Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Alps'
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Stacher, Susanne. "Dreamland Alps. L'architecture alpine au prisme du sublime." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV070.
Full textThe thesis questions in which way the sublime has influenced the architecture built in the Alps, from the beginning of tourism until today.The first part shows how the Alps became in the beginning of the 18th century the topos of a new perception of nature, which crystallized in the notion of the sublime. Situated between terror and enthusiasm, this term implies an experience of the limit. Longing for this sensation, the travelers went to the Alps. A little later, mountains were constructed artificially in the cities, first as a symbol for liberty during the French Revolution, then in form of illusionist panorama-paintings, up to factice Swiss sceneries in amusement-parks in the end of the 19th century. This induced a flood of tourists, transforming the Alps into a “Dreamland”, for different kind of dreams.The main part analyses in which way the sublime became the guiding principle for various architectures: While the alpine grand-hotel framed the scenery by panoramic windows in order to contemplate the wilderness outside, crystalline architectures are conceived out of utopic visions, looking for a harmonious world. In the end of the 19th century the focus on the “wild nature” was transferred on to singular elements of nature, especially the sun, which (being considered as a remedy) became a real myth. This becomes evident in the “Live Reform”-groups, as well as in the advertisements for sanatoriums. The Alps were considered as a “therapeutic landscape”, as well as an ideal territory for education. Numerous children-colonies have been built by different religious and political institutions, leading to a fight about the appropriation of the children; the ideological differences became visible in the architectural typologies. But the Alps were also considered as an ideal territory to experiment the sensation of giddiness and speed. This became possible by the increasing net of cable-cars and sport-hotels, where cantilevers emphasized the experience of the limit (inherent to the sublime). With the upcoming mass tourism it was not anymore the wild nature which was considered as sublime, but the technic, which dominates nature.The analysis of the alpine architecture through the prism of the sublime leads to an observation of the actual alpine tourism, emphasizing the radicalism of the various phenomena throughout history. The different figures of the sublime open towards a reflection about the future constructions, in the continuity of a visionary relationship between man and nature
Die Dissertation hinterfragt auf welche Weise das Erhabene die Architektur in den Alpen beeinflusst hat, vom Beginn des Tourismus an bis heute. Im ersten Abschnitt wird aufgezeigt, wie die Alpen zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts zum Topos einer neuartigen Naturbetrachtung wurden, die sich im Begriff des Sublimen (Erhabenen) kristallisierte. Zwischen Schrecken und Faszination angesiedelt, liegt diesem Gefühlszustand eine Grenzerfahrung zugrunde. Auf der Suche nach diesem Gemütszustand, suchten Reisende sehnsuchtsvoll die Welt der Berge auf; diese wurde alsbald in künstlicher Form in den Städten rekonstruiert, vom Freiheitssymbol der Französischen Revolution angefangen, über illusionistische Panoramabilder, bis hin zum Vergnügungspark im 19.Jh. Die daraufhin einsetzende Reiseflut verwandelte die Alpen in ein Land, in dem ganz unterschiedliche Träume projiziert wurden. In den folgenden Kapiteln wird untersucht, inwiefern das Sublime bei den unterschiedlichen Architekturen als Leitmotiv erscheint: Während beim alpinen Grandhotel die Aussicht auf das Panorama inszeniert wurde, um das Spektakel der „wilden Natur“ zu betrachten, standen bei den Kristallarchitekturen utopische-visionäre Gedanken im Vordergrund. Der Fokus auf die wilde Natur verlagerte sich gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts auf einzelne Naturelemente, insbesondere auf die Sonne, die als Heilmittel zum Mythos erhoben wurde. Dies kommt sowohl in den Lebensreformgruppen zum Ausdruck, als auch auf den Werbeplakaten für Sanatorien. Die Alpen fungierten als „therapeutische Landschaft“ und wurden auch als idealer Ort der Erziehung angesehen. Verschiedene religiöse und politische Institution errichteten Kinderkolonien, wobei sich ein wahrer ideologischer „Kampf um das Kind“ entspann, der architektonisch gesehen zu sehr unterschiedlichen Resultaten führte. Die Alpen waren aber auch ein ideales Territorium, um den Rausch der Bewegung auszuleben. Dies wurde durch ein immer dichter werdendes Netz von Seilbahnen, Sporthotels und Hütten ermöglicht, wobei die Grenzerfahrung des Sublimen architektonisch bewusst inszeniert wurde. Mit dem aufkommenden Massentourismus wurde nicht mehr die wilde Natur, sondern die Technik als erhaben angesehen, die es ermöglichte, die Berge zu dominieren. Die Analyse der alpinen Architektur durch das Prisma des Sublimen führt uns zum Schluss zu einer Betrachtung des heutigen alpinen Tourismus im Spiegel des Wandels des Erhabenen-Begriffs, wobei die Radikalität der verschiedenen Phänomene hervorgehoben wird. Die unterschiedlichen Figuren des Erhabenen öffnen somit ein Nachdenken über das zukünftige Bauen in den Alpen, in der Kontinuität einer bestimmen Beziehung zwischen dem Menschen und der Natur
Perucchetti, Laura. "Physical barriers, cultural connections : a reconsideration of the metal flow at the beginning of the metal age in the Alps." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e7da4d42-f41b-407f-9e75-6c5bc6b24132.
