment require reliable information about the hydrogen diffusion coefficient DH in the respective titanium alloy. Up to now the little information available on hydrogen diffusivity in commercial titanium alloys indicates a higher hydrogen diffusion coefficient in beta titanium alloys as compared to alpha and alpha + beta titanium alloys. In the present study, the hydrogen diffusion coefficients were determined systematically by means of electrochemically charging the half length of thin titanium rods and subsequent annealing, thereby enabling hydrogen diffusion. The Matano technique was applied in order to identify any effect of hydrogen concentration on DH. The hydrogen diffusion coefficients determined were correlated with results from microstructure examination applying optical and electron microscopy. Since molybdenum and vanadium are the most important beta-stabilizing alloying elements, binary titanium alloys of the Ti–Mo and the Ti–V systems at various contents of the respective alloying element were systematically studied in addition to commerical beta titanium alloys. The results of the experiments revealed the strong effect of beta stability and phase composition on hydrogen diffusion.

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Kumar, K. Naresh, Pravin Muneshwar, Satish Kumar Singh, Abhay Kumar Jha, and Bhanu Pant. "Thermo Mechanical Working and Heat Treatment Studies on Meta-Stable Beta Titanium Alloy (Ti15V3Al3Sn3Cr) Plates." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.151.

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The beta titanium alloys are highly cold workable in annealed condition, due to presence of single phase bcc structure (beta) at ambient temperature. The Ti15V3Al3Sn3Cr alloy is a metastable beta alloy retains single beta phase at ambient temperature by beta annealing. The beta alloys are most hardenable among titanium alloys, due to the formation of hard alpha (hcp) precipitates in beta (bcc) grains in solution treated and aged (STA) conditions. The present paper brings out the hot forging and rolling studies carried above beta transus temperature and correlating microstructure with mechanical properties in heat treated conditions (a. 800°C for 30 minutes and b. 800°C for 45 minutes, subsequent water quenched from single phase beta region plus aged at 482°C/538°C). The results conclude that solution treatment carried for 45 minutes and aged at 482°C/538°C achieved high tensile strength with improvement in ductility. This is due to less nucleation sites of alpha precipitates along the grain boundaries for the 45 minutes solution treated specimens. The Young’s modulus evaluated for solution treated (78GPa), aged at 482°C (105GPa) and 538°C (103GPa), the increase in aged conditions is due to the formation of alpha precipitates throughout the matrix and makes the alloy two phase alpha-beta system.Keywords: Metastable beta, alpha precipitates, solution treatment, tensile strength, Young’s modulus.

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Povzner A. A., Volkov A. G., and Zaitseva N. A. "Spin and charge fluctuations in solid solutions of titanium substitution by iron group metals." Physics of the Solid State 64, no. 12 (2022): 1831. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pss.2022.12.54374.432.

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Topological electronic transitions from omega- to alpha-phase and from alpha- to beta-phase that occur with an increase in the concentration of substitution atoms in solid solutions of titanium with iron group metals are considered. It is found that due to the difference in the potentials of the Hubbard repulsion of titanium and substitution atoms, as well as temperature Bose excitations, spin and charge fluctuations of the electron density increase in the topological alpha phase. Accounting for fluctuations makes it possible to describe the concentration increase in the entropy of the phases of the titanium alloys under consideration at different temperatures. The amplification of electronic fluctuations with increasing temperature and concentration shifts the chemical potential beyond the topological area of the electronic spectrum, thereby suppressing the alpha phase and inducing an electronic transition to the beta phase. Using the example of calculations of the entropy of titanium substitution alloys with iron at different temperatures, a diagram of their structural phases is constructed, which is consistent with the available experimental data. Keywords: solid solutions, topological electronic transitions, spin and charge fluctuations, entropy, structural phases.

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10

Mantione, John, Matias Garcia-Avila, Matthew Arnold, David Bryan, and John Foltz. "Properties of Novel High Temperature Titanium Alloys for Aerospace Applications." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032104006.

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The attractive combination of strength and low density has resulted in titanium alloys covering 15 to 25% of the weight of a modern jet engine, with titanium currently being used in fan, compressor and nozzle components. Typically, titanium alloys used in jet engine applications are selected from the group of near alpha and alpha-beta titanium alloys, which exhibit superior elevated temperature strength, creep resistance and fatigue life compared to typical titanium alloys such as Ti-6Al-4V. Legacy titanium alloys for elevated temperature jet engine applications include Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si and Ti-4Al-4Mo-2Sn-0.5Si. Improving the mechanical behavior of these alloys enables improved component performance, which is crucial to advancing jet engine performance. As a world leader in supplying advanced alloys of titanium, nickel, cobalt, and specialty stainless steels, ATI is developing new titanium alloys with improved elevated temperature properties. These improved properties derive from precipitation of secondary intermetallics in alpha-beta titanium alloys. ATI has developed several new alpha-beta titanium alloy compositions which exhibit significantly improved elevated temperature strength and creep resistance. This paper will focus on the effects of chemistry and heat treat conditions on the microstructure and resulting elevated temperature properties of these new aerospace titanium alloys.

