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Journal articles on the topic 'Alt flux'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Li, De Sheng, Nian Yu Zou, Yun Cui Zhang, Xiao Yang He, and Yi Yang. "Study of High-Power White LED's Lifetime Based on Accelerated Life Test." Advanced Materials Research 800 (September 2013): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.800.205.

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The study of LED reliability becomes more and more important with LED widely used in various areas, and accelerated life test (ALT) as an element of reliability test is widely used to predict the lifetime of LED. In this paper, ALTs have been carried out at various current levels and various temperature levels. In the current ALT experiment, three kinds of stressing currents were demonstrated for 1W white LEDs and lumen flux of the tested LEDs were studied, and based on Eyting model, lifetime of the tested LEDs is calculated about 6.86×105h. In the temperature ALT experiment, two kinds of stressing temperature were demonstrated for the same type of white LEDs and lumen flux were also studied, and based on Arrhenius model, lifetime of the tested LEDs is calculated about 7.41×105h. In addition, the color shifting velocity is faster than lumens depreciation velocity was observed in our experiment, which means the lifetime evaluating of white LED should be paid more attention.

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2

Wasson, J. G., J. L. Guyot, and H. Sanejouand. "Premières données concernant le Carbone Organique transporté par le Rio Desaguadero (Altiplano Bolivien)." Revue des sciences de l'eau 4, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 363–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705105ar.

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Le Rio Desaguadero relie le lac Titicaca (alt. 3 810 m) au lac Poopo (alt. 3 670 m) dans le bassin endoréique de l'Altiplano, en Bolivie, (fig. 1). Le bassin versant est constitué de terrains sédimentaires et volcaniques, avec une végétation steppique et aucune source de pollution organique. Le climat très variable présente d'une alternance de saisons humide et sèche. Le Rio Mauri fournit 90 % du flux de MES estimé à 6,6.106 t an-1 (d'après GUYOT et al., 1990). Des analyses de COT et d'autres paramètres chimiques ont été réalisées sur 15 stations en 3 campagnes (fig. 2 et tableau 1). Une ACP (fig. 3) révèle une corrélation entre COT et MES, correspondant à deux épisodes de crues (déc. 87 et fév. 88) (tableau 2). Des hypothèses concernant l'origine du carbone organique et les flux sont avancées (tableau 3). Un flux de base, principalement du COD provenant du lac Titicaca, représenterait 18 000 t an-1. Mais le COP, quoique fortement corrélé aux MES, n'a pas la même origine que celles-ci (fig. 4); il proviendrait principalement des zones connexes au Rio Desaguadero riches en végétation aquatique. La contribution de ces flux aux bilans du carbone organique paraît négligeable pour le lac Titicaca et peu importante pour le lac Poopo. Mais le maintien des interconnexions entre le Rio Desaguadero et ses zones humides doit être intégré dans les projets d'aménagement.

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3

Viswanath, Pavithra, Georgios Batsios, Anne Marie Gillespie, Hema Artee Luchman, Joseph Costello, Russell Pieper, and Sabrina Ronen. "TAMI-08. A TALE OF TWO TELOMERE MAINTENANCE MECHANISMS: TERT EXPRESSION AND THE ALT PATHWAY INDUCE UNIQUE MRS-DETECTABLE METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING IN LOW-GRADE GLIOMAS." Neuro-Oncology 22, Supplement_2 (November 2020): ii214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.897.

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Abstract Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures at chromosomal ends that shorten with cell division and constitute a natural barrier to proliferation. In order to proliferate indefinitely, all tumors require a telomere maintenance mechanism (TMM). Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression is the TMM in most tumors, including low-grade oligodendrogliomas (LGOGs). In contrast, low-grade astrocytomas (LGAs) use the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway as their TMM. As molecular hallmarks of tumor proliferation, TMMs are attractive tumor biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Non-invasive imaging of TMM status will, therefore, allow assessment of tumor proliferation and treatment response. However, translational methods of imaging TMM status are lacking. Here, we show that TERT expression and the ALT pathway are associated with unique magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)-detectable metabolic reprogramming in LGOGs and LGAs respectively. In genetically-engineered and patient-derived LGOG models, TERT expression is linked to elevated 1H-MRS-detectable NAD(P)/H, glutathione, aspartate and AXP. In contrast, the ALT pathway in LGAs is associated with higher α-ketoglutarate, glutamate, alanine and AXP. Importantly, elevated flux of hyperpolarized [1-13C]-alanine to pyruvate, which depends on α-ketoglutarate, is a non-invasive in vivo imaging biomarker of the ALT pathway in LGAs while elevated flux of hyperpolarized [1-13C]-alanine to lactate, which depends on NADH, is an imaging biomarker of TERT expression in LGOGs. Mechanistically, the ALT pathway in LGAs is linked to higher glutaminase (GLS), a key enzyme for α-ketoglutarate biosynthesis while TERT expression in LGOGs is associated with elevated nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), a key enzyme for NADH biosynthesis. Notably, TERT expression and the ALT pathway are linked to MRS-detectable metabolic reprogramming in LGOG and LGA patient biopsies, emphasizing the clinical validity of our observations. Collectively, we have identified unique metabolic signatures of TMM status that integrate critical oncogenic information with noninvasive imaging modalities that can improve diagnosis and treatment response monitoring for LGOG and LGA patients.

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4

Semblante, Galilee Uy, Sheng-Jie You, Guan-Hui Wu, Tien-Chin Chang, and Feng-Chin Yen. "Pore size and flux behavior of polyvinylidene fluoride and polymethyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride with TiO2." Chemical Engineering Journal 241 (April 2014): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.09.037.

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5

Nabavi, Seyed Reza. "Multi-objective Optimization of Preparation Conditions of Asymmetric Polyetherimide Membrane for Prevaporation of Isopropanol." Chemical Product and Process Modeling 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cppm-2015-0062.

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Abstract Multi-objective optimization is used in many chemical engineering fields that have conflict objective functions. Prevaporation is an effective process for removing trace or minor amount of the component of diluting solutions. This process is used for dehydration of alcohols containing small amounts of water. In this process membrane flux and separation factor have conflict with each other. So a multi-objective optimization approach can be used for optimization of the process. In this paper, in first stage a neural network based model was developed for preparation conditions for polyetherimide membrane in isopropanol prevaporation. Four major variables involved in the membrane preparation procedure, including polymer concentration, additive content, solvent evaporation temperature and time was considered. Membrane flux and separation factor were considered as objective functions. Elitist Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm with jumping gene and altruistic adaptation (Alt-NSGA-aJG) was applied for simultaneous maximization of flux and separation factor. Pareto optimal solutions for membrane preparation conditions and effect of decision variables (four preparation variables) on Pareto front were investigated.