Full textMerle, Anthony. "Le piémont géographique : essai pour une approche au prisme des interspatialités : étude croisée entre terrains alpin (Alpes franco-suisses) et carpatique (Roumanie)." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAA021/document.
Full textIf the mountain is an object that has continued to support the geographical discipline and its developments, the issue of thresholds the mountain has remained relatively marginal. Yet a growing interest in these areas is noteworthy. Many concepts animating discipline (interface, interspatialités, intermediate spaces ...) push to reconsider these blurred areas, the threshold of "the kind of space" or spatial category what the mountain. It is in this context what this crossover study conducted between land North of the Alps in France and Switzerland and field of Romanian Carpathians. This threshold of the mountain foothills called here, can not emerge as exclusively physical or topographical criteria that have longer relevant in an increasingly rooted in the humanities discipline. The foothills can then be defined as the space on which deploys a set of functions called "foothill's functions". It is these features that this is to capture, define, in order to identify the players and explain the spatial and temporal dynamics. These are also the territorial logic and metropolitan which are to be questioned, as these "foothill's functions" can be as many development opportunities, but also of reconciliation competition between territories and / or between cities. Therefore, it is also the genesis and operation of territoriality and, specifically, the process of urbanization who must be considered when we look at these "foothill's functions". Finally, crossover study allows, at least to some extent, to consider the comparison, despite all the pitfalls and limitations that it presents. Emerging paradoxes of this comparison will then constitute elements that may better understand what can be the thresholds of the mountain, but also to propose a new approach to study these courses
Martínez, Granado Pablo. "Inversion Tectonics in the Alpine Foreland, Eastern Alps (Austria)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/435684.
Full textKäestle, Emanuel David. "High-resolution ambient-noise and earthquake surface-wave tomography of the Alps Apennines and Dinarides." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066307.
Full textThe plate collision in the Alps and adjacent orogens has created a complex picture of highly arcuate mountain belts and complicated interactions of subduction slabs. The subduction polarity is reversed from European to Adriatic subduction in the transition of the Alps to the Apennines and to the Dinarides. The subduction of Adria both to the west and east and the almost vertical dip of the slabs implies an important flexure of this plate. Even more so if one considers the proposed subduction of Adria also to the north under the eastern Alps, which is still a matter of discussion. Gaps in the Adriatic slab under the northern Dinarides, below 150~km depth and in the southern Apennines above 200~km may be signs of the stresses and the consequent tearing that the Adriatic plate is exposed to.Also the European plate has supposedly undergone one or several break-offs all along the Alpine arc. Especially in the eastern and western Alps it is still an open question whether the European slab is detached below the lithosphere. New tomographic models are thus needed.The herein presented tomographic model is based on surface-wave phase velocities and gives a picture of the shear-velocity structure from the surface to 200 km depth. It is the first high-resolution shear-velocity model of the entire Alpine crust and upper mantle. It is also unique in its good resolution in the lithospheric mantle, where previous body-wave models are subject to high uncertainties. In order to be able to image both crust and upper mantle, a combination of ambient-noise and earthquake-based phase-velocity measurements is used in the present thesis.The validity of this approach is tested by a detailed comparison of the phase-velocity measurements and the structures that are imaged from each method individually. A small bias between the methods results in slightly elevated velocities from earthquake measurements. By comparison with earlier works it appears that this bias is due to methodological differences. Several effects that may influence the ambient-noise records are tested with synthetic experiments, but no unique cause is found. The most likely explanation for the bias between the two methods is a combination of different structural sensitivities and the influence of higher modes. Nevertheless, the discrepancy is sufficiently small with respect to the structural variations that the bias can be neglected.A final shear-velocity model of the Alpine region is obtained which has a lateral resolution in the shallow crust of approximately 25 km. From synthetic tests, the average depth resolution is estimated to be 2~km close to the surface and 5 km for the Moho depth. In the upper mantle the resolution decreases significantly, but main slab structures are well imaged in the central Alps and the Apennines down to the bottom of the model at 200 km depth.Highlights of the crustal part of the model are size and depth of sedimentary basins, the Ivrea body and the Moho structure. Being the first shear-velocity model of this detail and extend it is proposed to serve as reference for the Alps
Menard, Gilles. "Structure et cinématique d'une chaîne de collision : les Alpes occidentales et centrales." Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10018.
Full textKäestle, Emanuel David. "High-resolution ambient-noise and earthquake surface-wave tomography of the Alps Apennines and Dinarides." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066307/document.