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Gaiani, Silvia, Marica Gozzi, Elisa Ferrari, et al. "Influence of Different Filler Metals on the Mechanical and Microstructural Characteristics of Arc-Welded Joints Made of Dissimilar Titanium Alloys." Metals 13, no. 8 (2023): 1482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13081482.

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In the motorsport industry, the choice of material for manufacturing the heat resistant components often falls on titanium alloys. In most cases, the production flow for this kind of part involves CNC machining and subsequent assembly by welding process, to other parts obtained by cold plastic forming and possibly made using different titanium alloys. Hence, the alloying element-content in the joint area can be extremely heterogeneous and variable point-by-point. To investigate this topic further, dissimilar welding of the alpha/beta alloy Ti6Al4V and of the oxidation-resistant alpha alloy KS-Ti 1.2 ASN-EX was made by GTAW technology and using different filler metals. Chemical and mechanical properties of the welds were investigated by XRD, SEM-EDS, microhardness maps, and tensile and bending tests. Results show that, despite the different alloying elements present in the two filler wires investigated, static properties of the welds are similar. Results also show that the local V/Al content ratio affects the microhardness as it is responsible for the creation of supersaturated alpha phases during the cooling of the weld beads.

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Wen, Cui'e, and Yun Cang Li. "A Newly Developed Biocompatible Titanium Alloy and its Scaffolding by Powder Metallurgy." Key Engineering Materials 520 (August 2012): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.520.201.

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Titanium and some of its alloys have received considerable attention for biomedical applications in recent years due to their excellent biocompatibility, high corrosion resistance and relatively low elastic modulus when compared to other metallic implant materials such as Co-Cr alloys and stainless steels. However, these alloys can still suffer from inadequate biocompatibility; lack of biological fixation and biomechanical mismatch with the properties of bone in vivo. In this study, a new biocompatible Ti alloy, Ti4Ta4Sn, consisting of alpha and beta phases was fabricated and their mechanical properties were investigated. Moreover, the Ti alloy was scaffolded into a porous structure using powder metallurgy with an architecture and elastic modulus mimicking those of cancellous bone. Cell culture results indicated that the new porous Ti alloy scaffold possesses excellent in vitro biocompatibility.

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Kusmanov, S. A., I. V. Tambovsky, I. A. Kusmanova, and P. N. Belkin. "Increasing Wear Resistance of Alpha- and Beta-Titanium Alloy by Anodic Plasma Electrolytic Boriding." Электронная обработка материалов 1, no. 57 (2021): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4456624.

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The effect of anodic boriding regimes on the structure of the modified layer and the wear characteristics of the treated titanium alloy was studied. The layer structure, its phase and elemental composition were investigated using X-ray analysis and electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis. The surface roughness and microhardness distribution were measured by standard methods. The wear characteristics of the borided alloy were studied under dry friction conditions against bearing steel as counter-body. It was found that the modified layer contains titanium dioxide (rutile) and a solid solution of boron in titanium with precipitates of the beta phase. A fivefold enhancement of the wear resistance of the alloy due to an increase in hardness and a decrease in roughness is reached by anodic boriding in a solution of boric acid and ammonium chloride at 850 ºC–900 °C for 5 minutes.

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Xu, Xin, Ioannis Bantounas, and David Dye. "Deformation behaviour of beta phase with similar chemical composition in beta and alpha+beta titanium alloys." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 11082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032111082.

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Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) in β titanium alloys have been attracting significant interest, since they offer the possibility to provide work hardening and thus, ductility. Here a quaternary Ti-Al-Cr-Mo metastable β alloy has been designed with an excellent combination of strength ductility that exploits the TWIP and TRIP effects. Its engineering yield strength, tensile strength and total elongation are 737 MPa, 999 MPa and 24%, respectively. In order to increase the yield strength but retain ductility, an attempt has been carried to design an α+β alloy with a bimodal microstructure. The composition of the β phase in the α+β alloy was tuned to provide deformation twinning of the β phase. The content of the major α and β stabilising elements, i.e. Al, Cr and Mo, in the β phase of the α+β alloy was similar to the β alloy, but the deformation twinning was not observed in the β phase. It is suggested that this may be due to over-stabilisation of the β phase and/or to the different stress/strain and dislocation distributions in the α+β alloy caused by the presence of β phase.

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Semiatin, S. L., B. C. Kirby, and G. A. Salishchev. "Coarsening behavior of an alpha-beta titanium alloy." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 35, no. 9 (2004): 2809–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-004-0228-z.

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Sun, Qiaoyan, Changsheng Tan, Lin Xiao, and Jun Sun. "Effect of size of alpha phases on cyclic deformation and fatigue crack initiation during fatigue of an alpha-beta titanium alloy." MATEC Web of Conferences 165 (2018): 15006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816515006.

