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Journal articles on the topic 'Alternating current potential drop technique'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Li, Wenyang, Fangji Gan, Shiping Zhao, Yongjie Zhou, and Xiaoming He. "Multidirectional Alternating Current Potential Drop Technique for Detecting Random Cracks." IEEE Access 6 (2018): 76640–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2883757.

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2

Huang, Xuejun, Lun Yu, and Ronald Ballinger. "Alternating Current Potential Drop Technique to Detect Pit-to-Crack Transition." MRS Advances 1, no. 17 (2016): 1241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.262.

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ABSTRACTPitting and localized corrosion can occur under various conditions and accelerate the subsequent cracking and the failure of a component. Pit-to-crack transition is considered a critical transition process and has a significant impact on the total lifetime of a component. In this study, an alternating current potential drop (ACPD) system is built and applied the detection of the pit-to-crack transition. The results show that the ACPD system is capable and sensitive to crack initiation and that the sensitivity increased with increased frequency. Crack initiation sites from pits are characterized and discussed.

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3

Gan, Fangji, Yuting Li, Zhengjun Wan, and Junbi Liao. "Inner defect depth detection using a multifrequency alternating current potential drop technique." AIP Advances 6, no. 10 (October 2016): 105312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4954294.

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4

Li, Yuting, Fangji Gan, Zhengjun Wan, Junbi Liao, and Wenqiang Li. "Novel Method for Sizing Metallic Bottom Crack Depth Using Multi-frequency Alternating Current Potential Drop Technique." Measurement Science Review 15, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msr-2015-0037.

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Abstract Potential drop techniques are of two types: the direct current potential drop (DCPD) technique and alternating current potential drop (ACPD) technique, and both of them are used in nondestructive testing. ACPD, as a kind of valid method in sizing metal cracks, has been applied to evaluate metal structures. However, our review of most available approaches revealed that some improvements can be done in measuring depth of metal bottom crack by means of ACPD, such as accuracy and sensitivity of shallow crack. This paper studied a novel method which utilized the slope of voltage ratio-frequency curve to solve bottom crack depth by using a simple mathematic equation based on finite element analysis. It is found that voltage ratio varies linearly with frequency in the range of 5-15 Hz; this range is slightly higher than the equivalent frequency and lower than semi-permeable frequency. Simulation and experiment show that the novel method can measure the bottom crack depth accurately.

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5

Raja, Manoj K., S. Mahadevan, B. P. C. Rao, S. P. Behera, T. Jayakumar, and Baldev Raj. "Influence of crack length on crack depth measurement by an alternating current potential drop technique." Measurement Science and Technology 21, no. 10 (August 3, 2010): 105702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/10/105702.

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6

Li, Wenyang, Shiping Zhao, and Fangji Gan. "Characterisation of backwall crack depth using the pulsed potential drop method." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 62, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2020.62.9.555.

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The alternating current potential drop (ACPD) technique has been used for monitoring backwall cracks in electrical conductors. However, previous systems required too much labour when ACPD measurements were made over a large frequency range (1 Hz-10 kHz). In this paper, a pulsed potential drop (PPD) method is found to be superior, not only in efficiency and stability but also in accurate crack detection. The detected signal excited by the pulsed current appears to be more sensitive to depth variations and, therefore, can be used for estimating crack depth in PPD testing. Experiments have been performed on AISI 1045 plates with machined cracks; the results obtained from these tests show the feasibility of crack monitoring using the PPD method.

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7

Satyarnarayan, L., D. M. Pukazhendhi, Krishnan Balasubramaniam, C. V. Krishnamurthy, and D. S. Ramachandra Murthy. "Phased Array Ultrasonic Measurement of Fatigue Crack Growth Profiles in Stainless Steel Pipes." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 129, no. 4 (July 24, 2006): 737–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2767367.

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This paper reports experimental sizing of fatigue crack profiles that are initiated from artificially made circumferential starter notches in stainless steel pipes of 169mm outer diameter and 14.33mm thickness, which were subjected to cyclic bending loads in a four point bending load arrangement using two nondestractive evaluation (NDE) methods: (a) phased array ultrasonic technique and (b) alternating current potential drop technique. The crack growth estimated using the two NDE techniques were compared with the beach marks that were present in the fracture surface. A simulation study using the ray tracing method was carried out to model the ultrasonic wave propagation in the test specimen, and the results were compared with the experimental results.

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8

M Buss, Thomas, James P Rouse, Christopher J Hyde, and Seamus D Garvey. "Development of a technique for the real-time determination of crack geometries in laboratory samples." MATEC Web of Conferences 165 (2018): 09004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816509004.

