Academic literature on the topic 'Alternate food source'
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Journal articles on the topic "Alternate food source"
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Poshadri, A. "Insects as an Alternate Source for Food to Conventional Food Animals." International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 6, no. 2 (May 30, 2018): 697–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.5356.
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Spennemann, Dirk HR. "The contribution of the Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis) to the winter diet of frugivores in novel ecosystems." European Journal of Ecology 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eje-2019-0005.
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Abstract With the increasing expansion in urban areas, many species have adapted to utilising horticulturally used plants as alternate or augmentary food sources, in particular, during winter – when native foods are largely absent. Ornamental palms, particularly Canary Island Date Palms, fruit continuously during most of the year and thus provide a stable food supply. Based on observational, metric and bio-chemical data, this paper examines the role Canary Island Date Palms can and do play in the nutrition of frugivorous animals, in particular, for birds. It demonstrates that with its nearly year-round provisioning of drupes, the palm plays a major role as a ‘staple’ and backup food source for several species.
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Katam, Ganesh Babu, Veeresh Babu A., Madhu Murthy K., and Ganesh S. Warkhade. "Review on algae for biodiesel fuel production, its characteristics comparison with other and their impact on performance, combustion and emissions of diesel engine." World Journal of Engineering 14, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-06-2016-0012.
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Purpose This study aims to find a new alternate source for biodiesel conversion. The alternate source must be easily available, and it should give more oil yield than available edible, inedible sources. To meet the fuel demand in the transportation sector with edible oil-based biodiesel causes food versus fuel crisis. In addition to this, it increases NOx and CO2 in the environment. Design/methodology/approach The present paper reviews the comparison of algae oil yield, fatty acid composition and its biodiesel properties’ effect on diesel engine characteristics. Findings Algae were the only source to fulfil fuel demand because its oil and biodiesel yield is higher than other sources. Algae can grow by capturing carbon dioxide from the environment, and its fatty acid composition is more suitable to run diesel engines. Originality/value There is an improvement in engine performance–emission tradeoff with algal biodiesel.
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Larbi, Reuben Tete, D. Yaw Atiglo, Maame B. Peterson, Adriana A. E. Biney, Naa Dodua Dodoo, and F. Nii-Amoo Dodoo. "Household food sources and diarrhoea incidence in poor urban communities, Accra Ghana." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): e0245466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245466.
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Diarrhoeal diseases remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in poor urban communities in the Global South. Studies on food access and safety have however not considered the sources of discrete food categories and their propensity to harbour and transmit diarrhoeal disease pathogens in poor urban settings. We sought to contribute to knowledge on urban food environment and enteric infections by interrogating the sources and categories of common foods and their tendency to transmit diarrhoea in low-income communities in Accra. We modelled the likelihood of diarrhoea transmission through specific food categories sourced from home or out of home after controlling for alternate transmission pathways and barriers. We used structured interviews where households that participated in the study were selected through a multi-stage systematic sampling approach. We utilized data on 506 households from 3 low-income settlements in Accra. These settlements have socio-economic characteristics mimicking typical low-income communities in the Global South. The results showed that the incidence of diarrhoea in a household is explained by type and source of food, source of drinking water, wealth and the presence of children below five years in the household. Rice-based staples which were consumed by 94.5% of respondents in the week preceding the survey had a higher likelihood of transmitting diarrhoeal diseases when consumed out of home than when eaten at home. Sources of hand-served dumpling-type foods categorized as “staple balls” had a nuanced relationship with incidence of diarrhoea. These findings reinforce the need for due diligence in addressing peculiar needs of people in vulnerable conditions of food environment in poor urban settlements in order to reap a co-benefit of reduced incidence of diarrhoea while striving to achieve the global development goal on ending hunger.
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Munasinghe, Kumudini A., Jurgen G. Schwarz, and Anthony K. Nyame. "Chicken Collagen from Law Market Value By-Products as an Alternate Source." Journal of Food Processing 2014 (August 17, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/298295.
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There has been much interest in investigating possible means of making collagen from underutilized chicken by-products and it will lead to an alternate source of collagen for use in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, biomedical materials, and the food industry. The objective of this research was to find methods to extract collagen from chicken skins and bones to compare the corresponding yield differences and analyze their properties. Collagen extracted by acetic acid, citric acid, alkali, one-step acetic acid and pepsin, and two-step acetic acid and pepsin extraction procedures was compared. Complete randomized design, Student’s t-test, and Tukey’s test were used to analyze the samples (P<0.05). The recovered dry weights for the skin extractions were 6.1, 6.2, 5, 38.7, and 40.4% and those of bone extractions were 4.4, 4.1, 4.1, 19.1, and 20.6%, respectively. Protein, fat, and inorganic material contents of collagen preparations for skin were 62.7%, 1.5%, and 0.7% and for bone were 30.4%, 1.4%, and 0.7%, respectively. This study indicates that chicken by-products have high potential use as an alternate source of collagen.Corrigendum to “Chicken Collagen from Law Market Value By-Products as an Alternate Source”
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D'souza, Cassandra, Rosaline Fernandes, Subhash Kudale, and Azza Silotry Naik. "Local indigenous fruit-derived juices as alternate source of acidity regulators." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 98, no. 5 (October 23, 2017): 1995–2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8684.
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Akande, Olamide Abigael, Olusola Samuel Jolayemi, Matthew Olusola Oluwamukomi, Oluwatooyin Faramade Osundahunsi, Oluwole Steve Ijarotimi, Elizabeth Alagbe, and Damilola Ibitoye. "Safety Assessment of Locusta migratoria Powder Enriched Peanut-Based Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods (RUTF)." Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series E: Food Technology 26, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aucft-2022-0016.
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Abstract Migratory locust has been widely reported as a quality protein source. However, there are food safety problems related with the usage of insects as food. In this study, migratory locust powder (MLP) was used as a protein supply alternative to milk powder (MP) in peanut-based RUTFs. Seven formulations were obtained at different substitution levels (0 – 30%) of MP with MLP. Pesticide residues, aflatoxins, triazine and toxic metals were analysed using a GC-MS system and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Formulation with 30% MLP and without milk have the highest level of organochlorine (3.22 µg/kg), organophosphorus (0.40-4.56µg/kg) amongst others. Aflatoxins of the therapeutic foods increased with increasing levels of MLP. The heavy metals, melamine, and cyanuric acid of the RUTFs were below the standard permissible limits. Migratory locust powder could be used as an alternate protein source in the formulation of peanut based RUTFs without posing health threat.
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Zier, C. E., R. D. Jones, and M. J. Azain. "Use of pet food-grade poultry by-product meal as an alternate protein source in weanling pig diets." Journal of Animal Science 82, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 3049–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/2004.82103049x.
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DiGiacomo, K., H. Akit, and B. J. Leury. "Insects: a novel animal-feed protein source for the Australian market." Animal Production Science 59, no. 11 (2019): 2037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19301.
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The increasing demands on natural resources to provide food and feed has led to increased global initiatives to improve production sustainability and efficiency. The use of insects as an alternate source of protein for human food and production-animal feed is one such avenue gaining attention. With there being a large variety of insect species endemic to each region, there is likely to be an ideal candidate for each specific production system and region. Insects require less land and water than do terrestrial animals, have high feed-conversion efficiency (FCE) and emit low levels of greenhouse gases (GHG). Insect species currently investigated for mass production include black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), mealworms and crickets. In western societies, it is less likely that wide-scale adoption of insects as a food source will occur, although speciality products with ‘hidden’ insects, such as cricket flour, are commercially available. It is likely to be more achievable for insects to be included into the diets of production and companion animals. While there has been significant investment in research and development of large-scale insect-production systems, such facilities are yet to start producing at a significant scale. The safety and efficacy of insects as a food or feed must be established in conjunction with the development of mass rearing facilities and the optimisation of insect-rearing substrates. Insects also have nutraceutical properties that may have beneficial impacts on animal health and growth, with scope for these properties to be exploited as feed or food additives. The present review will explore the following question: ‘are insects a future livestock industry for Australia?’.
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Sreenivasa Kumar Reddy, B., and K. Govindarajulu. "Air Cooling in Automobiles Using Vortex Tube Refrigeration System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 1408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1408.
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Refrigeration plays an important role in developing countries, primarily for the preservation of food, medicine, and for air conditioning. Conventional refrigeration systems are using Freon as refrigerant. As they are the main cause for depletion of ozone layer, extensive research work is going on alternate refrigeration systems. Vortex tube is a non conventional cooling device, having no moving parts which will produce cold air and hot air from the source of compressed air without affecting the environment.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Alternate food source"
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Aló, Raquel Moreira. "Effects of alternative-food sources on operant behavior." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5810.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 68 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-68).
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ALESSANDRINI, MIRTA. "Small Farmers and the Short Food Supply Chain. The CAP and the Californian Alternative Food Movements as a source of potential insights." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/93598.
