Academic literature on the topic 'Alqaida'

The 9/11 was a paradigm shifting event in the international and global politics. On September 11, 2001, two jet planes hit the twin's tower in United States of America (USA). US official authorities said that it is done by alQaeda. This event also changes Pakistan's internal and foreign policies. The government of United States compel Afghan Taliban government to handover the master mind of 9/11 attack and their leader Osama bin Laden but the talks failed between the both governments. Therefore US government compel the government of Pakistan to give us Military bases and assistance against Afghan Taliban. Pakistan agreed with US as frontline ally of US in war on terror. The majority of Pakistani people were not happy with the decision, therefore, some non-state actors appeared in different part of the country especially in Malakand Division and FATA to support Taliban regime in Afghanistan. In Malakand Division Mulana Sufi Muhammad head of Tehrik Nifaz-e-Shariat-e-Muhammadi started a proper armed campaign for Afghan Taliban Support and sent thousands of people to Afghanistan support Taliban against US and their allied forces. It was a basic reason behind the emergence of terrorism in Malakand division KP but it did not played it role alone to cause terrorism in the region. Many other important factors i.e. weak political administration, unemployment, economic deprivation, socio-political instability constituted the main reason that opened room for non-state actors to consolidate their grip on the region.

Introdução: A transmissão SARS-CoV-2 de humano para humano pode ocorrer e o risco de propagação no ar durante os procedimentos odontológicos geradores de aerossóis permanece uma preocupação. Acredita-se que um enxaguatório bucal antimicrobiano pré-operacional reduza o número de micróbios orais. No entanto, a eficácia do enxaguatório bucal pré-procedimento na redução do número de microrganismos disseminados por meio do aerossol gerado por procedimentos odontológicos ainda não está clara. Objetivo: avaliar através de uma revisão de literatura o uso de enxaguantes bucais na redução da carga viral do SARS-CoV-2. Materiais e Método: O levantamento literário para esta pesquisa foi realizado no período de dezembro de 2019 a 10 de agosto de 2020 nas bases de dados Scielo e Medline/PubMed. Na estratégia de busca, foram utilizadas as palavras “SARS-CoV-2”, “2019-nCoV”, “COVID-19”, “Dentistry”, “Odontologia”, “Odontología”, “Mouthwashes”, “Antissépticos Bucais” e “Antisépticos Bucales”. Resultados: Uma busca sistematizada foi realizada, foram encontrados 661 artigos, após a realização da leitura criteriosa dos artigos completos foram selecionados 42 artigos. 88% dos estudos indicavam o uso de Peróxido de hidrogênio a 1%, 76% indicavam Povidine 0,2% e apenas 19% o uso da Clorexidina a 0,12%. Conclusão: Os estudos presentes na literatura apresentam divergências nas indicações e porcentagens dos enxaguantes indicados. Os protocolos clínicos devem ser avaliados para reduzir o risco de transmissão e proteger pacientes e profissionais.Descritores: Infecções por Coronavírus; Betacoronavirus; Odontologia; Antissépticos Bucais.ReferênciasGe ZY, Yang LM, Xia JJ, Fu XH, Zhang YZ. Possible aerosol transmission of COVID-19 and special precautions in dentistry. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2020;21(5):361-68. Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12(1):9.Fallahi HR, Keyhan SO, Zandian D, Kim SG, Cheshmi B. Being a front-line dentist during the Covid-19 pandemic: a literature review. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;42(1):12.Yoon JG, Yoon J, Song JY, Yoon SY, Lim CS, Seong H, et al. Clinical Significance of a High SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in the Saliva. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35(20):e195.Alharbi A, Alharbi S, Alqaidi S. Guidelines for dental care provision during the COVID-19 pandemic. Saudi Dent J. 2020;32(4):181-86.Amato A, Caggiano M, Amato M, Moccia G, Capunzo M, De Caro F. Infection Control in Dental Practice During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(13):4769.Amorim, LM, Maske TT, Ferreira SH, Santos RB, Feldens CA, Kramer PF. New Post-COVID-19 Biosafety Protocols in Pediatric Dentistry. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clín. Integr. 2020; 20(Suppl 1): e0117.Araya-Salas,C. Consideraciones para la Atención de Urgencia Odontológica y Medidas Preventivas para COVID-19 (SARS-CoV 2). Int. J. Odontostomat. 2020;14(3):268-70.Ather A, Patel B, Ruparel NB, Diogenes A, Hargreaves KM. Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19): Implications for Clinical Dental Care. J Endod. 2020;46(5):584-95.Bahramian H, Gharib B, Baghalian A. COVID-19 Considerations in Pediatric Dentistry. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2020:2380084420941503.Bajaj N, Granwehr BP, Hanna EY, Chambers MS. Salivary detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and implications for oral health-care providers. Head Neck. 2020;42(7):1543-47.Barabari P, Moharamzadeh K. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Dentistry-A Comprehensive Review of Literature. Dent J (Basel). 2020;8(2):53.Barca I, Cordaro R, Kallaverja E, Ferragina F, Cristofaro MG. Management in oral and maxillofacial surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: Our experience. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;58(6):687-91.Bhanushali P, Katge F, Deshpande S, Chimata VK, Shetty S, Pradhan D. COVID-19: Changing Trends and Its Impact on Future of Dentistry. Int J Dent. 2020;2020:8817424.Cabrera-Tasayco FDP, Rivera-Carhuavilca JM, Atoche-Socola KJ, Pena-Soto C, Arriola-Guillen LE. Biosafety measures at the dental office after the appearance of COVID-19: A systematic review. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2020:1-16. Carrouel F, Conte MP, Fisher J, et al. COVID-19: A Recommendation to Examine the Effect of Mouthrinses with beta-Cyclodextrin Combined with Citrox in Preventing Infection and Progression. J Clin Med. 2020;9(4):1126.Chen W, Wang Q, Li YQ, Yu HL, Xia YY, Zhang ML, et al. [Early containment strategies and core measures for prevention and control of novel coronavirus pneumonia in China]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2020;54(3):239-44.Duruk G, Gumusboga ZS, Colak C. Investigation of Turkish dentists' clinical attitudes and behaviors towards the COVID-19 pandemic: a survey study. Braz Oral Res. 2020;34:e054.Baghizadeh Fini M. What dentists need to know about COVID-19. Oral Oncol. 2020;105:104741.Guiñez-Coelho, M. Impacto del COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) a Nivel Mundial, Implicancias y Medidas Preventivas en la Práctica Dental y sus Consecuencias Psicológicas en los Pacientes. Int. J. Odontostomat. 2020;14(3):271-78.Guo Y, Jing Y, Wang Y, To A, Du S, Wang L,et al. Control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in orthodontic practice. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2020;S0889-5406(20):30307-3.Gurzawska-Comis K, Becker K, Brunello G, Gurzawska A, Schwarz F. Recommendations for Dental Care during COVID-19 Pandemic. J Clin Med. 2020;9(6):1833.Ilyas N, Agel M, Mitchell J, Sood S. COVID-19 pandemic: the first wave - an audit and guidance for paediatric dentistry. Br Dent J. 2020; 228(12):927-3.Jamal M, Shah M, Almarzooqi SH, Aber H, Khawaja S, El Abed, et al. Overview of transnational recommendations for COVID-19 transmission control in dental care settings. Oral Dis. 2020.10.1111/odi.13431.Jotz GP, Voegels RL, Bento RF. Otorhinolaryngologists and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;24(2):125-28.Kerawala C, Riva F. Aerosol-generating procedures in head and neck surgery - can we improve practice after COVID-19? Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;58(6):704-7.Koutras S, Govender S, Wood NH, Motloba PD. COVID-19 pandemic and the dental practice. S. Afr. dent. j. 2020;75(3):119-25. Lo Giudice R. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) in Dentistry. Management of Biological Risk in Dental Practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9):3067.Long RH, Ward TD, Pruett ME, Coleman JF, Plaisance MC, Jr. Modifications of emergency dental clinic protocols to combat COVID-19 transmission. Spec Care Dentist. 2020;40(3):219-26.Martins-Chaves RR, Gomes CC, Gomez RS. Immunocompromised patients and coronavirus disease 2019: a review and recommendations for dental health care. Braz Oral Res. 2020;34:e048.Naqvi K, Mubeen SM, Ali Shah SM. Challenges in providing oral and dental health services in COVID-19 pandemic. J Pak Med Assoc. 2020;70(Suppl 3)(5):S113-17.Passarelli PC, Rella E, Manicone PF, Garcia-Godoy F, D'Addona A. The impact of the COVID-19 infection in dentistry. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2020;245(11):940-44.Patil S, Moafa IH, Bhandi S, Jafer MA, Khan SS, Khan S,et al. Dental care and personal protective measures for dentists and non-dental health care workers. Dis Mon. 2020;101056.Peditto M, Scapellato S, Marciano A, Costa P, Oteri G. Dentistry during the COVID-19 Epidemic: An Italian Workflow for the Management of Dental Practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9):3325.Romero MR. Guía de buenas prácticas en Odontología para Uruguay durante la pandemia Covid-19. Odontoestomatología. 2020;22, 22(Supl 1):25-37.Sales PH, Sales PL, Da Hora Sales ML. COVID-2019. How to decrease the risk of infection in dental practice? Minerva Stomatol. 2020; 10.23736/S0026-4970.20.04372-1.Sarfaraz S, Shabbir J, Mudasser MA, Khurshid Z, Al-Quraini AAA,Abbasi MS, et al. Knowledge and Attitude of Dental Practitioners Related to Disinfection during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Healthcare (Basel). 2020;8(3):E232.Sigua-Rodríguez EA, Bernal-Pérez JL, Lanata-Flores AG, Sánchez-Romero C, Rodríguez-Chessa J, Haidar ZS, et al. COVID-19 y la Odontología: una revisión de las recomendaciones y perspectivas para latinoamérica. Int J Odontostomat. 2020;14(3):299-309.Siles-Garcia AA, Alzamora-Cepeda AG, Atoche-Socola KJ, Pena-Soto C, Arriola-Guillen LE. Biosafety for dental patients during dentistry care after COVID-19: A review of the literature. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2020:1-17.Turkistani KA. Precautions and recommendations for orthodontic settings during the COVID-19 outbreak: A review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2020;158(2):175-81.Volgenant CMC, Persoon IF, de Ruijter RAG, de Soet JJH. Infection control in dental health care during and after the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Oral Dis. 2020;10.1111/odi.13408.Wu KY, Wu DT, Nguyen TT, Tran SD. COVID-19's impact on private practice and academic dentistry in North America. Oral Dis. 2020;10.1111/odi.13444.Zimmermann M, Nkenke E. Approaches to the management of patients in oral and maxillofacial surgery during COVID-19 pandemic. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2020;48(5):521-26.Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12(1):8.Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270-73.Meng L, Hua F, Bian Z. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emerging and Future Challenges for Dental and Oral Medicine. J Dent Res. 2020;99(5):481-87.Eggers M, Koburger-Janssen T, Eickmann M, Zorn J. In vitro bactericidal and virucidal efficacy of povidone-iodine gargle/mouthwash against respiratory and oral tract pathogens. Infect Dis Ther. 2018;7(2):249-59.Lin L, Li TS. [Interpretation of "Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Infection by the National Health Commission (Trial Version 5)"]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2020;100(0):E001.Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect. 2020;104(3):246-51.Martinez Lamas L, Diz Dios P, Perez Rodriguez MT, Pérez VDC, Alvargonzales JJC, Domínguez AML, et al. Is povidone iodine mouthwash effective against SARS-CoV-2? First in vivo tests. Oral Dis. 2020;10.1111/odi.13526.Marui VC, Souto MLS, Rovai ES, Romito GA, Chambrone L, Pannuti CM. Efficacy of preprocedural mouthrinses in the reduction of microorganisms in aerosol: A systematic review. J Am Dent Assoc. 2019;150(12):1015-26.e1.