Full textThe plate collision in the Alps and adjacent orogens has created a complex picture of highly arcuate mountain belts and complicated interactions of subduction slabs. The subduction polarity is reversed from European to Adriatic subduction in the transition of the Alps to the Apennines and to the Dinarides. The subduction of Adria both to the west and east and the almost vertical dip of the slabs implies an important flexure of this plate. Even more so if one considers the proposed subduction of Adria also to the north under the eastern Alps, which is still a matter of discussion. Gaps in the Adriatic slab under the northern Dinarides, below 150~km depth and in the southern Apennines above 200~km may be signs of the stresses and the consequent tearing that the Adriatic plate is exposed to.Also the European plate has supposedly undergone one or several break-offs all along the Alpine arc. Especially in the eastern and western Alps it is still an open question whether the European slab is detached below the lithosphere. New tomographic models are thus needed.The herein presented tomographic model is based on surface-wave phase velocities and gives a picture of the shear-velocity structure from the surface to 200 km depth. It is the first high-resolution shear-velocity model of the entire Alpine crust and upper mantle. It is also unique in its good resolution in the lithospheric mantle, where previous body-wave models are subject to high uncertainties. In order to be able to image both crust and upper mantle, a combination of ambient-noise and earthquake-based phase-velocity measurements is used in the present thesis.The validity of this approach is tested by a detailed comparison of the phase-velocity measurements and the structures that are imaged from each method individually. A small bias between the methods results in slightly elevated velocities from earthquake measurements. By comparison with earlier works it appears that this bias is due to methodological differences. Several effects that may influence the ambient-noise records are tested with synthetic experiments, but no unique cause is found. The most likely explanation for the bias between the two methods is a combination of different structural sensitivities and the influence of higher modes. Nevertheless, the discrepancy is sufficiently small with respect to the structural variations that the bias can be neglected.A final shear-velocity model of the Alpine region is obtained which has a lateral resolution in the shallow crust of approximately 25 km. From synthetic tests, the average depth resolution is estimated to be 2~km close to the surface and 5 km for the Moho depth. In the upper mantle the resolution decreases significantly, but main slab structures are well imaged in the central Alps and the Apennines down to the bottom of the model at 200 km depth.Highlights of the crustal part of the model are size and depth of sedimentary basins, the Ivrea body and the Moho structure. Being the first shear-velocity model of this detail and extend it is proposed to serve as reference for the Alps
Eremin, Katherine. "Metamorphic conditions within the Eclogite Zone, Tauern Window, Austria." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321481.
Full textPeel, F. J. "Structural evolution of the Vanoise Massif (French Alps)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370320.
Full textGhiselli, A. "Interaction of geomorphology and tectonics in the evolution of the Orobic Alps (central Southern Alps)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/60326.
Full textLundberg, Eric J. "The Automated Laser Position System - ALPS." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44123.
Full textThe construction industry needs an accurate real-time positioning system. Such a system, if successfully implemented, would lead to significant increases in the performance of many construction operations. This thesis presents the Automated Laser Position System (ALPS) for accurate real-time positioning. ALPS is a spin-off of the Automated Position And Control System (APAC) research, sponsored by the National Science Foundation under grant DMC-8717476.
The ALPS concept has three primary components: a rotation laser, laser detectors and a central processing unit. ALPS generates both horizontal (X,Y) and vertical (Z) position information. It is mathematically predicted that ALPS could produce accuracies of ± 17 mm in the horizontal and ± 5,9 mm in the vertical, at a range of 400 m. Position measurements would be updated 50 times a second.
Master of Science
Stanovský, Peter. "Technika ALPS v kartézském genetickém programování." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-236776.
Full textFust, Christopher. "Scavenging Ecology in the Australian Alps." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/29193.
Full textPobbe, Federico. "Hiking the ALPs: Signatures and Models." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425784.
Full textMao, Zhun. "Temporal and spatial modelling of root reinforcement in natural montane and subalpine forests." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20118.
Full textIt is largely recognized that vegetation can stabilize artificial and natural slopes against shallow landslides. Mechanically, plant roots reinforce soil on a slope by providing an additional cohesion (cr). Quantification of cr is a key step to estimate the stability of a given slope, usually quantified by the Factor of Safety (FoS, defined as the ratio between resisting forces and the driving forces on a slope). Most existing cr predictive models do not take into consideration spatial and temporal root dynamics which result in heterogeneous root reinforcement along a vegetated slope. Therefore, this thesis aims to characterize, quantify and model the spatial and temporal patterns in root dynamics and their impact on the estimation of cr. Root distribution, growth and mortality were measured using monoliths and rhizotrons installed at two altitudes in naturally regenerated mixed forests in the French Alps. These forests are composed of trees growing in groups (tree islands) with large gaps between the islands. Using statistical modeling approaches, abiotic and biotic factors affecting root dynamics were investigated. For quantifying cr, a meta-analysis was performed and different modeling algorithms were employed and results compared. Based on these studies, the following conclusions were made: (i) in a mixed, mature forest ecosystem root density influenced cr more than root mechanical properties; (ii) all abiotic factors (altitude, type of vegetation patch, soil depth and month) significantly affected root quantity to different degrees, depending on soil conditions; (iii) during the 1.5 years' observations in rhizotron, cr increased rapidly during the growing season and more slowly in the dormant season but the increment increase was largely dependent on soil depth, altitude and vegetation patch. (iv) The finest roots (]0, 1] mm in diameter), which are considered the most important for nutrient and carbon cycling, contributed little to mechanical reinforcement of the soil. Results are discussed with regard to ecological engineering strategies for unstable slopes
Vonásek, Martin. "Řešení dopravy v Alpském tranzitu na území Švýcarska." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-125106.