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Gli scenari agricoli europei rivelano un crescente interesse per le filiere corte come strumento di promozione dei sistemi alimentari locali. Nonostante i piccoli agricoltori siano la spina dorsale dell'agricoltura europea, gli interventi politici e legislativi che si sono susseguiti nei decenni non hanno sufficientemente tutelato ne promosso la loro attuale posizione in ambito socio-economico. Il presente lavoro mira a fornire un'approfondita analisi del ruolo delle filiere corte all'interno del quadro normativo europeo per comprendere se l’attuale legislazione sostiene o piuttosto inibisce questi sistemi alternativi di produzione e distribuzione alimentare. Muovendo dall'esame della pletora di definizioni attribuite alla filiera corta e soffermandosi su una revisione critica delle più significative riforme della PAC, in particolare alla luce della strategia 'Farm to Fork', vengono identificate nuove priorità che appaiono più favorevoli ai piccoli agricoltori. Lo studio è arrichito da un confronto tra l'approccio adottoato dell'UE - caratterizzato principalmente da strumenti di hard law e misure top-down -, e quello della California ‘socialmente auto-regolato’, in cui gli 'Alternative Food Movements' e le strategie bottom-up sono attori principali nella regolamentazione della filiere corte e del loro impatto sulla comunità. Lo scopo finale é quello di identificare potenziali elementi utili che, se adottati, potrebbero migliorare il modello europeo.European agricultural landscapes are undergoing fundamental changes, revealing an increasing interest in Short Food Supply Chains as a tool to promote local food systems and products. Despite small farmers are the backbone of agriculture in the EU, both policy leadership and legal interventions have been not sufficiently fostering their position in the socio and economic today’s narrative. The study aims at providing an extensive analysis of the role of SFSCs within the EU legal framework to understand whether EU legislation supports or rather inhibits these alternative systems of production and supply. Moving from the examination of the plethora of SFSC definitions to a critical revision of the most significant CAP reforms, especially in the light of the ‘Farm to Fork’ strategy, new priorities that seem more favorable to small farmers are identified. The study is enriched by a comparison between the EU legal approach - mainly characterized by hard law instruments and top-down measures -, and the Californian ‘socially self-regulated’ approach, where Alternative Food Movements and bottom-up strategies act as the main player in regulating SFSCs and their impact on the community with the aim of identifying potential insights that could improve the EU model.
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Bonacic, Kruno. "Effects of alternative dietary lipid sources on lipid metabolism and regulation of food intake in larvae and juvenile senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/386506.
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The main objective of this thesis was to evaluate the potential impacts of alternative VO–based feed formulations on the regulation of appetite and food intake in a commercial marine aquaculture species (Senegalese sole) by uncovering some of the possible physiological regulatory mechanisms behind these processes in early developmental, as well as juvenile stages. Effects of dietary lipid level and FA composition on lipid absorption, metabolism and sensing, as well as gastrointestinal and central appetite-related peptides were analyzed, both pre– and post–prandially. Apart from gene expression, supporting morphometric, biometric, biochemical, histological and enzymatic data was also collected. During development of molecular tools, numerous transcripts were identified for several genes, most notably for the anorexigenic neuropeptide cart, for which a total of 7 transcripts—more than has been recorded in any vertebrate to date—were characterized.
In juvenile sole, hepatic lipid metabolism was affected more by dietary lipid level than source, especially at fasting, where high dietary lipids promoted catabolic and suppressed anabolic pathways. On the other hand, a lower food intake was also observed in fish fed high lipid levels, but only when the lipid source was FO, which may have indicated a higher satiating effect of FO than similar amounts of VO. This could not be related to basal and post–prandial (6 h) expression of anorexigenic gastrointestinal peptides which was only affected by lipid level and lower in fish fed high–lipid diets. The expression of central appetite–regulating genes in the brain was not affected at basal levels by the diets. However, most central neuropeptides (cart1b, cart4, pomca, cckl, npy, agrp2) responded to feeding and showed changes in expression during the post–prandial phase, with only slight differences in relation to lipid level. A system for hypothalamic sensing of circulating FA was discribed in juveniles, for the first time in a marine fish. Results confirmed its sensitivity to oleic acid, previously established in trout, but also, for the first time in a vertebrate, provided evidence of activation by an n-3 PUFA (ALA).
A method for quantifying live prey intake in larval fish was developed for this thesis, using fluorescent microspheres as markers. The method also enabled experiments of prey selectivity, by using different coloured microshperes to label prey from different treatmetns. While results showed that no preferance of diet was exhibited when fish were offered a choice, larvae previously grown on Artemia enriched with cod–liver oil (CLO) ingested more of their respective diet (per g body weight) compared to those fed linseed (LSO), soybean or olive oil–based diets. Larvae fed CLO also showed improved growth and survival, faster onset of metamorphosis and maturation of the intestine. Gene expression profiles of both larvae and post–larvae fed CLO stood out most from the other treatments with decreased transcript levels of genes involved in anabolic pathways, and increased of those related to phospholipid metabolism, lipoprotein secretion, lipid transport and hydrolysis. Fish fed CLO were closely followed by those fed LSO, almost catching up in terms of growth by the end of the experiment, and were closely grouped in terms of gene expression to those fed CLO, corroborating the possitive effects of enhanced phospholipid metabolism and apolipoprotein synthesis on larval performance. Peripheral peptides in larvae and post–larvae generally did not mirror their putative function or explain lower food intake in fish fed the VO diets, but fish fed CLO tended to show the most dissimilar pattern of central appetite–regulating gene expression, compared to the other dietary treatments.
While this thesis provides generally more descriptive results, it can serve as a basis for future, mechanistic studies.
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Brooks, Andrew Stephen. "The potential use of an alternative food source (legumes) as a pest management strategy for the grey field slug, Deroceras reticulatum (Müller), in winter wheat." Thesis, Open University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402245.
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Khajehei, Forough [Verfasser], and Simone [Akademischer Betreuer] Graeff-Hoenninger. "Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poepp. & Endl) - the potential of a neglected crop as an alternative sweetener and source of phytochemicals for functional foods / Forough Khajehei ; Betreuer: Simone Graeff-Hoenninger." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1197125620/34.
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Andrade, Igo Renan Albuquerque de. "Fontes alternativas de proteÃna na dieta de ovinos em confinamento: valor nutritivo e desempenho bioeconÃmico." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2011. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6267.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorEste trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de verificar o desempenho bioeconÃmico e adaptabilidade fisiolÃgica de ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes fontes protÃicas alternativas na raÃÃo concentrada em substituiÃÃo ao farelo de soja. Utilizaram-se trÃs diferentes fontes protÃicas alternativas na raÃÃo concentrada em substituiÃÃo ao farelo de soja: feno do folÃolo da leucena (FFL), urÃia (ambas substituindo 100% do farelo de soja) e torta de algodÃo (substituindo em 51,8%, com base na matÃria seca). Foi avaliado o peso final (kg), o ganho de peso total (GPT), ganho mÃdio diÃrio (GMD) e o nÃmero de dias para os borregos ganharem 12 kg (D12). Para uma avaliaÃÃo detalhada do desenvolvimento corporal dos ovinos, semanalmente foram feitas mediÃÃes morfomÃtricas nos animais, nas diferentes partes do corpo, como perÃmetro torÃcico (PT), altura da cernelha (AC), altura da garupa (AG), comprimento corpÃreo (CC), comprimento da garupa (CG) e escore de condiÃÃo corporal (ECC). A avaliaÃÃo comportamental foi realizada de modo instantÃneo a intervalos de 10 minutos (ingestÃo de raÃÃo, ruminaÃÃo, outras atividades, Ãcio acordado ou dormindo, durante as 24 horas). AlÃm disso, no intervalo entre duas observaÃÃes, foi acompanhada a freqÃÃncia de defecaÃÃo, micÃÃo e ingestÃo de Ãgua. Para a anÃlise das variÃveis bioclimatolÃgicas, durante o perÃodo experimental foram coletadas a cada hora, no intervalo de 7h Ãs 19h, temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, utilizando-se data logger. O consumo de matÃria natural do lote (CMN) foi calculado como sendo a diferenÃa entre o alimento fornecido e as sobras coletadas no dia seguinte para cada baia, o consumo de matÃria seca (CMS) foi obtido multiplicando o CMN pela respectiva matÃria seca da raÃÃo fornecida. A temperatura da superfÃcie do pelame dos borregos foi coletada em dois dias da semana, no perÃodo da manhà (07:30) e tarde (14:00), com auxÃlio de um termÃmetro de infravermelho. As anÃlises econÃmicas dos diferentes sistemas foram realizadas com base em simulaÃÃes utilizando um nÃmero de duzentos borregos por lote. Ao analisar a variÃvel peso final (kg), pode-se verificar que os borregos alimentados com a raÃÃo que utilizava a torta de algodÃo em substituiÃÃo parcial ao farelo de soja (51,8% da matÃria seca) foram os que obtiveram maiores peso final, ganhos de peso total e ganhos mÃdios diÃrios (g/d), aliado a um menor nÃmero de dias para um ganho de 12 kg (D12). No