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1
Yee, Victoria E. "Predicting the renewable energy portfolio for the southern half of the United States through 2050 by matching energy sources to regional needs." Scholarly Commons, 2012. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/808.
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Worldwide energy consumption is estimated to double between 2008 and 2035. Over-dependence on energy imports from a few, often politically unstable countries, and unpredictable oil and gas prices, pushes energy to a critical agenda. While there is an agreement that we need to change the production and consumption of energy, there is still disagreement about the specific changes that are needed and how they can be achieved.
The conventional energy plans relying primarily on fossil fuels and nuclear technologies, which are in need of transformation due to limited resources and carbon dioxide emissions. Energy efficiency improvements and renewable energy should play a leading role in the America's energy future. Energy and environmental organizations believe that renewable energy and energy efficiency can meet half of the world's energy needs by 2050.
This thesis describes a model that predicts renewable energy portfolios for the Southern portion of the United States, by evaluating multiple renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, and geothermal. The Southern US is divided into three regions: Southwest, South Central, and Southeast, which are chosen given their location and the level of abundance of renewable resources, thereby minimizing inefficiencies and losses associated to the present generation system. A mathematical predictor takes into account variables such as supply/demand, non-renewable/renewable sources, and time.
From the results, the Southwest and South Central regions confirm an surplus of renewable electricity by 2050, but the Southeast region does not have enough renewable resources to detach itself from the use of fossil fuels. The South Central region begins producing a surplus of renewable energy in 2014 and reaches an excess amount of 14,552 billion KWh by 2050. This means there will be no need to transfer electricity over long distances, which will increase the overall efficiency of electrical generation.
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Rezaie, Behnaz. "Analysis of alternative energy options for buildings." Thesis, UOIT, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10155/40.
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The importance of utilizing different types of energy and their technical application
is discussed. Awareness around the globe about the world energy crisis and its critical
environmental condition has put more emphasis on the use of renewable energies in
every corner of life. It is a well‐known fact that global warming, inefficient use of energy
and greenhouse gases are damaging the environment, species and human life drastically.
These issues will be discussed in recently conducted research.
To address the crucial state of our environment, two simultaneous scenarios are
considered. Initially, energy conservation and the switch to a low carbon/no carbon fuel
are studied. As for energy conservation in buildings, smart methods in the use of energy in
buildings are discussed. Based on different research reported, humans must change their
attitude toward the use of resources, and in particular, be conscientious about energy
consumption. Next, renewable energy promises a suitable alternative to energy needs in
this century, and the best means to overcome the environmental issue and energy crisis is
discussed. The practical methods of calculation for solar technology equipment, ground
source heat pumps, and wind turbines are explained. In the application part of the study,
four buildings are chosen as case studies; two of them from residential sectors, one is a
commercial/institutional building, and the fourth is an industrial building. A ground source
heat pump for heating and cooling, a solar water heater for heating space or hot water,
and a photovoltaic panel for generating electricity are designed for the case studies. Even
projects under hybrid systems combined from two technologies are designed. 36 different
energy options are calculated for the four case studies. Results show that if a target is
reducing CO2 emissions, what systems are the best. In contrast, when decision making is
based on budget, what system is the first choice? Not only are technology, environmental
protection and cost the main parameters for deciding on renewable technologies, but so
are reliability, installation, maintenance and ease of use. Hence, renewable energy
systems are categorized based on a broad vision.
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Bisoto, Tatiana. "Preparação e caracterização de membranas cerâmicas compostas tubulares para aplicação na separação de gases." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2014. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/899.
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Este trabalho tem como objetivo preparar membranas compostas de α-alumina recobertas com paládio usando a técnica de deposição química electroless plating associada ao método sol-gel. Foram realizados tratamentos térmicos a 1450°C nos suportes cerâmicos em 6, 12, 18, 24 e 30 h visando verificar a influência do tempo na porosidade do mesmo. Foram preparadas membranas compostas, alumina-Pd com uma, duas e três camadas de paládio na superfície externa do suporte cerâmico, em que o suporte e as membranas foram caracterizados por: análise morfológica realizada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura de Emissão de Campo (FESEM), porosidade avaliada pelo Método de Brunauer, Emmet e Teller (BET), Método de Barret-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) e porosimetria de mercúrio, quantificação de paládio em solução por Espectrometria de Massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS) e a permeabilidade e seletividade dos gases mensurada a partir de um equipamento em escala de bancada. O aumento do tempo durante a sinterização não promoveu mudanças significativas na porosidade do suporte, mostrando que o tempo de 6 h de tratamento térmico é suficiente para atingir a menor distribuição de tamanho de poro do material. A formação da camada de paládio foi realizada sem e com a associação do método sol-gel, apresentando uma camada mais homogênea com o uso do método, no entanto a análise de ICP-MS indicou maior quantidade de metal paládio na deposição electroless plating. A análise morfológica indicou espaços vazios menores de acordo com o número de camadas formadas. O suporte cerâmico sem e com camada de paládio apresenta variação na permeabilidade aos gases N2, CH4 e CO2 nas pressões de 100 a 400 kPa e quanto mais espessa a camada de paládio formada, menor é a permeabilidade dos gases.Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-02-23T18:54:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Tatiana Bisoto.pdf: 546380 bytes, checksum: b684b58eaa3e2af8b355719394be7208 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-23T18:54:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Tatiana Bisoto.pdf: 546380 bytes, checksum: b684b58eaa3e2af8b355719394be7208 (MD5)
Within this context, this work aims to prepare membranes composed of α-alumina coated with palladium using the electroless plating technique associated with the sol-gel method. To achieve the objectives of the paper, analyzes of porosity of the ceramic support with and without heat treatment of 1450°C for 6; 12; 18; 24 and 30 h, the formation of one, two and three layers of palladium on the external surface of the ceramic support, the effect of the sol-gel method, the chemical and physical properties, permeability and selectivity of the gases were performed. Morphological analysis were performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), the membrane porosity was evaluated by the Brunauer, Emmet and Teller (BET) theory, Barret-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method and by mercury porosimetry, the palladium quantification in solution was given by mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS) analysis and gas permeability and selectivity were measured by a bench scale equipment. The time increase during the sinterization did not promote representing changes in the support porosity, which shows that the 6 h time of heat treatment is sufficient to achieve the lowest porosity of the material. The palladium layer formation was realized without and with the combination of the sol-gel method, presenting a more homogeneous layer with the use of the method. However, the ICP-MS analysis indicated a greater amount of palladium deposition without sol-gel method. The morphological analysis showed smaller empty spaces according to the number of layers formed. The ceramic support without and with palladium layer showed variation in permeability to N2, CH4 and CO2 gases at pressures of 100 to 400 kPa and the higher the palladium layer formed, the smaller the gas permeability
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Viterbo, Jean Carlo. "Geração de energia elétrica a partir da fonte eólica offshore." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3135/tde-26092008-104511/.