Full textDavies, Alun Huw. "Sedimentological and structural evolution of tertiary basins of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, S.W. Alps." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1988. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329650.
Full textGirardin, Jordan. "Travel in the Alps : the construction of a transnational space through digital and mental mapping (c. 1750s-1850s)." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/10648.
Full textDuvillier, Cécile. "Caractérisation des surfaces de départ potentielles des avalanches dans les Alpes françaises et de leur évolution diachronique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023GRALU011.
Full textSnow avalanches cause casualties and material damage. Historical avalanches provide information on the characteristics of probable future avalanches (localisation, type of avalanche, size, etc.). In some areas, however, the available data is insufficient, and the identification of Potential Release Areas (PRAs) is therefore of great help.In this thesis, a method for identifying PRAs adapted to the specific context of the French Alps is developed. It is based on topographic parameters such as slope, altitude, distance to the ridge, presence or absence of forest and delimitation of the catchment areas.In order to evaluate the determination method, we compare the PRAs obtained with observed avalanche extents, which are recorded in the CLPA, a rich cadastre of past events. The proposed validation framework that includes different scores established on the basis of confusion matrices constitutes the generic methodological contribution of the thesis. The scores obtained confirm the interest and robustness of the developedmethod, while highlighting the parameters which are essential for a good determination.The second axis of the thesis concerns the statistical analysis of the characteristics of the PRAs at the scale of the whole French Alps and their evolution in selected areas according to the variations of forest cover over time. We detect a total of 101802 PRAs with a total area of 3799.2 km2, which represents 17.8% of the area of the entire French Alps.We grouped the 23 massifs of the French Alps into threespatially coherent classes according to the similarity of the topographical characteristics of their PRAs.Finally, we show that the development of the forest cover in connection with the decrease of pastoral activities between 1860 and 2013-2014 reduced the number of PRAs, and, presumably, avalanche activity. In fact, the number of PRAs dropped from 1793 in 1860 to 1578 in 2013 in the Guil Valley (Queyras massif), and from 3043 in 1860 to 2971 in 2014 in three municipalities of Haute Maurienne.Finally, some avenues for future developments are discussed
Ray, N. J. "Epidote group mineralogy in the Eastern Alps." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373690.
Full textFontes, Sergio Luiz. "Electromagnetic induction studies in the Italian Alps." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/13836.
Full textKulkarni, Mohit. "Airport landside planning and simulation model (ALPS)." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05022009-040736/.
Full textSaidi-Bououdina, Samia. "Étude des pluies extrêmes dans la région des Alpes francaises et leur relation avec la topographie." Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG0124.
Full textMassie, Shannon Leigh. "Re-Dwelling: A Proposal for Five Dwellings in Maggia, Switzerland." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30317.
Full textMaster of Architecture
Pranke, Iwona Maria. "Specificity of membrane targeting by ALPS motifs and α-synuclein." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112265.
Full textCommunication between membrane-bound organelles is mediated by vesicular trafficking, a process which requires continual membrane remodeling. Highly curved vesicles bud from a donor compartment through functioning of different coat protein complexes, and fuse with an acceptor compartment thanks to proteins of the membrane fusion machinery. The proteins involved in vesicle budding and fusion have been extensively studied. Recently, the discovery of membrane curvature sensors revealed that membrane trafficking could be regulated at an additional level, through detection of the shape of a membrane. The first membrane curvature sensor identified was the ALPS (Amphipathic Lipid Packing Sensor) motif, which has been found in a number of proteins that function in the early secretory pathway and nuclear envelope. One example is GMAP-210, a long coiled-coil tether localizing to cis-Golgi membranes, which has an ALPS motif at its extreme N-terminus. This ALPS motif was found to fold into an amphipathic helix and bind to small liposomes in vitro. However, the identity of the vesicles that this curvature sensor binds to in cells is not known. Another protein - α-synuclein - has also been reported to bind preferentially to highly curved membranes. This neuronal protein localizes to synaptic vesicles and is involved in maintaining the reserve pool of vesicles in pre-synaptic nerve terminals. α-Synuclein, known for its central role in the development of Parkinson’s disease, contains a region that is unstructured in solution, but forms an amphipathic helix upon binding to small liposomes in vitro. The chemistry and geometry of the amphipathic helices formed by ALPS motifs and α-synuclein are very different. The ALPS motif has a well-developed hydrophobic face but a poor polar side with few charged residues. α-Synuclein, in contrast, has a restrained hydrophobic side, and a zwitterionic polar face rich in charged residues. The main goal of the project was to compare the in vivo and in vitro membrane binding properties of these two amphipathic helices of opposite structure. When expressed in yeast cells, these two curvature sensors promoted the accumulation of vesicular structures possessing different characteristics. The N-terminus of GMAP-210 containing its ALPS motif (GMAPN) co-localized specifically with early secretory pathway markers, whereas a probe containing a portion of the amphipathic membrane-binding helix of α-synuclein co-localized with endocytic and post-Golgi markers. Mutagenesis of the ALPS motif and the inversion of the ALPS sequence in GMAPN support the conclusion that this membrane curvature sensor is targeted to specific vesicles in cells through direct protein-lipid, rather than protein-protein interactions. Our analysis has shown, remarkably, that mammalian curvature sensors expressed in yeast cells preserve their capacity to target specific vesicles, those of the early secretory pathway for ALPS motifs, and endocytic/post-Golgi vesicles for α-synuclein. The membrane composition of these vesicles corresponds to the preferred in vitro liposome binding properties of these membrane curvature sensors. The contrasting chemistries of ALPS motifs and α-synuclein are well adapted to each of these two major membrane environments in the cell. The HeliQuest algorithm is designed to search databases for membrane-binding amphipathic helices, including ALPS motifs. A new module designed to identify amphipathic helices with properties similar to α-synuclein has recently been developed. Searches of both yeast and human protein databases has identified candidate α-synuclein-like amphipathic helices in numerous proteins. We prepared a set of probes, in which these helices are displayed at the end of the GMAPN coiled-coil. An initial study of their co-localization in yeast cells with a set of organelle markers demonstrates specific localization patterns, suggesting that these helices may have specific membrane targeting capacities. Further work will explore the question of whether these amphipathic helices are part of a novel class of α-synuclein-like curvature sensors
Pintori, Francesco <1989>. "Hydrological crustal deformation in the Eastern Southern Alps." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8825/1/Pintori_Francesco_tesi.pdf.