tocante as medidas morfomÃtricas, os borregos alimentados com a dieta que utilizava a torta de algodÃo obtiveram as melhores medidas tanto no perÃmetro torÃcico quanto no escore de condiÃÃo corporal. No que diz respeito ao comportamento animal, ao analisar as variÃveis contÃnuas em % total do dia, pode-se observar nas variÃveis ingerindo raÃÃo e Ãcio dormindo, que nÃo existiu diferenÃa (P>0,05) entre as diferentes fontes protÃicas alternativas analisadas, entretanto nas demais variÃveis houve diferenÃa (P<0,05) entre as diferentes fontes protÃicas. No que diz respeito Ãs atividades pontuais, pode-se verificar diferenÃa (P<0,05) entre as diferentes fontes protÃicas analisadas, nas atividades urinando e defecando, sendo as maiores frequÃncias observadas nos borregos alimentados com o farelo de soja e feno do folÃolo da leucena para as respectivas atividades. O CMN e CMS foram diretamente influenciados pela temperatura e umidade relativa da manhÃ, umidade relativa da tarde e do dia. O consumo de Ãgua foi influenciado pelas temperaturas da manhÃ, do perÃodo crÃtico, do perÃodo da tarde e da temperatura diÃria, bem como pelas umidades relativas do perÃodo crÃtico, do perÃodo da tarde e da umidade relativa diÃria. No tocante as temperaturas da superfÃcie do pelame, as mesmas foram influenciadas diretamente por todas as variÃveis climÃticas analisadas. A temperatura retal foi influenciada somente pelas temperaturas e umidades relativas do ar no perÃodo de mediÃÃo. A temperatura da bolsa escrotal nÃo foi influenciada pelas variÃveis climÃticas. O maior valor de manutenÃÃo da atividade foi observado no sistema onde os borregos foram alimentados com dieta contendo torta de algodÃo. No que diz respeito aos indicadores econÃmicos, o lucro da atividade em R$/kg PV foi maior no confinamento que utilizou a torta de algodÃo como fonte protÃica na raÃÃo concentrada (R$ 0,76/kg PV), seguido pelos que utilizaram farelo de soja (R$ 0,64/kg PV), urÃia (R$ 0,33/kg PV) e feno do folÃolo da leucena (R$ 0,21/kg PV). De acordo com as diferentes anÃlises econÃmicas e de investimentos realizadas, pode-se concluir que a torta de algodÃo substituindo o farelo de soja em 51,8% à a alternativa alimentar mais atrativa, pois permite uma maior oscilaÃÃo do preÃo de venda do quilograma do peso vivo do borrego em relaÃÃo Ãs demais fontes protÃicas analisadas, o que permite ao produtor se adequar a uma maior elasticidade do preÃo de venda deste produto no mercado sem causar prejuÃzos ao produtor
To verify the bioeconomic performance and physiological adaptability of sheep fed diets containing alternative protein sources in the concentrate as a replacement for soybean meal, this study was conducted. Were used three different alternative protein sources in concentrate in replacement of soybean meal: Leucaena leucocephala leaflet hay (HLL), urea (replacing both 100% of soybean meal) and cottonseed cake, replacing in 51.8% (on a dry matter basis). Was evaluated the finale weight (kg), the total weight gain, average daily gain and the number of days for the lamb gain 12 kg. For a detailed assessment of body development of sheep, weekly morphometric measurements were made in animals, in different parts of the body, as thoracic perimeter, back height, height of the croup, body length, length of the croup and body condition score. The behavioral assessment was conducted instantaneously at intervals of ten minutes (feed intake, rumination, other activities, leisure awake or sleeping, during 24 hours). Besides this, in the interval between two observations, was accompanied the frequency of defecation, urination and water intake. For the analysis of variables bioclimatology, during the experimental period were collected each hour, in the range of 7 a.m until 7 p.m, ambient temperature and relative humidity, using data logger. The natural matter intake of the lot (NMI) was calculated as the difference between the provided and collected the remains the next day for each bay, the dry matter intake (DMI) was obtained multiplying the NMI by their dry matter of feed. The surface temperature of the coat of lambs was collected in two days of the week, in the morning (07:30 a.m) and afternoon (02:00 p.m), with the aid of an infrared thermometer. The economic analyses of the different systems were conducted based on simulations using a number of two hundred animals per batch. When analyzing the finale weight (kg), can verify that the lambs that were fed with the ration which used cottonseed cake in partial replacement to soybean meal (51.8% of dry matter) were who obtained a higher finale weight, total weight gain and average daily gain, combined with a smaller number of days to gain total of 12 kg. Regarding the morphometric measurements, the lambs fed with the diet which used cottonseed cake obtained the best measures both the thoracic perimeter as body condition score. With regard to animal behavior, when looking at continuous variables in % of total days, can observe the variables ingesting food and leisure sleeping, that there was no difference (P>0.05) between different alternative protein sources analyzed, however there was a difference (P<0.05) in other variables between different protein sources. Regarding to punctual activities, can be verified difference (P<0.05) between different protein sources analyzed, in the activities urinating and defecating, and the higher frequency observed in lambs fed with soybean meal and hay of the leaflet of Leucaena for their respective activities. The NMI and DMI were directly influenced by temperature and relative humidity in the morning, and relative humidity in the afternoon and the day. Water consumption was influenced by temperatures in the morning, the critical period, in the afternoon and the daily temperature, as well as the relative humidity of critical period, of the afternoon and the daily relative humidity. Regarding the coat surface temperature, they were influenced directly for all climatic variables analyzed. Rectal temperature was influenced only by temperature and relative humidity in the measurement period. The temperature of the scrotum was not influenced by climatic variables. Regarding to economic indicators, the profit activity in R$/kg PV was higher in the confinement that used cottonseed meal showed as protein source in the concentrate (R$ 0.76/kg PV), followed by those who used soybean meal (R$ 0.64/kg PV), urea (R$ 0.33/kg PV) and hay of leaves of leucaena (R$ 0.21/kg PV). According to the different economic analysis and of investments conducted, can conclude that the cottonseed meal replacing soybean meal in 51.8% was the production system which was more attractive, it allows a greater swing of the selling price of kilograms of live weight of lamb compared to other protein sources studied, which allows the producer to suit a greater elasticity of sales price this product in the market without causing damages to producer.
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(9875498), PS Aceret. "Culture strategies for redclaw, Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens, 1868) (Decapoda: Parastacidae) and silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell, 1838) (Perciformes: Teraponidae) : natural foods and artificial shelters." Thesis, 1997. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Culture_strategies_for_redclaw_Cherax_quadricarinatus_von_Martens_1868_Decapoda_Parastacidae_and_silver_perch_Bidyanus_bidyanus_Mitchell_1838_Perciformes_Teraponidae_natural_foods_and_artificial_shelters/13425929.
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The demand for fish meal in aquaculture is an expensive part of aquaculture operations and this has generated interest in alternate food sources and use of natural live food. Use of traditional live food such as microalgae and zooplankton in aquaculture is reviewed. The current taxonomy of the redclaw Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens, 1868), silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell, 1838), and the oligochaetes; Aulophorus sp. (Schmarda, 1861), Branchiura sowerbyi (Beddard, 1892), Tubifex tubifex (Muller, 1774) and the terrestial worm Dendrodrilus rubidus (Savigny, 1826) was elucidated. Culture requirements for worm species and the nutritional and culture requirements for the aquaculture target species were determined as follows: The best substrate for mass production of Aulophorus was 100% cowdung, at a water temperature of 15°C. There was a significant correlation between oxygen concentration and reproduction in Aulophorus sp. with production levels of 3194.5 mg of T. tubifex per cm2 reached within 60 days and 4242.5 mg per cm2 of B. sowerbyi. Both were cultured in a mixture of 75% cowdung, 20% fine sand and 5% mud. An alternate substrate/food (ground peanut/shell, wheat pollard, rolled oats and lucerne pellets) was utilised for the mass propagation of T. tubifex and B. sowerbyi. Production of 2352 mg T. tubifex per cm2 and 2339.34 mg per cm2 of B. sowerbyi was obtained after 60 days. The population density was significantly influenced by substrate type, with highest population densities in the cowdung based substrate. Experimental culture of the terrestial worm D. rubidus was also carried out. Percentage increase in number and mean weight increase of the inoculated worms after a month was 532.2% and 0.50 g and an average of 2797 juveniles weighing 839.1 g was collected from each culture container after four weeks. Trials of oligochaete species as food for C. quadricarinatus juveniles, were conducted, single species and combinations of worm species being used. The nutritive values of T. tubifex and B. sowerbyi, for redclaw stocks from the Gregory, Mitchell, Gilbert, Flinders and Leichhardt river systems of North Queensland were compared with a commercial pellet (Aquafeed) as a reference diet and a lucerne pellet. The nutritive values of Aulophorus sp. and Dendrodrilus rubidus were compared with Aquafeed. Digestibility experiments were performed using Aulophorus sp. and B. sowerbyi.
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Grahl, Stephanie. "Food product development with spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) – Sensory profiling, product perception and consumer acceptance." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-140F-5.
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Garcez, de Oliveira Padilha Lívia. "Consumer perceptions and intentions towards sustainable meat consumption and lab-grown meat in Australia." Thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2440/134178.