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Alpha phase exhibits equiaxed or lamellar morphologies with size from submicron to microns in an alpha-beta titanium alloy. Cyclic deformation, slip characteristics and crack nucleation during fatigue in different microstructures of TC21 alloy (Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-3Mo-1Cr-2Nb-0.1Si) were systematically investigated and analyzed. During low-cycle fatigue, equiaxed microstructure (EM) in TC21 alloy exhibits higher strength, ductility and longer low-cycle fatigue life than those of the lamellar microstructure (LM). There are more voids in the single lamellar alpha than the equiaxed alpha grains. As a result, voids more easily link up to form crack in the lamellar alpha phase than the equiaxed alpha phase. However, during high-cycle fatigue, the fine lamellar microstructure (FLM) shows higher fatigue limit than bimodal microstructure (BM). The localized plastic deformation can be induced during high-cycle fatigue. The slip bands or twins are observed in the equiaxed and lamellar alpha phases(>1micron), which tends to form strain concentration and initiate fatigue crack. The localized slip within nanoscale alpha plates is seldom observed and extrusion/intrusion dispersedly distributed on the sample surface in FLM. This indicates that FLM show super resistance to fatigue crack which bring about higher fatigue limit than BM.

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Gupta, Nitin Kumar, Nalin Somani, Chander Prakash, et al. "Revealing the WEDM Process Parameters for the Machining of Pure and Heat-Treated Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) Alloy." Materials 14, no. 9 (2021): 2292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092292.

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Ti-6Al-4V is an alloy that has a high strength-to-weight ratio. It is known as an alpha-beta titanium alloy with excellent corrosion resistance. This alloy has a wide range of applications, e.g., in the aerospace and biomedical industries. Examples of alpha stabilizers are aluminum, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon, which are added to titanium. Examples of beta stabilizers are titanium–iron, titanium–chromium, and titanium–manganese. Despite the exceptional properties, the processing of this titanium alloy is challenging when using conventional methods as it is quite a hard and tough material. Nonconventional methods are required to create intricate and complex geometries, which are difficult with the traditional methods. The present study focused on machining Ti-6Al-4V using wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) and conducting numerous experiments to establish the machining parameters. The optimal setting of the machining parameters was predicted using a multiresponse optimization technique. Experiments were planned using the response surface methodology (RSM) technique and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significance and contribution of the input parameters to changes in the output characteristics (cutting speed and surface roughness). The cutting speed obtained during the processing of the annealed titanium alloy using WEDM was quite large as compared to the cutting speed obtained in the case of processing the pure, quenched, and hardened titanium alloys using WEDM. The maximum cutting speed obtained while processing the annealed titanium alloy was 1.75 mm/min.

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Yahaya, Mazyan, Salhana Sahidin@Salehudin, Maheran Sulaiman, Nur Hidayatul Nadhirah Elmi Azham Shah, and Muhammad Hussain Ismail. "Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Ti-Nb Alloy at Different Composition of Nb Produced via Powder Metallurgy Route." Materials Science Forum 863 (August 2016): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.863.14.

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The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of phase formation to the mechanical strength of Ti-Nb alloy produced by powder metallurgy (PM) process. Niobium (Nb) powder was added to the elemental titanium (Ti) powder by wt%, cold-compacted and sintered at 1200°C. The samples were characterized in term of shape and sizes of the particle, phases present, microstructures and compressive strength. XRD pattern showed that increasing Nb content resulted in increased beta-phases which also evidenced by a greater fraction of light gray-scale image in back-scattered SEM analysis. The alpha phase region almost eliminated in the 35 wt% Nb. The lowest compressive strength was observed in 45 wt% Nb is due to partly crystallized region in the microstructure observed. The alloy containing 35 wt% Nb exhibited better beta-phase structures in the matrix. The Young’s modulus of 13.46±2.44 GPa were obtained from 45 wt% Nb addition in the Ti alloy. All sintered samples are potential candidates for implant applications.

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Kannaiyan, Mathi, P. Balashanmugam, and V. Sangeetha. "A Study on Compressive Behaviour of Thermal Cycled Titanium Alloy." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 7 (2023): 2146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.55079.

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Abstract: Now a day, the titanium was recognized for its strategic importance as a unique lightweight, high strength alloyed structurally efficient metal for critical, high-performance aircraft, such as jet engine and airframe components. Titanium -6Al4v alloy is an alpha + beta alloy, which generally contains alpha and beta stabilizers and is heat treatable to various degrees. Over 70% of all Titanium alloy grades melted on a sub grade of Ti-6A1-4v which is used in aerospace, air frame and engine components. , Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4v) is heat treated for two different methods in order to get optimum combination of ductility, machinability and structural stability by annealing and to increase the strength by solution treating. Compression test was carried out at room temperature using a Universal testing machine. The flow behavior of different heat treatment and thermal cycled specimens were studied. The comparative study of the flow behavior of titanium alloy was made.

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Tabatabaei, Hamed Mofidi, Chiaki Okuyama, Tadashi Nishihara, and Takahiro Ohashi. "Friction Stir Processing Trials of SP-700 (Ti-4.5Al-3V-2Fe-2Mo) Titanium Alloy." Defect and Diffusion Forum 385 (July 2018): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.385.349.