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Crack size determination using electrical potentials both in service and in the laboratory has been undertaken for many years. In the laboratory this has mainly concentrated on the measurement of crack depth, with either alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) supplies. Some work to determine the varying depth along the width of cracks as an inspection tool of in service parts using mapping methods has been done. This has used both AC and DC utilising various models to understand the data recorded, in Alternating Current Potential Drop (ACPD) a range of frequencies have been used to give various skin depths. The resulting analyses have been grouped into two groups 'thin skin' and 'thick skin', in the thin skin case the skin depth is significantly smaller than the depth of the crack 1/10th of the crack depth whereas in the thick skin cases are for cases where skin depth is over this limit. Some work has been carried out to try and unify these two approaches. The work presented here looks to develop a method using variable frequency ACPD to resolve further information about cracks growing in laboratory specimens. A system has been developed to rapidly sweep a wide frequency band and record voltage drop across a crack or feature. A selection of steel samples with known geometries and features have been used to trial and benchmark the technique. These samples have a range of cross sections as well as machined features or a range of shapes and sizes to simulate a range of crack geometries. This work has been approximated using a 2D computational model. This has been done using a reduced thickness approach.

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9

Li, Yuting, Fangji Gan, Zhengjun Wan, and Junbi Liao. "An SVM approach with alternating current potential drop technique to classify pits and cracks on the bottom of a metal plate." AIP Advances 6, no. 9 (September 2016): 095202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4962550.

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10

Koch, Alexander, Philipp Wittke, and Frank Walther. "Computed Tomography-Based Characterization of the Fatigue Behavior and Damage Development of Extruded Profiles Made from Recycled AW6060 Aluminum Chips." Materials 12, no. 15 (July 25, 2019): 2372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12152372.

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The possibility of producing profiles directly by hot extrusion of aluminum chips, normally considered as scrap, is a promising alternative to the energy-intensive remelting process. It has to be taken into account that the mechanical properties depend on the quality of the weld seams between the chips, which arise during the extrusion process. To estimate the influence of the weld seams, quasistatic and cyclic investigations were performed on chip-based profiles and finally compared with cast-based extruded profiles. In order to gain comprehensive information about the fatigue progress, different measurement techniques like alternating current potential drop (ACPD)-technique, hysteresis measurements, and temperature measurements were used during the fatigue tests. The weld seams and voids were investigated using computed tomography and metallographic techniques. Results show that quasistatic properties of chip-based specimens are only reduced by about 5%, whereas the lifetime is reduced by about a decade. The development of the fatigue cracks, which propagate between the chip boundaries, was characterized by an intermittent testing strategy, where an initiation of two separate cracks was observed.

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11

Zarowitz, Barbara J., and Alison M. Pilla. "Bioelectrical Impedance in Clinical Practice." DICP 23, no. 7-8 (July 1989): 548–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060028089023007-803.

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Bioelectrical impedance (BI) relies on the conduction of a low-voltage alternating current through the body. Lean tissue and fluids containing electrolytes conduct the current and cell membranes serve as capacitors and account for capacitive resistance. Fat and bone are poor conductors. Measurement of the voltage drop of the applied current yields resistance (R) and reactance (Xc). R and Xc are used with height, weight, age, and gender in a number of multiple regression relationships to predict body composition compartments such as fat-free mass, lean body mass, extracellular mass, and body cell mass. The technique has been compared with and validated against traditional measures of body composition analysis. In clinical practice, BI has been used to monitor fluid status in burn and dialysis patients, assess changes of body cell mass with nutritional repletion, and predict pharmacokinetic parameters and dose of theophylline and aminoglycoside antibiotics. BI is a noninvasive, safe, rapid, and reproducible technique with exciting potential in clinical practice.

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12

de Oliveira, Misael Souto, Antonio Almeida Silva, Marco Antonio dos Santos, Jorge Antonio Palma Carrasco, and João Vitor de Queiroz Marques. "Calibration of the AC Potential Dropping System (ACPD) for Determination of Crack Growth in API 5L X65 Steel under Cathodic Protection Effect." Materials Science Forum 1012 (October 2020): 412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1012.412.

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In this work the calibration of an Alternative Current Potential Drop (ACPD) system was performed to monitore laboratory mechanical tests on marine environment under cathodic protection. The calibration was done on CT type specimens of API 5L X65 steel dimensioned according to ASTM E1820 standard., The crack propagation during a tensile test with displacement control in an ACPD equipment was monitored through the performs points collection by two channels: one that monitors the crack growth and another that monitors a region free of crack. Using a profile projector and graphical data processing and analysis software, the area of the fracture surface of the specimen was meansured, which allowed to correlate a crack size with a corresponding value of potential drop and the calibration curve. In order to verify verify the efficacy and precision of the technique, step loading tests were performed on API 5L X65 steel test specimens, submerged in synthetic sea water under the overprotection potential of-1300mVAg/AgCl. The results of the calibration showed few dispersed errors, and the main factors of this dispersion may be related to the geometry of the specimen and with variations in current flow density, which is influenced by corners and edges and by the presence of pick-up inductive. The calibration and its effectiveness can be verified through the results of the tests in marine environment, presenting crack lengths close to the actual values, confirming the effectiveness of the ACPD technique.

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13

Fogg, Arnold G., and Joseph Wang. "Terminology and Convention for Electrochemical Stripping Analysis." Pure and Applied Chemistry 71, no. 5 (May 30, 1999): 891–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199971050891.

