Academic literature on the topic 'Alternance verbale'

Chapter 8 concludes that the book has achieved the aim formulated in its introduction. It has explained why wa- has two formal variants (wə- and way-) in the Masoretic text; it has clarified the status of the short yiqṭol (with both past and jussive meanings) as a separate verbal morpheme distinct from long yiqṭol; how long yiqṭol was distinguished from short yiqṭol; why qaṭal came to alternate with the inherited wayyiqṭol; why wa-qaṭal acquired imperfective meanings and came to alternate with the inherited long yiqṭol (< *yaqtulu); and finally it has clarified the linguistic reality behind wa- in the ‘consecutive tenses’. As a corollary it is concluded that the term ‘consecutive’ is uncalled for in the grammatical description of Classical Biblical Hebrew

Résumé La présence d’au moins deux langues dans un espace déterminé affecte incontestablement le comportement langagier des locuteurs qui y vivent. Les conséquences du bi-plurilinguisme dans les parlers urbains africains s’apprécient différemment selon les contextes sociolinguistiques des espaces concernés. Nous nous intéressons ici au phénomène de l’alternance codique chez les marchands-ambulants à Dakar. Au-delà de la définition de Gumperz (1989), c’est celle de Hamers et Blanc (1983), intégrant la notion de stratégie de communication, qui nous semble plus appropriée quant à notre visée descriptive de l’alternance des codes linguistiques : « une stratégie de communication utilisée par des locuteurs bilingues entre eux ; cette stratégie consiste à faire alterner des unités de longueur variable de deux ou plusieurs codes à l’intérieur d’une même interaction verbale». Si l’alternance, qui sera distinguée de l’emprunt grâce aux « contraintes d’équivalence » de Poplack (1988), intervient sans que les locuteurs aient conscience de leurs pratiques spécifiques, leur but principal étant de se faire comprendre ; si les formes concernées deviennent régulières, alors l’alternance codique devient un phénomène social significatif auquel il faut décrire le fonctionnement. Pour ce faire, nous avons procédé à l’observation participante à travers les marchés de Dakar pour recueillir le matériau linguistique qui nous permettra de décrire l’alternance codique français-langue(s) nationale(s) comme sociolecte basé sur ce que nous aurons appelé : figement interlinguistique.

This chapter focuses on gendered verbal dynamics in selected American independent cinema. Male and female characters are found to resist internalised ideals of gendered speech, both in relation to cinema and society more generally. Their dialogue, including in voice-overs, offers more nuanced representations of what type of speech is ‘appropriate’ for males or females, revealing a refusal to divide characters’ verbal styles on the basis of gendered stereotypes. The language of male characters is found to advance a complex representation of vulnerable and expressive masculinity. They are allowed to remain silent, to voice their deepest feelings, or to verbally align themselves with homosexuality and alternate forms of masculinity. Through speech that is considered ‘unruly’ or ‘unladylike’, female characters are also found to have a verbal freedom that is at odds with more conservative estimations of female film dialogue. Partly through profane language and an unrepentant discussion of sexuality, women in American independent cinema can break away from the norms for how women tend to speak in more mainstream cinema. Case studies include women’s verbal victories in Whit Stillman’s Love & Friendship (2016).

This paper discusses the vowel alternation in verbal stems of the Surgut dialect of Khanty in comparison with the alternation in nouns. The low vowels in verbal stems alternate with the high vowels of the corresponding row. Mid long vowels in both nominal and verbal stems demonstrate an irregular alternation: they either do not alternate at all, like high vowels, or alternate like low vowels. Three types of alternations are revealed: three different long vowels are represented in the forms of the present, past and imperative: for example, the long back low rounded vowel [o] alternates in the past tense with [u], and in the imperative mood ‒ with [y]. Other vowels form alternating pairs, which are distributed differently in different verb forms. Two different long vowels are used in the forms of the present tense, on the one hand, and in the forms of the past tense and imperative mood, on the other hand. In the stems with short vowels, the forms of the present and past tense of the indicative are opposed to the forms of the imperative. Unlike nouns, where only long vowels are allowed to alternate, in verbs short vowels also participate in the alternation. Long vowels alternate with long ones, and short vowels alternate with short ones.