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Superplastic titanium alloy (SP-700 with nominal composition of Ti-4.5Al-3V-2Fe-2Mo) an alpha-beta alloy, with a beta-rich fine microstructure and excellent superplastic formability has wide applications in aerospace components, metal wood heads, tools, automotive components. However, very little information is available regarding friction stir processing (FSP) characteristics of this alloy. This study discusses the trials of FSP of this highly formable titanium alloy. Results are discussed in terms of hardness and temperature measurements and microstructural observations.

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Ikedaa, M., M. Ueda, and M. Ninomi. "Recent Studies and Developments in Titanium Biomaterials." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032102004.

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Titanium and its alloys have a high specific strength, excellent corrosion resistance, and good biocompatibility. Therefore, these alloys are adopted as raw materials for artificial bones and joints. Furthermore, these alloys are used as materials for dental surgery. In the development of alloy design, beta-type titanium alloys that possess a lower Young’s modulus than other types of titanium alloys, e.g., Ti-6Al-4V alpha-beta-type alloys, are being actively investigated worldwide. Based on these studies, titanium-niobium-tantalum and zirconium system alloys were developed. For example, Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr alloy has a low Young’s modulus, excellent biocompatibility, and improved mechanical properties. Many researchers are actively investigating surface modifications and surface treatments. Additive manufacturing, namely 3D printing, wherein metal powders are piled up layer by layer to produce goods without a mold, has attracted attention in many fields, including manufacture of implants, especially porous structural implants with a low Young’s modulus. It is very important that titanium and its alloys be applied to health-care goods, e.g., wheelchairs and prostheses. Therefore, we herein consider four topics: alloy development, coating and surface modification, additive manufacturing, and health care applications.

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Andrade, A., A. Morcelli, and R. Lobo. "Deformation and fracture of an alpha/beta titanium alloy." Matéria (Rio de Janeiro) 15, no. 2 (2010): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-70762010000200038.

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Kusmanov, S. A., I. V. Tambovskiy, S. A. Silkin, I. A. Kusmanova, and P. N. Belkin. "Anode plasma electrolytic borocarburising of alpha + beta-titanium alloy." Surfaces and Interfaces 21 (December 2020): 100717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2020.100717.

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Ogawa, Michiharu, Tetsuya Shimizu, Toshiharu Noda, Akihiro Suzuki, and Tatsuo Fukuda. "Characteristics of Vanadium Free Alpha+Beta Titanium Alloy 'VLTi'." DENKI-SEIKO[ELECTRIC FURNACE STEEL] 79, no. 3 (2008): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4262/denkiseiko.79.253.

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Ando, Tomohiro, Koichi Nakashima, Toshihiro Tsuchiyama, and Setsuo Takaki. "Microstructure Control of High Nitrogen Alpha + Beta Type Titanium Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.193.

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Solution nitriding and aging treatment were applied to Ti-4mass%Cr alloy in order to fabricate a ductile high-nitrogen titanium alloy with fine (α + β) structure. The solution-nitrided specimen withα’ martensitic structure was significantly hardened by solid solution strengthening by the absorbed nitrogen. During the aging treatment, fine β grains with a size of 1 microns in thickness precipitated along the martensite-plate boundaries. Although the specimen was softened to some extent after the aging treatment, the hardness is kept much higher than that of the aged Ti-4mass%Cr alloy without solution nitriding. This indicates that the nitrogen is still in solid solution of α phase even after the aging treatment, and contributes to strengthening of the fine-structured Ti-4mass%Cr-N alloy.

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Zhai, Xinjiao, Wei Xie, Mingyu Zhang, Laier Lin, Yujia Wang, and Xinjie Bai. "Microstructure and mechanical properties of annealed Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni titanium alloy." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2954, no. 1 (2025): 012089. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2954/1/012089.

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Abstract The Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni titanium alloy was subjected to an annealing process. Subsequently, the influence of annealing temperature on its microstructure and tensile properties was examined using an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, and room temperature tensile test. The results show that when the annealing temperature is within the two-phase region, the alloy’s microstructure consists of both primary alpha and beta phases. As the temperature rises, the proportion of the primary α phase diminishes, concurrently with an increase in the beta phase content. Additionally, there is a significant increase in the volume of the secondary α phase. When the annealing temperature is in the single-phase region, the primary α phase in the microstructure disappears completely, and the microstructure is dominated by coarse β grains. There is an obvious grain boundary α phase. With the increase of annealing temperature, the strength of the alloy increases, while the plasticity of the alloy shows an opposite trend. When the annealing temperature is in the two-phase region, there are a large number of equiaxed dimples in the fracture morphology. When the annealing temperature increases to the single-phase region, the fracture morphology is rock-like, and there are obvious tearing edges.

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Li, Changfu, Geping Li, Yi Yang, Mesut Varlioglu, and Ke Yang. "Martensitic Twinning in Alpha + Beta Ti-3.5Al-4.5Mo Titanium Alloy." Journal of Metallurgy 2011 (June 1, 2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/924032.