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Nas últimas décadas, a fonte eolielétrica é a que sinaliza maior crescimento mundial dentre as demais. A curva de aprendizagem tecnológica do setor mostra queda do custo entre 15% a 20% a cada 3 anos. Países ativos no setor eólico se esforçam pela meta de 12% de participação na produção elétrica mundial em 2020. A contribuição da geração eolielétrica offshore é fundamental para essa meta, pela proximidade aos centros de carga, com ganhos de eficiência, de escala e reduzido impacto ambiental e visual. Apesar do crescimento do parque gerador nacional em 2006, há carência na produção no curto prazo. Contraditoriamente, há ventos abundantes para geração eolielétrica e o prévio arcabouço industrial que seria necessário para desenvolver o setor. Apesar do incentivo governamental (PROINFA), o setor eólico brasileiro ainda não decolou como esperado. O objetivo deste trabalho é reforçar o debate sobre a importância da diversificação da matriz, em prol da estratégia de segurança do suprimento energético nacional e da redução da emissão de gases de efeito estufa. Em rumo a esse objetivo, são colocados argumentos com abordagem ampla e com abordagem específica. Na abordagem ampla, esta pesquisa propõe uma maior inserção da fonte eólica na matriz elétrica nacional como uma das opções a serem consideradas de maneira mais relevante nas táticas de diversificação da matriz, a exemplo do que já fazem países com maior abundância de gás natural que o Brasil, como o Reino Unido. Sob um ponto de vista específico, a investigação exemplifica possibilidades de contribuição da fonte eolielétrica, na sua versão offshore, para as táticas de diversificação da matriz nacional que se entendem importantes, a exemplo do já fazem países com maior predominância da fonte hidráulica que o Brasil, como a Noruega. O método utilizado para se alcançar o objetivo desta dissertação envolve os seguintes passos: (1) esclarecer quanto aos principais aspectos do setor energético a nível mundial e o problema ambiental que está vinculado à produção de energia por fontes fósseis; (2) esclarecer quanto aos aspectos do desenvolvimento de sistemas eolielétricos onshore no Brasil e no mundo e também do desenvolvimento de sistemas offshore em países de interesse; (3) explorar exemplos de articulação dos sistemas eólicos offshore com projetos de produção de energia fóssil em ambiente marítimo, como forma de produzir sinergia útil a ambos os setores; (4) analisar e debater sobre as propostas do governo brasileiro para o futuro da matriz elétrica do país; (5) propor algumas possibilidades de desenvolvimento de sistemas eólicos offshore no Brasil, partindo de pequenos projetos-piloto. Caso as propostas deste trabalho se tornem realizadas, os resultados para este país líder em energia limpa e renovável seriam: a criação de valor nas operações offshore de produção de energia fóssil, o ganho de aprendizagem sobre a tecnologia eólica, o alívio parcial da oferta energética para centros litorâneos no curto prazo; a racionalização do uso, transporte e dependência externa do gás natural; a dinamização dos Mecanismos de Desenvolvimento Limpo (CDM / MDL) e de novos mercados e empregos para a indústria.In the last decade wind power source was the fastest-growing energy source. Technological learning curves for this sector fall down by a 15% a 20% rate each 3 years. Countries which are committed with wind power are running after the target of 12% wind into the worlds electrical production by 2020. The contribution of the offshore wind power (OWP) source is fundamental on covering such target, due to the proximity to load centers, efficiency & scale savings and reduced environmental and visual impact. Although the growth of the Brazilian power generation system in 2006, there is a gap on fulfilling demand in the short run. Nevertheless, Brazil has abundance of winds suitable for power generation, as a previous industrial framework, necessary on developing this sector. Even that a governmental program has come (PROINFA), wind power sector has not risen as expected yet. The goal of this thesis is to reinforce the debate about the importance on diversifying the Brazilian power matrix, towards the strategy of energy security supply as the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions. On reaching such a goal, this thesis states arguments by a generic approach and also by a specific approach. In the generic approach, it proposes a larger share for wind into the Brazilian electrical matrix as one of the options that should be considered in a more relevant manner for the tactics of diversifying the electrical matrix, following the example given by countries with larger abundance than Brazil regarding on natural gas production, as it is the case of the United Kingdom. In the specific approach, this investigation exemplifies possibilities of contributions from the OWP for the tactics of diversifying the matrix, following the example given by a country with higher predominance than Brazil regarding on using large hydropower as the main national power source, which is the case of Norway. The method taken for reaching the thesis goal involves the following steps: (1) to clarify on some aspects regarding energy production and its respective environmental problem related to the greenhouse gases emissions;(2) to clarify some aspects about the development of wind energy systems in Brazil and in the world and also some aspects about the development of OWP projects in selected countries; (3) to explore examples of articulation between OWP systems with offshore fossil energy production systems, in order to argue about the synergy that is possible between them; (4) to analyze and debate about the Brazilian governments proposal for the electrical matrix in the long run; (5) to propose some possibilities of developing OWP systems in Brazil, starting by small-scale pilot projects. If the case the propositions of this thesis come true in the future, the earnings for this country, which a world leader in clean & renewable energy, would be the following: value creation into the offshore fossil energy production; growth of learning about the OWP technologies; the partial relief of power supply for the coastal load centers; rationalization on the use, transport and foreign dependence of natural gas resources; pushing dynamics for Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM), as for industrial markets and employment.
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Costa, Verlaine Lia. "Programa paranaense de bioenergia: limites e possibilidades da transferência de tecnologia para a cadeia produtiva agrícola." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2384.
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A presente dissertação objetiva avaliar o processo de pesquisa, inovação e transferência de tecnologia do Programa Paranaense de Bioenergia para a cadeia produtiva agrícola. Para tanto, após a construção de um aporte teórico acerca da definição e contextualização histórica do biodiesel, a descrição da sua cadeia produtiva e do processo produtivo, a abordagem das políticas públicas para a produção de biodiesel, além da abordagem da questão da transferência da tecnologia, bem como a realização de entrevistas com os gestores dos órgãos e institutos executores do Programa do Estado, foi possível alcançar aos objetivos específicos de identificar as ações dos executores do Programa Paranaense de Bioenergia para a produção de biodiesel no Estado; definir as Pesquisas no setor de biodiesel no Paraná; Inovações tecnológicas para a produção do biodiesel; Transferência de tecnologia para a cadeia produtiva agrícola; delinear um cenário de perspectivas e desafios para a produção do biodiesel no Estado do Paraná e, descrever o processo de pesquisa, inovação e transferência de tecnologia do Programa Paranaense de Bioenergia para a cadeia produtiva agrícola. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, cujo instrumento de pesquisa foi uma entrevista semiestruturada com os gestores da Secretaria Estadual de Abastecimento (SEAB); Instituto Paranaense de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (EMATER); Instituto de Tecnologia do Paraná (TECPAR), cujos resultados apontaram para importantes pesquisas na área da produção de oleaginosas; o desenvolvimento de inovações, porém a utilização de modelos tecnológicos tradicionais; e a não efetivação da transferência de tecnologia para a cadeia agrícola familiar em decorrência do abandono do Programa Paranaense de Bioenergia, apesar de haver expectativas e desafios para a retomada do Programa devido a importância da inserção do biodiesel na matriz energética do Estado.This dissertation aims to evaluate the process of research, innovation and technology transfer of the Bioenergy Program Paranaense for agricultural production chain. Therefore, after the construction of a theoretical contribution on the definition and historical contextualization of biodiesel, the description of the production chain and the production process, the approach of public policies for the production of biodiesel, in addition to addressing the issue of transfer of technology as well as conducting interviews with managers of the implementing bodies of the State Program institutes. Was possible to achieve the specific objectives of identifying the actions of the performers Paranaense Bioenergy Program for biodiesel production in the state; define searches in the biodiesel industry in Paraná; Technological innovations for the production of biodiesel; Technology transfer to the agricultural production chain; outline a scenario prospects and challenges for biodiesel production in the state of Paraná, and describe the process of research, innovation and technology transfer of the Bioenergy Program Paranaense for agricultural production chain. This is a qualitative research, whose research instrument was one semi-structured interviews with managers of the State Supply Office (SEAB); Paraná Institute of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (EMATER); Parana Institute of Technology (TECPAR). The results pointed to important research in oilseed production; developing innovation, however the use of traditional technological models; and not effective technology transfer to family agricultural chain as a result of the Paranaense Program Bioenergy abandonment, although there expectations and challenges for the resumption of the program because the importance of biodiesel insertion in the energy matrix of the state.
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Santos, Camila Sanzovo Barbosa dos. "Aspectos de sustentabilidade em um processo de produção de hidrogênio com a reutilização do alumínio." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/3217.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Levando em consideração medidas para diminuir os efeitos das mudanças climáticas e tecnologias que auxiliam na segurança energética, esta dissertação tem como tema central o estudo da geração de gás hidrogênio como energia alternativa. O gás hidrogênio é um vetor energético com reduzidas emissões de poluentes na atmosfera se comparados com as fontes tradicionais existentes de energia. No entanto, estudos e pesquisas sobre suas potencialidades e viabilidades, tanto técnicas quanto socioeconômicas e ambientais, precisam ser desenvolvidas para amadurecimento tecnológico. O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a produção de hidrogênio por hidrólise alcalina, com a reutilização de alumínio, correlacionando-a aos aspectos da sustentabilidade. Parte-se de um processo já conhecido e bem difundido no meio científico o qual será analisado e discutido suas possibilidades como tecnologia alternativa para produção de energia. O método empregado para a análise foi bibliográfico junto com o levantamento de dados primários em laboratório de um processo com requerimento de patente, dando caráter de pesquisa exploratória e descritiva. Os principais resultados técnicos foram: vazão média 77,53 ml.(min.g) -1 de H2, com pureza de 84,20%. Em seguida, realizou-se uma análise econômica, em moeda nacional, real R$/(m³.H2) e dólar norte-americano US$/kWh, comparando com outros estudos que determinaram o custo de produção em processos de geração deste tipo do gás. Estruturou-se uma matriz de aspectos e impactos que ilustram os potenciais efeitos na geração de energia. Concluiu-se que à geração de gás hidrogênio por hidrólise alcalina com a reutilização de alumínio secundário contribui para a visão direcionada para a sustentabilidade do planeta, podendo ser uma alternativa energética descentralizada.