Full textDarvishi, Mehdi. "Landslide Monitoring Using Radar Interferometry in the Alps." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/243417.
Full textDarvishi, Mehdi. "Landslide Monitoring Using Radar Interferometry in the Alps." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/243417.
Full textGenti, Manon. "Impact des processus de surface sur la déformation actuelle des Pyrénées et des Alpes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS136/document.
Full textWhen mountain ranges upper parts express crustal extension direction collinear to the convergence direction, it is traditionally accepted that the extensive motor is gravitational collapse. However, recent studies challenge this paradigm by showing that erosion induces uplift and extension in the central part of the low convergent mountain ranges. Our goal is to investigate the impact of the denudation on the seismotectonic regime of mountain ranges.In order to identify a relationship between seismotectonic regime and erosion, the first part of this work presents a compilation of data in the mountain ranges. Based on these observations, a simple kinematic model is proposed to predict the seismotectonic regime of the chain. Thus, for low convergence rate chains with a moderate mean elevation, this model predicts an extension regime when the denudation rate is 15% higher than the convergence rate.The second part is devoted to the development of thermomechanical 2D finite element model to study the impact of surface processes on the deformation of the Pyrenees. The results show that the isostatic response to erosion reactivates pre-existing structures. The kinematics of an inherited fault plane can be predicted due to the gradient of the horizontal surface velocities profile. Thus, a plane located in the eroded zone is reactivated in normal fault when in a border area of this same plane is reactivated in reverse fault. These results suggest that the current deformation in the North Pyrenean Zone could be the result of surface processes.Given the small number of studies quantifying erosion rates in the Pyrenees, the models developed in the second part suffer from high uncertainty. To remedy this, we sought to quantify it in the central Pyrenees through a study that combines two types of data: watershed denudation rates from cosmogenic isotopes concentration, and incision rates from sediments buried in the karst. These results are presented in chapter 3. Denudation profiles obtained are consistent with a replay of a normal fault plane located in the North Zone of the Central Pyrenees.In the Alps, a good correlation appears between the value of the rate of erosion and geodetic vertical velocities, which raises the question of the impact of the late-würmian deglaciation in the Alps on the present deformation. A numerical model detailing this relationship is presented in the fourth chapter. The results show that deglaciation of the western Alps is controlled by the rheological heterogeneity of the crust. Some of our models predict uplift rates consistent with those highlighted by geodesy
Gay, Ingrid. "La saisonnalité des occupations humaines au Tardiglaciaire dans les Alpes occidentales." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3058.
Full textDuring the coldest periods of the Late Glacial, in alitude the development of vast colonies of marmots is to be linked with the evolution of the upper limit of the forest. Human groups (Magdalenian, Azilian and Laborien) have focused on the preferential use of this small game.From several current collections marmots, we have established two referentials for determining the age and slaughtering season. Then, the methodological tools were applied to seven archaeological series: Colomb and the Passagère (Méaudre), Olette (Lans-en-Vercors), the Freydières (Saint-Agnan-en-Vercors), Bobache (La Chapelle-en-Vercors), Jean-Pierre 1 (SaintThibaud-de-Couz), La Chênelaz (Hostiaz). Skeletochronology analysis on a sample of archaeological material has confirmed the results obtained from the referentials. This work has highlighted the preferred hunting season to the groundhog. For all archaeological series, the season of death occurs before hibernation (from late August to early October). Thus marmots were shot during the time they have in terms of the highest quality and quantity of potential resources, for both technical products (fur and fat) and for foods (fat and meat). Moreover zooarchaeological study confirms intense butchery, with a view to recovering these different products for a deferred consumption and export to lower altitude sites
Favillier, Adrien. "Impacts du changement climatique sur l’activité des avalanches dans les Alpes : apports de la dendrogéomorphologie pour la reconstitution spatiotemporelle de l’activité des avalanches dans un contexte de changements environnementaux dans les hautes vallées du Guil et du Rhône Disentangling the impacts of exogenous disturbances on forest stands to assess multi-centennial tree-ring reconstructions of avalanche activity in the upper Goms Valley (Canton of Valais, Switzerland) Spatio-temporal maps of past avalanche events derived from tree-ring analysis: a case study in the Zermatt valley (Valais, Switzerland) Tree-ring reconstruction of snow avalanche activity: Does avalanche path selection matter? Non-stationarities induced by land-cover changes in dendrogeomorphic reconstructions of snow avalanche activity: Insights from the Queyras massif (French Alps) Complex signals in regional tree-ring reconstructions of snow avalanches: lessons from the Goms valley (Swiss alps) Impacts des fluctuations climatiques sur l’activité des avalanches dans le Queyras." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://theses.bu.uca.fr/nondiff/2019CLFAL024_FAVILLIER.pdf.