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Introduction: The term electrochemical stripping analysis is applied to a family of procedures involving a preconcentration of the determinand (or a salt or derivative of the determinand) onto the working electrode, prior to its direct or indirect determination by means of an electroanalytical technique1,2. Such a combination of an effective accumulation step with an advanced measurement procedure results in a very low detection limit, and makes stripping analysis one of the most important techniques in trace analysis. The original stripping analysis method involved the cathodic electrodeposition of amalgam-forming metals onto a hanging mercury drop (working) electrode, followed by the anodic voltammetric determination of the accumulated metal during a positive-going potential scan3. Numerous advances during the 1980s and 1990s, however, have led to the development of alternative preconcentration schemes and advanced measurement procedures that further enhance the scope and power of stripping analysis4,5. As a consequence, numerous variants of stripping analysis exist currently, differing in their method of accumulation and measurement. A recent text on stripping analysis is by Brainina and Neyman,6 and recent reviews on adsorptive stripping voltammetry are by Kalvoda and Kopanica,7 van den Berg,8 and Paneli and Voulgaropoulos.9Problems in selecting an effective nomenclature for stripping analysis are discussed in this document. Stripping analysis incorporates a two step process - accumulation and determination - and the technique can be considered to be a 'hyphenated technique'. The method of determination has been included, usually, in naming a particular technique, but often the method of accumulation has not. In some cases, eg. adsorptive stripping voltammetry, the method of accumulation is given but no indication is given as to whether the determination is cathodic or anodic (or whether it measures a capacitance current due to desorption).The purpose of this document is to recommend classification, and relevant terminology, for the different procedures used in electrochemical stripping analysis.

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14

Gibson, G. P. "The use of alternating current potential drop for determining resistance curves." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 26, no. 2 (January 1987): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(87)90198-6.

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15

Bowler, John R., and Nicola Bowler. "Theory of four-point alternating current potential drop measurements on conductive plates." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 463, no. 2079 (January 2, 2007): 817–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2006.1791.

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Measurements of alternating current potential drop (ACPD) made at the surface of a conductive plate can be used to determine, non-destructively, the parameters of the plate such as its thickness, electrical conductivity and linear effective magnetic permeability. In order to invert the measured potential drop to yield values for these parameters, a theoretical model is needed. In this work, closed form analytical expressions are derived for the ACPD measured between the two voltage electrodes of a four-point probe. Alternating current is injected and extracted by two current electrodes. The problem is formulated in terms of a single, transverse magnetic, potential. The exact solution for the electromagnetic field is expressed in terms of a Green's function for a plate via the method of images. The ACPD is also expressed as a sum of contributions from multiple images. Two series representations are given: one converges more rapidly for plates which are somewhat thicker than the probe dimensions and the other for plates which are somewhat thinner. Theoretical expressions for the ACPD in special cases of thick (half space) and thin conductors are shown to agree with the results presented previously. In this paper, calculated ACPD values are compared with the experimental data taken on a titanium plate, in the regime in which the plate thickness is similar to the probe length and excellent agreement is obtained.

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16

Omprakash, C. M., A. Kumar, R. N. Ghosh, A. Sridhar, B. Srivathsa, and D. V. V. Satyanarayana. "Creep strain measurements using an Alternating Current Potential Drop method: A Nondestructive approach." International Journal Of Engineering & Applied Sciences 8, no. 1 (June 3, 2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24107/ijeas.251261.

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17

Bowler, Nicola. "Theory of four-point alternating current potential drop measurements on a metal half-space." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 39, no. 3 (January 20, 2006): 584–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/39/3/024.

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18

Bowler, John R., Yongqiang Huang, Haiyan Sun, Jonathan Brown, and Nicola Bowler. "Alternating current potential-drop measurement of the depth of case hardening in steel rods." Measurement Science and Technology 19, no. 7 (June 12, 2008): 075204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/19/7/075204.

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19

Bowler, N., and Yongqiang Huang. "Model-based characterization of homogeneous metal plates by four-point alternating current potential drop measurements." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 41, no. 6 (June 2005): 2102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2005.847625.

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20

Sander, Sylvia, and Günter Henze. "Alternating current investigations at the mercury drop electrode on the adsorption potential of metal complexes." Electroanalysis 8, no. 3 (March 1996): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140080310.

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21

Ratnakar, Ram R., Cesar A. Mantilla, and Birol Dindoruk. "Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Asphaltene Stability on Interfacial Behavior of Live-Reservoir-Fluid Systems." SPE Journal 24, no. 01 (December 31, 2018): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/183940-pa.