Although the sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution has been part of the endodontic arsenal for more than one century, current investigations have been unable to determine which NaOCl volume and concentration or which time of application are able to dissolve organic matter without weakening the dental structure during the phase of biomechanical preparation of the root canal. Thus, the objective of the present study was to conduct a systematic literature review with no restriction of publication year or language in order to resolve these questions. The search strategy included the following databases: PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science and ClinicalTrials.gov, and only in vivo human clinical trials were included in the final review. After the removal of duplicates, the systematic literature review yielded 3,717 articles. Of these, 3,685 were excluded after applying the exclusion criteria (ex vivo studies, animal studies, cell-culture studies, narrative review, and studies with no available full texts). A total of 32 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. After evaluating the full text, all articles were excluded for different reasons. No studies fulfilled our inclusion criteria. This review was unable to answer what time of irrigation, concentration or volume of NaOCl solution can be of maximum effectiveness in endodontic treatment without producing significant changes in the mechanical properties of dentin. Thus, future human clinical studies are needed in order to resolve these questions.Descriptors: Endodontics; Sodium Hypochlorite; Review.ReferênciasSiqueira JF Jr, Guimarães-Pinto T, Rôças IN. Effects of chemomechanical preparation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and intracanal medication with calcium hydroxide on cultivable bacteria in infected root canals. J Endod. 2007;33(7):800-5.Brito PR, Souza LC, Machado de Oliveira JC, Alves FR, De-Deus G, Lopes HP et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of three irrigation techniques in reducing intracanal Enterococcus faecalis populations: an in vitro study. J Endod. 2009;35(10):1422-27.Baker NA, Eleazer PD, Averbach RE, Seltzer S. Scanning electron microscopic study of the efficacy of various irrigating solutions. J Endod. 1975; 1(4):127-35.Bystrom A, Happonen RP, Sjogren U, Sundqvist G. Healing of periapical lesions of pulpless teeth after endodontic treatment with controlled asepsis. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1987;3(2):58-63.Zehnder M. Root canal irrigants. J Endod. 2006; 32(5):389-98.Türkün M, Cengiz T. The effects of sodium hypochlorite and calcium hydroxide on tissue dissolution and root canal cleanliness. Inter Endod J. 1997;30(5):335-42.Naenni N, Thoma K, Zehnder M. Soft tissue dissolution capacity of currently used and potential endodontic irrigants. J Endod. 2004; 30(11):785-87.Clarkson RM, Moule AJ, Podlich H, Kellaway R, Macfariane R, Lewis D. Dissolution of porcine incisor pulps in sodium hypochlorite solutions of varying compositions and concentrations. Aust Dent J. 2006;51(3):245-51.Siqueira JF Jr, Rôças IN, Favieri A, Lima KC. Chemomechanical reduction of the bacterial population in the root canal after instrumentation and irrigation with 1%, 2.5%, and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. J Endod. 2000;26(6):331-34.Gu LS, Huang XQ, Griffin B, Bergeron BR, Pashley DH, Niu LN et al. Primum non nocere - The effects of sodium hypochlorite on dentin as used in endodontics. Acta Biomater. 2017; 61:144-56.Barreto MS, Moraes Rdo A, Rosa RA, Moreira CH, Só MV, Bier CA. Vertical root fractures and dentin defects: effects of root canal preparation, filling, and mechanical cycling. J Endod. 2012; 38(8):1135-39.Chai H, Tamse A. The effect of isthmus on vertical root fracture in endodontically treated teeth. J Endod. 2015;41(9):1515-19.Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(10):1006-12.Hand RE, Smith ML, Harrison JW. Analysis of the effect of dilution on the necrotic tissue dissolution property of sodium hypochlorite. J Endod. 1978;4(2):60-4.Thé SD. The solvent action of sodium hypochlorite on fixed and unfixed necrotic tissue. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1979;47(6):558-61.Ringel AM, Patterson SS, Newton CW, Miller CH, Mulhern JM. In vivo evaluation of chlorhexidine gluconate solution and sodium hypochlorite solution as root canal irrigants. J Endod.1982;8(5):200-4.Ercan E, Ozekinci T, Atakul F, Gül K. Antibacterial activity of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite in infected root canal: in vivo study. J Endod.2004;30(2):84-7.Siqueira JF Jr, Rôças IN, Paiva SS, Guimarães-Pinto T, Magalhães KM, Lima KC. Bacteriologic investigation of the effects of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine during the endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;104(1),122–30.Estrela C, Silva JA, de Alencar AH, Leles CR, Decurcio DA. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis--a systematic review. J Appl Oral Sci.2008;16(6):364-68.Fedorowicz Z, Sequeira P. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis--a systematic review. J Appl Oral Sci.2008;16(6):364-68.Gomes BP, Martinho FC, Vianna ME. Comparison of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine gel on oral bacterial lipopolysaccharide reduction from primarily infected root canals. J Endod; 2009;35(10):1350-53.Abbaszadegan A, Khayat A, Motamedifar M. Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of IKI and NaOCl irrigants in infected root canals: an in vivo study. Iran Endod J.2010;5(3):101-6.Bashetty K, Hegde J. Comparison of 2% chlorhexidine and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite irrigating solutions on postoperative pain: a randomized clinical trial. Indian J Dent Res.2010;21(4):523-27.Haapasalo M, Shen Y, Qian W, Gao Y. Irrigation in endodontics. Dent Clin North Am. 2010;54(2):291-312.Huffaker SK, Safavi K, Spangberg LS, Kaufman B. Influence of a passive sonic irrigation system on the elimination of bacteria from root canal systems: a clinical study. J Endod. 2010;36(8):1315-18.Kandaswamy D, Venkateshbabu N. Root canal irrigants. J cons dent.2010;13(4),256-64.Kaya S, Yiğit-Özer S, Adigüzel O. Evaluation of radicular dentin erosion and smear layer removal capacity of self-adjusting file using different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite as an initial irrigant. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol and Endod.2011;112(4):524-30.Paudel KR, Jaiswal A, Parajuli U, Bajracharya M. Different pharmacological solutions in intracanal irrigation. Nepal Med Coll J. 2011;13(2):111-14.Rôças IN, Siqueira JF Jr. Comparison of the in vivo antimicrobial effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine used as root canal irrigants: a molecular microbiology study. J Endod.2011;37(2):143-50.van der Vyver PJ, Botha FS, de Wet FA. Antimicrobial efficacy of nine different root canal irrigation solutions. SADJ. 2014;69(4):158-60,162-65.Beus C, Safavi K, Stratton J, Kaufman B (2012) Comparison of the effect of two endodontic irrigation protocols on the elimination of bacteria from root canal system: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Endod. 2012; 38(11):1479-83.Keenan AV. No evidence favouring one irrigant versus another in root canal treatments. Evid Based Dent.2012;13(4):107.Pawar R, Alqaied A, Safavi K, Boyko J, Kaufman B. Influence of an apical negative pressure irrigation system on bacterial elimination during endodontic therapy: a prospective randomized clinical study. J Endod.2012;38(9):1177–81.Cohenca N, Paranjpe A, Heilborn C, Johnson JD. Antimicrobial efficacy of two irrigation techniques in tapered and non-tapered canal preparations. A randomized controlled clinical trial. Quintessence Int. 2013;44(3):217-28.Guo X, Miao H, Li L, Zhang S, Zhou D, Lu Y, Wu L. Efficacy of four different irrigation techniques combined with 60 °C 3% sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA in smear layer removal. BMC Oral Health. 2014;14:114.Mashalkar S, Pawar MG, Kolhe S, Jain DT. Comparative evaluation of root canal disinfection by conventional method and laser: an in vivo study. Niger J Clin Pract. 2014;17(1):67-74.Martins MR, Carvalho MF, Pina-Vaz I, Capelas JA, Martins MA, Gutknecht N. Outcome of Er,Cr:YSGG laser-assisted treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis: a blind randomized clinical trial. Photomed Laser Surg. 2014;32(1):3-9.Ma J, Tong Z, Ling J, Liu H, Wei X. The effects of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine irrigants on the antibacterial activities of alkaline media against Enterococcus faecalis. Arch Oral Biol.2015;60(7):1075-81.Podar R, Kulkarni GP, Dadu SS, Singh S, Singh SH. In vivo antimicrobial efficacy of 6% Morinda citrifolia, Azadirachta indica, and 3% sodium hypochlorite as root canal irrigants. Eur J Dent.2015;9(4):529-34.Arias-Moliz MT, Morago A, Ordinola-Zapata R, Ferrer-Luque CM, Ruiz-Linares M, Baca P. Effects of dentin debris on the antimicrobial properties of sodium hypochlorite and etidronic acid. J Endod. 