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Animal-sourced products are among the most nutritious food products available to humans. However, the sustainability of food derived from modern livestock production methods are under increased scrutiny. Growing consumer concerns over the impacts of global meat production and consumption have led to growing demand for alternative sources of protein, and the use of production-related credence attributes and related ‘sustainability’ labels on meat products.
To address these issues, this thesis aims to increase understanding of Australian consumers’ views and intentions regarding sustainable meat and meat substitutes. Consumers’ perceptions of six key attributes (health, safety, affordability, eating enjoyment, animal welfare and environmental friendliness) were measured for conventionally produced meat, plant-based protein products, and novel lab-grown meat alternatives. Market opportunities for lab-grown meat were also explored. Australia provided a unique context to conduct this research because both per capita meat consumption and per capita greenhouse gas emissions have been high relative to other countries around the globe.
The main empirical work for this thesis is presented in Chapters 2-4. The empirical study presented in Chapter 2 focuses on understanding what sustainability means to consumers in the context of meat and how consumers relate production-related credence attributes of chicken meat to sustainability. The exploratory research used a multi-method approach (an online survey (n=87), in-person interviews (n=30) and eye-tracking methods (n=28)). Environmental dimensions of sustainability were most important to consumers’ definition of a ‘sustainable food system’, and chicken meat sustainability was most commonly associated with the perceived environmental impact of chicken meat production. Consumers made incorrect inferences about some sustainability labels and frequently associated a higher price with higher sustainability, indicating a belief that ‘doing the right thing’ might cost more. Chapter 3 employed an online survey to investigate 1078 Australian consumers’ perceptions of meat products (chicken and beef) and meat substitutes (plant-based meat alternatives and lab-grown meat). Consumers’ behavioural intentions with respect to lab-grown chicken and beef were also explored using multinomial logistic regression analyses to understand what factors are likely to influence willingness to consume lab-grown meat products. On average, relative to other products, lab-grown meat was perceived negatively on all attributes considered, with the exception of animal welfare. Factors that helped predict willingness to consume lab-grown meat were positive perceptions of eating enjoyment and the healthiness of lab-grown meat; familiarity with lab-grown meat; higher consumption frequency of conventionally raised chicken meat; tertiary education; and younger age.
Chapter 4 utilised the data set from Chapter 3 to provide further insight on the market potential for lab-grown meat in Australia. A latent class cluster analysis revealed six unique clusters, of which three (49% of consumers) showed some willingness to consume lab-grown meat when available on the market. One segment, ‘Prospective LGM eaters’ (12%), appeared ‘very willing’ to consume lab-grown meat. These consumers were more likely to be younger (<35 years); university-educated; live in metropolitan areas; have greater prior awareness of lab-grown meat; stronger beliefs regarding the potential self- and society-related benefits of growing demand for lab-grown meat; and they had higher trust in diverse information sources.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Economics and Public Policy, 2021
Books on the topic "Alternate food source"
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Adam Mariod, Abdalbasit, ed. African Edible Insects As Alternative Source of Food, Oil, Protein and Bioactive Components. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32952-5.
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Williams, Lindsey. You can live!: The source book of natural health care. Portland, Or. (465 N.E., 181 St., Suite 8, Portland 97230): Life and Health Publications, 1989.
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Annette Herz. Alternative flowering crops as potential food sources for beneficial arthropods. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1399/jfk.2017.03.01.
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Mariod, Abdalbasit Adam. African Edible Insects As Alternative Source of Food, Oil, Protein and Bioactive Components. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.
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Mariod, Abdalbasit Adam. African Edible Insects As Alternative Source of Food, Oil, Protein and Bioactive Components. Springer, 2020.
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Exploring the Environment: Ocean Food Chain, Clean Water, Energy Conservation, Alternate Energy Sources/Grade 5 (Weekly Reader). Amer Education Pub, 1994.
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Keune, Jon. Shared Devotion, Shared Food. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197574836.001.0001.
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This book is about a deceptively simple question: when Hindu devotional or bhakti traditions welcomed marginalized people—women, low castes, and Dalits—were they promoting social equality? This is the modern formulation of the bhakti-caste question. It is what Dalit leader B. R. Ambedkar had in mind when he concluded that the saints promoted spiritual equality but did not transform society. While taking Ambedkar’s judgment seriously, when viewed in the context of intellectual history and social practice, the bhakti-caste question is more complex. This book dives deeply into Marathi sources to explore how one tradition in western India worked out the relationship between bhakti and caste on its own terms. Food and eating together were central to this. As stories about saints and food changed while moving across manuscripts, theatrical plays, and films, the bhakti-caste relationship went from being a strategically ambiguous riddle to a question that expected—and received—answers. Shared Devotion, Shared Food demonstrates the value of critical commensality to understand how people carefully negotiate their ethical ideals with social practices. Food’s capacity to symbolize many things made it made an ideal site for debating bhakti’s implications about caste differences. In the Vārkarī tradition, strategically deployed ambiguity and the resonating of stories across media over time developed an ideology of inclusive difference—not social equality in the modern sense, but an alternative holistic view of society.
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Sheppard, Charles R. C., Simon K. Davy, Graham M. Pilling, and Nicholas A. J. Graham. Reef fisheries and reef aquaculture. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787341.003.0007.
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Fisheries are of key importance in provision of protein, livelihood opportunities and income to islanders and coastal populations with few alternative food sources, including some of the world’s poorest people. The variety of reef fisheries for reef-associated invertebrates and vertebrates around the world is examined. Fishing methods used and particular issues with these fisheries are discussed. Exploitation of reef resources also occurs to supply luxury food markets and hobbies related to aquaria, and the international live reef fish trade is highlighted. The development of reef-based aquaculture is examined, and issues that need to be addressed to deliver sustainable expansion of this approach are discussed. In the face of increasing pressures on reef resources from a number of sources, resultant impacts on reef renewable resources and the reef ecosystem are detailed, and potential ways in which fisheries management may control these pressures are described.
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Lesnik, Julie J. Edible Insects and Human Evolution. University Press of Florida, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056999.001.0001.
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In Edible Insects and Human Evolution, Julie Lesnik investigates insects in the human diet from an evolutionary perspective. In May of 2013, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization proposed that insects as food should be strongly considered as a means of addressing the increased food demands of our growing global population. One area of investigation proposed by the FAO included more thoroughly understanding the nutritional value of insects in order to promote them as a healthy food choice. This book not only reviews the available evidence of insect nutritional values, but also explores the roles different nutrients play in human reproduction and development. Over the course of our evolution, our nutritional demands greatly increased, in part due to the evolution of our large brains. Insects are a high-quality food resource that was likely exploited by our ancestors in order to increase dietary quality during these critical times. Utilizing examples from hunter-gatherer populations as well as nonhuman primates, this book reconstructs the role of insects in the hominin diet over the course of human evolution. This low-risk food source would have offered nutrients that were otherwise difficult to obtain, making it especially appealing to females supporting young offspring. Historically, the literature surrounding the diet of our ancestors focused on hunting and meat eating, which has permeated into the current diet fad known as the paleo diet. This book argues that insects were just as important as meat in the past and that today they offer a sustainable alternative to meat.
Book chapters on the topic "Alternate food source"
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Hussain, Malik Altaf. "Novel Protein Sources: An Overview of Food Regulations." In Alternative Proteins, 407–27. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429299834-14.
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Domínguez, Rubén, Mirian Pateiro, Paulo E. S. Munekata, Mohammed Gagaoua, Francisco J. Barba, and José Manuel Lorenzo. "Exotic Meats: An Alternative Food Source." In More than Beef, Pork and Chicken – The Production, Processing, and Quality Traits of Other Sources of Meat for Human Diet, 385–408. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05484-7_13.
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Hussain, Malik Altaf, William Riley, and Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit. "Trends and Motivations for Novel Protein Sources and Contribution towards Food Security." In Alternative Proteins, 1–16. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429299834-1.
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Sawicka, Barbara, Krishnan Umachandran, Noori Abdul-nabi Nasir, and Dominika Skiba. "Alternative and New Protein Sources." In Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, 109–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42319-3_7.
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Gutiérrez-Méndez, Néstor, José Alberto López-Díaz, Dely Ruby Chávez-Garay, Martha Yarely Leal-Ramos, and Antonio García-Triana. "Milk-Clotting Enzymes: S. elaeagnifolium As An Alternative Source." In Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, 355–76. Includes bibliographical references and index.: Apple Academic Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429322341-17.
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Herrero, Mario, Daniel Mason-D’Croz, Philip K. Thornton, Jessica Fanzo, Jonathan Rushton, Cecile Godde, Alexandra Bellows, et al. "Livestock and Sustainable Food Systems: Status, Trends, and Priority Actions." In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 375–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_20.