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Summary Wettability alteration resulting from asphaltene precipitation in a reservoir affects rock/fluid interactions that have a potential impact on oil production, recovery, and flow in the production network. The current predictive wettability models are inherently inaccurate and do not consider asphaltene stability. This study investigates the impact of pressure-depletion-induced asphaltene precipitation on interfacial tension (IFT) and contact angle for live-oil and water systems at reservoir conditions (high pressure, high temperature), and it presents a graphical (quantitative) method for determining asphaltene onset pressure (AOP) based on interfacial behavior. Water/oil IFT was measured at reservoir temperature using a pendant-drop-shape method for a system of live oils over a range of pressures above and below the AOP, which was already independently determined by means of particle-size-distribution and solid-detection-system techniques. The same pressure and temperature conditions were used to measure contact angle with quartz in the presence of deionized (DI) water as the surrounding medium. The temperature was controlled with an accuracy of ±0.1°C. Some measurements were performed twice to ensure the reproducibility of the experiments and methodology. This work presents the experimental study to quantify the change in interfacial behavior because of asphaltene precipitation and deposition. IFT/contact-angle measurements above and below AOP show that the interfacial behavior follows the normal trends above AOP as observed in other water/hydrocarbon systems. However, as evident when the pressure was reduced below the AOP, a relatively sharp change in the trend is observed in both the IFT and contact angle, which is caused by asphaltene migration to the interface in a way that acts as a natural surfactant. As asphaltenes precipitate and deposit in the mineral substrate, the surface turns less water-wet and the contact angle naturally increases to balance the equilibrium forces. This study sets a quantitative and alternative method to determine AOP, and presents new experimental data on IFT/contact angle of live-oil and water systems at reservoir conditions. Near the wellbore, asphaltene deposition can lead to pore plugging, where a large number of pore volumes flow through the productive life of the well. In this scenario, the size of aggregates (of asphaltene) is an important factor, especially when it is comparable with the pore size. On the other hand, deep in the reservoir, the effects of asphaltene precipitation and deposition on interfacial properties are more important because this can lead to wettability alteration. Thus, the results of this technique can be used to assess the potential impacts deep in the reservoir.

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22

Huang, Xiaoli, Xin Wang, Defang Duan, Bertil Sundqvist, Xin Li, Yanping Huang, Hongyu Yu, et al. "High-temperature superconductivity in sulfur hydride evidenced by alternating-current magnetic susceptibility." National Science Review 6, no. 4 (May 9, 2019): 713–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz061.

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ABSTRACT The search for high-temperature superconductivity is one of the research frontiers in physics. In the sulfur hydride system, an extremely high Tc (∼200 K) has been recently developed at pressure. However, the Meissner effect measurement above megabar pressures is still a great challenge. Here, we report the superconductivity identification of sulfur hydride at pressure, employing an in situ alternating-current magnetic susceptibility technique. We determine the superconducting phase diagram, finding that superconductivity suddenly appears at 117 GPa and Tc reaches 183 K at 149 GPa before decreasing monotonically with increasing pressure. By means of theoretical calculations, we elucidate the variation of Tc in the low-pressure region in terms of the changing stoichiometry of sulfur hydride and the further decrease in Tc owing to a drop in the electron–phonon interaction parameter λ. This work provides a new insight into clarifying superconducting phenomena and anchoring the superconducting phase diagram in the hydrides.

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23

Husain, Z., P. F. Morris, and A. A. Howe. "The Assessment of Recrystallization in Low Carbon Low Alloy Steel Using Alternating Current Potential Drop (ACPD) Measurements." Materials Science Forum 113-115 (January 1993): 667–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.113-115.667.

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24

Sposito, Giuseppe, Peter Cawley, and Peter B. Nagy. "An approximate model for three-dimensional alternating current potential drop analyses using a commercial finite element code." NDT & E International 43, no. 2 (March 2010): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2009.10.002.

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25

Takeo, Fumio, Masumi Saka, S. Reaz Ahmed, Seiichi Hamada, and Manabu Hayakawa. "Selecting Suitable Probes Distances for Sizing Deep Surface Cracks Using the DCPD Technique." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 129, no. 1 (May 28, 2006): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2409319.

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In this study, the way to enhance the sensitivity of evaluating deep surface cracks by DCPD technique using four probes is considered. The potential drops across two-dimensional cracks having different depths are analyzed by the three-dimensional finite-element method. The effect of the distance between current input and output probes and the distance between measuring probes on the change in potential drops are analyzed for a wide range of crack depths. By extending the distance between current input and output probes, the change in potential drop with the change in the depth of deeper crack becomes large. But the voltage of potential drop becomes small to measure. Finally, the way to select the appropriate distances between the probes for the measuring sensor is shown from the viewpoints of sensitivity and the required current.

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26

Liu, H., M. Saka, H. Abe', I. Komura, and H. Sakamoto. "Analysis of Interaction of Multiple Cracks in a Direct Current Field and Nondestructive Evaluation." Journal of Applied Mechanics 66, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2791071.

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A method of analysis is proposed for nondestructive evaluation of multiple cracks by means of the d.c. (direct current) potential drop technique. Two and three-dimensional multiple cracks are treated. A methodology for considering interaction of cracks based on the equation for an isolated crack is given to calculate the potential drop between both sides of a crack in multiple cracking in a plate. The inverse problem to evaluate the crack depth is analyzed by comparing the potential drop calculated in this way with the measurement. It is shown that the evaluated crack depth is in good agreement with the actual one.