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6

Spencer, M. K., A. Katz, and I. Raz. "Epinephrine increases tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in human skeletal muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 260, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): E436—E439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1991.260.3.e436.

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The effects of epinephrine (E) and insulin infusions on the contents of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (TCAI), adenine nucleotides and their catabolites, and amino acids in skeletal muscle have been investigated. Eight men were studied on two separate occasions: 1) during 120 min of euglycemic hyperinsulinemia (UH, approximately 5 mM; 40 mU.m-2.min-1) and 2) during UH while E was infused (UHE, 0.05 microgram.kg-1.min-1). Biopsies were taken from the quadriceps femoris muscle before and after each clamp. The sum of citrate, malate, and fumarate in muscle did not change significantly during UH (P greater than 0.05) but doubled during UHE (P less than 0.001). There were no significant changes in any of the adenine nucleotides, their catabolites (including inosine monophosphate), or aspartate during UH and UHE (P greater than 0.05); nor were there any significant changes in pyruvate or alanine contents during UH (P greater than 0.05). On the other hand, there were significant increases in pyruvate and alanine contents during UHE (P less than 0.01 and 0.05, respectively), suggesting that there was increased production of 2-oxoglutarate (a TCAI) via the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) reaction. It is concluded that E infusion increases the contents of TCAI in human skeletal muscle, and it is likely that at least part of the increase is attributable to increased flux through the ALT reaction.

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Castañeda, Pablo S., Clara L. Domínguez Delgado, Isabel M. R. Cruz, Luz M. M. Contreras, Eva M. M. Trinidad, Miriam L. Cervantes, and José J. Escobar-Chávez. "Development of Poly (Methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid) Microneedles for Transdermal Delivery of Atorvastatin Calcium." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 21, no. 9 (June 9, 2020): 852–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201021666200217103302.

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Aims: Biodegradable polymeric microneedles containing atorvastatin calcium were developed in order to improve the percutaneous absorption of the drug, useful for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Background: The use of physical enhancers like microneedles have shown good results to increase the delivery of drugs through the skin, the use of microneedles has very important advantages for transdermal drug delivery, for example, they are painless, easy to use and safe, they increase time interval of drug activity, dose, and reductions in adverse reactions, they also offer, the facility to remove the system instantly of the skin. Objective: Develop polymer microneedles loaded with a calcium atorvastatin and evaluate them by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), bioadhesion, postwetting- bioadhesion, breaking strength, drug release test and in vitro percutaneous absorption studies to demonstrate the use of microneedles atorvastatin is able to cross the skin. Methods: The microneedles were made with poly (methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid) as biodegradable polymer using the technique of casting in solution in a mold. After solidification these microneedles were characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), bioadhesion, post-wetting-bioadhesion, breaking strength, drug release test and in vitro percutaneous absorption studies. Results: In general, the performances were satisfactory for optimal formulation in terms of DSC with no interactions between drug and excipients, SEM shows microneedles with a conical shape, bioadhesion of 1570 g.f, post wetting-bioadhesion of 1503.4 g.f, breaking strength of 1566.7g.f that is sufficient to disrupt Stratum corneum, good drug release and a flux of 33.4 μg/cm2*h with a tLag of 15.14 h for the in vitro percutaneous absorption. Conclusion: The results indicate that it is possible to generate microneedles to increase the percutaneous absorption of calcium atorvastatin transdermally, with the potential to be used as an alternative to the oral route for the treatment of dyslipidemias.

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Savic, Dragana, Leanne Hodson, Stefan Neubauer, and Michael Pavlides. "The Importance of the Fatty Acid Transporter L-Carnitine in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)." Nutrients 12, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 2178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12082178.

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L-carnitine transports fatty acids into the mitochondria for oxidation and also buffers excess acetyl-CoA away from the mitochondria. Thus, L-carnitine may play a key role in maintaining liver function, by its effect on lipid metabolism. The importance of L-carnitine in liver health is supported by the observation that patients with primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) can present with fatty liver disease, which could be due to low levels of intrahepatic and serum levels of L-carnitine. Furthermore, studies suggest that supplementation with L-carnitine may reduce liver fat and the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). L-carnitine has also been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and elevate pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) flux. Studies that show reduced intrahepatic fat and reduced liver enzymes after L-carnitine supplementation suggest that L-carnitine might be a promising supplement to improve or delay the progression of NAFLD.

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9

Gaxela, Nelisa Ncumisa, Philiswa Nosizo Nomngongo, and Richard Motlhaletsi Moutloali. "Effect of the Zwitterion, p(MAO-DMPA), on the Internal Structure, Fouling Characteristics, and Dye Rejection Mechanism of PVDF Membranes." Membranes 10, no. 11 (October 31, 2020): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10110323.

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The zwitterion poly-(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene-3-(dimethylamino)-1-propylamine) (p(MAO-DMPA)) synthesized using a ring-opening reaction was used as a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane modifier/additive during phase inversion process. The zwitterion was characterized using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM), FTIR, and contact angle measurements were taken for the membranes. The effect of the zwitterionization content on membrane performance indicators such as pure water flux, membrane fouling, and dye rejection was investigated. The morphology of the membranes showed that the increase in the zwitterion amount led to a general decrease in pore size with a concomitant increase in the number of membrane surface pores. The surface roughness was not particularly affected by the amount of the additive; however, the internal structure was greatly influenced, leading to varying rejection mechanisms for the larger dye molecule. On the other hand, the wettability of the membranes initially decreased with increasing content to a certain point and then increased as the membrane homogeneity changed at higher zwitterion percentages. Flux and fouling properties were enhanced through the addition of zwitterion compared to the pristine PVDF membrane. The high (>90%) rejection of anionic dye, Congo red, indicated that these membranes behaved as ultrafiltration (UF). In comparison, the cationic dye, rhodamine 6G, was only rejected to <70%, with rejection being predominantly electrostatic-based. This work shows that zwitterion addition imparted good membrane performance to PVDF membranes up to an optimum content whereby membrane homogeneity was compromised, leading to poor performance at its higher loading.