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AbstractLivestock are a critically important component of the food system, although the sector needs a profound transformation to ensure that it contributes to a rapid transition towards sustainable food systems. This chapter reviews and synthesises the evidence available on changes in demand for livestock products in the last few decades, and the multiple socio-economic roles that livestock have around the world. We also describe the nutrition, health, and environmental impacts for which the sector is responsible. We propose eight critical actions for transitioning towards a more sustainable operating space for livestock. (1) Facilitate shifts in the consumption of animal source foods (ASF), recognising that global reductions will be required, especially in communities with high consumption levels, while promoting increased levels in vulnerable groups, including the undernourished, pregnant women and the elderly. (2) Continue work towards the sustainable intensification of livestock systems, paying particular attention to animal welfare, food-feed competition, blue water use, disease transmission and perverse economic incentives. (3) Embrace the potential of circularity in livestock systems as a way of partially decoupling livestock from land. (4) Adopt practices that lead to the direct or indirect mitigation of greenhouse gases. (5) Adopt some of the vast array of novel technologies at scale and design incentive mechanisms for their rapid deployment. (6) Diversify the protein sources available for human consumption and feed, focusing on the high-quality alternative protein sources that have lower environmental impacts. (7) Tackle antimicrobial resistance effectively through a combination of technology and new regulations, particularly for the fast-growing poultry and pork sectors and for feedlot operations. (8) Implement true cost of food and true-pricing approaches to ASF consumption.
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Mézes, Miklós, and Márta Erdélyi. "Food Safety of Edible Insects." In African Edible Insects As Alternative Source of Food, Oil, Protein and Bioactive Components, 83–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32952-5_5.
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Salgueiro, María Jimena, and José Boccio. "Ferric Pyrophosphate as an Alternative Iron Source for Food Fortification." In Handbook of Food Fortification and Health, 91–97. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7076-2_7.
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van Huis, Arnold. "Importance of Insects as Food in Africa." In African Edible Insects As Alternative Source of Food, Oil, Protein and Bioactive Components, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32952-5_1.
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Herrero, Mario, Marta Hugas, Uma Lele, Aman Wirakartakusumah, and Maximo Torero. "A Shift to Healthy and Sustainable Consumption Patterns." In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 59–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_5.
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AbstractThis chapter recognises that current food consumption patterns, often characterised by higher levels of food waste and a transition in diets towards higher energy, more resource-intensive foods, need to be transformed. Food systems in both developed and developing countries are changing rapidly. Increasingly characterised by a high degree of vertical integration, evolutions in food systems are being driven by new technologies that are changing production processes, distribution systems, marketing strategies, and the food products that people eat. These changes offer the opportunity for system-wide change in the way in which production interacts with the environment, giving greater attention to the ecosystem services offered by the food sector. However, developments in food systems also pose new challenges and controversies. Food system changes have responded to shifts in consumer preferences towards larger shares of more animal-sourced and processed foods in diets, raising concerns regarding the calorific and nutritional content of many food items. By increasing food availability, lowering prices and increasing quality standards, they have also induced greater food waste at the consumer end. In addition, the potential fast transmission of food-borne disease, antimicrobial resistance and food-related health risks throughout the food chain has increased, and the ecological footprint of the global food system continues to grow in terms of energy, resource use, and impact on climate change. The negative consequences of food systems from a nutritional, environmental and livelihood perspective are increasingly being recognised by consumers in some regions. With growing consumer awareness, driven by concerns about the environmental and health impacts of investments and current supply chain technologies and practices, as well as by a desire among new generations of city dwellers to reconnect with their rural heritage and use their own behaviour to drive positive change, opportunities exist to define and establish added-value products that are capable of internalising social or environmental delivery within their price. These forces can be used to fundamentally reshape food systems by stimulating coordinated government action in changing the regulatory environment that, in turn, incentivises improved private sector investment decisions. Achieving healthy diets from sustainable food systems is complex and requires a multi-pronged approach. Actions necessary include awareness-raising, behaviour change interventions in food environments, food education, strengthened urban-rural linkages, improved product design, investments in food system innovations, public-private partnerships, public procurement, and separate collection that enables alternative uses of food waste, all of which can contribute to this transition. Local and national policy-makers and small- and large-scale private sector actors have a key role in both responding to and shaping the market opportunities created by changing consumer demands.
Conference papers on the topic "Alternate food source"
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CHIRESCU, Alexandra Diana. "USING RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANG." In Competitiveness of Agro-Food and Environmental Economy. Editura ASE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/cafee/2021/10/04.
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The aim of this paper is to document the interest in the research area regarding renewable energy sources, as a sustainable way of adapting to climate change. The study seeks to present a comparison between the alternative energy and the conventional energy and the impact on the mitigation of climate change. Moreover, by analyzing the key factors that characterize the energy sector from Romania and the European Union, the current situation is highlighted and the study could contribute to knowledge development or solving practical issues. Taking into consideration the interdependence between economic growth and energy consumption, stable access to electricity is of political, technical and monetary interest to both developed and developing countries. In this context, green energy sources can contribute, along with other means, to achieving a greener and more environmentally friendly society. For the literature review it was used the VOSViewer software that analyzes the bibliometric links between countries and authors. It can be stated that the highest production from green sources in Romania is obtained with the help of hydropower plants. However, wind and solar energy play an important role in the national energy structure.
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Luo, Xiaolan. "Insect Oils as an Alternative Source for Feed, Food and Industrial Applications." In Virtual 2021 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/am21.307.
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B.C., Meskhi, Mozgovoy A.V., Rudoy D.V., Olshevskaya A.V., Smirnova O.A., Sarkisian D.S., and Maltseva T.A. "ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF PROTEIN AS A RAW MATERIAL FOR THE PRODUCTION OF NEW FOOD PRODUCTS: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS." In OF THE ANNIVERSARY Х INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE «INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION» («ITSE 2022» CONFERENCE). DSTU-Print, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/itse.2022.160-166.
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The article discusses the problems and prospects of using non-traditional raw materials as an alternative source of protein in food production. The main types of raw materials that contain a large amount of protein and can serve as a substitute for the classic food protein are given: insects, vegetable raw materials, cultured meat, algae and synthetic amino acids. The methods of obtaining them are considered, the advantages and disadvantages are revealed.
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Luo, Fei, Ondrej Halgas, Pratish Gawand, and Sagar Lahiri. "Animal-free protein production using precision fermentation." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/ntka8679.
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The $1.4 trillion animal industry could not sustainably scale further to feed the next billion population, as it is resource intensive, and heavy in greenhouse gas emission. The recent plant-based food movement has provided solution for more sustainable protein sources. However, the plant-based food sector faces challenges in reaching parity in texture, sensory experience (mouthfeel) and nutritional value as animal products, limiting their potential of reaching beyond the vegan and flexitarian consumers. The technical challenge behind this problem is that proteins from plants have intrinsically different amino acid compositions and structures from animal proteins, making it challenging to emulate the properties of animal products using plant-proteins alone. There is a clear and underserved need for novel protein ingredients that can complement plant-based protein ingredients to achieve parity of animal products. Fermentation is considered the third pillar of alternative protein revolution. At Liven, we focus our efforts on developing precision fermentation technology to produce functional protein ingredients that are natural replica of animal proteins. Using engineering biology, we transforms microorganisms with genes that are responsible for producing animal proteins such as collagen and gelatin. The transformed microorganisms are cultivated in fermenters to produce proteins from plant-based raw-materials. Since the protein produced are have identical amino acid sequences and structure as proteins that would be derived from animals, they provide the desired texture and sensory characteristics currently missing in plant-based formulations. For instance, our animal-free gelatin provides the functionality of thermally reversible gel. As our protein ingredients provides functionality and nutrition value of animal proteins, these ingredients could complement plant-based protein ingredients to deliver alt-protein food formulations more accurately emulate animal products, expand the market acceptance of alt-protein foods to mass consumers.
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Orellana-Alvear, Boris, Juan Hidalgo, Alfredo Ordoñez, and Esteban Zalamea. "Mangrove infrastructure for the economic development of local communities in Naranjal - Ecuador." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002365.
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Mangrove ecosystems are of significant environmental and economic importance. Large populations worldwide depend on mangroves for their resources and food supply. Following mangrove data of 1997, Ecuador had an area of 2,469 km² of mangroves. This area has suffered some reductions due to farming, industrial activities, and urbanization in recent years. At the same time, local communities depend on the collection and commercialization of mangrove products as their primary income source. Infrastructure projected in mangrove areas needs a remarkable treatment with a holistic approach to consider technological, social, environmental, and economic aspects. The project will focus on the community 6 de Julio of the zone of Naranjal-Ecuador. One of the primary income sources of this community is the collection and commercialization of the mangrove crab, which is collected at the nearby mangrove areas authorized by the Ministry of Environment, for which the community needs to abide by the regulations and closure periods to guarantee the sustainability of the activity. The primary research's objective is to study the best infrastructure options to help with the crab collection activity. So, it is safer and cleaner and aims to diversify activities such as touristic or educational that can become an alternative income source during the closure periods and reduce the dependence on the crab collection.
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Albe Slabi, Sara, Christelle Mathé, Mbalo Ndiaye, Odile Mesieres, and Romain Kapel. "Combined effect of extraction and purification conditions on yield, composition, functional and structural properties of lupin proteins." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/rcdt7862.