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27

Reaz Ahmed, S., Masumi Saka, and Fumio Takeo. "DC Potential-Drop Technique for the Evaluation of 3-D Back-Wall Cracks in Steel Structures." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.434.

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A direct-current potential-drop NDE technique has been developed for the evaluation of a 3-D back-wall crack in thick-walled structures. The measuring system contains two pairs of probes – one for current supply and the other for the measurement of potential-drop, where the currentsupply and measuring probes are in close proximity to each other. The optimum arrangement of the four-point-probes system is determined from the finite-element simulation of the three-dimensional electric crack problem. The predicted potential-drop across the crack has been verified experimentally using the newly developed measuring sensor. Measured results of semi-elliptical cracks in stainless steel plates establish the practicality as well as reliability of the present potentialdrop method of testing for the evaluation of 3-D back-wall cracks in thick-walled structures.

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28

Kwon, Seok Jin, and Tetsuo Shoji. "Crack Detection in Press Fit Railway Axle Using Induced Current Focusing Potential Drop Technique." Key Engineering Materials 270-273 (August 2004): 1002–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.270-273.1002.

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29

Yeh, Chun-Ping, and Jiunn-Yuan Huang. "Numerical simulations of electric potential field for alternating current potential drop associated with surface cracks in low-alloy steel nuclear material." Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation 33, no. 2 (December 5, 2017): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10589759.2017.1409747.

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30

Tutt, D. A., R. E. Lyons, and M. K. Holland. "92 DOES BLASTOCENTESIS AFFECT CRYOPRESERVATION SURVIVAL OF IN VITRO-PRODUCED BOVINE EMBRYOS?" Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29, no. 1 (2017): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv29n1ab92.

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The cattle industry primarily employs embryo bisection in order to obtain genetic samples for pre-implantation screening and selection of embryos. Although practical and rapid, bisection is invasive and adversely affects embryo viability and cryopreservation. An alternative biopsy approach is to aspirate the blastocoele fluid (referred to as blastocentesis), which not only provides a genetic sample, but also has the potential to improve cryopreservation (Palini et al. 2013 Repro. Biomed. 26, 603–610). This study investigates blastocentesis as a low impact biopsy procedure to rapidly sample bovine blastocysts with limited effect on embryo cryopreservation survival. In vitro-produced embryos were selected at expanded blastocyst stage and placed in a 50-μL drop of holding media on an inverted microscope. The embryo was held using a glass holding pipette attached to a micromanipulator, oriented so that the inner cell mass was toward the bottom of the view. A 7-μm spiked intracytoplasmic sperm injection pipette attached to the other micro-manipulator was used to pierce the blastocoele cavity and aspirate the blastocoele fluid. Once removed, the aspirate was transferred into 4-μL TE buffer for later genetic analysis. Collapsed blastocysts were then vitrified in ~7 μL 16.5% ethylene glycol, 16.5% dimethyl sulfoxide in TCM-199 (Hanks salts) with 20% FCS and 0.5 M sucrose. Embryos were held for a minimum of 1 week and then thawed and assessed for survival. Post-cryopreservation embryo survival was measured as the proportion of embryos that re-expanded after 48 h in culture. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical testing. A total of 181 control (intact) and 182 blastocentesis embryos were vitrified over 6 replicates. In all but one replicate, non-biopsied control embryos had higher re-expansion rates. Overall, the re-expansion rate was significantly (P = 0.05) higher for control embryos (73.5%) than blastocentesis embryos (61.5%) (Table 1). Initial experiments would suggest embryo survival is affected by the biopsy procedure; however, because this was not the case with every replicate, this may be batch or technician/human error dependent. Further study is required to assess full effect of blastocoele fluid aspiration on embryo cryopreservation, particularly investigating effectiveness for in vivo-produced embryos and subsequent effect on pregnancy rates. Likewise, further investigation is required to assess whether the sample collected is sufficient to allow accuracy over a variety of genetic tests. More than 20 embryos can easily be sampled in an hour using this technique, making it a rapid and efficient process. Given the speed and compatibility with cryopreservation, this sampling procedure may offer an alternative to current techniques used for cattle embryo genetic assessment. Table 1. Post-thaw survival rates of in vitro-produced embryos vitrified after blastocentesis1

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31

Sato, Yasumoto, Naomi Kawaguchi, Natsuki Ogura, and Tsunaji Kitayama. "Automated visualization of surface morphology of cracks by means of induced current potential drop technique." NDT & E International 49 (July 2012): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2012.04.005.

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32

SUZUKI, Takuma, Hironori TOHMYOH, Masumi SAKA, and S. Reaz AHMED. "138 NDE of a 3-D Fatigue Crack by Direct Current Potential Drop Imaging Technique." Proceedings of Conference of Tohoku Branch 2007.42 (2007): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeth.2007.42.75.