Full textFor the 20th century, high mountain areas, such as the Alps, have undergone a significant warming with temperature increase twice as much as the global average. Such warming strongly alters the cryosphere components. It induces, for example, a shift from solid to liquid precipitation, more frequent and more intense snowmelt phases or a strong decrease in the amount and duration of snow cover, especially at the elevation of the snowrain transition. In the future, climate models forecast that snow depth will be significantly reduced and that snow properties such as snow stability will be modified. These changes in snow cover characteristics and amounts are expected to induce significant changes in snow avalanches activity. At the same time, afforestation induced by the abandonment of agriculture and grazing, the democratization of winter recreation activities and the urban sprawl on the slopes have strongly modified the mountain landscapes since the mid-18th century as well as the exposition of individuals to snow avalanches. In this context, a precise documentation of past snow avalanche activity is crucial to decipher and to understand the impacts of the undergoing climate warming on the snow avalanche activity. To date, this documentation usually relies on historical chronicles or systematic observations. However, the firsts are often discontinuous and focused on catastrophic events. The seconds are limited to the second half of the 20th century thus precluding a comparison from climatically distinct period. On forested paths, the dendrogeomorphic approach is theoretically a reliable approach complement to historical archives and series of systematic observation to infer past snow avalanche activity. Yet, so far, the robustness of this approach has been poorly questioned and no regional chronology, crucial to disentangle potential interferences between snow avalanche activity, climate fluctuations and socio-economic changes, has been developed in the Alps. In this PhD thesis proposes new methodological frameworks to (1) detect avalanche events from tree-ring series, (2) remove non-stationarities related to the decreasing number of trees over time in the reconstruction and (3) aggregate locals reconstructions in regional chronologies. Based on these development, homogenized multicentennial regional chronologies developed (4) for 10 paths of the Goms Valley (Valais canton, Swiss Alps, 1880-2014) and (5) 11 paths from the Queyras Massif (French Alps, 1560-2016) are confronted to climatic fluctuations and land use changes. At Goms, the absence of clear climatic signal in the regional chronology evidence the interference with local nonstationarities and question the need for a sampling strategy at the regional scale to create a robust chronology. In the Queyras massif, the strong decrease of avalanche activity observed over the 20th century is attributed to global warming and to the afforestation process
Weston, Peter John. "The origin and kinematics of the Alpine arc." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253478.
Full textReddy, Steven Michael. "The structural, metamorphic and thermal history of the Sonnblick Dome, southeast Tauern Window, Austria." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1990. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/380/.
Full textPavlova, Irina. "Debris flow activity response to future climate change in the French Alps." Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010530.
Full textCoughlin, Joseph D. "Forecasting the onset and intensity of vertically propagating mountain waves over the Alps." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FCoughlin.pdf.
Full textTrtikova, Miluse. "Altitudinal limit of "Erigeron annuus" in the Swiss Alps /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=18015.
Full textApps, Gillian Margaret. "The evolution of the Gres d'Annot Basin, S.W. Alps." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316126.
Full textAthanassiadou, Maria. "Linear and nonlinear mesoscale flow associated with the Alps." Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308578.
Full textSpencer, Sara. "The nature of the North Pennine Front, French Alps." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46558.
Full textUstaszewski, Michaela. "Active tectonics in the central and western Swiss Alps /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://www.zb.unibe.ch/download/eldiss/07ustaszewski_m.pdf.
Full textPotin, Bertrand. "Les Alpes occidentales : tomographie, localisation de séismes et topographie du Moho." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU022/document.