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10

Nguetsop, V. F., I. Bentaleb, C. Favier, C. Martin, S. Servant-Vildary, and M. Servant. "Past environmental and climatic changes during the last 7200 cal yrs BP in Adamawa Plateau (Northern-Cameroun) based on fossil diatoms and sedimentary <sup>13</sup>C isotopic records from Lake Mbalang." Climate of the Past Discussions 7, no. 1 (January 21, 2011): 305–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-7-305-2011.

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Abstract. Past limnological conditions of Lake Mbalang (7°19´ N, 13°44´ E, alt: 1130 m) and vegetation type were reconstructed from diatoms and sedimentary stable carbon isotope records (δ13C) since 7200 cal yrs BP. The data showed that before 3600 yrs cal BP the water column was preferentially cold and stable except around 5000–5300 cal yrs BP where diatom evidenced mixed upper water layer, δ13C data suggest more forested vegetation in the landscape. These stable conditions can be explained by a strong monsoonal flux and correlatively northern position of the ITCZ that entailed high/low rainfall well distributed over the year to allow the development mountainous forest taxa. The decreasing trend of the monsoonal flux towards mid-Holocene was however affected by several centennial to millennial time scale abrupt weakening at 6700, 5800–6000, 5000–5300, 4500 and 3600 cal yrs BP although their impact on vegetation is not visible probably because rainfall distribution was favourable to forest maintenance or extension. After 3600 cal yrs BP, water column became very mixed as a result of more intense NE trade winds (Harmattan) that led at ~3000 cal yrs BP to the instalment of savana in the vegetation landscape. At that time, rainfall was probably reduced following the southwards shift of the ITCZ and the distribution of yearly rainfall was no more favourable to forest development. Thus a strong seasonality with a well marked dry season was established, conditions that maintained the savana vegetation till today. Diatom data suggest the lake did not dried during the last 7200 cal yrs BP, however, a low lake level observed at 2400–2100 cal yrs BP is contemporaneous to a climatic event evidenced in several areas of tropical Africa and could correspond to the southernmost position of the ITCZ. Other low lake levels are observed at 1800 and 1400 cal yrs BP, after which lake rose to its present level.

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11

Michel, R. F. M., C. E. G. R. Schaefer, F. M. B. Simas, M. R. Francelino, E. I. Fernandes-Filho, G. B. Lyra, and J. G. Bockheim. "Active-layer thermal monitoring on the Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, maritime Antarctica." Solid Earth 5, no. 2 (December 21, 2014): 1361–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1361-2014.

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Abstract. International attention to climate change phenomena has grown in the last decade; the active layer and permafrost are of great importance in understanding processes and future trends due to their role in energy flux regulation. The objective of this paper is to present active-layer temperature data for one Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring South hemisphere (CALM-S) site located on the Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, maritime Antarctica over an 57-month period (2008–2012). The monitoring site was installed during the summer of 2008 and consists of thermistors (accuracy of ±0.2 °C), arranged vertically with probes at different depths, recording data at hourly intervals in a high-capacity data logger. A series of statistical analyses was performed to describe the soil temperature time series, including a linear fit in order to identify global trends, and a series of autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models was tested in order to define the best fit for the data. The affects of weather on the thermal regime of the active layer have been identified, providing insights into the influence of climate change on permafrost. The active-layer thermal regime in the studied period was typical of periglacial environments, with extreme variation in surface during the summer resulting in frequent freeze and thaw cycles. The active-layer thickness (ALT) over the studied period shows a degree of variability related to different annual weather conditions, reaching a maximum of 117.5 cm in 2009. The ARIMA model could describe the data adequately and is an important tool for more conclusive analysis and predictions when longer data sets are available. Despite the variability when comparing temperature readings and ACT over the studied period, no trend can be identified.

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Gopal, Thiyagarajan, Narendra Kumar, Curtis Perriotte-Olson, Carol A. Casey, Terrence M. Donohue, Edward N. Harris, Geoffrey Talmon, Alexander V. Kabanov, and Viswanathan Saraswathi. "Nanoformulated SOD1 ameliorates the combined NASH and alcohol-associated liver disease partly via regulating CYP2E1 expression in adipose tissue and liver." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 318, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): G428—G438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00217.2019.

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Enhanced free fatty acid (FFA) flux from adipose tissue (AT) to liver plays an important role in the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and alcohol-associated liver disease (AALD). We determined the effectiveness of nanoformulated superoxide dismutase 1 (Nano) in attenuating liver injury in a mouse model exhibiting a combination of NASH and AALD. Male C57BL6/J mice were fed a chow diet (CD) or a high-fat diet (HF) for 10 wk followed by pair feeding of the Lieber-DeCarli control (control) or ethanol (ET) diet for 4 wk. Nano was administered once every other day for the last 2 wk of ET feeding. Mice were divided into 1) CD + control diet (CD + Cont), 2) high-fat diet (HF) + control diet (HF + Cont), 3) HF + Cont + Nano, 4) HF + ET diet (HF + ET), and 5) HF + ET + Nano. The total fat mass, visceral AT mass (VAT), and VAT perilipin 1 content were significantly lower only in HF + ET-fed mice but not in HF + ET + Nano-treated mice compared with controls. The HF + ET-fed mice showed an upregulation of VAT CYP2E1 protein, and Nano abrogated this effect. We noted a significant rise in plasma FFAs, ALT, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in HF + ET-fed mice, which was blunted in HF + ET + Nano-treated mice. HF + ET-induced increases in hepatic steatosis and inflammatory markers were attenuated upon Nano treatment. Nano reduced hepatic CYP2E1 and enhanced catalase levels in HF + ET-fed mice with a concomitant increase in SOD1 protein and activity in liver. Nano was effective in attenuating AT and liver injury in mice exhibiting a combination of NASH and AALD, partly via reduced CYP2E1-mediated ET metabolism in these organs. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Increased free fatty acid flux from adipose tissue (AT) to liver accompanied by oxidative stress promotes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and alcohol-associated liver injury (AALD). Obesity increases the severity of AALD. Using a two-hit model involving a high-fat diet and chronic ethanol feeding to mice, and treating them with nanoformulated superoxide dismutase (nanoSOD), we have shown that nanoSOD improves AT lipid storage, reduces CYP2E1 in AT and liver, and attenuates the combined NASH/AALD in mice.

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13

Cheng, Jianfeng, and Lili Du. "Hydrodynamic jet incident on an uneven wall." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 28, no. 04 (April 2018): 771–827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202518500203.

