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Books on the topic 'Alsace region'
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1
Carrol, Alison. The Return of Alsace to France, 1918-1939. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803911.001.0001.
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In 1918 the end of the First World War triggered the return of Alsace to France after almost fifty years of annexation into the German Empire. Enthusiastic crowds in Paris and Alsace celebrated the homecoming of the so-called lost province, but return proved far less straightforward than anticipated. The region’s German-speaking population demonstrated strong commitment to local cultures and institutions, as well as their own visions of return to France. As a result, the following two decades saw politicians, administrators, industrialists, cultural elites, and others grapple with the question of how to make Alsace French again. The answer did not prove straightforward; differences of opinion emerged both inside and outside the region, and reintegration became a fiercely contested process that remained incomplete when war broke out in 1939. The Return of Alsace to France examines this story. Drawing upon national, regional, and local archives, it follows the difficult process of Alsace’s reintegration into French society, culture, political and economic systems, and legislative and administrative institutions. It connects the microhistory of the region with the macro levels of national policy, international relations, and transnational networks, and with the cross-border flows of ideas, goods, people, and cultural products that shaped daily life in Alsace. Revealing Alsace to be a site of exchange between a range of interest groups with different visions of the region’s future, this book underlines the role of regional populations and cross-border interactions in forging the French Third Republic.
2
Carrol, Alison. Remaking French Alsace. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803911.003.0003.
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The end of the First World War triggered the return of Alsace to France, and celebrations in Paris and Alsace marked the region’s ‘homecoming’. Yet return proved trickier than expected, as voices inside and outside the region grappled with the question of how to undo almost fifty years of German rule, and how to make the region French again. These problems proved particularly acute in the areas of citizenship, administration, and laws, which raised the questions of who and what are French? This chapter traces the debates over these areas of life. It suggests that discussions were characterized by mutual misunderstandings and misperceptions, with opinion divided at both the centre and periphery and shaped by forces inside and outside France’s national borders. The result was a multi-cornered struggle, and this chapter suggests that integration must be understood as an ongoing and contested process.
3
Bentley, James. Alsace: Zestful Celebration Riches France's Smallest Region Its Cities Countryside (Penguin Handbooks). Penguin (Non-Classics), 1990.
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4
Carrol, Alison. The Border Landscape. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803911.003.0007.
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This chapter discusses the remaking of the Alsatian landscape after 1918, and considers the establishment of the new boundary line, the redesign of the region’s towns, and the fixing of its commemorative landscape. This was achieved through practical measures, and through debates about what the landscape represented. These discussions involved voices from across Alsace, France, and further afield, and they saw some of the most overt and explicit articulations of the two ideas of the borderland that shaped debates about the return of Alsace to France; that on the one hand Alsace represented France’s limits, and on the other that Alsace was the heart of a cross-border, transnational community. These two ideas coexisted, but were not articulated simultaneously. And the tension between the two understandings lies at the heart of Alsace’s return to France.
6
Sica, Emanuele. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039850.003.0013.
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This conclusion evaluates the nature of Italy’s military occupation of France during World War II. It compares the occupation of Menton with the German occupations in Alsace-Lorraine and the Italian invasion of the French Riviera in November 1942 with the German occupation of the region from September 1943 to August 1944, and then contrasts it with the Italian occupations in the Balkans. It shows that the Italian occupation of the strip of land including Menton in the summer of 1940 bore some similarities with Germany’s occupation of Alsace-Lorraine. It also highlights the differences between the German and Italian occupation policies both in terms of breadth and enforcement. Finally, it argues that the worst enemy of Italian Army commanders in southeastern France was the low morale of their troops, stemming from the growing sense that the tide of war had irremediably turned against the Axis side by the fall of 1942.
8
Carrol, Alison. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803911.003.0001.
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The introduction offers a brief overview of Alsace’s return to France, situates the study within the literature on nations, nationalisms, and borders, and introduces the major arguments and the approach of the book. It outlines the multiple dimensions of the return of Alsace to France (laws, administration, society, politics, economics, culture, and the landscape), and suggests that these discrete aspects of daily life were shaped by the border. Indeed, the remarkable element in the story of Alsace’s return to France, the introduction suggests, is that in spite of the change of national regime and the shifts in Franco–German relations, the border was always a point of contact. This contact was not always positive, but it nonetheless played a crucial role in Alsace’s return to France, and as a result contributed to the formation of the French nation.
9
Carrol, Alison. Borderland Politics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803911.003.0004.