Taking into account measures to reduce the effects of climate change and technologies that help energy security, this dissertation focuses on the study of generation of hydrogen gas as alternative energy. Hydrogen gas is an energy vector with reduced emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere compared to existing traditional sources of energy. However, studies and research on their potentialities and viabilities, both technical and socioeconomic and environmental, need to be developed for technological maturation. The objective of this dissertation is to analyze the production of hydrogen by alkaline hydrolysis, with the reuse of aluminum, correlating it to the aspects of sustainability. It starts from a process already known and well diffused in the scientific environment which will be analyzed and discussed its possibilities as alternative technology for energy production. The method used for the analysis was bibliographic along with the collection of primary data in the laboratory of a process with patent application, giving character of exploratory and descriptive research. The main technical results were: average flow 77.53 ml (min.g) -1 .H2, with a purity of 84.20%. Then, an economic analysis was performed in national currency, real R $ / (m³.H2) and US$ / kWh, comparing with other studies that determined the cost of production in this type of generation processes. gas. A matrix of aspects and impacts was drawn up illustrating the potential effects on energy generation. It was concluded that the generation of hydrogen gas by alkaline hydrolysis with the reuse of secondary aluminum contributes to the vision aimed at the sustainability of the planet, and can be a decentralized energy alternative.
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Schmitz, Anthony. "Effect of oil prices on returns to alternative energy investments." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31843.
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Thesis (M. S.)--Economics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.Committee Chair: Vivek Ghosal; Committee Member: Byung-Cheol Kim; Committee Member: Chun-Yu Ho; Committee Member: Tibor Besedes. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Ashby, Scott John. "Remaining off-line : an investigation of Australia's reaction to renewable energy technology development /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09enva823.pdf.
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Wen, Zheming. "Research and development in novel alternative renewable energy technology." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2016. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/25047/.
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Fossil fuels have become the main energy source for human after the Industrial Revolution. However, with ever-increasing energy consumption, they are not sustainable in terms of their finite reserves, pollutions to the environment and contributions to climate change. Driven by these problems, the EU and UK have together set a mutual objective to generate renewable energy as 20% of the total energy supply by 2020. This research project, fully funded by Future Energy Source Ltd, is a direct response to the needs of developing novel alternative renewable energy technologies. This project concerns about the research and development of a large scale flat plate solar collector (LSFPSC) with serpentine tubing that can be fully integrated into building envelops. The project work focuses on design improvements for increasing thermal performance, enhancing reliability and minimising costs of the LSFPSC. This is accomplished by employing a three-stage approach combining both experimental testing and simulation studies. An experimental facility was designed and built for testing the LSFPSC prototype with comprehensive monitoring equipment for collecting important data such as temperature and flow rates. The 1st stage experimental results and mathematical analyses showed that the unglazed LSFPSC prototype has an operating efficiency of 28.55%. In the 2nd stage, research was done to propose suitable improvements which were then tested experimentally. These improvements include changing the heat transfer mechanism between the absorber and the circulation system, enhancing the bond conductivity and minimising convective losses. The improved prototype showed increased operating efficiencies of 43.50% (unglazed configuration) and 46.07% (glazed configuration). In the 3rd stage, the experimental and analysis data from the 2nd stage were employed to design TRNSYS simulation that was used to simulate the LSFPSC’s performance using weather data from 36 different locations in 22 countries. The simulation results showed the LSFPSC is capable of producing mean useful output of 1.29 GJ/m2/year (glazed) and 1.00 GJ/m2/year (unglazed). Further economic evaluation showed the LSFPSC has much shorter payback period (2.4 to 6.5 years) than the typical commercial flat plate collectors (8 to 12 years) indicating that the LSFPSC is an economical solution for low/medium temperature applications.
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Kiljanov, Grigory. "Accumulation of energy in autonomous power plants using renewable energy sources." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264272.
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Kiljanov G.M. Energy storage in autonomous power plants using renewable energy sources, 2017 - p.104, 11 tables, 40 pic. Head Bessel V.V., Professor, Ph.D. Department of Thermodynamics and Thermal Engines. An analysis of existing energy storage devices in the world is carried out. The scientific and technical basis of energy storage. The device and the operating principle of an autonomous combined power plant with an energy storage device are considered. On the basis of the technological calculation, an optimal combination of a wind generator, a system of solar panels and a reservoir, which can provide reliable and uninterrupted power generation, was chosen. The economic efficiency of the project on the use of combined medium power plants at gas production facilities in remote areas was estimated. Conclusions are drawn about the advisability of introducing energy systems based on renewable sources with energy storage devices at the country's enterprises.Kilyanov G.M. Energilagring i autonoma kraftverk som använder förnybara energikällor, 2017 - s.105, 11 tabeller, 40 bild. Chef Bessel V.V., professor, Ph.D. Institutionen för termodynamik och termiska motorer. En analys av befintliga energilagringsenheter i världen utförs. Den vetenskapliga och tekniska grunden för energilagring. Enheten och driftsprincipen för ett autonomt kombinerat kraftverk med en energilagringsanordning beaktas. Baserat på den tekniska beräkningen valdes en optimal kombination av en vindgenerator, ett system av solpaneler och en reservoar, som kan ge pålitlig och oavbruten elproduktion. Projektets ekonomiska effektivitet på användningen av kombinerade medelkraftverk vid gasproduktionsanläggningar i avlägsna områden uppskattades. Slutsatser dras om att det är lämpligt att införa energisystem baserade på förnyelsebara källor med energilagringsenheter hos landets företag.
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Lyles, Carl Thomas. "Investigation of regenerative and alternative energy sources for electrified passenger vehicles." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54260.
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The electrification of passenger vehicles has been a step towards the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by automobiles; however, in the United States many plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) must still be plugged in to a grid that is heavily reliant on the burning of fossil fuels to charge. The goal of this thesis is to investigate how to develop a system capable of fully charging a PHEV using only alternative and/or regenerative energy sources.
In developing such a system, various alternative and regenerative energy sources were investigated with the intent of reaching a specified daily energy goal; sufficient to charge a PHEV. These energy sources were evaluated based upon criteria such as novelty, ability to reach desired daily energy goal, applicability to BEV/PHEV, etc. The primary technological categories considered include but are not limited to regenerative and solar technologies. The evaluation of technologies indicated that a major opportunity lies in solar technologies, and in particular concentrated photovoltaics.
Design alternatives for a concentrated photovoltaic system capable of reaching the desired energy goal are described. The design alternatives utilize Fresnel lenses as a means of concentrating a large area of sunlight onto an array of photovoltaics affixed to a vehicle. Various tracking mechanisms for the concentrating systems have been outlined to meet given design criteria. 3-D ray tracing algorithms have been developed to determine the path of the tracking mechanisms depending upon the time of year and on the geographic location. The same algorithms have been used in conjunction with typical meteorological year data to determine the expected output of the concentrating systems based upon the solar resource and solar angles at a specific place and time.
The findings suggest that a concentrated photovoltaic system designed specifically for charging an electrified vehicle may generate sufficient energy over the course of a day to power a typical driver’s trips. However, for such a concentrating system to be commercially feasible there are still many design challenges to be overcome. Design limitations and implications for further research are discussed.
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Almeida, Adriana Ripka de. "Indicadores energéticos: instrumentos de apoio ao desenvolvimento sustentável." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2016. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1606.
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CapesOs indicadores energéticos são instrumentos de apoio a processos decisórios, sobre energia, e com a crescente discussão sobre desenvolvimento sustentável estes instrumentos passaram a incorporar informações socioambientais, além dos tradicionais fatores econômicos. Sendo assim, na busca pelo desenvolvimento sustentável, torna-se relevante conhecer quais são as contribuições e limitações destes instrumentos. Com este fim, o objetivo geral é analisar as contribuições e limitações dos indicadores energéticos como instrumentos de apoio ao desenvolvimento sustentável. Esta pesquisa é classificada como descritiva, utilizando levantamento bibliográfico e documental. Como resultado da análise documental foram selecionados 55 indicadores energéticos para o desenvolvimento sustentável (Energy Indicator Sustainable Development – EISD), sendo estes identificados a partir das instituições International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Helio International e World Energy Council (WEC), dentre 19 instituições ligadas à pesquisa sobre energia identificadas na pesquisa. Durante a análise, percebeu-se que a maioria dos indicadores selecionados, 19 EISDs (34,54%), se concentra na dimensão econômica, seguidos de 10 EISDs (18,18%) na dimensão ambiental, 9 EISDs (16,36%) na dimensão social, 7 EISDs (12,45%) são classificados em resiliência, 4 EISDs (7,27%) em governança, 3 EISDs (5,45%) em vulnerabilidade e 3 EISDs (5,45%) em política. Apesar da inclusão de indicadores ligados a outras dimensões, além da econômica, a qualidade da informação gerada pelos indicadores surge como uma limitação destes, pois, identificou-se que, em casos recorrentes, as informações geradas pelos EISDs podem ser interpretadas tanto de forma a favorecer o desenvolvimento sustentável quanto a levar a ações opostas a este objetivo. Ainda, foram identificados EISDs cujos componentes não foram especificados, o que pode possibilitar a geração de informações afastadas do cenário real, caso sejam utilizados componentes que não possuem relação com o EISD, ou mesmo a não utilização de componentes relevantes. Ainda assim, apesar das limitações, a existência de conjuntos de EISDs para auxiliar os tomadores de decisão é um fato que contribui na busca por desenvolvimento sustentável, e que deve ser aprimorado, pois a disponibilidade de informações envolvendo questões socioambientais, como emissão de poluentes atmosféricos, de solo e de água, resultantes de fontes energética, possibilita identificar quais fontes são mais, ou menos, prejudiciais ao desenvolvimento sustentável. Contudo, a dificuldade na coleta de dados, na identificação dos componentes para o cálculo de cada indicador e mesmo na interpretação deste, como destacado, pode não só deixar de contribuir com o desenvolvimento sustentável, como pode protelar a tomada de decisões corretivas ou preventivas.