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The axially symmetric free surface problem of an ideal incompressible jet issuing from a nozzle and impinging on an uneven wall is investigated in this paper. More precisely, we show that given a semi-infinitely long axially symmetric nozzle, a mass flux [Formula: see text] in the inlet and a constant atmospheric pressure, there exists a unique incompressible impinging jet whose free surface goes to infinity and is close to the impermeable wall at far field. Moreover, the free surface of the impinging jet initiates at the edge of the semi-infinitely long nozzle and the pressure remains the constant atmospheric pressure on the free surface. The main ingredient to show the existence and the uniqueness of the impinging jet is based on the variational method developed in a series of the celebrated works [Existence and regularity for a minimum problem with free boundary, J. Reine Angew. Math. 325 (1981) 105–144; Variational Principles and Free-Boundary Problems, Pure and Applied Mathematics (John Wiley & Sons, 1982)] by Alt, Caffarelli and Friedman. Furthermore, some important properties of the axially symmetric impinging jet, such as positivity of the radial velocity, asymptotic behavior of the impinging jet, and the optimal decay rate of the free surface and the impinging jet, are obtained. Moreover, the problem of the axially symmetric jet impinging on a hemispherical cup is also considered. Finally, we establish the well-posedness theory on the incompressible impinging jet in two dimensions.

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14

Miroshnichenko, A. S., V. G. Klochkova, E. L. Chentsov, V. E. Panchuk, M. V. Yushkin, and N. Manset. "First high-resolution optical spectra of the distant emission-line star VES 723 (IRAS 02110+6212)." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 507, no. 1 (August 19, 2021): 879–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab2193.

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ABSTRACT The first high-resolution spectra (resolving powers of R ≥ 60 000) of the emission-line star VES 723, which has an unknown evolutionary status, were taken at the 6-m Big Telescope Alt-Azimuthal and the 3.6-m Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope. The spectrum is dominated with powerful emission lines of neutral hydrogen and helium, and forbidden singly ionized nitrogen. The Hα and He i lines were found to exhibit broad foundations of the emission profiles at least 250 km s−1 wide. The strongest emission lines exhibit no noticeable variations during the observing period (2011–2017) except for the He i lines. The spectra contain multicomponent interstellar absorptions of Na i and K i (mult. 1) and several strongest diffuse interstellar bands, while photospheric absorptions have not been detected. The average radial velocity of the forbidden [N ii] emission line centres was adopted as the systemic velocity (Vsys ≈ −52 km s−1), which indicates a large distance of ≈6 kpc. Our luminosity estimates of log L/L⊙ = 3.7−4.0 for two different Gaia distance measurements, along with an effective temperature of Teff = 25 000 ± 2000 K and a fast decrease of the infrared flux longward of $\lambda \sim 10\, \mu{\rm m}$, allow us to suggest that VES 723 is neither a pre-main-sequence Herbig B[e] star nor a B[e] supergiant but rather a member of the FS CMa group of objects with the B[e] phenomenon.

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Arunprasert, Kwanputtha, Chaiyakarn Pornpitchanarong, Theerasak Rojanarata, Tanasait Ngawhirunpat, Praneet Opanasopit, Porawan Aumklad, and Prasopchai Patrojanasophon. "Development and Evaluation of Novel Water-Based Drug-in-Adhesive Patches for the Transdermal Delivery of Ketoprofen." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13060789.

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The objective of this study was to develop novel water-based drug-in-adhesive pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) patches for the transdermal delivery of ketoprofen, employing poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-acrylic acid) copolymer (PVPAA) and poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride) (PMVEMA) as the main components. The polymers were crosslinked with tartaric acid and dihydroxyaluminium aminoacetate using various polymer ratios. Ketoprofen was incorporated into the PVPAA/PMVEMA PSAs during the patch preparation. The physicochemical properties, adhesive properties, drug content, release profile, and skin permeation of the patches were examined. Moreover, the in vivo skin irritation and skin adhesion performance in human volunteers were evaluated. The patches prepared at a weight ratio of PVPAA/PMVEMA of 1:1 presented the highest tacking strength, with desirable peeling characteristics. The ketoprofen-loaded PVPAA/PMVEMA patches exhibited superior adhesive properties, compared to the commercial patches, because the former showed an appropriate crosslinking and hydrating status with the aid of a metal coordination complex. Besides, the permeated flux of ketoprofen through the porcine skin of the ketoprofen-loaded PVPAA/PMVEMA patches (4.77 ± 1.00 µg/cm2/h) was comparable to that of the commercial patch (4.33 ± 0.80 µg/cm2/h). In human studies, the PVPAA/PMVEMA patches exhibited a better skin adhesion performance, compared with the commercial patches, without skin irritation. In addition, the patches were stable for 6 months. Therefore, these novel water-based PSAs may be a potential adhesive for preparing drug-in-adhesive patches.

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16

Evans, David. "Photojournalism in Flux?" Afterimage 35, no. 1 (July 1, 2007): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aft.2007.35.1.32.

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17

Rudnitskij, G. M. "Studies of variability of circumstellar H2O masers." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 122 (1987): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900156578.

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From March 1980 to December 1983, the author took part in regular observations of variability of maser radio emission in the H2O line at 22 GHz. The observations were carried out at the 22-meter radio telescope of the P. Lebedev Physical Institute (USSR Academy of Sciences) in Pushchino (Moscow Region). The interval between consecutive observational sessions was usually 1.5–2 months. The observational program included 21 late-type variable stars (Miras and SRs): R Aql, RR Aql, RT Aql, SY Aql, U Aur, NV Aur, RX Boo, VY CMa, S CrB, KY Cyg, NML Cyg, U Her, W Hya, X Hya, R Leo, U Lyn, U Ori, UU Peg, VX Sgr, RS Vir, RT Vir. The results for eight stars ending June 1982 were published by Berulis et alt (1983). A comparison was made between the time dependences of the H2O line radio flux F and the curves of visual and near-infrared brightness of the stars. Miras (R Aql, R Leo, U Ori, U Aur), as a rule, have a rise in F connected with the visual maximum (phase 0), the maximum F occurring at phases 0.1–0.2 (see figure for an example). Not all visual maxima (only one out of each two or three) are accompanied by H2O flares. This Miras! behaviour was also noted earlier in the H2O line by Berulis et al. (1984), Gómez Balboa and Lépine (1986), as well as in the SiO maser line v=1, J=2−1 by Nyman and Olofsson (1986).

