Academic literature on the topic 'Alpha-Fe2O3'

Le phénomène de couplage d'échange est à la base du fonctionnement des capteurs magnétiques modernes ainsi que des futures mémoires magnétiques non volatiles. Bien que ce phénomène ait été découvert il y a plus de 50 ans et que son principe soit déjà utilisé pour des applications industrielles, les mécanismes physiques mis en jeu ne sont pas entièrement compris. Dans ce contexte, nous avons choisi d'étudier le système Co/alpha-Fe2O3 qui peut être considéré comme un système modèle ferromagnétique/antiferromagnétique pour l'étude du couplage d'échange.<br />Les films d'hématite (alpha-Fe2O3) ont été élaborés par épitaxie par jet moléculaire assistée par plasma d'oxygène atomique et ensuite caractérisés avec les techniques usuelles de surface réalisées sous ultra-vide au laboratoire. La croissance, la structure ainsi que les propriétés magnétiques des films minces d'hématite ont été étudiées en détail par de nombreuses expériences réalisées sur grands instruments (rayonnement synchrotron et diffusion de neutrons). Le cobalt est ensuite déposé in-situ sur ces films d'hématite d'une épaisseur de 20 nm. Les différentes expériences ont mené à une description détaillée du magnétisme (moment magnétique, aimantation, domaines...) ainsi qu'à une caractérisation fine du système Co/alpha-Fe2O3 (structure, morphologie...). Une attention particulière a été portée à la description de l'interface, élément déterminant du couplage d'échange. Ce travail expérimental repose sur l'utilisation d'un vaste ensemble de techniques de laboratoire (AES, XPS, RHEED, LEED, MOKE, VSM) complété par des expériences utilisant le rayonnement synchrotron (XAS, XMLD, XMCD, X-PEEM, GIXD, GISAXS) et la diffusion des neutrons.

Nous avons profite des possibilites nouvelles de la topographie aux rayons x associees a l'usage d'un synchrotron de troisieme generation pour etudier des domaines et coexistences de phases dans des materiaux magnetiques (mnp, fe#3o#4, -fe#2o#3). Dans mnp, nous avons observe en temps reel la nucleation de la phase eventail a l'interface entre les deux autres phases, heli et ferromagnetique. Une interface inhabituelle, de largeur observable par topographie, se produit entre les phases ferromagnetique et eventail. Ceci pourrait suggerer l'existence de nouvelles phases intermediaires, qui ne se forment que pendant la coexistence ferromagnetique-eventail. Les domaines magnetiques a temperature ambiante ont ete observes dans fe#3o#4 dans le cas a trois ondes en faisceau blanc. Ils presentent un contraste similaire a celui que l'on obtient en l'onde plane monochromatique ; nous donnons une explication de ce fait. Par ailleurs, nous avons tire, a partir de nos resultats par topographie en section et faisceau blanc, la structure des macles monocliniques dans la phase basse temperature. Cette structure est energetiquement favorable (energies elastique, magnetostatique et electrostatique). Des distorsions additionnelles sont observees et indiquent que la vraie symetrie est triclinique. Un echantillon epais (1. 2 mm) d'hematite, -fe#2o#3, a ete etudie par topographie en section en utilisant des photons de haute energie. Les images revelent une structure de domaines paralleles a la surface (111) de l'echantillon. Le developpement avec le champ montre un processus d'aimantation inhabituel qui se fait surtout par rotation des moments a l'interieur des domaines. Ceci est associe au piegeage des parois et a la faible anisotropie dans le plan de base.

Nanomaterials have the remarkable characteristic of displaying physical properties different from their bulk counterparts. An additional degree of complexity and functionality arises when oxide nanoparticles interact with metallic nanostructures. In this context the Raman spectra due to plasmonic enhancement of iron oxide nanocrystals are here reported showing the activation of spin-waves. Iron oxide nanoparticles on gold and silver tips are found to display a band around 1584 cm−1 attributed to a spin-wave magnon mode. This magnon mode is not observed for nanoparticles deposited on silicon (111) or on glass substrates. Metal–nanoparticle interaction and the strongly localized electromagnetic field contribute to the appearance of this mode. The localized excitation that generates this mode is confirmed by tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). The appearance of the spin-waves only when the TERS tip is in close proximity to a nanocrystal edge suggests that the coupling of a localized plasmon with spin-waves arises due to broken symmetry at the nanoparticle border and the additional electric field confinement. Beyond phonon confinement effects previously reported in similar systems, this work offers significant insights on the plasmon-assisted generation and detection of spin-waves optically induced<br>Dieser Beitrag ist aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich

The recent momentum in energy research has simplified converting solar to electrical energy through photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells. There are numerous benefits to these PEC cells, such as the inexpensive fabrication of thin film, reduction in absorption loss (due to transparent electrolyte), and a substantial increase in the energy conversion efficiency. Alpha-hematite ([U+F061]-Fe2O3) has received considerable attention as a photoanode for water-splitting applications in photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices. The alpha-hematite ([U+F061]-Fe2O3) nanomaterial is attractive due to its bandgap of 2.1eV allowing it to absorb visible light. Other benefits of [U+F061]-Fe2O3 include low cost, chemical stability and availability in nature, and excellent photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. However, [U+F061]-Fe2O3 suffers from low conductivity, slow surface kinetics, and low carrier diffusion that causes degradation of PEC device performance. The low carrier diffusion of [U+F061]-hematite is related to higher resistivity, slow surface kinetics, low electron mobility, and higher electro-hole combinations. All the drawbacks of [U+F061]-Fe2O3, such as low carrier mobility and electronic diffusion properties, can be enhanced by doping, which forms the nanocomposite and nanostructure films. In this study, all nanomaterials were synthesized utilizing the sol-gel technique and investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), UV-Visible Spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman techniques, Particle Analyzer, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), and Chronoamperometry, respectively. The surface morphology is studied by SEM. X-Ray diffractometer (XRD) is used to identify the crystalline phase and to estimate the crystalline size. FTIR is used to identify the chemical bonds as well as functional groups in the compound. A UV-Vis absorption spectral study may assist in understanding electronic structure of the optical band gap of the material. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry were used to estimate the diffusion coefficient and study electrochemical activities at the electrode/electrolyte interface. In this investigation, the [U+F061]-Fe2O3 was doped with various materials such as metal oxide (aluminum, Al), dichalcogenide (molybdenum disulfide, MoS2), and co-catalyst (titanium dioxide, TiO2). By doping or composite formation with different percentage ratios (0.5, 10, 20, 30) of aluminum (Al) containing [U+F061]-Fe2O3, the mobility and carrier diffusion properties of [U+F061]-hematite ([U+F061]-Fe2O3) can be enhanced. The new composite, Al-[U+F061]-Fe2O3, improved charge transport properties through strain introduction in the lattice structure, thus increasing light absorption. The increase of Al contents in [U+F061]-Fe2O3 shows clustering due to the denser formation of the Al-[U+F061]-Fe2O3 particle. The presence of aluminum causes the change in structural and optical and morphological properties of Al-[U+F061]-Fe2O3 more than the properties of the [U+F061]-Fe2O3 photocatalyst. There is a marked variation in the bandgap from 2.1 to 2.4 eV. The structure of the composite formation Al-[U+F061]-Fe2O3, due to a high percentage of Al, shows a rhombohedra structure. The photocurrent (35 A/cm2) clearly distinguishes the enhanced hydrogen production of the Al-[U+F061]-Fe2O3 based photocatalyst. This work has been conducted with several percentages (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5) of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) that has shown enhanced photocatalytic activity due to its bonding, chemical composition, and nanoparticle growth on the graphene films. The MoS2 material has a bandgap of 1.8 eV that works in visible light, responding as a photocatalyst. The photocurrent and electrode/electrolyte interface of MoS2-[U+F061]-Fe2O3 nanocomposite films were investigated using electrochemical techniques. The MoS2 material could help to play a central role in charge transfer with its slow recombination of electron-hole pairs created due to photo-energy with the charge transfer rate between surface and electrons. The bandgap of the MoS2 doped [U+F061]-Fe2O3 nanocomposite has been estimated to be vary from 1.94 to 2.17 eV. The nanocomposite MoS2-[U+F061]-Fe2O3 films confirmed to be rhombohedral structure with a lower band gap than Al-[U+F061]-Fe2O3 nanomaterial. The nanocomposite MoS2-[U+F061]-Fe2O3 films revealed a more enhanced photocurrent (180 μA/cm2) than pristine [U+F061]-Fe2O3 and other transition metal doped Al-[U+F061]-Fe2O3 nanostructured films. The p-n configuration has been used because MoS2 can remove the holes from the n-type semiconductor by making a p-n configuration. The photoelectrochemical properties of the p-n configuration of MoS2-α-Fe2O3 as the n-type and ND-RRPHTh as the p-type deposited on both n-type silicon and FTO-coated glass plates. The p-n photoelectrochemical cell is stable and allows for eliminating the photo-corrosion process. Nanomaterial-based electrodes [U+F061]-Fe2O3-MoS2 and ND-RRPHTh have shown an improved hydrogen release compared to [U+F061]-Fe2O3, Al-[U+F061]-Fe2O3 and MoS2-[U+F061]-Fe2O3 nanostructured films in PEC cells. By using p-n configuration, the chronoamperometry results showed that 1% MoS2 in MoS2-[U+F061]-Fe2O3 nanocomposite can be a suitable structure to obtain a higher photocurrent density. The photoelectrochemical properties of the p-n configuration of MoS2-α-Fe2O3 as n-type and ND-RRPHTh as p-type showed 3-4 times higher (450 A/cm2) in current density and energy conversion efficiencies than parent electrode materials in an electrolyte of 1M of NaOH in PEC cells. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is known as one of the most explored electrode materials due to its physical and chemical stability in aqueous materials and its non-toxicity. TiO2 has been investigated because of the low cost for the fabrication of photoelectrochemical stability and inexpensive material. Incorporation of various percentages (2.5, 5, 16, 25, 50) of TiO2 in Fe2O3 could achieve better efficiencies as the photoanode by enhancing the electron concentration and low combination rate, and both materials can have a wide range of wavelength which could absorb light in both UV and visible spectrum ranges. TiO2 doped with [U+F061]-Fe2O3 film was shown as increasing contacting area with the electrolyte, reducing e-h recombination and shift light absorption along with visible region. The [U+F061]-Fe2O3-TiO2 nanomaterial has shown a more enhanced photocurrent (800 μA/cm2) than metal doped [U+F061]-Fe2O3 photoelectrochemical devices.