Energy indicators are tools to support decision-making on energy. The growing debate on sustainable development, contributed to the energy indicators began to incorporate, besides the traditional economic, social and environmental information. Therefore, taking sustainable development into account, it is important to know contributions and limitations of these tools. The overall goal of this study is to analyze the contributions and limitations of the energy indicators as assets to support sustainable development.This study can be classified as descriptive because it relies on bibliographical and documental material. As a result of documental analysis, 55 energy indicators for sustainable development (EISD) were selected. The selection took place by identification of those indicators through the institutions International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Helio International and World Energy Council (WEC), among 19 institutions involved in research on energy identified in the survey. The study stresses that most of the selected indicators focuses on the economic dimension, 19 EISDs (34.54%), followed by 10 EISDs (18.18%) focused on the environmental dimension, 9 EISDs (16.36%) focused on the social issues, 7 EISDs (12.45%) are classified as resilience, 4 EISDs (7.27%) is about governance, 3 EISDs (5.45%) focused on vulnerability and 3 EISDs (5.45%) is about policy. Despite the inclusion of indicators associated with other dimensions than economy, information provided by those indicators emerges as their own limitation. Because, recently, indicators’ information were used to promote sustainable development as well as the opposite. Additionally, the study identified EISDs whose components were not specified. They may enable generation of information far from the real scenario, if components dissociated EISD would be taking into consideration or even the non-consideration of relevant components. Despite limitations, EISDs assisting decision-makers contributes to the pursuit of sustainable development. But they may be improved through information about environmental issues, such as emission of atmospheric pollutants, soil and water, resulting from energy sources, helps identifying which sources are more or less harmful for sustainable development. However, difficulty in collecting data, identifying the components for calculation of each indicator and even interpretation of this, as analyzed, may not only fail to contribute to sustainable development, as can delay taking corrective or preventive decisions.
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Connor, Peter Michael. "Strategic development of renewable energy technology in Europe." Thesis, n.p, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/.
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Jämting, Hanna. "Sustainable Energy : Implications of Charcoal Use in Babati Households & Possibilities to Use Alternative Energy Sources." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-2160.
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This thesis investigates social impacts of charcoal use in households in the Tanzanian town Babati. In Tanzania a majority of the population use charcoal and firewood as their main energy source. A part from the environmental problems connected to charcoal use; there are also considerable social impacts on women’s daily lives. Cooking and collection of wood fuel are time-consuming and restricts the possibilities for women to work and study. The thesis includes an investigation on how the Tanzanian government tackles problems connected to charcoal use, social as well as environmental. The result shows that the Tanzanian government is working with charcoal related problems to some extent but as previous studies shows there are still more that can be done. The main efforts made concentrate on information campaigns and promotion of more energy efficient equipments. One important problem is however that wood fuel is the cheapest available energy source and hence the incentives to start using other, more sustainable, energy sources are very small. The thesis also investigates possibilities for Babati households to substitute charcoal use with renewable energy sources available in the town. The result shows that the possibilities to use renewable energy currently are very limited and mainly affordable to richer households.
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Souza, Andréa de. "Proposta de uma matriz de decisão em energia hidrelétrica com o uso do método multicritério, para formulação de políticas públicas no estado do Paraná." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2016. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1683.
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CAPESO Brasil é reconhecido internacionalmente por seu potencial de fontes renováveis, destacando-se os empreendimentos hidrelétricos que correspondem a 65% da produção de eletricidade que abastece a rede do Sistema Interligado Nacional. A questão de pesquisa que orientou esta tese foi: quais são os pesos e a importância relativa das variáveis que influenciam na tomada de decisão da expansão em empreendimentos de geração hidrelétrica no Paraná? O objetivo é propor uma matriz multicritério associada à opção de fontes hídricas que considere o peso e a importância relativa das variáveis que influenciam na decisão por empreendimentos de geração de eletricidade no Estado do Paraná. Do ponto de vista da abordagem do problema, esta pesquisa pode ser classificada como de métodos mistos, empregando-se a Análise de Conteúdo, a Técnica Delphi e a Análise Hierárquica de Processos (AHP). Para o levantamento dos dados, foi abordado um grupo de 21 profissionais, número válido de acordo com a metodologia Delphi, ligados à área de hidreletricidade paranaense. O principal resultado foi a construção de uma árvore de decisão na qual se identificou a importância e o peso relativo dos elementos associados às quatro dimensões da energia. Na dimensão ambiental, o maior peso relativo foi atribuído à capacidade de carga do sistema paranaense; na dimensão econômica, a amortização do investimento; na dimensão social, a geração de postos de trabalhos diretos e na dimensão institucional, a disponibilidade de adequadas fontes de financiamento. Os formuladores de políticas públicas e os gestores empresariais tomam decisões com base em critérios relacionados ao segmento de atuação da organização, informações do mercado, comportamento do cenário econômico e político, entre outros indicadores que lhes orientam no enfrentamento dos tradeoffs típicos de projetos em hidroenergia. Os resultados apurados na árvore de decisão demonstram que o viés econômico ainda é o principal critério balizador na tomada de decisão de investimentos, contudo, os impactos ambientais sobre a capacidade da carga do Estado, a geração de renda, oportunizando postos de trabalho diretos e indiretos e no âmbito institucional, a ausência de fontes de financiamento demonstram que a percepção dos especialistas está voltada para outros temas além da lógica do crescimento puro. A ordem de priorização das variáveies desse estudo, indica que no atual ambiente de incertezas da economia brasileira o máximo de variáveis devem ser analisadas e confrontadas a fim de se otimizar os já escassos recursos disponíveis para expandir o desenvolvimento local no que diz respeito a matriz hídrica paranaense.
Brazil is internationally acknowledged for its renewable sources, most notably, hydroelectric power plant projects which correspond to 65% of electricity production supply to the National Interconnected System. The main question behind this research is: what are the weights and the relative importance of the variables which have influence on the decision making process for the expansion of hydroelectric generation projects in Parana? The main objective is to propose a multi-criteria decision procedure, in association with water sources options that take into consideration the weight and relative importance of the alternatives having influence on the decision by enterprises in the generation of electricity in the state of Paraná. As far as the approach to the problem is concerned, this research can be classified as having mixed methodologies, applying Content Analysis, Delphi technique and the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Following Delphi methodology, a group of 21 was selected for data collection, all of those linked to Paranaense hydroelectricity market. And the main result was the construction of a decision tree in which it was possible to identify the importance and relative weight of the elements associated with the four dimensions of energy. In environmental dimension, the highest relative weight was placed on the loading capacity of Parana system; the economic dimension, the amortization of investment; in social dimension, the generation of direct work places and in institutional dimension, the availability of suitable sources of financing. Policy makers and business managers make their decisions based on specific criteria related to the organization segment, market information, economic and political behavior among other indicators that guide them in dealing with the typical tradeoffs of projects in hydropower area. The results obtained in the decision tree show that the economic bias is still the main factor in making investment decisions. However, environmental impacts on the State loading capacity, income generation, providing opportunities for direct as well as indirect jobs. And at an institutional level, the absence of funding sources show that the perception of experts is focused on other issues beyond the logic behind development per se. The order of priority of variables in this study indicates that in the current environment of uncertainty in the Brazilian economy as many variables must be analyzed and compared in order to optimize the scarce resources available to expand local development in relation to Paranaense water matrix.
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Hong, Jiaju. "An innovative application of nuclear magnetic resonance technology to complex flows." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/38599/.