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33

Omprakash, C. M., B. Srivathsa, M. Kamaraj, and D. V. V. Satyanarayana. "Creep Damage Evaluation of DS CM247 Nickel Base Superalloy Using Alternate Current Potential Drop Technique." Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 69, no. 2 (December 15, 2015): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12666-015-0768-5.

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34

Abd Rahim, Alhan Farhanah, Aida Azrenda Mustakim, Nurul Syuhadah Mohd Razali, Ainorkhilah Mahmood, Rosfariza Radzali, Ahmad Sabirin Zoolfakar, and Yusnita Mohd Ali. "Crystal orientation dependence of alternating current photo-assisted (ACPEC) porous silicon for potential optoelectronic application." Microelectronics International 37, no. 1 (December 11, 2019): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-08-2019-0052.

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Purpose Porous silicon (PS) was successfully fabricated using an alternating current photo-assisted electrochemical etching (ACPEC) technique. This study aims to compare the effect of different crystal orientation of Si n(100) and n(111) on the structural and optical characteristics of the PS. Design/methodology/approach PS was fabricated using ACPEC etching with a current density of J = 10 mA/cm2 and etching time of 30 min. The PS samples denoted by PS100 and PS111 were etched using HF-based solution under the illumination of an incandescent white light. Findings FESEM images showed that the porous structure of PS100 was a uniform circular shape with higher density and porosity than PS111. In addition, the AFM indicated that the surface roughness of porous n(100) was less than porous n(111). Raman spectra of the PS samples showed a stronger peak with FWHM of 4.211 cm−1 and redshift of 1.093 cm−1. High resolution X-ray diffraction revealed cubic Si phases in the PS samples with tensile strain for porous n(100) and compressive strain for porous n(111). Photoluminescence observation of porous n(100) and porous n(111) displayed significant visible emissions at 651.97 nm (Eg = 190eV) and 640.89 nm (Eg = 1.93 eV) which was because of the nano-structure size of silicon through the quantum confinement effect. The size of Si nanostructures was approximately 8 nm from a quantized state effective mass theory. Originality/value The work presented crystal orientation dependence of Si n(100) and n(111) for the formation of uniform and denser PS using new ACPEC technique for potential visible optoelectronic application. The ACPEC technique has effectively formed good structural and optical characteristics of PS.

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Wang, Shuai, He Xue, Yinghao Cui, Fuqiang Yang, and Rui Guo. "An Approach to Estimate SCC Growing Rate in Slow Strain Rate Tensile Test Based on EPFEM." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (June 11, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5651890.

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The slow strain rate tensile test (SSRT) is a common means to investigate stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in key engineering structural materials of light-water reactors, and it is an important task to real-time monitor the crack growing length and rate of the specimen during the test. Because the specimen is placed in an autoclave with high-pressure and high-temperature water environment-simulated light-water reactor, the current potential drop method, which includes current potential drop (DCPD) and alternating current potential drop (ACPD), is the main means to real-time monitor crack growth rate in the SCC test. As a supplementary means to obtain the crack growth rate during the test, the SSRT process of nickel-based Alloy 600 CT specimens is investigated by using the elastic-plastic finite element method (EPFEM) in this paper. Based on the consideration that both the elastic-plastic deformation and crack length of the specimen would affect the relationship between the load and the displacement of the loading point during the SSRT test, the relationship between the loading point displacement caused by crack propagation ΔLc and plastic deformation ΔLp is separated by EPFEM. Then, the SCC crack growth rate and the real-time crack length are obtained. This proposed approach could be used to improve the test results in the SSRT test.

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SATO, Yasumoto, and Tetsuo SHOJI. "Estimation of Crack Detectability of Remotely Induced Current Potential Drop Technique Based on POD Curve(NDE4)." Proceedings of the Asian Pacific Conference on Fracture and Strength and International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics 1.01.203 (2001): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatemapcfs.1.01.203.0_275.

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Ding, Qingmiao, and Yueming Fan. "Experimental Study on the Influence of AC Stray Current on the Cathodic Protection of Buried Pipe." International Journal of Corrosion 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5615392.

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The size of the damaged area of the coating and its position on the pipeline impacted the cathodic protection potential, and there was a damaged area of the greatest impact value. When damaged area was 300 mm2, the IR drop was the largest, and this situation could easily lead to inadequate protection; when the parallel spacing between pipeline and interference source was unchanged, the measured value curves of cathodic protection potential presented “U” shaped trend with the increasing stray current interference intensity. Under certain parallel spacing between pipeline and interference source, high alternating stray current intensity would cause serious negative offsets, so that the overprotection of the pipeline occurred, and make the coating crack; there was a parallel threshold length. When less than the threshold, the pipe-ground potential increases rapidly with the parallel length increasing. In order to judge whether a pipeline was interference by AC stray current and the risk of stray current corrosion, we should make a comprehensive analysis of the cathodic protection energizing potential, the switch-off potential, AC pipe-soil potential, IR drops, and so on.