Full textThe Alpine chain, which stretches in the middle of Europe across six countries, is probably the most studied mountain range in the world. Geology and metamorphism studies contributed for a large part to the current understanding of the geodynamics and history of this region. Since the second half of the 20th century, geophysical methods were employed to study its lithosphere and several crustal cross-sections where performed, mainly using controlled-source seismology. In parallel, dense seismic networks were also deployed in France, Italy, and Switzerland in order to study the usually low-magnitude activity of the western Alps. Over the past 25 years, these networks have permitted to locate tens of thousands of local earthquakes. In the last two decades, local or regional tomographic studies have been conducted using subsets of this data, which substantially improved our understanding of the deep structure of the Alps.Here, and based on 36,000 seismic events, 375 stations and more than 791,000 P and S-waves arrival times, we performed a tomographic study on a 456x414 km2 area covering the western Alps. Even if most of these earthquakes occurred within the first 15 km beneath surface, a large part of the data is composed of refracted-waves, letting us insight the deep structure of the crust. The interest of such a large dataset relies on the accuracy ensured by the law of large numbers, but the unavoidable presence of outliers requires a specific approach in order to handle it. The a priori earthquake locations were computed using the LOCIN algorithm developed in this study, which is basically a grid-search algorithm combined with a probabilistic approach.Tomography of the crust and upper mantle based on travel-times analysis was conducted using the INSIGHT algorithm which was developed in this study (based on a V. Monteiller and B. Valette algorithm). Our model consists of a set of vP and vP/vS values given at each node of a three-dimensional, regularly-spaced grid, which constitutes the inversion grid. Transition between crust and mantle is modelled by a continuous change in velocity, as we do not introduce any a priori information on the Moho interface. Earthquake locations and site-effect residuals at each station (analogous to "static corrections" in seismic prospecting) are also determined in the process. The forward computation of travel times in the 3D model is performed by integrating slowness along the rays, which are determined by a finite-difference resolution of the eikonal equation. Inversion is carried out using a non-linear least-squares approach based on a stochastic description of data and model. The smoothing and damping parameters are adjusted by means of L-curves analysis.The Moho topography is determined by matching two informations: (i) the maximum of the vP gradient within this preliminary tomographic model, taken in a 7.3-7.6~km/s range and (ii) information provided by previous studies to fix Moho depth in the border area of our study zone, where our model is poorly resolved. As our tomographic model relies on a large set of refracted waves, the Moho topography we build is detailed and presents interesting new insights for the western Alps. This Moho interface is then used as an a priori discontinuity in a new tomography process. Parameters within the crust and the upper mantle are then decorrelated, letting refracted-waves to be more correctly modelled. By this approach, we are able to compute not only the first- but also the second-arrival travel-time which corresponds to the direct wave in the crust for focus-station distances greater than 100-125 km. This allows us to add more than 100,000 new data to our dataset, which of course improves the resolution in the crust.Both tomographic models, the Moho topography and the earthquake relocations provides new evidences and constraints on the deep structure of the western Alps
Scheffer, Clemens von. "Holocene human impact, climate and environment in the northern Central Alps : a geochemical approach on mountain peatlands." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0057.
Full textSince the last deglaciation the European Alps have experienced several phases of human colonisation from different directions and societies. However, the interaction of climate, human impact and environment is still not fully understood in this high mountain region. In particular, information on the time and scale of human impact in the northern Central Alps (NCA) during the Holocene is missing. This study fills this gap by using geochemical, pollen and radiocarbon analyses in comparison to regional archaeological and historical data. Mires in three areas of the NCA were selected as study sites: Kleinwalser Valley (Vorarlberg, Austria), Piller Mire (Tyrol, Austria) and upper Fimba Valley (Grisons, Switzerland), situated in an altitudinal range of 1100 to 2400 m a.s.l. These mires were cored and analysed. The use of geochemical proxies (lithogenic elements, trace metals) in peat is a well-established method to detect mineral input, erosion or metallurgical activities. Despite an advantage of a fast sample preparation and measurement, applying portable X-Ray-Fluorescence analysis (pXRF) on mountain mires is an uncommon approach, mainly due to limitations by low count rates, matrix effects or lacking calibrations for organic materials. By calibrating pXRF with measurements of quantitative Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), these issues could be overcome, showing that, Ti, Pb, Sr, Zn, K, S, Fe, V, Zr, and - to some extent - Rb, Ca and Mn, can be successfully calibrated and used as palaeoenvironmental proxies in peat. These proxies allow the following conclusions: At high elevations, periglacial processes influence the deposition processes in the mires. Around 8200 and in the late 7th millennium BP, wetter and colder climate conditions prevail in the region. The earliest land use is recorded in the Kleinwalser Valley around 5500 cal BP, with fire clearings, pastoralism and hints at previously undetected regional metallurgy. Just before the Bronze Age (c. 4300 cal BP), centuries before mining districts in the Eastern Alps boomed, metallurgy around the Piller Mire is detected. The possibly strongest human land use in prehistoric times affects all sites from the Mid to Late Bronze Age (3500-3000 cal BP), as shown by elevated erosion and significant landscape alteration – from forests to agro-pastoral systems. Potential metal enrichments are, however, masked by high mineral inputs. This period is followed by a phase of lower land use, reaching well into the late Roman period (2800 cal BP to 250 cal CE). However, a strong Pb enrichment factor (Pb EF) in the Kleinwalser Valley is recorded around 2700 cal BP. Human impact increases in north-western Tyrol around 2400 cal BP. Periods of mining and metallurgy are indicated by increased Pb EF in all mires during the Roman Empire but also right after its collapse. Intensive human activities rise again with the fading Roman power after 250 cal CE in the Kleinwalser Valley but are interrupted by a climate deterioration after 500 cal CE (Late Antique Little Ice Age). At the sites in higher elevations, land use intensification does not take place before the High Middle Ages and is accompanied by rising Pb EF, indicating mining activities after 1000 cal CE. While Pb EF keeps rising due to mining, industrialisation and leaded fuel until 1980 cal CE, fluctuating human impact (deforestation, pasture management, drainage) can be linked to a varying impact of climatic, cultural and demographic factors. Over the last century, growing tourism and infrastructure construction increase erosion, but land use change leads to a recovery of the studied mires in Kleinwalser Valley and Tyrol. The results of this study add a new dimension to archaeological and historical data, by showing the wider extent of human land use and its links to climate. Moreover, previously unknown periods of prehistoric mining or metallurgy in the NCA are revealed, encouraging further interdisciplinary research
Soergel, Dorian. "Extension des méthodes d'imagerie par corrélation de bruit sismique : atténuation et anisotropie sous AlpArray." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALU031.