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Gstraunthaler, G., F. Landauer, and W. Pfaller. "Ammoniagenesis in LLC-PK1 cultures: role of transamination." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 263, no. 1 (July 1, 1992): C47—C54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1992.263.1.c47.

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The LLC-PK1 renal epithelial cell line has been used as a model system to study renal ammoniagenesis and its regulation by metabolic acidosis in vitro. Experiments were performed on confluent LLC-PK1 epithelia grown for 10-14 days in conventional monolayer technique. After the medium pH was changed from 7.6 to 7.0 for 24-72 h by lowering the bicarbonate concentration in culture medium, LLC-PK1 cells responded with an adaptive increase in glutamine consumption and ammonia production. The rates of glutamine uptake and ammonia generation displayed a ratio of 1:1, i.e., 1 mol ammonia was produced per mole of glutamine consumed. Glutamine consumption and ammonia formation were paralleled by an equimolar production of L-alanine, indicating that transamination appears to be the main ammoniagenic pathway in LLC-PK1 cells. Analysis of the key enzymes of renal ammoniagenesis, phosphate-dependent glutaminase (PDG) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), revealed no changes in enzyme activities up to 72 h of adaptation. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in LLC-PK1 cells also remained unchanged during the adaptation period. Because transamination seems to play a crucial role in channeling the metabolic flux in LLC-PK1 ammoniagenesis, experiments were performed in which transamination was inhibited by (aminooxy)acetate (AOA). After incubation of control and pH 7.0-adapted LLC-PK1 cultures for 24-72 h in 0.2 mM AOA, no alanine production was found, but 2 mol of ammonia were formed per mole of glutamine consumed, again, without adaptive changes in PDG and GDH activities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Michel, R. F. M., C. E. G. R. Schaefer, F. N. B. Simas, Francelino M. R., E. I. Fernandes-Filho, G. B. Lyra, and J. G. Bockheim. "Active layer thermal monitoring at Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Maritime Antarctica." Solid Earth Discussions 6, no. 2 (July 1, 2014): 1423–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-6-1423-2014.

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Abstract. International attention to the climate change phenomena has grown in the last decade; the active layer and permafrost are of great importance in understanding processes and future trends due to their role in energy flux regulation. The objective of the this paper is to present active layer temperature data for one CALM-S site located at Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Maritime Antarctica over an fifth seven month period (2008–2012). The monitoring site was installed during the summer of 2008 and consists of thermistors (accuracy of ± 0.2 °C), arranged vertically with probes at different depths, recording data at hourly intervals in a~high capacity data logger. A series of statistical analysis were performed to describe the soil temperature time series, including a linear fit in order to identify global trend and a series of autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were tested in order to define the best fit for the data. The controls of weather on the thermal regime of the active layer have been identified, providing insights about the influence of climate chance over the permafrost. The active layer thermal regime in the studied period was typical of periglacial environment, with extreme variation at the surface during summer resulting in frequent freeze and thaw cycles. The active layer thickness (ALT) over the studied period showed variability related to different annual weather conditions, reaching a maximum of 117.5 cm in 2009. The ARIMA model was considered appropriate to treat the dataset, enabling more conclusive analysis and predictions when longer data sets are available. Despite the variability when comparing temperature readings and active layer thickness over the studied period, no warming trend was detected.

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Chang, Sukkum Ngullie, Se Ho Kim, Debasish Kumar Dey, Seon Min Park, Omaima Nasif, Vivek K. Bajpai, Sun Chul Kang, Jintae Lee, and Jae Gyu Park. "5-O-Demethylnobiletin Alleviates CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury by Equilibrating ROS-Mediated Apoptosis and Autophagy Induction." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031083.

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Polymethoxyflavanoids (PMFs) have exhibited a vast array of therapeutic biological properties. 5-O-Demethylnobiletin (5-DN) is one such PMF having anti-inflammatory activity, yet its role in hepatoprotection has not been studied before. Results from in vitro study revealed that 5-DN did not exert a high level of cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells at 40 μM, and it was able to rescue HepG2 cell death induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Subsequently, we investigated acute liver injury on BALB/c mice induced by CCl4 through the intraperitoneal injection of 1 mL/kg CCl4 and co-administration of 5-DN at (1 and 2 mg/kg) by oral gavage for 15 days. The results illustrated that treatment with 5-DN attenuated CCl4-induced elevated serum aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio and significantly ameliorated severe hepatic damage such as inflammation and fibrosis evidenced through lesser aberrations in the liver histology of 5-DN dose groups. Additionally, 5-DN efficiently counteracted and equilibrated the production of ROS accelerated by CCl4 and dramatically downregulated the expression of CYP2E1 vitally involved in converting CCl4 to toxic free radicals and also enhanced the antioxidant enzymes. 5-DN treatment also inhibited cell proliferation and inflammatory pathway abnormally regulated by CCl4 treatment. Furthermore, the apoptotic response induced by CCl4 treatment was remarkably reduced by enhanced Bcl-2 expression and noticeable reduction in Bax, Bid, cleaved caspase 3, caspase 9, and apaf-1 expression. 5-DN treatment also induced the conversion of LC3 and promoted the autophagic flux. Conclusively, 5-DN exhibited hepatoprotective effects in vitro and in vivo and prevented liver fibrosis induced by CCl4.

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Colin, Vincent, Ko Honda, and François Laudenbach. "On the flux of pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms." Algebraic & Geometric Topology 8, no. 4 (November 19, 2008): 2147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/agt.2008.8.2147.

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Agrawal, Sanjeev, and R. C. Trivedi. "Ecological analysis of the river Yamuna - a functional approach in a diversified ecosystem in India." River Systems 9, no. 3-4 (February 12, 1996): 405–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/lr/9/1996/405.

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Liska, Richard, Mikhail Shashkov, Pavel Váchal, and Burton Wendroff. "Synchronized flux corrected remapping for ALE methods." Computers & Fluids 46, no. 1 (July 2011): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2010.11.013.

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Gill, Sikander, Rajwant Gill, David Wicks, and Dong Liang. "A Cell-Based Rb+-Flux Assay of the Kv1.3 Potassium Channel." ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies 5, no. 3 (June 2007): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/adt.2006.004.