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The twinning structure of the orthorhombic martensite phase in alpha + beta Ti-3.5Al-4.5Mo (wt%) titanium alloy was studied using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy by water quenching from below transus temperatures. While water quenching from 910 induced the formation of twins, quenching from 840 formed the martensite with type I twins. The effect of the principle strains on the twinning structure was discussed. As compared to the previous studies, the principle strains play an important role in the formation of the twinning type.

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Sun, Fusheng, and Ernie Crist. "Development of High Temperature Oxidation Resistant Titanium Alloy Arconic-THORTM." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 11005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032111005.

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The aeroengine and airframe applications of titanium alloys are often limited by their insufficient oxidation resistance to the aggressive environment at higher temperatures. A high temperature oxidation resistant titanium alloy (Arconic-THORTM) has been developed. This alloy is an alpha-beta alloy with superior oxidation resistance and improved creep resistance. The oxidation weight gain of Arconic-THORTM is much lower than Ti-6242 and Beta 21s in the temperature range up to 750˚C. The room and elevated temperature properties of Arconic-THORTM are comparable to those for Ti-6242. Arconic-THORTM also shows superior, post-thermal-exposure tensile strength, ductility, and fatigue properties, and is capable of being cold formed, hot formed, and superplastic formed, welded and heat treated to different product geometries. The microstructures and mechanical properties for sheet manufactured from the production ingots are presented and discussed in this study.

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Qi, Yun Lian, Li Ying Zeng, Yu Du, She Wei Xin, Wei Liu, and Hua Mei Sun. "Effect of Heat Processing Technique on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Extrusion Beta Titanium Alloy Tube Blank." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 1016–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.1016.

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The effects of extrusion temperature and heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of beta-CEZ titanium alloy tube blank were studied with an emphasis on the relationship between the heat processing technique and microscopic structure. The results show that the extruded tube blank of beta-CEZ titanium alloy at alpha-beta phase has better tensile strength and plasticity match, and the ductility of the alpha-beta phase extrusion is obviously better than that of the single beta-phase extrusion, especially the reduction of area. When the extruded tube is heat treated at 830°C and 860°C solid solution, with the increase of aging temperature, the strength of tube decreases and the plasticity increases. When the aging temperature is up to 600°C, the reduction of area of the tube increases obviously. When the extruding tube is aged at 550°C and 600°C, the strength of the tube increases and the plasticity decreases with the increase of the solid solution temperature. The titanium alloy of beta-CEZ is extruded below the phase transition point after low temperature solid solution and high temperature aging treatment, which can achieve good microstructure and performance matching. The tensile strength is greater than 1250MPa, the elongation is more than 15%, and the reduction of area is more than 40%. The microstructure was a fine and uniform equiaxed structure.

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Akahori, Toshikazu, Mitsuo Niinomi, Hisao Fukui, and Akihiro Suzuki. "Fatigue Performance of Low Rigidity Titanium Alloy for Biomedical Applications." Materials Science Forum 449-452 (March 2004): 1265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.1265.

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Microstructures of Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr (TNTZ) aged at temperatures between 573 and 723 K after solution treatment at 1063 K have super fine omega phase, or􀀂 both super fine alpha and omega phases, respectively in beta phase with an average grain diameter of 20 µm. Plain fatigue strength of TNTZ aged after solution treatment is much greater than that of as-solutionized TNTZ in both low cycle fatigue and high cycle fatigue life regions. This is due to the improvement of the balance of strength and ductility by the precipitation of alpha phase. Fretting fatigue strength of TNTZ conducted with various heat treatments decreases dramatically as compared with their plain fatigue strength in both low cycle fatigue and high cycle fatigue life regions. In this case, the decreasing ratio of fretting fatigue life increases with increasing the small crack propagation area where both the tangential force and frictional force at the contact plane of pad exist. In fretting fatigue in air, the ratio of fretting damage (Pf/Ff), where Pf and Ff stand for plain fatigue limit and fretting fatigue limit, respectively, increases with increasing elastic modulus. In fretting fatigue in Ringers solution, the passive film on specimen surface is broken by fretting action in TNTZ, which have excellent corrosion resistance, and, as a result, corrosion pits that lead to decreasing fretting fatigue strength especially in high cycle fatigue life region, are formed on its surface.

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Gadeev, D. V., Sergey Demakov, and F. V. Vodolazskiy. "Beta-Phase Decomposition Sequence during Continuous Cooling of High-Temperature Titanium Alloy." Solid State Phenomena 265 (September 2017): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.265.575.

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The diagrams of continuous cooling transformation (CCT) of β-phase decomposition for hot-rolled VT8M titanium alloy were obtained using the differential thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis for heating temperatures from 880 to 960 °C. The decomposition process was found to occur with several distinguishable stages. The transformation begins from high-temperature stage of the growing of primary alpha precipitates. At lower temperatures, it is followed by the medium-temperature stage accompanied by precipitation of grain-boundary alpha and the formation of coarse secondary alpha-lamellae. The low-temperature stage has been established to be characterized by the formation of dispersed alpha-platelets within beta-grains.