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The growing global population combined with the socio-economic changes leads to the increase of the demand of plant proteins for human nutrition. In recent years, many studies has been aimed at developing new high-quality and functional plant-based protein food. Lupin being a widely cultivated legume crop is one of the most promising alternative source of proteins for human nutrition. However, the scientific knowledge of the production process of proteins from lupin meal is still very scarce.In this work, different conditions of extraction and purification were evaluated for production of lupin protein isolates. The results showed that the extraction yield was comparable between acidic and alkaline pH (37% vs 40-45%) and the extracted proteins were principally composed of globulins. This finding was astonishing regarding the selective extraction of albumins in acidic pH previously reported for other plant protein sources. The ionic strength negatively impacted the protein extractability at pH 2, whereas no significant differences were observed between extraction at 20 to 50°C.The selected extraction conditions (pH 2 and 7) combined with purification by isoelectric precipitation or ultrafiltration process generated the isolate grade products. Further structural characterization of isolates revealed a partial denaturation of lupin proteins extracted under acidic pH resulting in low protein solubility at pH 6-7 (10-50%), loss in secondary structure, low thermal stability, and formation of aggregates. However, these modifications did not significantly impact the foaming and emulsifying properties of proteins. The obtained results highlighted the original and previously not described behaviors of lupin proteins observed during the isolation process. For the first time the combined effect of extraction and purification conditions on the process performances and the quality of producing proteins was shown. The presented conclusions may help to better characterize lupin proteins and valorize lupin meal as a source of plant proteins in food industry.
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Kreider, Jan F., and Peter S. Curtiss. "Comprehensive Evaluation of Impacts From Potential, Future Automotive Fuel Replacements." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36234.
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In modern society, everything from transportation to commerce to food supply is heavily dependent on the availability of cheap and plentiful energy supplies. In the past few years many have realized that the traditional sources of energy — oil and gas — are in limited supply and that we need to prepare for the approaching production maxima. It is in the interest of national economic security to investigate alternative sources of transportation energy before the extraction of existing supplies becomes prohibitively expensive. This meta-study investigates a number of potential fuels and their sources, including: • agricultural solutions - ethanol (corn and cellulosic), • agricultural solutions - biodiesel, • unconventional refining techniques such as coal-to-liquid, • oil shale retorting and tar sand processing, • traditional petroleum sources. The concentration in the current study is on transportation needs, although it is recognized that building space conditioning and electricity consumption are also significant demands for energy. The results are reported for land use, water use, input-to-output energy ratio, and carbon emissions for each fuel cycle and source. Data are given for the cases of 10, 25, and 50 percent displacements of the 2012 predicted transportation energy needs (i.e., the equivalent of 430 million gallons of gasoline per day). Cradle to grave findings indicate that some novel fuels cannot substitute for conventional fuels without consuming more water or land and emitting more greenhouse gases than fuels in use today. The most sustainable direction for the US transportation fuels sector is suggested.
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Hawkes, G. L., J. E. O’Brien, and M. G. McKellar. "Liquid Bio-Fuel Production From Non-Food Biomass via High Temperature Steam Electrolysis." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62588.
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Two hybrid energy processes that enable production of synthetic liquid fuels that are compatible with the existing conventional liquid transportation fuels infrastructure are presented. Using biomass as a renewable carbon source, and supplemental hydrogen from high-temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE), these two hybrid energy processes have the potential to provide a significant alternative petroleum source that could reduce US dependence on imported oil. The first process discusses a hydropyrolysis unit with hydrogen addition from HTSE. The second process discusses a process named Bio-Syntrolysis. The Bio-Syntrolysis process combines hydrogen from HTSE with CO from an oxygen-blown biomass gasifier that yields syngas to be used as a feedstock for synthesis of liquid transportation fuels via a Fischer-Tropsch process. Conversion of syngas to liquid hydrocarbon fuels, using a biomass-based carbon source, expands the application of renewable energy beyond the grid to include transportation fuels. It can also contribute to grid stability associated with non-dispatchable power generation. The use of supplemental hydrogen from HTSE enables greater than 90% utilization of the biomass carbon content which is about 2.5 times higher than carbon utilization associated with traditional cellulosic ethanol production. If the electrical power source needed for HTSE is based on nuclear or renewable energy, the process is carbon neutral. INL has demonstrated improved biomass processing prior to gasification. Recyclable biomass in the form of crop residue or energy crops would serve as the feedstock for this process. A process model of syngas production using high temperature electrolysis and biomass gasification is presented. Process heat from the biomass gasifier is used to heat steam for the hydrogen production via the high temperature steam electrolysis process. Oxygen produced form the electrolysis process is used to control the oxidation rate in the oxygen-blown biomass gasifier.
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Taha, Ahmed A., Tarek Abdel-Salam, and Madhu Vellakal. "Hydrogen, Biodiesel and Ethanol for Internal Combustion Engines: A Review Paper." In ASME 2015 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2015-1011.
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Alternative fuels research has been on going for well over many years at a number of institutions. Driven by oil price and consumption, engine emissions and climate change, along with the lack of sustainable fossil fuels, transportation sector has generated an interest in alternative, renewable sources of fuel for internal combustion engines. The focus has ranged from feed stock optimization to engine-out emissions, performance and durability. Biofuels for transportation sector, including alcohols (ethanol, methanol…etc.), biodiesel, and other liquid and gaseous fuels such as methane and hydrogen, have the potential to displace a considerable amount of petroleum-based fuels around the world. First generation biofuels are produced from sugars, starches, or vegetable oils. On the contrary, the second generation biofuels are produced from cellulosic materials, agricultural wastes, switch grasses and algae rather than sugar and starch. By not using food crops, second generation biofuel production is much more sustainable and has a lower impact on food production. Also known as advanced biofuels, the second-generation biofuels are still in the development stage. Combining higher energy yields, lower requirements for fertilizer and land, and the absence of competition with food, second generation biofuels, when available at prices equivalent to petroleum derived products, offer a truly sustainable alternative for transportation fuels. There are main four issues related to alternative fuels: production, transportation, storage, handling and usage. This paper presents a review of recent literature related to the alternative fuels usage and the impact of these fuels on fuel injection systems, and fuel atomization and sprays for both spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines. Effect of these renewable fuels on both internal flow and external flow characteristics of the fuel injector will be presented.
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Barreto, Andres Felipe Moreno, Giuseppe Vignali, and Luca Sandei. "Effect of High Pressure Processing on enzymatic activity for strawberries, sour cherries and red grapes." In the 7th International Food Operations and Processing Simulation Workshop. CAL-TEK srl, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46354/i3m.2021.foodops.004.
Full textAbstract:
Color degradation is an important factor that affect the quality and acceptability of fruit juices and purees; several enzymes, as well as the microbial endogenous population are not only responsible for this phenomenon but for changes in flavor and texture. Traditional stabilization methods have been used to preserve these kind of products; however, there is a negative impact on vitamins and bioactive compounds composition. High Pressure Processing (HPP) is a non-thermal alternative that has been applied for the extension of shelf life of fresh products, reducing the adverse effects of classical treatments. The aim of this review is to provide a scientific base on the effect of HPP technology in terms of enzymatic inactivation (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, ascorbate oxidase and β-glucosidase) in comparison with a conventional pasteurization process in strawberries, sour cherries and red grapes, and to propose an optimization strategy for the operational parameters to achieve the greatest inactivation
Reports on the topic "Alternate food source"
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McCarthy, Noel, Eileen Taylor, Martin Maiden, Alison Cody, Melissa Jansen van Rensburg, Margaret Varga, Sophie Hedges, et al. Enhanced molecular-based (MLST/whole genome) surveillance and source attribution of Campylobacter infections in the UK. Food Standards Agency, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ksj135.
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This human campylobacteriosis sentinel surveillance project was based at two sites in Oxfordshire and North East England chosen (i) to be representative of the English population on the Office for National Statistics urban-rural classification and (ii) to provide continuity with genetic surveillance started in Oxfordshire in October 2003. Between October 2015 and September 2018 epidemiological questionnaires and genome sequencing of isolates from human cases was accompanied by sampling and genome sequencing of isolates from possible food animal sources. The principal aim was to estimate the contributions of the main sources of human infection and to identify any changes over time. An extension to the project focussed on antimicrobial resistance in study isolates and older archived isolates. These older isolates were from earlier years at the Oxfordshire site and the earliest available coherent set of isolates from the national archive at Public Health England (1997/8). The aim of this additional work was to analyse the emergence of the antimicrobial resistance that is now present among human isolates and to describe and compare antimicrobial resistance in recent food animal isolates. Having identified the presence of bias in population genetic attribution, and that this was not addressed in the published literature, this study developed an approach to adjust for bias in population genetic attribution, and an alternative approach to attribution using sentinel types. Using these approaches the study estimated that approximately 70% of Campylobacter jejuni and just under 50% of C. coli infection in our sample was linked to the chicken source and that this was relatively stable over time. Ruminants were identified as the second most common source for C. jejuni and the most common for C. coli where there was also some evidence for pig as a source although less common than ruminant or chicken. These genomic attributions of themselves make no inference on routes of transmission. However, those infected with isolates genetically typical of chicken origin were substantially more likely to have eaten chicken than those infected with ruminant types. Consumption of lamb’s liver was very strongly associated with infection by a strain genetically typical of a ruminant source. These findings support consumption of these foods as being important in the transmission of these infections and highlight a potentially important role for lamb’s liver consumption as a source of Campylobacter infection. Antimicrobial resistance was predicted from genomic data using a pipeline validated by Public Health England and using BIGSdb software. In C. jejuni this showed a nine-fold increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones from 1997 to 2018. Tetracycline resistance was also common, with higher initial resistance (1997) and less substantial change over time. Resistance to aminoglycosides or macrolides remained low in human cases across all time periods. Among C. jejuni food animal isolates, fluoroquinolone resistance was common among isolates from chicken and substantially less common among ruminants, ducks or pigs. Tetracycline resistance was common across chicken, duck and pig but lower among ruminant origin isolates. In C. coli resistance to all four antimicrobial classes rose from low levels in 1997. The fluoroquinolone rise appears to have levelled off earlier and among animals, levels are high in duck as well as chicken isolates, although based on small sample sizes, macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance, was substantially higher than for C. jejuni among humans and highest among pig origin isolates. Tetracycline resistance is high in isolates from pigs and the very small sample from ducks. Antibiotic use following diagnosis was relatively high (43.4%) among respondents in the human surveillance study. Moreover, it varied substantially across sites and was highest among non-elderly adults compared to older adults or children suggesting opportunities for improved antimicrobial stewardship. The study also found evidence for stable lineages over time across human and source animal species as well as some tighter genomic clusters that may represent outbreaks. The genomic dataset will allow extensive further work beyond the specific goals of the study. This has been made accessible on the web, with access supported by data visualisation tools.