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De Tender, Steven, Nahuel Micone, and Wim De Waele. "Online fatigue crack growth monitoring with clip gauge and direct current potential drop." International Journal Sustainable Construction & Design 7, no. 1 (October 21, 2016): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/scad.v7i1.3640.

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Fatigue is a well-known failure phenomenon which has been and still is extensively studied. Often structures are designed according to the safe-life principle so no crack initiation occurs. Nowadays there is a high emphasis on cost-efficiency, and one might rather opt for a fail-safe design. Therefore a certain amount of crack growth can be allowed in structures, but then a good knowledge of stresses and related crack growth rates is needed. To this end, extensive studies are done to obtain a material’s Paris law curve. Within the framework of research for offshore wind turbine constructions, tests were done to determine the crack growth rate of a high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel. A dedicated LabVIEW program was developed to be able to determine an entire Paris law curve with a single specimen, by controlling the stress intensity factor range (ΔK). The program is controlled by the readings of a clip gauge, which make it possible to plan the amount of crack growth per ΔK block and thus plan an entire test in advance. The potential drop technique was also applied in order to obtain the Paris law curve. Clip gauge results were compared with direct current potential drop monitoring. This comparison was done by means of an a/W-N diagram and the resulting Paris law curves. The results show a very good correlation between both methods and with the visual confirmation.

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Kwon, Seok Jin, Dong Hyung Lee, Jung Won Seo, and Chan Woo Lee. "Evaluation of Surface and Internal Defects of Railway Wheel using Induced Current Focusing Potential Drop." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 1483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1483.

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In the present paper, the induced current focusing potential drop (ICFPD) technique is applied to the detection of surface and internal defects for railway wheels. To detect the defects for railway wheels, the sensors for ICFPD are optimized and the tests are carried out with respect to 4 surface defects and 3 internal defects each other. The results show that the surface defect of 0.5 mm and internal crack of 1.0 mm apart from surface of wheel tread could be detected by using this method. The ICFPD method is useful to detect the defect that initiated in the tread of railway wheels.

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Takeuchi, Naoyuki, and Shin-Ichi Izumi. "Motor Learning Based on Oscillatory Brain Activity Using Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation: A Review." Brain Sciences 11, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081095.

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Developing effective tools and strategies to promote motor learning is a high-priority scientific and clinical goal. In particular, motor-related areas have been investigated as potential targets to facilitate motor learning by noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS). In addition to shedding light on the relationship between motor function and oscillatory brain activity, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), which can noninvasively entrain oscillatory brain activity and modulate oscillatory brain communication, has attracted attention as a possible technique to promote motor learning. This review focuses on the use of tACS to enhance motor learning through the manipulation of oscillatory brain activity and its potential clinical applications. We discuss a potential tACS–based approach to ameliorate motor deficits by correcting abnormal oscillatory brain activity and promoting appropriate oscillatory communication in patients after stroke or with Parkinson’s disease. Interpersonal tACS approaches to manipulate intra- and inter-brain communication may result in pro-social effects and could promote the teaching–learning process during rehabilitation sessions with a therapist. The approach of re-establishing oscillatory brain communication through tACS could be effective for motor recovery and might eventually drive the design of new neurorehabilitation approaches based on motor learning.

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Lo, K. Y., K. S. Ho, and I. I. Inculet. "A novel technique of electrical strengthening of soft sensitive clays by dielectrophoresis." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 29, no. 4 (August 1, 1992): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t92-067.

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A novel technique of electrical strengthening of soil by dielectrophoresis was developed. The process employs an alternating current at high voltage, generating a converging electric field towards the electrode by which a net resultant movement of water in the clay mass is produced towards the direction of stronger electric field intensity. Laboratory tests were developed to investigate the mechanism of this process and to explore the possibility of its application in electrical strengthening of soft sensitive clays. The preliminary results of this study showed that the process is effective, and the shear strength of the treated clay (Wallaceburg clay) increased drastically by several times with a reduction of moisture content of approximately 25% at an applied electric potential of 20 kV for 28 days. When compared with electro-osmosis, similar results are obtained in dielectrophoresis, such as the increase in preconsolidation pressure, decrease in sensitivity, and improvement of stress–strain behaviour. It is also shown that the improvement of soil properties can be greatly enhanced by increasing the applied voltage and electrode depth. Key words : dielectrophoresis, alternating current, converging electric field, high-voltage electrode, dielectric constant, electro-osmosis, soft sensitive clay, shear strength, consolidation.

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Rao, Simha Sandeep, Ming Liu, Fei Peng, Bo Zhang, and Huijuan Zhao. "Signal sensitivity of alternating current potential drop measurement for crack detection of conductive substrate with tunable coating materials through finite element modeling." Measurement Science and Technology 27, no. 12 (October 19, 2016): 125004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/27/12/125004.

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SATO, YASUMOTO, TAKEO ATSUMI, and TETSUO SHOJI. "CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF STRESS CORROSION CRACKING GROWTH IN TYPE 316L STAINLESS STEEL WELDMENT USING INDUCED CURRENT POTENTIAL DROP TECHNIQUE AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE." Modern Physics Letters B 22, no. 11 (May 10, 2008): 881–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984908015541.