2016;42(2):771-75.Rôças IN, Provenzano JC, Neves MA, Siqueira JF Jr. Disinfecting effects of rotary instrumentation with either 2.5% sodium hypochlorite or 2% chlorhexidine as the main irrigant: a randomized clinical study. J Endod. 2016;42(6):943–47.Kist S, Kollmuss M, Jung J, Schubert S, Hickel R, Huth KC. Comparison of ozone gas and sodium hypochlorite/chlorhexidine two-visit disinfection protocols in treating apical periodontitis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21(4):995-1005.Nourzadeh M, Amini A, Fakoor F, Raoof M, Sharififar F. Comparative antimicrobial efficacy of Eucalyptus Galbie and Myrtus Communis L. extracts, chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus Faecalis. Iran Endod J.2017.12(2):205-10.Dakin HD. On the use of certain antiseptic substances in the treatment of infected wounds. Br Med J. 1915; 2(2852):318-20.Walker A. A definite and dependable therapy for pulpless teeth. J Am Dent Assoc. 1922;23(8):1418-25.Grossman LI. Irrigation of root canals. J Am Dent Assoc. 1943;30:1915-17.Bajaj D, Sundaram N, Nazari A, Arola D. Age, dehydration and fatigue crack growth in dentin. Biomaterials. 2006;27(11):2507-17.Kruzic JJ, Nalla RK, Kinney JH, Ritchie RO. Crack blunting, crack bridging and resistance-curve fracture mechanics in dentin: effect of hydration. Biomaterials. 2003;24(28):5209-21.Martins JNR, Marques D, Francisco H, Caramês J. Gender influence on the number of roots and root canal system configuration in human permanent teeth of a Portuguese subpopulation. Quintessence Int. 2018;49(2):103-11.Zehnder M, Schmidlin P, Sener B, Waltimo T. Chelation in root canal therapy reconsidered. J Endod. 2005;31(11):817-20.Marending M, Luder HU, Brunner TJ, Knecht S, Stark WJ, Zehnder M. Effect of sodium hypochlorite on human root dentine-mechanical, chemical and structural evaluation. Int Endod J. 2007;40(10):786-93.Aslantas EE, Buzoglu HD, Altundasar E, Serper A. Effect of EDTA, sodium hypochlorite, and chlorhexidine gluconate with or without surface modifiers on dentin microhardness. J Endod. 2014;40(6):876-79.Siqueira JF Jr, Machado AG, Silveira RM, Lopes HP, de Uzeda M. Evaluation of the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite used with three irrigation methods in the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis from the root canal, in vitro. Int Endod J. 1997;30(4):279-82.Hertel M, Sommer K, Kostka E, Imiolczyk SM, Ballout H, Preissner S. Outcomes of endodontic therapy comparing conventional sodium hypochlorite irrigation with passive ultrasonic irrigation using sodium hypochlorite and ethylenediaminetetraacetate. A retrospective analysis. Open Dent J. 2016;10:375-81.Soares JA, Pires Júnior DR. Influence of sodium hypochlorite-based irrigants on the susceptibility of intracanal microbiota to biomechanical preparation. Braz Dent J. 2006;17(4):310-6.

Saudi Arabia’s counter-terrorism strategy of the first decade on the twenty first century has been widely acclaimed as highly successful and presented as an example for other Muslim countries. The strategy was developed after the bomb attacks of AlQaida on the Arabian Peninsula in 2003. The program is however deeply religious and is based on the reconversion of terrorists from a Jihadi-Salafism to a quietist and law abiding version of Salafism. The chapter goes into the religious terminology Saudi counter-terrorism program by labelling terrorism as religious “deviation,” radicals as people who have been led by their “passions” and are no longer rational and have diverted form the “middle way”. The article also shows how prominent religious scholars have become deeply involved in the state counter-terrorism program of “intellectual security”.

Financing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is one of the most important mechanisms to boost economic growth in both developed and developing nations. The contributions of SMEs in many countries' gross domestic product (GDP) have been overwhelming. SMEs improve job creation in all sectors of the economy and contribute to the people's economic wellbeing. However, many SMEs are not getting financing from their respective counties due to strict regulations and interest rate hike. With this kind of regulations and high interest, many brains are wasted, and many ideas are vanishing with the job opportunities attached them. Government agencies are therefore in need to innovate different ways to facilitate SME financing and support new businesses for achieving and maintaining sustainable economic growth. This chapter proposes an Islamic FinTech and its mechanisms to achieving this vital initiative using the Islamic benevolent loan “Alqard al-hasan.”