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In the present work, an inter principle research is carried out on complex fluid flow and heat transfer, using an innovative technology Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), from the Department of Physics. To enhance heat transfer performance of complex fluid flow, the present work mainly focuses on two different parts, one is the adoption of nanofluid; the other is flow forces analysis through bionic engineering studies on plant water migration system. Nanofluids are attracting considerable attention from both academic and industrial communities. Comparing with conventional pure fluids or solutions, nanofluids have higher thermal conductivity, due to the high surface to volume ratio of nanoparticle and liquid interface, which exhibits a great potential in enhancing heat transfer performance in various occasions. It is believed that different types and concentrations of nanofluid could strongly affect the thermal performance, and a great number of papers have been published to illustrate the phenomenon. However, none has really focused on the possible concentration change of nanofluid while flowing. Otherwise, the thermal performance of nanofluid flow could never be quantified. In the present work, a novel method to measure the dynamic concentration of nanofluid is proposed, using NMR technology. The experiments were carried out with ferrofluid under different concentration and temperature. A new parameter T2* was introduced in the study. T2* is a relaxation time of the signals that is released by hydrogen atoms after Radio Frequency (RF). And this signal intensity can be strongly affected by nanofluids. Experiments were carried out to obtain the T2* of nanofluid in the pipe. An empirical equation based on T2* and temperature was proposed to calculate the concentration of nanoparticles. Then, experiments were carried out with flowing ferrofluid in pipe. The dynamic concentration was calculated with the empirical equation. And with the series of experiment, it is confirmed that the flowing nanofluid consists of an obvious concentration gradient, and thus cause different layers of thermal performance from boundary to central line of a laminar pipe flow. Furthermore, the experiment result also gives out a chance to investigate the mechanism of nanoparticle movement in laminar flow with the concentration gradient along radius. Bionic Engineering is another research field that has been more and more interesting to researches from various fields. Since life has been evolving for over millions of years, many functions in lives has become extremely high efficiency and adaptive. These functions can be very worthy for researchers to study and utilize in industries. For heat transfer in fluid flow, it is very important to enhance the flow pattern. And thus water migration system in plants become very attractive. Plant can take water from soil up to several metres high. Learning from the water migration process in plants has been attracting interests from scientist for over a hundred years. The water migration in plant stem, especially xylem, involves various driving forces including capillary effect, osmosis effect, Marangoni effect and transpiration effect, etc. This present work mainly focuses on the water transport process within xylem. As xylem system is simplified as micro channel, a mathematic model is presented based on micro channel theory, with critical analysis and simplification. With a simplified micro channel from xylem structure and the calculation using the model of water migration in xylem, the relationship between various forces and water migration velocity is identified. The velocity of water migration within the plant stem is considered as detail as possible using all major forces involved. And a full mathematical model is proposed to calculate and predict the velocity of water migration in plants. Comparison between the calculated result and experimental one is made, to confirm the accuracy of the mathematical model. The present work proved that the mathematical model should be enough to predict the water migration in plants, and could also be critical for future water transport prediction in complex fluid flow in industry applications such as heat pipe.
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Dlamini, Letsiwe Thulisile Sibongile. "Investigating alternative funding sources for community equity ownership in renewable energy projects in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13637.
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Includes bibliographical references.The combined effect of a number of factors has forced the Government of South Africa to launch and seek to expand the renewable energy sector through the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REI4P). Such elements include environmental issues, especially climate change; the need to diversify energy sources in order for the country to be energy secure; and the developmental potential that investment in a new industry, in this instance the renewable energy industry, can bring in terms of job creation, economic growth and the exploitation of abundant natural resources. In addition to the REI4P, the Government has also been compelled to seek to expand energy supply in the country, in general, due to the energy crisis, which in turn, is closely associated with a population that is growing at a pace that is much faster than the rate at which energy can be readily supplied. Community Equity Ownership (CEO) or local community ownership is a unique feature of the REI4P that has recently come under close scrutiny due to its requirement for project companies to offer a minimum of 2.5% to 5% shares of their companies to local communities residing within a 50km radius of their renewable energy plants, in an effort to contribute toward their socio-economic development; the challenges presented by community trusts; and the subsequent resistance towards the notion of local community ownership by REI4P project companies. It is the subject of this research because it is still a critical and integral component of the REI4P and challenges associated with its financing have, in the past, jeopardised the accomplishment of the very goals for which it was constituted. The value of Social License to Operate (SLO) is that it can lay the foundation for positive relations to prevail between communities and Independent Power Producers (IPPs) in the pursuit of a viable renewable energy industry and increased energy supply in South Africa. To this end, the study demonstrates that whilst CEO is obligated in the REI4P, it also constitutes SLO because if communities own shares in REI4P projects, they are more likely to cooperate with them. Thus, the CEO, Socio-Economic Development (SED) and Enterprise Development (ED) requirements of the REI4P essentially constitute the SLO ‘building blocks’ for the Programme. Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) have been at the forefront of funding local community ownership, although other financial institutions, including commercial banks xiv have started financing it as well, while requiring guarantees and security from communities, which can offer neither. The continued implementation of the REI4P, as well as the launch of the Baseload IPP Programme and the Medium Term Risk Mitigation Project, will ultimately increase the total number of IPP Programmes in the country and will likely intensify the demand for finances to fund CEO. In view of this, where will the funding for this key aspect of the current and proposed IPP Programmes come from? This study sought to identify alternative funding options for CEO in order to ensure its continuity in both the REI4P and the proposed IPP Programmes. An exploratory research design was pursued for the study in view of data limitations arising from the infancy of the renewable energy sector in South Africa. Moreover, a questionnaire survey was undertaken and a purposive sampling technique was used to interrogate a select group of financial institutions and REI4P Independent Power Producers (IPPs), with a view to determine what their experiences have been in relation to funding CEO, as well as to identify alternative funding options for it, going forward. In this regard, a sample size of 15 was taken out of a combined total of 72 financial institutions and IPPs. Thematic content analysis was subsequently performed to process the data. The main risk associated with financing CEO that was identified by stakeholders has to do with a lack of security in lending to disadvantaged communities because they often have no collateral and can offer no guarantees that demonstrate their capacity to repay debts. Furthermore, the establishment of a Grant Scheme for funding CEO, on the one hand, and a Guarantee and Incentive Programme, on the other, wherein Government stands in as guarantor for communities as they borrow funds to facilitate CEO; were found to be potentially instrumental in widening the pool of funding for CEO. Increased vendor support and more ‘preferential’ loan terms and ‘softer’ loans from DFIs were also identified as critical in the endeavour to increase the funding sources for CEO. Although the use of the Government Pension Fund to warehouse shares on behalf of communities and utilising communal land as equity both hold some promise; they require further research. It is, therefore, concluded that there is potential for alternative funding options for community equity ownership in the REI4P. The study also found that, based on the experiences of survey respondents, there are inadequate sources of finance for CEO, in light of the increasing pressure on available financial opportunities. To this end, the delineation between the xv potential for funding local community shareholding in REI4P projects and actual access to funding is fundamental.
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Magaqa, Xolile Donaldson. "Renewable energy as alternative solution in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019725.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate and suggest technologies that need to be considered by the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality management in order to alleviate electricity power shortages. It is very important to address the problems of electricity power shortages in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality since it affects the households, offices and factories and it creates a negative image about the economic viability and investment opportunities in South Africa. Since ESKOM supplies electricity to the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, they both require solutions that can sustain electricity availability for the current and future consumption by the households and the South African economy. It is of importance to report that the main causes of power shortages are the energy, capacity and the reserve margin constraints in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality. The methodology used for this research was a mixed methods type of research. The literature review led to the formulation of research questionnaires that were subsequently used as the main tools for sourcing data in order to conduct an empirical study for this research. The empirical study was used to combine the quantitative and the qualitative research methodology in one research. The respondents to the structured and self-administered questionnaires comprised Beacon Bay and Mdantsane households that owned Solar Water Heaters. The other respondents that were interviewed with the aid of semi-structured questionnaires comprised ESKOM and the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality management teams. The responses from all the respondents were collected, arranged and presented in tables and graphs for the purpose of analysing and thereafter to report the outcomes. The outcomes were compared to the literature reviewed to test whether there is congruence between the two. This was done for the purpose of answering the following research question: Can alternative energy in the form of solar be a solution in improving power shortage in the Buffalo City Metro? Renewable energy was among the suggested solutions that were tested in other countries and found to be reliable. Renewable energy is divided into Solar Power Technology, Wind Power Technology, Small Hydro generation power, Biomass and other technologies. The Solar Power Technology is divided into three forms of energy. The first technology was Solar Photovoltaic Power, Concentrating Solar Power and the Solar Water Heating. The focus of this study was to investigate whether the use of Solar Power Technology in the form of Solar Water Heating can alleviate electricity power shortages in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality. The other renewable energy technologies are reported as the limitations in this research that created opportunities for further research. The literature and empirical studies confirmed that the use of Solar Water Heaters alleviate power shortages in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality since most of the respondents agreed that when Solar Water Heaters are installed and used in the households, electricity power is saved. The respondents further agreed that since Solar Water Heaters use the sun to heat water they do not use electric geysers anymore. They further agreed that a decrease in electricity expenses per household, per day, per month and per annum has been achieved due to the use of Solar Water Heaters. The Solar Water Heaters were reported by most respondents as confirmed in the literature that they are reliable since they do not trip when there is a planned or an emergency power outages in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality area because they are powered by the sunlight. They are safe and have a longer economic life. They can be used in areas that do not have existing power supply. The key findings were that, both quantitative and qualitative results yielded results that were congruent with the literature reviewed. The congruence was reported in terms of electricity power saving, reduction in electricity expenses, per household, its reliability, the longer economic life and the safety of Solar Water Heaters. The installation of Solar Water Heaters has proven to be a good decision since they alleviated power shortages in the households that are in the rural areas, townships and in the upmarket residential places. It was recommended to the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality and ESKOM management to install more Solar Water Heaters and to increase the subsidies for the buyers of Solar Water Heaters especially the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality; to increase the marketing of Solar Water Heaters and to further educate electricity users about the Demand Side Management. This approach will encourage electricity users to reduce their demand for electricity in order to reap the benefits of power savings and sustainability of electricity supply for the potential increase of the economy in Eastern Cape Province.