Táto diplomová práca sa zaoberá štúdiom alfa-Fe2O3(012) vystaveného vodnému prostrediu. Súčasný stav poznania ohľadom oxidov železa s pozornosťou vkladanou do popisu alfa-Fe2O3 a jeho (012) povrchu je stručne zhrnutá. Experimentálná časť tejto práce začína s popisom unikátného zariadenia na depozíciu kvapalnej vody na povrchy monokryštalických vzoriek compatibilného s podmienkami ultra vysokého vákuua. Jednotlivé konštrukčné časti a detaily sú diskutované. Navrhnutý systém bol testovaný na vzorkách striebornej fólie a monokryštálu Fe3O4 s povrchovom v rovine [100]. Chemické zloženie a morfológia povrchu po experimente s kvapalnou vodou je diskutovaná. Navrhnuté zariadenie bolo použité na štúdium interakcie vody so známymi (1x1) a (2x1) povrchovými alfa-Fe2O3(012). Experimentálne dáta ukazujú, že voda sa viaže na obe reconštrukcie disociatívne s určitým množstvom molekulárnej vody naviazanej na adsorbované hydroxydi. (1x1) sa zdá javý stabilná po expozícii rôznym tlakom vodnej pary, zatial čo (2x1) vykazuje zmenu na (1x1) pri expozíciach vyšším tlakom vodnej pary alebo po niekolo minútovej expozíci electrónovému zväzku. Ďalej sú v tejto práci prezentované prvé výsledky z štúdie prechodu (1x1) rekonštrukcie na (2x1) pomocou mikroskpie nízkoenergiových elektrónov. Výsledky ukazujú, že táto premena na nižších teplotách je inciovaná na hranách atomárnych vrstiev a defektov na povrchu, ktorá potom postupuje smerom k stredu atomárnych terás. Meranie na vyšších teplotách vykazuje postupnú premenu povrchu naznačúju viaceru nukleačných centrech z ktorých sa (2x1) povrch širi ďalej.

碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>資源工程研究所<br>89<br>Synthetic α-Fe2O3 powders are usually coarser than hundred nanometers in diameter. In this study, γ-FeOOH powders were used as the raw material to prepare ultrafine α-Fe2O3 powders (<50 nm) in this study. The powders are thermally treated to initiate the dehydration, forming γ-Fe2O3, which then transforms to stable phase of α-Fe2O3. It attempts to examine the mechanism of γ -> α-Fe2O3 phase transformation, by which reference for producing nano-sized α-Fe2O3 powders can be established. Examination was performed using crystallite size measurement for γ- and α-Fe2O3 and the formation fraction of α-Fe2O3. According to DTA/TG, XRD, and TEM analysis, it is found that with the heating rate of 2.5 °C /min, γ-FeOOH is dehydrated at 200 ~ 300 °C and transforms to γ-Fe2O3 at the same time. The phase transformation of γ -> α-Fe2O3 was observed to occur at two temperature ranges. It first takes place at 250 ~ 350 °C, where the crystallite size of α-Fe2O3 powders is much smaller (~5 nm) and its formation fraction is less than ~10 %. γ-> α-Fe2O3 phase transformation proceeds in the way of one γ-crystallite to one α-crystallite in this temperature. Secondly, it takes place at 400 ~ 500 °C, where the crystallite size and the formation fraction of α-Fe2O3 powders are larger (~20 nm) and more than ~90 %, respectively. It can be inferred that larger size of alpha-Fe2O3 crystallite comes from: (1) Transformation of lager γ-Fe2O3 (~25 nm), and (2) Coherent growth of smaller α-Fe2O3 (~5 nm) formed at 250 ~ 350 °C. Based on the results of this study, ultrafine α-Fe2O3 powders can be prepared by calcinations of γ-Fe2O3 powders at 600 °C. It is found that a monophase γ-Fe2O3 prepared from calcinations of γ-FeOOH at 225 °C for 12 hrs is necessary. In addition, it was also found that, because the α-Fe2O3 crystallite could maintain with a size around 20 nm, if higher purity γ-Fe2O3 powders can be obtained at the temperature below the γ-> α-Fe2O3 phase transformation to occur, it is possible to prepare ultrafine α-Fe2O3 powders (20 ~ 30 nm) in the future.