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Zhang, Jian, Hongwei Li, and Mei Zhan. "Review on globularization of titanium alloy with lamellar colony." Manufacturing Review 7 (2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2020015.

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The globularization of titanium alloy with lamellar colony during hot working is an important way to obtain fine and homogeneous microstructure which has excellent mechanical properties. Because of its great technological importance, globularization has captured wide attention and much research. This paper conducts a systematic study on state of art on globularization of titanium alloy, which mainly includes globularization mechanism, prediction model and the effects of hot-working parameters and microstructure parameters. Firstly, the shortcomings of the well-known globularization mechanisms (dynamic recrystallization, boundary splitting, shearing mechanism and termination migration) were summarized. Moreover, the comparison and analysis of prediction models were accomplished through tabular form. In addition, the effects of hot-working parameters (strain, strain rate, temperature) and microstructure parameters (alpha/beta interface, geometry necessary dislocation and high temperature parent beta phase) were systematically summarized and analyzed. Meanwhile, this study also explores those difficulties and challenges faced by precise control on globularization. Finally, an outlook and development tendency of globularization of titanium alloy are also provided, which includes microstructure evolution of three-dimensional lamellar alpha, the relationship between lamellar colony and mechanical properties and the effect of severe plastic deformation on globularization.

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Xi, Ming Zhe. "Investigation on the Microstructures and Tensile Properties of TA15 Titanium Alloy Thick-Wall Parts Formed by Laser Rapid Forming Process." Advanced Materials Research 650 (January 2013): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.650.7.

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TA15 titanium alloy thick-wall parts have been deposited by Laser rapid forming (LRF) process. In this paper, a new overlap method between two adjacent laser tracks has been used to deposit the thick-wall titanium part. Results showed that the LRFed thick-wall titanium part was good in shape by using the new overlap method. The microstructure of the LRFed titanium alloy primarily consists of columnar prior-beta grain, which is perpendicular to the substrate resulting from directionally solidification. It also could be observed that the size of alpha phase increased with increasing laser power and decreasing scanning velocity. Tensile properties of LRFed titanium was slightly lower than that of the wrought annealed TA15 titanium alloy, after the heat-treatment of 940°C/1h/AC, the heat-treated titanium alloy showed good tensile properties which were equivalent to that of the wrought annealed TA15 titanium alloy.

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34

Rao, Nageswara, and Geetha Manivasagam. "Mechanical Behaviour of Beta Titanium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 964–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.964.

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Beta titanium alloys have several attractive features; this has resulted in this group of alloys receiving much attention since 1980’s. Among the attributes which distinguish them for their superiority over other structural materials are (i) high strength to which they can be heat treated, resulting in high strength to weight ratio (ii) high degree of hardenability which enables heat treatment in large section sizes to high strength levels (iii) excellent hot and cold workability, making them as competitive sheet materials etc. The standard heat treatment consists of solution treatment in beta or alpha plus beta phase field followed by aging. However, certain aging treatments can render the materials in a state of little or no ductility; the designer has to be aware of this behaviour and has to keep away from such treatments while working with the materials. Such unfavourable aging treatments may adversely affect not only the static properties such as reduction in area and elongation in a tensile test, but also dynamic properties such as impact toughness. Results of fractographic studies are in line with those of mechanical testing. The authors would present the foregoing analysis, based primarily on the wide-ranging researches they carried out on beta titanium alloy Ti15-3 and to some extent data published by researchers on other grades of beta titanium alloys. An attempt is made to explain the mechanisms underlying the embrittlement reactions that take place in beta titanium alloys under non-optimal aging treatments.

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Vo, Phuong, Mohammad Jahazi, and Steve Yue. "FEM Modelling of Recrystallization Behaviour for Near-Alpha Ti Alloy IMI834." Advanced Materials Research 89-91 (January 2010): 592–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.89-91.592.

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The recrystallization behaviour of near-alpha titanium alloy IMI834, which is primarily used for high temperature aerospace compressor disc applications, has been investigated at hot working temperatures. The latest results of a finite element model, developed using the commercial code DEFORM-3D with constitutive equations adapted from available literature, will be presented. Model development and validation involved the hot compression of specimens with an initial bimodal alpha+beta microstructure at temperatures of 1000°C-1100°C, strain rates of 0.01s 1-1s 1, and varied post-deformation annealing times. The characterization of microstructure through quantitative metallography revealed beta grain refinement achieved primarily through static/metadynamic recrystallization. The beta recrystallization kinetics were subsequently predicted through an Avrami-type relationship.

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36

Kloenne, Zachary, Gopal Viswanathan, Matt Thomas, M. H. Lorreto, and Hamish L. Fraser. "A Comparative Study on the Substructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of TIMETAL® 407 and Ti-64." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 11045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032111045.