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Musango, Josephine Kaviti. "Technology assessment of renewable energy sustainability in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18149.
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Thesis (PhD (School of Public Leadership))--University of Stellenbosch, 2012.Please download the required VENSIM software from: http://www.vensim.com/freedownload.html
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Technology assessment has changed in nature over the last four decades. It changed from an analytical tool for technology evaluation, which depends heavily on quantitative and qualitative modelling methodologies, into a strategic planning tool for policy-making concerning acceptable new technologies, which depends on participative policy problem analysis. The goal of technology assessment today is to generate policy options for solutions of organisational and societal problems, which at the operational level, utilise new technologies that are publicly acceptable; that is, viable policy options. Energy technology assessment for sustainability is inherently a complex and dynamic process that requires a holistic and transdisciplinary approach. In the South Africa context, specifically, there is no formal and coherent approach to energy technology assessment from a sustainability perspective. Without a formal comprehensive or well integrated technology assessment approach to evaluate the sustainability of any technology, the policy-makers, technology designers, and decision-makers are faced with difficulty in terms of making reasoned decisions about the appropriate technology options. This study developed a framework that incorporates a technology assessment approach, namely, system dynamics, within the broader scope of technology development for sustainability. The framework, termed the Systems Approach to Technology Sustainability Assessment (SATSA), integrates three key elements: technology development, sustainable development, and a dynamic systems approach. The study then provides a guiding process of applying the framework to energy technology assessment theory and practice within the context of sustainable development. Biodiesel, a cleaner burning replacement fuel, argued to potentially contribute to sustainable development, is used for the demonstration. Biodiesel development entails complex interactions of actors such as the technology developers, government at different levels, communities, as well as the natural environment. Different actions or responses in the greater system might hinder or undermine the positive effects of such a development. Based on the SATSA framework, a Bioenergy Technology Sustainability Assessment (BIOTSA) model was developed. The BIOTSA model was used to test the outcomes of a proposed biodiesel production development in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa on selected sustainability indicators. In addition, some policy scenarios were tested to compare how they assist in improving the selected indicators. The BIOTSA model results are useful in comparing dynamic consequences resulting from a proposed biodiesel production development and the respective policies and decisions that may arise from such a development. The testing and validation of the BIOTSA model was carried out based on structural validity, behavioural validity, and expert opinion. Potential policy scenario outcomes and their implication, on the selected sustainability indicators, were also tested. The opinions of the selected stakeholders indicated that the BIOTSA model was useful in providing an understanding of the potential impacts of the biodiesel development on selected sustainability indicators in the Eastern Cape Province. Thus, the SATSA framework can be applied for assessing sustainability of other renewable energy technologies. In addition, system dynamics provide a useful and a feasible dynamic systems approach for energy technology sustainability assessment. Finally, the model building process and transdisciplinary nature of this study enabled the identification of the potential problems that could arise during the biodiesel production development. In addition, gaps in data and knowledge were identified and the recommendation for future work in this field is highlighted. Nevertheless, the findings of the BIOTSA model could inform policy- and decision-making in biodiesel production development in South Africa. The development of similar models for other renewable energy development efforts is thus recommended. The current efforts to facilitate the large-scale roll out of concentrated solar thermal technologies in Southern Africa, for example, would require the development of a Solar Thermal Technology Sustainability Assessment (SOTTSA) model.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die aard van tegnologie assessering het in die afgelope vier dekades verander. Dit het verander ten opsigte van ’n analitiese hulpmiddel vir tegnologie evaluering, wat hoofsaaklik staatmaak op kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe modelleringsmetodiek, na ’n strategiese beplanningshulpmiddel vir beleidvorming met betrekking tot nuwe aanvaarbare tegnologieë, wat afhanklik is van ’n deelnemende beleidsprobleem analise. Vandag se doel vir tegnologie assessering is om beleidsopsies vir oplossings van organisatoriese en sosiale probleme te genereer, wat op operasionele vlak gebruik maak van nuwe tegnologieë wat deur die publiek aanvaar is; met ander woorde, lewensvatbare beleidsopsies. Energie tegnologie assessering vir volhoubaarheid is sonder twyfel ’n komplekse en dinamiese proses wat ’n holistiese en transdisiplinêre benadering benodig. In die Suid- Afrikaanse konteks is daar geen formele en samehangende benadering tot tegnologie assessering vanaf ’n volhoubaarheidsperspektief nie. Beleidsmakers, tegnologie ontwerpers en besluitnemers mag sukkel om beredenerende besluite te neem oor die toepaslike tegnologie opsies sonder ’n formele omvattende of goed geïntegreerde tegnologie assesseringsbenadering om die volhoubaarheid van enige tegnologie te evalueer. Hierdie studie het ’n raamwerk ontwerp wat die tegnologie assesseringsbenadering inkorporeer binne die breë bestek van tegnologiese ontwikkeling vir volhoubaarheid naamlik, stelsel dinamika. Die raamwerk, genoem die Sisteem Benadering tot Tegnologie Volhoubaarheidsassessering (SBTVA) integreer drie sleutelelemente: tegnologiese ontwikkeling, volhoubaarheidsontwikkeling, en ʼn dinamiese stelsels benadering. Verder verskaf die studie ’n leidende proses te opsigte van die toepassing van die raamwerk tot energie tegnologie assesseringsteorie en praktyk binne die konteks van volhoubaarheidsontwikkeling. Biodiesel word gebruik vir die demonstrasie omdat dit gereken word as ’n skoner plaasvervanger vir brandstof en daar aangevoer word dat dit ’n potensiële bydraer tot volhoubaarheidsontwikkeling is. Die ontwikkeling van biodiesel behels komplekse interaksie tussen verskeie akteurs soos tegnologiese ontwikkelaars, die regering op verskillende vlakke, gemeenskappe asook die natuurlike omgewing. Verskeie aksies of reaksies in die groter sisteem mag dalk die positiewe effek van so ontwikkeling ondermyn of verhinder. ’n Biodiesel Tegnologiese Volhoubaarheidsassessering (BIOTVA) model is ontwerp gebaseer op die SBTVA raamwerk. Die BIOTVA model is gebruik om die uitkomste op geselekteerde volhoubaarheidsaanduiders van ’n voorgestelde biodiesel produksie ontwikkeling in die Oos- Kaap Provinsie van Suid-Afrika te toets. Buiten vir die voorafgaande is sekere beleidtoekomsblikke ook getoets om te vergelyk hoe hulle sal help om die geselekteerde aanwysers te verbeter. Die BIOTVA model resultate is behulpsaam in die vergelyking van dinamiese gevolge wat voortspruit uit die voorgestelde biodiesel produksie ontwikkeling asook die onderskeie beleide en besluite wat mag ontstaan van so ’n ontwikkeling. Die toetsing en bekragtiging van die BIOTVA model was uitgevoer gebaseer op strukturele geldigheid, gedragsgeldigheid, en kundige opinie. Potensiële beleidtoekomsblikke uitkomste en die nagevolge, ten opsigte van die geselekteerde volhoubaarheidsaanduiders, is ook getoets. Die opinies van die geselekteerde aandeelhouers het aangedui dat die BIOTVA model bruikbaar is om ’n beter begrip te verskaf ten opsigte van die potensiële impak wat die biodiesel ontwikkeling op geselekteerde volhoubaarheidsaanduiders in die Oos-Kaap Provinsie sal hê. As gevolg hiervan kan die SBTVA raamwerk toegepas word om die volhoubaarheid van ander herwinbare energie tegnologieë te assesseer. Buiten die voorafgaande kan stelsel dinamika ’n bruikbare en uitvoerbare dinamiese stelselbenadering vir energie tegnologie volhoubaarheidsassessering verskaf. Ten slotte, die model bouproses en transdisiplinêre aarde van die studie het gehelp om potensiële probleme wat kan voorkom tydens die biodiesel produksie ontwikkeling te identifiseer. Daarby is gapings in data en kennis ook geïdentifiseer en die aanbevelings vir verdere studie in die veld is uitgelig. Nieteenstaande kan die bevindings van die BIOTVA model beleidmakers en besluitnemers in die biodiesel produksie ontwikkeling van Suid- Afrika inlig. Die ontwikkeling van soortgelyke modelle vir ander herwinbare energie ontwikkelingspogings word aanbeveel. As voorbeeld sal die huidige pogings om die grootskaalse uitrol van gekonsentreerde son termiese tegnologieë in Suider-Afrika te fasiliteer die ontwikkeling van ’n Son Termiese Tegnologie Volhoubaarheidsassesering (SOTTVA) model benodig.