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Provenza, Frederick, Avi Perevolotsky, and Nissim Silanikove. Consumption of Tannin-Rich Forage by Ruminants: From Mechanism to Improved Performance. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695840.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Trees and shrubs are potentially important sources of food for livestock in many parts of the world, but their use is limited by tannins. Tannins reduce food intake by decreasing digestibility or by causing illness. Supplementing cattle, sheep, and goats with polyethylene glycol (PEG), which has a high affinity for binding tannins and thus attenuating their aversive effects, increases intake of high-tannin foods and improves weight gains and wool growth. The objectives of this proposal were: Objective 1: To further delineate the conditions under which PEG affects intake of high-tannin foods. Objective 2: To ascertain if animals self-regulate intake of PEG in accord with the tannin content of their diet under pen, paddock, and field conditions. Objective 3: To determine how nutritional status and PEG supplementation affect preference for foods varying in nutrients and tannins. Objective 4: To assess the effects of PEG on food selection, intake, and livestock performance in different production systems. The results from this research show that supplementing livestock with low doses of PEG increases intake of high-tannin foods and improves performance of cattle, sheep, and goats. Neutralizing the effects of tannins with supplemental PEG promotes the use of woody species usually considered useless as forage resources. Supplementing animals with PEG has the potential to improve the profitability - mainly milk production - of high-yielding dairy goats fed high-quality foods and supplemented with browse in Mediterranean areas. However, its contribution to production systems utilizing low-yielding goats is limited. Our findings also support the notion that supplemental PEG enhances the ability of livestock to control shrub encroachment and to maintain firebreaks. However, our work also suggests that the effectiveness of supplemental PEG may be low if alternative forages are equal or superior in nutritional quality and contain fewer metabolites with adverse effects.
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Barakat, Dr Shima, Dr Samuel Short, Dr Bernhard Strauss, and Dr Pantea Lotfian. https://www.food.gov.uk/research/research-projects/alternative-proteins-for-human-consumption. Food Standards Agency, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.wdu243.
Full textAbstract:
The UK is seeing growing interest in alternative protein sources to traditional animal-based proteins such as beef, lamb, pork, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy. There is already an extensive market in alternative protein materials, however, technological advances combined with the pressure for more sustainable sources of protein has led to an acceleration of innovation and product development and the introduction of a large amount of new alternative protein ingredients and products to the market. These have the potential to dramatically impact on the UK food system. This report is a combination of desk research, based on thorough review of the academic and non-academic literature and of the alternative proteins start-up scene, and presents an analysis of the emerging market for alternative proteins, the potential implications and the potential policy responses that the FSA might need to consider. Four main categories of alternative proteins are presented and reviewed in this report: Plant-based meat substitutes Novel protein sources Proteins and biomass biosynthesised by microorganisms Cultured meat
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Lundgren, Jonathan, Moshe Coll, and James Harwood. Biological control of cereal aphids in wheat: Implications of alternative foods and intraguild predation. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699858.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The overall objective of this proposal is to understand how realistic strategies for incorporating alternative foods into wheat fields affect the intraguild (IG) interactions of omnivorous and carnivorous predators and their efficacy as biological control agents. Cereal aphids are a primary pest of wheat throughout much of the world. Naturally occurring predator communities consume large quantities of cereal aphids in wheat, and are partitioned into aphid specialists and omnivores. Within wheat fields, the relative abilities of omnivorous and carnivorous predators to reduce cereal aphids depend heavily on the availability, distribution and type of alternative foods (alternative prey, sugar, and pollen), and on the intensity and direction of IG predation events within this community. A series of eight synergistic experiments, carefully crafted to accomplish objectives while accounting for regional production practices, will be conducted to explore how cover crops (US, where large fields preclude effective use of field margins) and field margins (IS, where cover crops are not feasible) as sources of alternative foods affect the IG interactions of predators and their efficacy as biological control agents. These objectives are: 1. Determine the mechanisms whereby the availability of alternative prey and plant-provided resources affect pest suppression by omnivorous and carnivorous generalist predators; 2. Characterize the intensity of IGP within generalist predator communities of wheat systems and assess the impact of these interactions on cereal aphid predation; and 3. Evaluate how spatial patterns in the availability of non-prey resources and IGP affect predation on cereal aphids by generalist predator communities. To accomplish these goals, novel tools, including molecular and biochemical gut content analysis and geospatial analysis, will be coupled with traditional techniques used to monitor and manipulate insect populations and predator efficacy. Our approach will manipulate key alternative foods and IG prey to determine how these individual interactions contribute to the ability of predators to suppress cereal aphids within systems where cover crop and field margin management strategies are evaluated in production scale plots. Using these strategies, the proposed project will not only provide cost-effective and realistic solutions for pest management issues faced by IS and US producers, but also will provide a better understanding of how spatial dispersion, IG predation, and the availability of alternative foods contribute to biological control by omnivores and carnivores within agroecosystems. By reducing the reliance of wheat producers on insecticides, this proposal will address the BARD priorities of increasing the efficiency of agricultural production and protecting plants against biotic sources of stress in an environmentally friendly and sustainable manner.
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Brice, Jeremy. Investment, power and protein in sub-Saharan Africa. Edited by Tara Garnett. TABLE, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/d8817170.
Full textAbstract:
The place of protein in sub-Saharan Africa’s food system is changing rapidly, raising complex international development, global health and environmental sustainability issues. Despite substantial growth in the region’s livestock agriculture sector, protein consumption per capita remains low, and high levels of undernourishment persist. Meanwhile sub-Saharan Africa’s population is growing and urbanising rapidly, creating expectations that demand for protein will increase rapidly over the coming decades and triggering calls for further investment in the expansion and intensification of the region’s meat and dairy sector. However, growing disquiet over the environmental impacts of further expansion in livestock numbers, and growing sales of alternative protein products in the Global North, has raised questions about the future place of plant-based, insect and lab-grown proteins in African diets and food systems. This report examines financial investment in protein production in sub-Saharan Africa. It begins from the position that investors play an important role in shaping the development of diets and food systems because they are able to mobilise the financial resources required to develop new protein products, infrastructures and value chains, or to prevent their development by withholding investment. It therefore investigates which actors are financing the production in sub-Saharan Africa of: a) animal proteins such as meat, fish, eggs and dairy products; b) ‘protein crops’ such as beans, pulses and legumes; and c) processed ‘alternative proteins’ derived from plants, insects, microbes or animal cells grown in a tissue culture. Through analysing investment by state, philanthropic and private sector organisations – as well as multilateral financial institutions such as development banks – it aims to establish which protein sources and stages of the value chain are financed by different groups of investors and to explore the values and goals which shape their investment decisions. To this end, the report examines four questions: 1. Who is currently investing in protein production in sub-Saharan Africa? 2. What goals do these investors aim to achieve (or what sort of future do they seek to bring about) through making these investments? 3. Which protein sources and protein production systems do they finance? 4. What theory of change links their investment strategy to these goals? In addressing these questions, this report explores what sorts of protein production and provisioning systems different investor groups might be helping to bring into being in sub-Saharan Africa. It also considers what alternative possibilities might be marginalised due to a lack of investment. It thus seeks to understand whose priorities, preferences and visions for the future of food might be informing the changing place of protein in the region’s diets, economies and food systems.
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Asvapathanagul, Pitiporn, Leanne Deocampo, and Nicholas Banuelos. Biological Hydrogen Gas Production from Food Waste as a Sustainable Fuel for Future Transportation. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2141.