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Titanium and titanium alloys are excellent candidates for aerospace applications owing to their high strength to weight ratio. Alpha/beta titanium alloys are used in nearly all sections of the aircraft, including the fuselage, landing gear, and wing. Ti-6Al-4V is the workhorse alloy of the titanium industry, comprising of nearly 60% of total titanium production. TIMETAL® 407, Ti-0.85Al-3.9V-0.25Si-0.25Fe (Ti-407) is an excellent candidate for alloy applications requiring excellent machinability and increased energy absorption. These properties are a result of the alloy’s increased ductility while maintaining moderate levels of strength. In this study, the deformation mechanisms of Ti-407 have been studied at high strain rates using split-Hopkinson bar testing. Utilizing post-mortem characterization, Ti-407 has been shown to deform significantly by ⟨c+a⟩ slip and deformation twinning. The observation of ⟨c+a⟩ slip is in contrast with other studies and will be discussed further.

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HWANG, Jung-Hwan, Tetsuya TAGAWA, Hirohito HIRA, and Takashi MIYATA. "Ductile Fracture in TiB Particle/.ALPHA.-.BETA. Titanium Alloy Matrix Composite." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 47, no. 2 (1998): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.47.177.

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38

Gu, J. L., X. J. Sun, B. Z. Bai, and N. P. Chen. "Microstructural evolution during fabrication of ultrafine grained alpha+beta titanium alloy." Materials Science and Technology 17, no. 12 (2001): 1516–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708301101509764.

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39

Xu, Jianwei, Weidong Zeng, Xiaoyong Zhang, and Dadi Zhou. "Analysis of globularization modeling and mechanisms of alpha/beta titanium alloy." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 788 (June 2019): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.02.205.

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40

Li, Bin, and Hong Wang. "Modeling of the Temperature Distribution in Machining TC4 Titanium Alloy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 182-183 (June 2012): 945–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.182-183.945.

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As one of the most commonly used titanium alloys, TC4 (Ti6Al4V) has an alpha–beta structure and is widely used for aircraft components. In this study, numerical simulation was conducted by using FEM software on the whole cutting process for TC4 alloy mounting parts in an effort to investigate the metal flow behavior. This study not only helps to understand but also to improve and optimize cutting process, which are based on experience combined with a trial-and-error approach.

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41

Elfghi, M. A., and M. Gunay. "Mechanical Properties of Powder Metallugry (Ti-6Al-4V) with Hot Isostatic Pressing." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 3 (2020): 5637–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3934546.

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Titanium alloys are widely used due to their high performance and low density in comparison with iron-based alloys. Their applications extend to aerospace and military in order to utilize their high resistance for corrosion. Understanding the mechanical properties and microstructure of titanium alloys is critical for performance optimization, as well as their implications on strength, plasticity, and fatigue. Ti-6Al-4V is an α+β two-phase alloy and is considered one of the most commonly used titanium alloys for weight reduction and high-performance. To avoid manufacturing defects, such as porosity and composition segregation, Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) is used to consolidate alloy powder. The HIP method is also used to facilitate the manufacturing of complex structures that cannot be made with forging and casting. In the current research, Ti-6Al-4V alloys were manufactured with HIP and the impact on heat treatment under different temperatures and sintering durations on the performance and microstructure of the alloy was studied. The results show changes in mechanical properties and microstructure with the increase of temperature and duration.

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42

Borcherding, Kai, Dennis Marx, Linda Gätjen, et al. "Impact of Laser Structuring on Medical-Grade Titanium: Surface Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Osteoblast Attachment." Materials 13, no. 8 (2020): 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13082000.

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Improved implant osteointegration offers meaningful potential for orthopedic, spinal, and dental implants. In this study, a laser treatment was used for the structuring of a titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) surface combined with a titanium dioxide coating, whereby a porous surface was created. The objective was to characterize the pore structure shape, treatment-related metallographic changes, cytocompatibility, and attachment of osteoblast-like cells (MG-63). The treatment generated specific bottleneck pore shapes, offering the potential for the interlocking of osteoblasts within undercuts in the implant surface. The pore dimensions were a bottleneck diameter of 27 µm (SD: 4 µm), an inner pore width of 78 µm (SD: 6 µm), and a pore depth of 129 µm (SD: 8 µm). The introduced energy of the laser changed the metallic structure of the alloy within the heat-affected region (approximately 66 µm) without any indication of a micro cracking formation. The phase of the alloy (microcrystalline alpha + beta) was changed to a martensite alpha phase in the surface region and an alpha + beta phase in the transition region between the pores. The MG-63 cells adhered to the structured titanium surface within 30 min and grew with numerous filopodia over and into the pores over the following days. Cell viability was improved on the structured surface compared to pure titanium, indicating good cytocompatibility. In particular, the demonstrated affinity of MG-63 cells to grow into the pores offers the potential to provide significantly improved implant fixation in further in vivo studies.

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43

Skubisz, P., Ł. Lisiecki, M. Paćko, T. Skowronek, P. Micek та T. Tokarski. "Effect of high strain rate beta processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of near-β titanium alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 232, № 3 (2015): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420715619447.