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Nowakowski, Geórgia Alana Andréas. "Critérios para análise de limites e potencialidades da sustentabilidade de fontes de energia: um estudo da cadeia produtiva das pequenas centrais hidrelétricas no Brasil." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1322.
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Esta pesquisa apresenta como tema de estudo as Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas (PCHs). O seu objetivo geral é identificar os principais limites e potencialidades da sustentabilidade da cadeia produtiva de PCHs no Brasil, ao contexto das dimensões ambiental, social, econômica e institucional. O referencial teórico contempla conceitos e questões referentes: a cadeia produtiva; a Teoria do Ator-rede; as fontes de energia renováveis, mais especificamente a hidroeletricidade; e aos fatores determinantes da competitividade. Para a identificação dos gargalos e potencialidades, foi realizado um mapeamento da estrutura da cadeia de produção das PCHs, assim como a descrição do panorama atual das PCHs no país. Em seguida, foram estudadas, de forma mais aprofundada, cinco etapas que compõem a cadeia: recurso natural; geração; transmissão; distribuição; e comercialização. Na sequência, foram utilizados cinco critérios (importância, probabilidade, temporalidade, efeito e abrangência) para classificar os fatores identificados em cada etapa. Por fim, através da multiplicação dos índices numéricos atribuídos aos critérios, foi obtido o Índice de Significância (IS. No que tange à metodologia da pesquisa, ela pode ser classificada como aplicada e exploratória. Os dados empregados são secundários e foi utilizada a técnica de análise qualitativa. Como resultado, foram identificados 20 limites e 17 potencialidades relacionadas com a cadeia produtiva das PCHs no Brasil, sendo que destes 37 itens, 8 foram enquadrados como muito significativos, segundo os critérios estabelecidos para o IS. No que se refere ao resultado principal da pesquisa, verifica-se que, apesar de existirem potencialidades significativas para o desenvolvimento das PCHs na matriz energética nacional (o potencial hidrelétrico das bacias hidrográficas, a sua capacidade de atuar como vetor de desenvolvimento regional, a consolidação dos fabricantes de turbinas e geradores, e o livre acesso), alguns gargalos existentes na sua cadeia de produção devem ser trabalhados, tais como a interferência na migração e reprodução da ictiofauna continental, a desigualdade na distribuição de energia elétrica, e os aspectos legais e técnicos relacionados com o meio ambiente e a comercialização de energia.This research study has as a theme: Small Hydro Power Plants (SHP). Its overall objective is to identify the main limits and potential sustainabilities of the productive chain of power plants in Brazil to the context of environmental, social, economic and institutional dimensions. The theoretical framework includes concepts that concern: the production chain, the Actor-Network Theory, renewable energy sources (specifically hydroelectricity) and the determinants of competitiveness. For the identification of limits and potential, mapping of the production of SHP chain structure was carried out; as well as the description of the current landscape of the SHP in the country. They were then studied in more depth. The five steps that make up the chain being: natural resource, generation, transmission, distribution and commercialization. Next, five criteria were used: importance, likelihood, timeliness, effect and scope; in order to classify the factors identified in each step. Finally, by multiplying the numerical index assigned to the criteria; the significance index (SI) was obtained, which was used to frame the final significance of the aspects by: less significant, significant and very significant. Regarding research methodology; it can be classified as: exploratory and applied. The data used was secondary and was used as qualitative analysis. As a result, we identified 20 potential limits and 17 related to the production chain of power plants in Brazil, and of these 37 items, 8 were classified as very significant, according to the criteria established for the IS. With regard to the main search result, it appears that, although there are significant potential for the development of SHP in the national energy matrix (hydropower potential of river basins, their ability to act as regional development vector, consolidation of turbines and generators manufacturers, and free access), some hurdles in the production chain must be worked out, such as interference in the migration and reproduction of continental fish fauna, inequality in the distribution of electricity, and the legal and technical aspects related to the environment and the commercialization of energy.
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Thambawitage, Anuradhi Umayangani. "Renewable Energy in Sri Lanka : An overview on the possible energy sources to fulfill the hourly energy demand." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-40439.
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Electricity can be considered as the backbone of the modern society. It has become anessential component of the day to day life of all human beings in the world. As a result, thedemand of electricity is growing at a higher rate each year. To fulfill this demand a largenumber of fossil fuels are being consumed all around the world.Sri Lanka, as a developing country in the Asian region, is currently facing this issueof having difficulties in meeting the electricity demand of the country’s population. As acountry having a lower economic growth rate, it is an essential choice to reduce the usage offossil fuel, since it is not only reducing the wastage of money for exportations of fossil fuelfrom other countries but also helps to reduce the harmful gas emissions. Compared to theEuropean countries, the involvement of Sri Lanka in utilizing renewable energy resources forpower generation is observed to be very less. Hence this project aims on analyzing andproviding an overview of the possibility in fulfilling the country’s energy demand bycompletely renewable resources.Three renewable energy components have been taken in to account for this study. Thepower output from solar, wind and hydropower resources have been considered and theanalysis has been carried out with MATLAB software. It is an obvious fact that the electricitydemand varies within the day due to the different lifestyles of people. Hence hourly demandis the most important fact to be considered during a demand-supply analysis. With the dataobtained from Ceylon electricity board, Ministry of power and Renewable Energy, theanalysis has been done for all three resources assuming the wind and solar power plants arebeing constructed at the perfect locations after a careful study of the wind maps and solarirradiation data throughout a year.The Analysis has been carried out with solar power alone and then with wind powerand then with the combined solar and wind power. The results have shown that it is notpossible to fulfill the hourly demand solely from solar and wind power since the solarradiation and the wind flow is not constant throughout the day in each location. Hence forcertain hours the power production is excess and for certain hours power production is lessthan the load requirement. Then Hydro power has been fitted in to place to compensate theshortage in the load. Calculations have been carried out considering only the current hydropower plants which are on operation.Regarding Hydro power plants, the analysis was mainly based on the assumption thatpumps are being used to handle the excess electricity produced by solar and wind plants.Hence the final outcome has been considered based on two main facts which are the currentavailable storage span of all hydro plants as a whole and the required pump power and thehydro turbine power to handle the excess power production from solar and wind.The results have shown that it is possible to meet the total hourly energy demand ofthe whole population of the country by completely renewable resources under certainconditions. The combination and sometimes correlation of solar and wind during the day hasthe capacity to meet the different hourly demands within the day for certain days. However tomeet the hourly demand, hydro power has to be included to balance the shortage. Consideringthe two facts mentioned earlier it has been proven that the current storage span and pumppower is sufficient to balance the excess electricity produced from certain value of installedPV power and certain number of turbines in a wind plant, however for certain value ofinstalled PV power and certain number of turbines ,the pump power requirement and storagelevel to handle the excess power is slightly more than the current power production fromhydro. Hence it is possible to meet the hourly load if more hydro power plants could beconstructed for those cases.Since this is a positive and bright outcome, the next step required is the attention ofthe authorities to execute the construction and implementation of projects related to solar,wind and Hydro plants and thereby opening a new era in the technology and the economy ofSri Lanka.
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Barão, Ricardo. "The relationships of alternative energies with the technology sector and non-renewable energies." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/14152.
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Este trabalho tem como objectivo compreender de que forma os investidores veem as energias renováveis: se as veem como parte do sector tecnológico, à espera de novos desenvolvimentos, ou como uma alternativa aos métodos existentes de produção de energia. Para responder a esta questão, foi desenvolvido um modelo de vectores autoregressivos com quatro variáveis de forma a se poder aplicar um Granger causality test e Impulse Response function. Os resultados sugerem que para o período de 2002-2007 à escala global ambas as hipóteses se confirmam, porém de 2009-2014 os resultados sugerem que os investidores não reconhecem as energias renováveis como um ramo do sector tecnológico, neste período. Para além disso, durante o período de 2009-2014, e quando comparados investidores Americanos com Europeus, os resultados sugerem que apenas o último identifica as energias renováveis como uma fonte viável para a produção energética.
This work aimed to understand the investor perception on clean energy: if it is seen as part of the technology sector, awaiting new developments, or as an alternative to the existing energy production methods. To answer this question, a four variable vector autoregression model was developed so that a Granger causality test and Impulse response function could be applied. The results suggest that while both hypotheses were confirmed worldwide for the period 2002-2007, from 2009 to 2014 results suggest that investors do not recognize the field of clean energy as part of the technology sector. Moreover, during the period that ranges from 2009 to 2014, and when comparing the American investor with the European investor, only the latter identifies renewable energy as a viable source of energy production.