Full textAbstract:
In the global search for the right alternative energy sources for a more sustainable future, hydrogen production has stood out as a strong contender. Hydrogen gas (H2) is well-known as one of the cleanest and most sustainable energy sources, one that mainly yields only water vapor as a byproduct. Additionally, H2 generates triple the amount of energy compared to hydrocarbon fuels. H2 can be synthesized from several technologies, but currently only 1% of H2 production is generated from biomass. Biological H2 production generated from anaerobic digestion is a fraction of the 1%. This study aims to enhance biological H2 production from anaerobic digesters by increasing H2 forming microbial abundance using batch experiments. Carbon substrate availability and conversion in the anaerobic processes were achieved by chemical oxygen demand and volatile fatty acids analysis. The capability of the matrix to neutralize acids in the reactors was assessed using alkalinity assay, and ammonium toxicity was monitored by ammonium measurements. H2 content was also investigated throughout the study. The study's results demonstrate two critical outcomes, (i) food waste as substrate yielded the highest H2 gas fraction in biogas compared to other substrates fed (primary sludge, waste activated sludge and mixed sludge with or without food waste), and (ii) under normal operating condition of anaerobic digesters, increasing hydrogen forming bacterial populations, including Clostridium spp., Lactococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. did not prolong biological H2 recovery due to H2 being taken up by other bacteria for methane (CH4) formation. Our experiment was operated under the most optimal condition for CH4 formation as suggested by wastewater operational manuals. Therefore, CH4-forming bacteria possessed more advantages than other microbial populations, including H2-forming groups, and rapidly utilized H2 prior to methane synthesis. This study demonstrates H2 energy renewed from food waste anaerobic digestion systems delivers opportunities to maximize California’s cap-and-trade program through zero carbon fuel production and utilization.
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Asvapathanagul, Pitiporn, Leanne Deocampo, and Nicholas Banuelos. Biological Hydrogen Gas Production from Food Waste as a Sustainable Fuel for Future Transportation. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2141.
Full textAbstract:
In the global search for the right alternative energy sources for a more sustainable future, hydrogen production has stood out as a strong contender. Hydrogen gas (H2) is well-known as one of the cleanest and most sustainable energy sources, one that mainly yields only water vapor as a byproduct. Additionally, H2 generates triple the amount of energy compared to hydrocarbon fuels. H2 can be synthesized from several technologies, but currently only 1% of H2 production is generated from biomass. Biological H2 production generated from anaerobic digestion is a fraction of the 1%. This study aims to enhance biological H2 production from anaerobic digesters by increasing H2 forming microbial abundance using batch experiments. Carbon substrate availability and conversion in the anaerobic processes were achieved by chemical oxygen demand and volatile fatty acids analysis. The capability of the matrix to neutralize acids in the reactors was assessed using alkalinity assay, and ammonium toxicity was monitored by ammonium measurements. H2 content was also investigated throughout the study. The study's results demonstrate two critical outcomes, (i) food waste as substrate yielded the highest H2 gas fraction in biogas compared to other substrates fed (primary sludge, waste activated sludge and mixed sludge with or without food waste), and (ii) under normal operating condition of anaerobic digesters, increasing hydrogen forming bacterial populations, including Clostridium spp., Lactococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. did not prolong biological H2 recovery due to H2 being taken up by other bacteria for methane (CH4) formation. Our experiment was operated under the most optimal condition for CH4 formation as suggested by wastewater operational manuals. Therefore, CH4-forming bacteria possessed more advantages than other microbial populations, including H2-forming groups, and rapidly utilized H2 prior to methane synthesis. This study demonstrates H2 energy renewed from food waste anaerobic digestion systems delivers opportunities to maximize California’s cap-and-trade program through zero carbon fuel production and utilization.
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Arnett, Clint, Justin Lange, Ashley Boyd, Martin Page, and Donald Cropek. Expression and secretion of active Moringa oleifera coagulant protein in Bacillus subtilis. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41546.
Full textAbstract:
Cationic polypeptide proteins found in the seeds of the tropical plant Moringa oleifera have coagulation efficiencies similar to aluminum and ferric sulfates without their recalcitrant nature. Although these proteins possess great potential to augment or replace traditional coagulants in water treatment, harvesting active protein from seeds is laborious and not cost-effective. Here, we describe an alternative method to express and secrete active M. oleifera coagulant protein (MO) in Bacillus subtilis. A plasmid library containing the MO gene and 173 different types of secretory signal peptides was created and cloned into B. subtilis strain RIK1285. Fourteen of 440 clones screened were capable of secreting MO with yields ranging from 55 to 122 mg/L of growth medium. The coagulant activity of the highest MO secreting clone was evaluated when grown on Luria broth, and cell-free medium from the culture was shown to reduce turbidity in a buffered kaolin suspension by approximately 90% compared with controls without the MO gene. The clone was also capable of secreting active MO when grown on a defined synthetic wastewater supplemented with 0.5% tryptone. Cell-free medium from the strain harboring the MO gene demonstrated more than a 2-fold reduction in turbidity compared with controls. Additionally, no significant amount of MO was observed without the addition of the synthetic wastewater, suggesting that it served as a source of nutrients for the effective expression and translocation of MO into the medium.
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Holland, Darren, and Nazmina Mahmoudzadeh. Foodborne Disease Estimates for the United Kingdom in 2018. Food Standards Agency, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.squ824.
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In February 2020 the FSA published two reports which produced new estimates of foodborne norovirus cases. These were the ‘Norovirus Attribution Study’ (NoVAS study) (O’Brien et al., 2020) and the accompanying internal FSA technical review ‘Technical Report: Review of Quantitative Risk Assessment of foodborne norovirus transmission’ (NoVAS model review), (Food Standards Agency, 2020). The NoVAS study produced a Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment model (QMRA) to estimate foodborne norovirus. The NoVAS model review considered the impact of using alternative assumptions and other data sources on these estimates. From these two pieces of work, a revised estimate of foodborne norovirus was produced. The FSA has therefore updated its estimates of annual foodborne disease to include these new results and also to take account of more recent data related to other pathogens. The estimates produced include: •Estimates of GP presentations and hospital admissions for foodbornenorovirus based on the new estimates of cases. The NoVAS study onlyproduced estimates for cases. •Estimates of foodborne cases, GP presentations and hospital admissions for12 other pathogens •Estimates of unattributed cases of foodborne disease •Estimates of total foodborne disease from all pathogens Previous estimates An FSA funded research project ‘The second study of infectious intestinal disease in the community’, published in 2012 and referred to as the IID2 study (Tam et al., 2012), estimated that there were 17 million cases of infectious intestinal disease (IID) in 2009. These include illness caused by all sources, not just food. Of these 17 million cases, around 40% (around 7 million) could be attributed to 13 known pathogens. These pathogens included norovirus. The remaining 60% of cases (equivalent to 10 million cases) were unattributed cases. These are cases where the causal pathogen is unknown. Reasons for this include the causal pathogen was not tested for, the test was not sensitive enough to detect the causal pathogen or the pathogen is unknown to science. A second project ‘Costed extension to the second study of infectious intestinal disease in the community’, published in 2014 and known as IID2 extension (Tam, Larose and O’Brien, 2014), estimated that there were 566,000 cases of foodborne disease per year caused by the same 13 known pathogens. Although a proportion of the unattributed cases would also be due to food, no estimate was provided for this in the IID2 extension. New estimates We estimate that there were 2.4 million cases of foodborne disease in the UK in 2018 (95% credible intervals 1.8 million to 3.1 million), with 222,000 GP presentations (95% Cred. Int. 150,000 to 322,000) and 16,400 hospital admissions (95% Cred. Int. 11,200 to 26,000). Of the estimated 2.4 million cases, 0.9 million (95% Cred. Int. 0.7 million to 1.2 million) were from the 13 known pathogens included in the IID2 extension and 1.4 million1 (95% Cred. Int. 1.0 million to 2.0 million) for unattributed cases. Norovirus was the pathogen with the largest estimate with 383,000 cases a year. However, this estimate is within the 95% credible interval for Campylobacter of 127,000 to 571,000. The pathogen with the next highest number of cases was Clostridium perfringens with 85,000 (95% Cred. Int. 32,000 to 225,000). While the methodology used in the NoVAS study does not lend itself to producing credible intervals for cases of norovirus, this does not mean that there is no uncertainty in these estimates. There were a number of parameters used in the NoVAS study which, while based on the best science currently available, were acknowledged to have uncertain values. Sensitivity analysis undertaken as part of the study showed that changes to the values of these parameters could make big differences to the overall estimates. Campylobacter was estimated to have the most GP presentations with 43,000 (95% Cred. Int. 19,000 to 76,000) followed by norovirus with 17,000 (95% Cred. Int. 11,000 to 26,000) and Clostridium perfringens with 13,000 (95% Cred. Int. 6,000 to 29,000). For hospital admissions Campylobacter was estimated to have 3,500 (95% Cred. Int. 1,400 to 7,600), followed by norovirus 2,200 (95% Cred. Int. 1,500 to 3,100) and Salmonella with 2,100 admissions (95% Cred. Int. 400 to 9,900). As many of these credible intervals overlap, any ranking needs to be undertaken with caution. While the estimates provided in this report are for 2018 the methodology described can be applied to future years.