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Зайцев, Sergey Zaytsev, Новиков, Sergey Novikov, Петров, Stanislav Petrov, Мамаев, Viktor Mamaev, Прохоренков, and Dmitriy Prokhorenkov. "HIGH QUALITY GAN AND ALGAN LAYERS GROWN BY AMMONIA MBE WITH US GA AS SURFACTANT." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 2, no. 1 (December 8, 2016): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23648.

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In this work we present the results of AlN buffer layer ammonia MBE growth for HEMT using Ga as surfactant. Key parameters that affect the growth kinetics and defects formation are efficient fluxes of precursors and surfactant as well as the substrate temperature which limits surfactant flux because of desorption Ga from the surface. In particular, addition of Ga flux equal to Al flux at substrate temperature 1150 °C keeps the growth rate constant. This approach allows to increase surface mobility of adatoms, provides quick transition to 2D–growth mode, that results in mobility increasing in GaN bulk layer as well as in heterostructures with 2DEG. In GaN/AlGaN heterostructures mobility up to 2000 cm2/Vs was achieved.

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Adachi, Masayoshi. "Liquid Phase Epitaxial Growth of AlN Using Ga-Al Flux." Materia Japan 53, no. 1 (2014): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.53.18.

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Sessler, Daniel I. "Perioperative Temperature Monitoring." Anesthesiology 134, no. 1 (July 28, 2020): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000003481.

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The esophagus and nasopharynx are usually the best temperature monitoring sites during general anesthesia. Alternatives suitable for neuraxial anesthesia and postoperative care include oral and axillary temperatures, along with zero-heat flux forehead temperature.

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Danielsson, Jennifer, Jose Perez-Zoghbi, Kyra Bernstein, Matthew B. Barajas, Yi Zhang, Satish Kumar, Pawan K. Sharma, George Gallos, and Charles W. Emala. "Antagonists of the TMEM16A Calcium-activated Chloride Channel Modulate Airway Smooth Muscle Tone and Intracellular Calcium." Anesthesiology 123, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 569–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000000769.

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Abstract Background: Perioperative bronchospasm refractory to β agonists continues to challenge anesthesiologists and intensivists. The TMEM16A calcium-activated chloride channel modulates airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction. The authors hypothesized that TMEM16A antagonists would relax ASM contraction by modulating membrane potential and calcium flux. Methods: Human ASM, guinea pig tracheal rings, or mouse peripheral airways were contracted with acetylcholine or leukotriene D4 and then treated with the TMEM16A antagonists: benzbromarone, T16Ainh-A01, N-((4-methoxy)-2-naphthyl)-5-nitroanthranilic acid, or B25. In separate studies, guinea pig tracheal rings were contracted with acetylcholine and then exposed to increasing concentrations of isoproterenol (0.01 nM to 10 μM) ± benzbromarone. Plasma membrane potential and intracellular calcium concentrations were measured in human ASM cells. Results: Benzbromarone was the most potent TMEM16A antagonist tested for relaxing an acetylcholine -induced contraction in guinea pig tracheal rings (n = 6). Further studies were carried out to investigate the clinical utility of benzbromarone. In human ASM, benzbromarone relaxed either an acetylcholine- or a leukotriene D4–induced contraction (n = 8). Benzbromarone was also effective in relaxing peripheral airways (n = 9) and potentiating relaxation by β agonists (n = 5 to 10). In cellular mechanistic studies, benzbromarone hyperpolarized human ASM cells (n = 9 to 12) and attenuated intracellular calcium flux from both the plasma membrane and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (n = 6 to 12). Conclusion: TMEM16A antagonists work synergistically with β agonists and through a novel pathway of interrupting ion flux at both the plasma membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum to acutely relax human ASM.

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Gill, Sikander, Rajwant Gill, Yang Wen, Thilo Enderle, Doris Roth, and Dong Liang. "A High-Throughput Screening Assay for NKCC1 Cotransporter Using Nonradioactive Rubidium Flux Technology." ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies 15, no. 4 (June 2017): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/adt.2017.787.

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Chen, Xue Zhen. "Research on ALA+SPM Rotor Synchronous Motor Direct Torque Control." Advanced Materials Research 121-122 (June 2010): 866–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.121-122.866.

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This paper compares the electromagnet torque characteristics of ALA+PM rotor synchronous motor with the conventional permanent magnet motor, the former holds on linearity relationship with the increase of the stator flux linkage, but the later needs restrict condition. The direct electromagnet torque control is the best control method for ALA+PM rotor synchronous motor, but the stator current can increase if the stator flux linkage is bigger or smaller than magnet flux linkage, the maximum torque current percent ampere control method is used to overcome the disadvantage.

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31

Bertolini, M., V. L. Campos, G. Ferretti, P. Fré, P. Salomonson, and M. Trigiante. "Supersymmetric 3-branes on smooth ALE manifolds with flux." Nuclear Physics B 617, no. 1-3 (December 2001): 3–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0550-3213(01)00467-9.

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32

Fairchild, Charles. "Flow amid Flux." Television & New Media 12, no. 6 (June 23, 2010): 491–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527476410374967.

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The extensive changes affecting television highlight the importance of understanding how these changes might affect programming content. The use of music in evening drama is analyzed here with a view toward interpreting the place of music within several programs in relation to the larger changes affecting the medium. From this analysis, it seems clear that the use of composed music and popular songs is intended to act as a stylistically distinct feature of the overall experience and understanding of evening dramas to attract and hold the attention of viewers across multiple sites of consumption in an increasingly competitive entertainment market. An expansive use of the concept of televisual flow is employed to connect the aesthetic contours of the use of music in evening drama to the ways in which producers try to create and maintain connections with viewers whose viewing patterns and practices are changing rapidly and unpredictably.