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A crucial forum for many of the debates about reintegration was politics. Equally, political life in interwar Alsace was dominated by questions posed by return. This chapter charts developments in regional politics as this focus upon the single issue of reintegration triggered the emergence of the autonomist political movement, and generated some unorthodox alliances between mainstream parties. Questions of Alsace squeezed normal political debate and became more important than differences between left and right, yet the focus upon the local that this engendered interacted with cross-border connections, as people, ideas, and political tracts crossed the border. The chapter considers these multiple impulses. It discusses parties that contested the region’s elections, analyses the issues that drove political debate, and traces the evolution of opinion in Alsace, as the population grappled with the dynamics of return and their place in Europe.
10
Scott, Tom. The Swiss or Swabian War of 1499. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198725275.003.0007.
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The Swiss (or Swabian) War had its origins beyond Swabia itself, in conflicts between Austrian Tirol and the Rhaetian Leagues; Emperor Maximilian’s plans to invade Italy, however, drew in the Swabian League, which in early 1499 mustered troops to defend its own region from attack or plunder. Imperial troops were sent from the Netherlands, with the result that three separate theatres of war developed: in Vorarlberg, on the Hochrhein, and on the Upper Rhine/Alsace. A series of skirmishes quickly brought hostilities to an end in a ‘war’ which was essentially accidental and avoidable. Much of the fighting consisted of raiding and plundering. By the Treaty of Basel (October 1499) the status quo ante enshrined in the Perpetual Accord was restored; the city of Basel, however, was admitted as a full member to the Confederation.
11
Sica, Emanuele. A Prelude to Full Occupation. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039850.003.0005.
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This chapter focuses on the city of Menton, a small area occupied by the Italian Army from 1940 to 1942. Menton became the primary locus of the Italianization campaign, which mirrored the Germanization efforts carried out in Alsace-Lorraine. The forced Italianization encompassed education and religion, but also touched other aspects of daily life in Menton. The chapter shows how Italy’s unofficial annexation of the area became controversial as Italian military authorities clashed with the country’s civil servants who endeavored to make Menton a city model of the new Fascist region. It also considers the entente between Italian soldiers and the French populace and the Italian authorities’ implementation of a more nuanced approach to the local population of Menton. It suggests that the failure of the Italianization campaign in Menton probably shaped the Italian military occupation policy of November 1942.
12
Carrol, Alison. Reimagining Alsatian Identities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803911.003.0006.
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This chapter considers attempts to reimagine what it meant to be Alsatian after the region’s return to France through discussion of two areas of daily life: language and festivities. The region’s elites offered alternative visions of Alsace through debates over the use of French, German, and Alsatian dialect, and discussions over how the region’s past and present should be presented at festivities and in exhibitions. In so doing, they drew upon the region’s social and cultural practices, as well as its local context, position in France, and cross-border links. Their attempts are suggestive of questions over how to reconcile difference within the French nation, and their efforts to differentiate what was Alsatian from what was German reveal that rather than viewing loyalties in binary terms as ‘for or against’ France, nationalization in Alsace would be better understood as a spectrum that allowed for the expression of multiple loyalties and attachments.
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Angelo, Ara, and Kolb Eberhard 1933-, eds. Regioni di frontiera nell'epoca dei nazionalismi: Alsazia e Lorena, Trento e Trieste : 1870-1914. Bologna: Il mulino, 1995.
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14
Carrol, Alison. A Bridge across the Rhine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803911.003.0002.
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This chapter introduces Alsace and contextualizes its interwar experience by tracing its longer history. Alsace was gradually incorporated into France during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, annexed into Germany in 1871, and then returned to France in 1918 in the aftermath of the First World War and the Alsatian Revolution. Across these years, transfers of Alsatian sovereignty led to movements of the border between France and Germany. This chapter discusses Alsatian experiences of these years, and suggests that their impact was to unify the regional population that was divided by confession, class, gender, and milieu. In doing so it considers the ways in which cross-border contact shaped Alsatian society, while evolving ideas about borders ensured that the boundary was increasingly described as a dividing line between nation states.
15
Carrol, Alison. Economic Reintegration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803911.003.0005.
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This chapter traces the economic reintegration of Alsace. Upon the region’s return to French rule, the primary priority was recovery from the devastation of the First World War, and the realignment of the Alsatian economy towards French structures and institutions. While some sectors of the economy achieved successes in their efforts to produce goods suitable for French markets, these remained in their early stages when the global economic depression hit the recovered departments in the 1930s and triggered unemployment and protest. Throughout, economic developments were shaped by the border and were inseparable from social relations. This chapter considers this history and is suggestive of the ways in which a change of national regime and fluctuations in the global economic and political situation affected the Alsatian economy.
16
R, Gramberger Marc, and Robert Schuman Centre, eds. Prospective effects of the introduction of the euro in border regions within the European Union: The case of citizens and small and medium-sized enterprises in Alsace and Baden. San Domenico di Fiesole: Robert Schuman Centre, European University Institute, 1998.
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