Gothic is a null subject language. The binder of an anaphor can be a null subject. Binding requires asymmetrical c-command. Possessive sein- can be a syntactic or discourse anaphor. Gothic may attest the beginning of the Germanic two-reflexive system. The simple reflexive, without silba (self), is productive in anticausative structures. Verbal prefixes alter meaning, lexical, or grammatical aspect. Ga- has numerous other functions, including definiteness and temporal completion. The nonpast participle functions as a relative clause substitute and in absolute constructions. In the absence of switch reference, infinitives are the norm with modal and control verbs and purposives after verbs of motion (otherwise + du). The accusative with a participle or infinitive can be a matrix object or embedded subject. Accusative and infinitive depends on case from the matrix verb. The infinitive is usually wisan (to be) as an expansion of a small clause. Relative clauses require the complementizer ei (that). Verbs whose complements are factual or realizable are typically in the indicative. Those that do not allow a full range of independent tenses in the complement clause, or whose complements are not realized, are only potentially realized, or deal with possible worlds or alternate states of reality, trigger a shift to the optative, which has a number of independent uses as well.

This chapter recounts the story of a non-meditating veterinarian who underwent a kind of transformation of attitudes after she emerged from a triggered alternate state experience. Six months later she also experienced a life-changing, auditory verbal hallucination. Inner word thoughts are common in the general population. White matter connectivities service “the Human Connectome.”

Cette recherche porte sur l’alternance codique dans la production orale des futurs enseignants en classe de français langue étrangère (FLE. L’étude vise à examiner comment les futurs enseignants déploient l’alternance codique comme stratégie de communication orale au cours de FLE. Pour effectuer ce travail, notre étude adopte une approche mixte, quantitative et qualitative, d’analyse des données. Les instruments utilisés pour la collecte des données comprennent questionnaire et l'enregistrement audiovisuel. La population cible de notre étude comprend 77 apprenants de l’École Normale Supérieure de Somanya au Ghana. Les résultats de l’analyse quantitative nous servent d’indices pour appréhender l’intensification de l’emploi alternatif des deux langues (français et anglais) dans la production orale. Par ailleurs, l’articulation des deux approches, macro et micro, nous permet de mettre en valeurs les fonctions que revêt l’alternance codique aussi bien dans le discours épilinguistique des locuteurs que dans leurs pratiques langagières réelles. L’étude montre également que l’alternance codique est une façon de parler, qui contribue chez nos enquêtés, d’une part au développement du répertoire verbal en interaction et amène à une convergence codique. D’autre part, elle remplit plusieurs fonctions en tant que stratégie stylistique et fonctionne comme une ressource permettant de réguler les tours de parole en interaction.

Abstract A common theme in the literature on VSO languages is the claim that clause initial predicates are verbal heads (Emonds 1980, McCloskey 1991, Koopman and Sportiche 1991, among others). This claim, however, poses problems for a number of VSO languages: Irish, for instance, allows complex nominal predicates to occupy the same position as verbal heads (as noted by Carnie 1995); and Quiaviní Zapotec, the language examined in this chapter, also allows verbs and phrasal expressions to appear interchangeably in certain syntactic contexts. This work will propose an alternate analysis for the derivation of VSO word order that accounts for the non-head-like behavior of predicates in VSO languages: VP remnants, rather than verbal heads, raise to pre-subject position. Subjects and objects base-generated within VP raise into their respective agreement projections, while the VP, which itself contains traces of these arguments, raises to clause initial position. (The non-head-like behavior and morphological patterning of predicates in other VSO languages have recently prompted other researchers to reach similar conclusions independently; see Massam, this volume, and Rackowski and Travis, this volume).

Abstract In this chapter we shall examine another case of rather long-standing variation in Canadian French, with special reference once again to the French spoken in the province of Ontario. The variable belongs to the area of verbal morphology and involves the alternate forms of aller ‘to go’ and s’en alter ‘to go, leave’ in the Isg. indicative present (vais, vas, and m’as), in both their main verb and auxiliary functions. The historical part of the study will show that a comparative examination of sociolinguistic data on contemporary Canadian French and other colonial varieties of French (including French-based creoles) can, owing to their conservative nature, provide insights into the popular French of the pre-colonial period (i.e. allow one to reconstruct unattested forms like m’as) about which still relatively little is known.

We set forth two analytic frameworks — one pertaining to sequences of steps in a discourse AND one to common attention — to which triggers have specific relations. The framework pertaining to discourse sequences can be outlined as follows. A simplex morpheme or larger construction can be lexicalized to require either an inner or an outer sequence, which in turn can be either a single-actor or a cross-actor sequence. An interaction sequence, then, is an outer cross-actor sequence in which two collocutors alternate steps in the sequence. The steps of an interaction sequence can be either all overt or in part covert, and overt steps can be either all verbal actions or in part nonverbal actions. A step can in turn consist of a sequence of overt or covert components.