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Latifah, Nurul, Sigit Febrianto, Anindya Wirasatriya, Hadi Endrawati, Muhammad Zainuri, Suryanti Suryanti, and Andreas Nur Hidayat. "AIR-SEA FLUX OF CO2 IN THE WATERS OF KARIMUNJAWA ISLAND, INDONESIA." Saintek Perikanan : Indonesian Journal of Fisheries Science and Technology 16, no. 3 (October 23, 2020): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijfst.16.3.171-178.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of CO2 flux in Karimunjawa in the east monsoon. The variables in this study were temperature; pH; salinity; DO; CO2 atm was measured using a CO2 meter; chlorophyll-a, phosphate, silicate were measured spectrophotometric method. Total Alkalinity / TA was measured using the titration method with the principle of changing pH; DIC (Dissolved Inorganic Carbon) was measured using CO2sys software. The partial pressure of seawater carbon dioxide calculated using formula: pCO2sea = 6.31T2 + 61,9 Chla2 – 365.85T – 94.41 Chl-a +5715.94, the partial pressure of atmospheric carbon dioxide calculated using formula: pCO2atm = xCO2atm (pb - pH2O). The calculation of the estimated CO2 flux using the formula: Flux CO2 = Kh x kwa x (∆pCO2) , if the CO2 flux has a positive value water acts as a CO2 source, and if it is negative, the waters act as a CO2 sink.. CO2 flux in Karimunjawa waters during east monsoon (represented by August 2018) showed that in Karimunjawa waters with normal pH 7.2-7.4 were dominated by bicarbonate ion HCO3-with an average value of DIC 1847.24 µmol/kg dan TA 1912.51 µmol/kg. The partial pressure of seawater CO2 is higher than the partial pressure of atmospheric CO2 this indicates that the role of Karimunjawa waters as a source of CO2 where there is release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere with CO2 flux values ranging from 8.549 – 13.272 mmol m-2 day-1. The variables that affect the flux of CO2 were the pCO2sea and ΔpCO2 with a very strong and positive correlation. These two variables were influenced by sea water temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a, phosphate and silicate.

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Robischon, Marcel. "Surface-Area-to-Volume Ratios, Fluid Dynamics & Gas Diffusion: Four Frogs & Their Oxygen Flux." American Biology Teacher 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2017.79.1.64.

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Processes of diffusion of oxygen can be described in a formalized and simplified manner in formulas such as Fick's laws of diffusion. For a sound understanding of the interconnections of anatomical structure, biological function, and environmental factors in a living system, however, real-life case studies need to be employed to explore what is captured in the equation and what is not, and which other structures and behaviors may play a role in respiratory physiology. I use four anuran examples to illustrate, starting with Fick's first law, respiratory processes as influenced by surface-area-to-volume ratio and turbulence in the surrounding medium.

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Bertolini, M., V. L. Campos, G. Ferretti, P. Fré, P. Salomonson, and M. Trigiante. "BPS 3-brane solution on smooth ALE manifolds with flux." Fortschritte der Physik 50, no. 8-9 (September 2002): 802–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3978(200209)50:8/9<802::aid-prop802>3.0.co;2-e.

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36

Peterkin, Robert E., Michael H. Frese, and Carl R. Sovinec. "Transport of Magnetic Flux in an Arbitrary Coordinate ALE Code." Journal of Computational Physics 140, no. 1 (February 1998): 148–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1998.5880.

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37

Billings, Frederic T., Yandong Jiang, and Andrew D. Shaw. "Renal Oxygen Flux during Cardiopulmonary Bypass; Tubular Damage to Preserve Glomerular Filtration—What’s a Kidney to Do?" Anesthesiology 126, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000001462.

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38

Hashimoto, Shinobu, and Akira Yamaguchi. "Synthesis of α–Al2O3 platelets using sodium sulfate flux." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 12 (December 1999): 4667–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0631.

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When powder mixtures of {Al2(SO4)3 + Na2SO4}or {γ–Al2O3 [obtained by heating Al2(SO4)3 at 900 °C for 3 h] + Na2SO4} were heated in an alumina crucible at 1100 °C for 1 h, α–Al2O3 platelets were formed. The powder mixture of {Al2(SO4)3 + 2Na2SO4} yielded aggregations of platelets that were less than 5 μm in size. The size of the aggregations increased in proportion to the amount of Na2SO4, and aggregations of 120 μm were obtained using a mixture of {Al2(SO4)3 + 6Na2SO4}. The powder mixture of {γ–Al2O3 + 2Na2SO4 yielded hexagonal platelets having an average diameter of 3.7 μm and an average thickness of 0.3 μm. In addition to aggregation size, the size of the hexagonal platelets also increased in proportion to the amount of Na2SO4, and platelets having an average diameter of 5 μm were obtained using a mixture of {γ–Al2O3 + 6Na2SO4}.

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39

Roberts, B. "Waves in Magnetic Flux Tubes." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 142 (1990): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900087891.

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The basic aspects of wave propagation in a magnetic flux tube are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the types of flux tube that occur in the solar atmosphere. Two fundamental speeds arise naturally in a description of wave propagation in a flux tube: the slow magnetoacoustic (cusp) speed cT, which is both subsonic and sub-Alfvénic, and a mean Alfvén speed ck. Both surface and body modes are supported by a tube. It is stressed that a flux tube may act as a wave guide, similar to the guidance of light by a fibre optic, or sound in an ocean layer, or seismic waves in the Earth's crust.

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Gill, Sikander, Rajwant Gill, Yong Xie, David Wicks, and Dong Liang. "Development and Validation of HTS Flux Assay for Endogenously Expressed Chloride Channels in a CHO-K1 Cell Line." ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies 4, no. 1 (February 2006): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/adt.2006.4.65.

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41

Bridal, Terry R., Michael Margulis, Xin Wang, Michael Donio, and Steve Sorota. "Comparison of Human Ether-à-go-go Related Gene Screening Assays Based on IonWorks Quattro and Thallium Flux." ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies 8, no. 6 (December 2010): 755–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/adt.2010.0267.

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42

Maes, Hannelore, Shaun Martin, Tom Verfaillie, and Patrizia Agostinis. "Dynamic interplay between autophagic flux and Akt during melanoma progressionin vitro." Experimental Dermatology 23, no. 2 (January 29, 2014): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/exd.12298.

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43

Smith, Richard W. "AUSM(ALE): A Geometrically Conservative Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian Flux Splitting Scheme." Journal of Computational Physics 150, no. 1 (March 1999): 268–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1998.6180.

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44

Juliandhy, Tedy, T. Haryono, and Suharyanto . "Efek Kegagalan Alat Flue Gas Desulphur terhadap Tegangan Lewat Denyar Isolator di Gardu Induk Pembangkit Tanjung Jati B Jepara." Jurnal Nasional Teknik Elektro 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20449/jnte.v3i1.56.

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45

Cheng, Fang Jie, Jun Xiang Yang, Hai Wei Zhao, Guan Xing Zhang, Jun Lan Huang, and Wei Min Long. "The Relationship between Phase Structure and Melting Characteristics of High Cesium Content KF-CsF-AlF₃ Aluminum Flux." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 2909–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.2909.