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The article presents microstructures and mechanical properties of near-β Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al titanium wrought alloy after two differentiated processing cycles. The assumed processing paths involved high strain rate hot deformation in β-phase range, followed by solution treatment with variation of cooling rate and subsequent single or double aging. To estimate the effects of the assumed treatment cycles, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy microstructure analysis was conducted, with special attention paid to evolution of alpha precipitates in consecutive stages of processing and their role in grain refinement. The correlation between tensile properties and grain size, as well as the amount of precipitates amount was found to be connected with alpha-plates’ size and morphology. It was concluded that in case of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al titanium alloy, proposed cycles of thermomechanical processing allow reduction of inhomogeneous recrystallization resulting in necklace substructure. On the other hand, high strain rate promotes mechanical properties improvement, as it favors fragmentation of continuous grain-boundary α precipitates.

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44

Qin, Gui Hong, Biao Yan, Bo Ji, and Wei Lu. "Effect of Heat Treatment on Impact Properties of TC10 Titanium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 725–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.725.

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The impact properties of TC10 treated with different solid solution temperature were tested. The microstructure change and fracture morphology were observed. The effect of solution temperature on the impact properties of TC10 titanium alloy was studied. The results show that with the increase of solution temperature, the primary alpha phase decreases, when the temperature reached 950 degrees, all of the primary alpha phase changed into the beta phase. From the fracture appearance, the specimen changes from ductile fracture to brittle fracture, impact properties change with the temperature increased first and then decreased, appeared in the middle of a stable maximum value.

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45

Salishchev, Gennady A., S. V. Zerebtsov, S. Yu Mironov, and S. Lee Semiatin. "Formation of Grain Boundary Misorientation Spectrum in Alpha-Beta Titanium Alloys with Lamellar Structure under Warm and Hot Working." Materials Science Forum 467-470 (October 2004): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.467-470.501.

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Microstructure evolution in alpha-beta Ti-64 alloy samples with lamellar structure deformed to a height reduction of 70% at temperatures between 450 and 800°C has been investigated. The deformation led to a distinctly globularized structure of α- and β-phase in the whole temperature interval. The dependence of globular grain size on deformation temperature is of a linear character up to the temperature of warm deformation at which formation of an SMC structure takes place. Continuous recrystallization was observed in the α-and β-phases. Different types of defects responsible for splitting of α-lamellae such as low and high angle boundaries, shear bands and twins were found. An investigation of boundary misorientation spectra in the α-and β-phases deformed to different strains at 550 and 800°C was carried out. Typical boundary misorientation spectra for single phase metals with the same lattice were obtained. The boundary misorientation spectrum depends weakly on strain and deformation temperature. The results of this study show the importance of transformation of semi-coherent interphase boundaries to non-coherent ones for globularization of lamellar microstructures.

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HWANG, Jung-Hwan, Yoshihito IKAI, Tetsuya TAGAWA, and Takashi MIYATA. "Ductile Fracture Behavior in TiC Particle/.ALPHA.-.BETA. Titanium Alloy Matrix Composite." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 47, no. 9 (1998): 946–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.47.946.

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Rolinski, E., G. Sharp, D. F. Cowgill, and D. J. Peterman. "Ion nitriding of titanium alpha plus beta alloy for fusion reactor applications." Journal of Nuclear Materials 252, no. 3 (1998): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3115(97)00325-5.

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48

Swirad, S. "Surface texture characterization of alpha-beta titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) after hydrostatic burnishing." MATEC Web of Conferences 189 (2018): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818901001.

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The ball burnishing process with hydrostatic tools is very economical finishing process for various types of machine parts. This process reduces the height of surface unevenness, introduces compressive stresses at high depth (approx. 1 mm) and increase the hardness of the surface layer. The paper presents effect of the ball burnishing process parameters with hydrostatic tools on the surface structure geometry of titanium alloy. This shows how the surface roughness can be reduced after preceding operation by the ball burnishing process. This process changes the surface stereometrics of the previously milled surface. Burnishing with hydrostatic tools can be easily and effectively used either on conventional or on CNC machines. The Ecoroll burnishing system used in this research consists of a high-pressure hydraulic pump (model 4.0 HGP) and the 6 mm diameter burnishing tool both connected via high-pressure hoses. The burnishing tool is based on a hydrostatics principle; the key element is a 6mm ball made of ceramics. The input process parameters considered in the paper included: burnishing rate, applied pressure and line to line pitch. It also showed a positive effect of hydrostatics burnishing on roughness and geometric structure of the surface. In most cases, the result is anisotropic surface, reduced roughness, reduced amplitude values of parameters such as: Sa, Sz. The biggest impact on the value of indicators of geometric structure comes from pressure, the smaller (but still significant) impact results from a tool speed and line to line pitch

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Quattrocchi, L. S., D. A. Koss, and G. Scarr. "Precipitation hardening of a beta titanium alloy by the alpha-two phase." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 26, no. 2 (1992): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(92)90184-g.

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Yokoyama, Ken’ichi, Toshio Ogawa, Kenzo Asaoka, and Jun’ichi Sakai. "Susceptibility to delayed fracture of alpha–beta titanium alloy in fluoride solutions." Corrosion Science 47, no. 7 (2005): 1778–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2004.08.007.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Alpha- and beta-phases titanium alloy'

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