Full textWe have adapted methods used on earthquake recordings to the noise cross-correlations in the Alps, taking advantage of data from the AlpArray project and permanent stations in Europe. First we show that it is possible to measure the coda quality factor on noise cross-correlations. We thus manage to obtain the coda quality factor between 2.5 s and 5 s and 5 s and 10 s, period bands that are inaccessible for earthquake coda measurements. The coda quality factor is independent of azimuth for interstation distances less than 200 km and depends on the number of days used to calculate the correlation, with measurements stabilizing after 200 days of correlation. From 10 seconds of period on, the measurements lose their geographical coherence and from 20 seconds of period on, there is no more visible coda. We obtain low quality factor values in the Po plain and higher values in the Alpine chain. Then we correlated the coda of the cross-correlations to explore the possibilities in terms of distribution and choice of coda sources. We manage to significantly improve the quality of the correlations of the coda of correlations by a judicious choice of sources, however the choice of coda sources depends on the period band used. Having confirmed with the correlations of coda of correlations the absence of strong azimuthal group velocity bias of the noise correlations, we adapt a beamforming method used on teleseisms to image the azimuthal anisotropy with small arrays and apply it to the Alps to obtain maps of the azimuthal anisotropy of Rayleigh waves between 15 seconds and 70 seconds. Phase velocity measurements show a visible anisotropy, but also point biases related to the heterogeneities present in the Alpine chain, which we manage to quantify. The results for periods longer than 40 seconds are generally in agreement with existing work, but for shorter periods they show a weak anisotropy in the Alps themselves, the presence of a zone of strong anisotropy in the north-western part of the Alps as well as an anisotropy perpendicular to the chain in the Apennines, all probably located in the crust
Walter, Michelle, and n/a. "The Population ecology of wild horses in the Australian Alps." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental and Heritage Sciences, 2002. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050412.151308.
Full textSmail, Robert. "Observing in the extreme : British scientific research in the High Alps, c.1815-1880." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/observing-in-the-extreme-british-scientific-research-in-the-high-alps-c1815-1880(dce4cd3d-007a-4c9f-a718-023bf00c094f).html.
Full textBisht, Deepti. "Structure and geomorphology, southeast Dinarides, Croatia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708060.
Full textBauve, Victorien. "Étude des champs de contraintes néogènes à actuels des Alpes du sud : implications sur la géodynamique alpine et l’activité sismique." Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE4086/document.
Full textThis thesis aims at understanding the significance of seismic activity in a slow orogenic system with the example of the South Western Alps. It presents a geological analysis combining several methods and approaches: (i) a structural analysis of Neogene basins, (ii) a comparison of fault-striae data inversions with focal mechanisms and (iii) an analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of seismicity in relation with rainfall. The main results are as follows: - The area is subject to a prolonged and globally similar through time north-south shortening context revealed by the analysis of the Miocene and Plio- Quaternary basins. The deformation is mainly accommodated by strike-slip dextral N140 faults. These strike slip faults focus the active deformation along inherited structures. - The geodynamic history of the S Alps is correlated with that of the Mediterranean back-arc basin opening. Extension (at the N-W end of Mercantour massif) and compression (at the foot of the Ligurian margin) occur along a dextral strike-slip system N140°E that might limit the Apulian block rotation. The transition is gradual, the regime evolves from a transtensive to a transpressive regime, from north to south, explained by permutations of stress inferred from fault-strea data analysis. - In this context of slow deformation, seismicity shows an annual periodicity correlated with the frequency and amount of rainfalls. This correlation can be explained by two processes that facilitate the triggering of earthquakes
Dürr, Bruno. "The greenhouse effect in the alps - by models and observations /." [Zürich], 2004. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=15668.
Full textMaurer, Hansruedi Maurer Hansruedi Maurer Hansruedi. "Seismotectonics and upper crustal structure in the western swiss alps /." Zürich, 1993. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=10268.
Full textMarty, Christoph. "Surface radiation, cloud forcing and greenhouse effect in the Alps /." Zürich, 2000. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=13609.
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