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In this study, induced current potential drop (ICPD) technique was applied to monitor SCC crack growth. The SCC crack monitored was introduced on the internal wall of a pipe specimen in which simulated BWR water flows. The measurement was performed on the external wall of the pipe specimen. It was shown that the ICPD technique permits continuous monitoring of the SCC growth, which initiates from the inner wall of the pipe specimen under elevated temperature.

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Sato, Yasumoto, Takeo Atsumi, and Tetsuo Shoji. "Application of induced current potential drop technique for measurements of cracks on internal wall of tube-shaped specimens." NDT & E International 40, no. 7 (October 2007): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2007.04.004.

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Chen, Wen-Hwa, Jen-Shiung Chen, and Huei-Lu Fang. "A theoretical procedure for detection of simulated cracks in a pipe by the direct current–potential drop technique." Nuclear Engineering and Design 216, no. 1-3 (July 2002): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-5493(02)00052-3.

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Ibrahim, Mohamed S., Zahra A. Ahmed, Moustafa M. Kamal, and Yassein M. Temerk. "Adsorption and Accumulation of Neutral Red at Mercury/Solution Interface." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 60, no. 1 (1995): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19950065.

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The voltammetric behaviour of protonated and nonprotonated neutral red (NR) has been studied at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) by using alternating current (AC) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The AC voltammetric behaviour and the morphology of the adsorption redox peaks indicate that interactions between adsorbed molecules are substantial and that the nature of these interactions changes from moderately repulsive below pH 4 to strongly attractive above pH 6. Controlled adsorptive accumulation of NR on the HMDE provides the basis for the direct stripping measurement of that compound in the nanomolar concentration level. Adsorptive phase selective AC stripping voltammetry has been proved to be advantageous over any other assay technique, allowing a detection limit of 1.0 . 10-9 M NR to be reached.

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Goo, Byeong Choon, C. H. Lim, and Seok Jin Kwon. "Finite Element Analysis of an Induced Current Potential Drop Method for the Defect Detection of Railway Axles." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.20.

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NDT(Non-Destructive Testing) is useful for the defect detection of rolling stock because it can be used to detect defects in many invisible parts. In rolling stock one of the components vulnerable to damage is the axle. Fatigue cracks are initiated in press-fitted parts such as the wheel and brake disk seats of the axle. Those parts suffer from fretting fatigue damage. A precise and reliable NDT technique is necessary to detect cracks in the axle. But conventional induced current potential drop methods (ICPD) have some difficulties to detect such cracks in press-fitted parts of axles. In this study, we have introduced an induced current focusing potential drop method (ICFPD), a new concept that can be applied to the press-fitted parts of the axle. And we have measured electromagnetic properties of the wheelsets and performed finite element analysis for wheelsets with defects. Results suggest that the method is very powerful and effective to detect defects.

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48

Tonkoshkur, Alexander Sergeevich, and Alexander Vladimirovich Ivanchenko. "The effect of negative capacitance in varistor structure on the basis of its models with voltage drop on the intergranular interlayer." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 11, no. 4 (November 9, 2015): 598–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-04-2015-0021.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is modeling the effect of negative capacitance in the capacitance-voltage characteristic of the intergranular potential barrier of varistor structure. Design/methodology/approach – The modeling of the capacitance-voltage characteristic of the intergranular barrier in metal oxide varistor ceramics is based on the development of the algorithm. It includes all the known mechanisms of electrotransfer in a wide range of voltages and currents, and also takes into account the voltage drop on the intergranular interlayer of intergranular potential barrier. Findings – The models and algorithms for calculating the capacitance-voltage characteristics of a single intergranular potential barrier with the use of the most established understanding used at the interpretation of the nonlinear conductivity intergranular barrier are developed. The results of the capacitance-voltage characteristics modeling correspond to the existing understanding of the electrical properties on the ac current varistor ceramics are based on zinc oxide. The model allows to predict the behavior of varistors on the alternating current (voltage). Originality/value – It is established that the recharge of the surface localized states occurs when a voltage is applied to the varistor structure, it can lead to a relaxation decrease in the width of the potential barrier overcome by tunneling electrons in the field emission from the conduction band of the one crystallite in the conduction band of the other crystallite and thus to the current backlog of applied voltage on the phase (i.e. the expression of the negative capacitance effect).

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SATO, Yasumoto, and Tetsuo SHOJI. "Evaluation of Back-Wall Fatigue Cracks by Means of Remotely Induced Current Potential Drop Technique and Its FEM Simulation." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 72, no. 723 (2006): 1711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.72.1711.

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50

Sato, Y., Y. Takeda, and T. Shoji. "Non-destructive evaluation of fatigue and creep-fatigue damage by means of the induced-current focused potential drop technique." Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures 24, no. 12 (December 4, 2001): 885–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-2695.2001.00460.x.

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