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The melting curves of high cesium content KF-CsF-AlF3 flux samples prepared by the wetting synthesis method were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the effect of the flux compositions on the melting characteristics was analyzed and summarized. Existing phases of every representation sample was identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD), meanwhile, the morphology and chemical elements of the typical flux samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy spectrum analysis (EDS), respectively. The results indicated that solid phase decomposition first occurred in the common phase Cs2AlF5 for all the flux samples at 420°C; one of the decomposition products, Cs3AlF6 take the eutectic reaction with the Cs2KAlF6 at about 450°C; the flux samples containing phase CsAl2F7 or Cs2KAl3F12 have the e5 and e1 eutectic reaction at 471°C and 525°C, respectively, and their liquidus increased correspondingly. The liquidus for regionⅠflux samples is about 450°C and with a narrow melting range, which would make them good substrates for aluminum alloy middle temperature brazing.

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46

Schmalhofer, William A., Andrew M. Swensen, Brande S. Thomas, John P. Felix, Rodolfo J. Haedo, Kelli Solly, Laszlo Kiss, Gregory J. Kaczorowski, and Maria L. Garcia. "A Pharmacologically Validated, High-Capacity, Functional Thallium Flux Assay for the Human Ether-à-go-go Related Gene Potassium Channel." ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies 8, no. 6 (December 2010): 714–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/adt.2010.0351.

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47

Wojtovich, Andrew P., C. Owen Smith, William R. Urciuoli, Yves T. Wang, Xiao-Ming Xia, Paul S. Brookes, and Keith Nehrke. "Cardiac Slo2.1 Is Required for Volatile Anesthetic Stimulation of K+ Transport and Anesthetic Preconditioning." Anesthesiology 124, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 1065–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000001046.

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Abstract Background Anesthetic preconditioning (APC) is a clinically important phenomenon in which volatile anesthetics (VAs) protect tissues such as heart against ischemic injury. The mechanism of APC is thought to involve K+ channels encoded by the Slo gene family, and the authors showed previously that slo-2 is required for APC in Caenorhabditis elegans. Thus, the authors hypothesized that a slo-2 ortholog may mediate APC-induced cardioprotection in mammals. Methods A perfused heart model of ischemia–reperfusion injury, a fluorescent assay for K+ flux, and mice lacking Slo2.1 (Slick), Slo2.2 (Slack), or both (double knockouts, Slo2.x dKO) were used to test whether these channels are required for APC-induced cardioprotection and for cardiomyocyte or mitochondrial K+ transport. Results In wild-type (WT) hearts, APC improved post-ischemia–reperfusion functional recovery (APC = 39.5 ± 3.7% of preischemic rate × pressure product vs. 20.3 ± 2.3% in controls, means ± SEM, P = 0.00051, unpaired two-tailed t test, n = 8) and lowered infarct size (APC = 29.0 ± 4.8% of LV area vs. 51.4 ± 4.5% in controls, P = 0.0043, n = 8). Protection by APC was absent in hearts from Slo2.1−/− mice (% recovery APC = 14.6 ± 2.6% vs. 16.5 ± 2.1% in controls, P = 0.569, n = 8 to 9, infarct APC = 52.2 ± 5.4% vs. 53.5 ± 4.7% in controls, P = 0.865, n = 8 to 9). APC protection was also absent in Slo2.x dKO hearts (% recovery APC = 11.0 ± 1.7% vs. 11.9 ± 2.2% in controls, P = 0.725, n = 8, infarct APC = 51.6 ± 4.4% vs. 50.5 ± 3.9% in controls, P = 0.855, n = 8). Meanwhile, Slo2.2−/− hearts responded similar to WT (% recovery APC = 41.9 ± 4.0% vs. 18.0 ± 2.5% in controls, P = 0.00016, n = 8, infarct APC = 25.2 ± 1.3% vs. 50.8 ± 3.3% in controls, P < 0.000005, n = 8). Furthermore, VA-stimulated K+ transport seen in cardiomyocytes or mitochondria from WT or Slo2.2−/− mice was absent in Slo2.1−/− or Slo2.x dKO. Conclusion Slick (Slo2.1) is required for both VA-stimulated K+ flux and for the APC-induced cardioprotection.

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48

Zou, Beiyan, Haibo Yu, Joseph J. Babcock, Pritam Chanda, Joel S. Bader, Owen B. McManus, and Min Li. "Profiling Diverse Compounds by Flux- and Electrophysiology-Based Primary Screens for Inhibition of Human Ether-à-go-go Related Gene Potassium Channels." ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies 8, no. 6 (December 2010): 743–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/adt.2010.0339.

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49

Goh, Y. T., J. L. Harris, and F. A. Roddick. "Impact of Microcystis aeruginosa on membrane fouling in a biologically treated effluent." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 12 (June 1, 2011): 2853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.450.

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Microcystis aeruginosa was cultured in biologically treated municipal effluent to simulate blue-green algal bloom conditions in a treatment lagoon. The effect of algae in the early, mid and late phases of growth on membrane fouling, chemical coagulation (alum or aluminium chlorohydrate (ACH)) and hydraulic cleaning on the microfiltration of this effluent was investigated. The effect of M. aeruginosa in the early phase was negligible and gave a similar flux profile and permeate volume to that of effluent alone. The increase in M. aeruginosa concentration for the mid and late phases caused a significant reduction in permeate volume compared with the early phase. Full flux recovery was achieved with an alum dose of 1 mg Al3+ L−1 (early phase) and 10 mg Al3+ L−1 (mid phase), demonstrating that membrane fouling was hydraulically reversible. For the late phase, the highest flux recovery was 89%, which was achieved with an alum dose of 5 mg Al3+ L−1. Higher alum dosages resulted in a reduction in flux recovery. The use of 1.5 µm pre-filtration after alum treatment showed little improvement in water quality but led to a drastic reduction in flux recovery, which was attributed to diminishing the protective layer on the membrane surface, thus enabling internal fouling. The performance of ACH was comparable to alum at low dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and cell concentration, but was not as effective as alum at high DOC and cell concentration due to the formation of more compact ACH flocs, which resulted in a higher cake layer specific resistance, leading to the deterioration of performance.

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Singh, Kulwant, and Sunil Pandey. "Recycling of slag to act as a flux in submerged arc welding." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 53, no. 10 (August 2009): 552–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2009.04.006.

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