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Dragović, Njegoš, and Snežana Urošević. "Using a renewable energy resources in the clothing industry." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2021. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/19082.
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The clothing industry is one of the most affected branches of the economy in crisis conditions such as the global Covid-19. If the production of textiles took place in the existing conditions, many companies would stop because the labor costs are high. From the processing of raw materials, through the production of textiles, all the way to the production of clothing, the greatest chance to return to real trends is the energy transition, technological transfer and adjustment of workers. The aim of this paper is to point out the possibilities that would keep the textile industry in line with global trends in the use of renewable energy sources.
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Mora, Alvarez David Fernando [Verfasser]. "Large scale integration of renewable energy sources for power generation in Colombia : a sensible alternative to conventional energy sources ; Scenario 2010 - 2050 / David Fernando Mora Alvarez." Flensburg : Zentrale Hochschulbibliothek Flensburg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1031299599/34.
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Jorns, Austin R. "Smallholder farmers’ perceptions toward solar renewable energy technology on the island of Trinidad." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587714750296474.
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Subbakrishna, Nagendra. "Appropriate technology and the rural energy sector in South East Asian developing countries." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28348.
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Given increasing problems in the availability, affordability and deliverability of commercial primary and secondary energy resources, coupled with growing macroeconomic uncertainties, the use of renewable, non-commercial energy resources has been actively promoted in rural areas of developing countries. This, in addition to the fact that conventional, 'state-of-the-art' energy facilities present technical problems, are inequitable and pose potential environmental hazards, has led to proposals for instituting alternative, intermediate or 'appropriate' technologies in rural settlements. This thesis identifies technical, economic, social, cultural and institutional barriers to the introduction of intermediate or 'appropriate' technologies in rural areas. The cases of solar and biogas technologies in Korea, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea the Philippines and Thailand are considered.
Policy and planning process recommendations are made on the roles of government, voluntary aid-agencies and the rural user, to overcome the obstacles to implementing these technologies. These recommendations cover the micro (village) and macro (regional and national) levels over two time horizons, and stress the need for a comprehensive approach to discerning rural needs, followed by integrated technology diffusion through effective program and project implementation. In addition, this thesis identifies the need for a continuous collection of information on rural socio-economic conditions and potential for rural interfuel substitution and finally, recommends research into improving technical efficiencies of alternative energy technologies such as solar and biogas.
Alternative or intermediate energy technologies such as solar and biogas can play an important role in augmenting rural energy supply. Unless steps are taken to remove the identified barriers to implementation in future technology diffusion efforts, this potential will not be realized. Policy and planning process recommendations made in this thesis present means through which these barriers could be removed.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
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Braune, Yann. "Investments in Academic Renewable Electricity Generation Technology Spin-Offs : A Qualitative Study on High Capital Limitations for Underexplored Renewable Energy Sources." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Industriell teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413527.
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Due to an intensified climate change discourse, renewable energy technologies find higher attention within the energy system and increasingly compete with traditional energy conversion systems. Electricity is progressively being generated through renewable electricity generation technologies (REGT) which harness naturally existing energy fluxes (wind, tide, heat, sun) and convert it to electricity. High investments are currently being made into well-developed REGT using explored energy sources such as wind, hydro or solar. In order to increase cost- and energy efficiency of REGTs, university research projects are developing new REGTs that harvest underexplored energy sources such as the marine energy source. These capital-intensive marine energy research projects are entering the market through university spin-off firms but are often confronted with funding gaps, for the current or future operations. Capital rich investors could provide these funds but are often investing in well explored energy sources rather than into underexplored but more cost- and energy-efficient energy sources. Utilizing a qualitative, grounded theory-influenced approach and combining empirical material of semi-structured interviews, data from a participant observation of an innovation system workshop attendance and data from continuous meetings with an academic REGT spin-off from Uppsala University, this study investigates 1) the drivers and barriers within the funding ecosystem for academic REGT spin-offs in Sweden, 2) the limited access of high capital to underexplored energy sources on the specific case of the marine energy source and 3) a potential common ground for investors with high capital and academic REGT spin-offs in order to allow an accelerated diffusion of the marine energy source. The results indicate that the physical properties of the underexplored marine source should not be accounted for as driver but rather as the foundation of an academic REGT spin-off. This frame allows to bridge practitioners of both the investment field and the academic field of REGT spin-offs through the degree of utilization. An inversion of relations, where not only entrepreneurs increasingly link their field of study to economy and business, but also investors adapt cross-disciplinary knowledge towards academia and natural sciences via the degree of utilization, could be beneficial for an accelerated diffusion of academic REGTs. Bridging practitioners of both fields through the degree of utilization and other means might together with a full commercial application and proof of marine REGTs reduce the funding gap of academic spin-offs in the marine sector and allow access to investors with high capital.
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Anderson, Matthew John. "Economic and Environmental Analysis of Cool Thermal Energy Storage as an Alternative to Batteries for the Integration of Intermittent Renewable Energy Sources." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51195.
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The balance of the supply of renewable energy sources with electricity demand will become increasingly difficult with further penetration of renewable energy sources. Traditionally, large stationary batteries have been used to store renewable energy in excess of electricity demand and dispatch the stored energy to meet future electricity demand. Cool thermal energy storage is a feasible renewable energy balancing solution that has economic and environmental advantages over utility scale stationary lead-acid batteries. Two technologies, ice harvesters and internal-melt ice-on-coil cool thermal energy storage, have the capability to store excess renewable energy and use the energy to displace electricity used for building cooling systems. When implemented by a utility, cool thermal energy storage can replace large utility scale batteries for renewable energy balancing in utility regions with high renewable energy penetration. The California Independent System Operator (CAISO) region and the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) are utility regions with large solar and wind resources, respectively, that can benefit from installation of cool thermal energy storage systems for renewable energy balancing. With proper scheduling of energy dispatched from cool thermal energy storage, these technologies can be effective in displacing peak power capacity for the region, in displacing traditional building cooling equipment, and in recovering renewable energy that would otherwise be curtailed.Master of Science
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Alshareef, Ahmed Shehab. "Technology Assessment Model of Developing Geothermal Energy Resources for Supporting Electrical System: the Case for Oregon." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3515.
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The demand for energy is increasing worldwide. All applications contributed to increase the demand of all energy industry, and therefore the effect on the environment and the rise in pollution increased significantly. This is considered a large problem, and researchers focused their research on renewable energy for reducing the cost of energy in the future. Geothermal energy has significant impact as a source of electricity generation since it will not harm the environment. There are more than twenty countries that benefit from geothermal plants, which generate more than 6000 megawatts .Three alternatives of geothermal energy technology (GHP, Direct use of Geothermal Heat, and Geothermal Electricity) can be used for supporting electrical systems in Oregon. At the same time, the success of using the geothermal energy alternatives in Oregon relies on different goals for achieving the best geothermal development. Oregon has been ranked third in the potential use of geothermal energy after Nevada and California.
The objective from the research study was to develop an assessment model framework that can be used for supporting cost effective renewable energy in Oregon by the development of geothermal energy sources. This research of study was done by using the Hierarchical Decision Model (HDM) and consisted of four levels: Mission, objectives, goals, and alternative. Criteria used in this research study are based on five objectives to know what are the most important factors in the decision-making process. These objectives are: social, environmental, economical, technical, and political. The decision model connected objectives, goals, and alternative for obtaining the accurate decision. HDM used for this purpose to analyze the result of data collected from experts. Seven experts who had experience in the geothermal field participated in this research study, and they gave their judgment in the questionnaire survey link by using pair-wise comparison method.
The outcome analysis of the results showed that in terms of objectives that Minimizing Environmental Impact was rated at the highest value at 0.26 with respect to the mission. Within the category of Minimizing Environmental Impact, Seismic Activity and GHG Emissions had higher values. The results show that "Geothermal Electricity," with a rating of 43%, was ranked as the most important alternative with respect to mission, objectives, and goals. "Direct Use of Geothermal Heat" was ranked as the second most important alternative with 31%. The results of this research study were discussed with the experts to get their feedback, and learn from them what requirements are necessary for improvement in the geotechnical energy sector for future research. The experts agreed that this methodology is a good approach to help reach the right decision since this methodology (HDM) divides the problem into small sets, which will make the decision process easier.
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Osmar, Jerri Lynn Amos. "Using alternative energy concepts and hands-on activities to teach physics benchmarks and increase student motivation thermodynamics, optics and electricity /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Michigan State University. Interdepartmental Physical Sciences, 2008.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on July 29, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 378-380). Also issued in print.
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Ng, Benny Siu Hon. "A machine learning approach to evaluating renewable energy technology : an alternative LACE study on solar photo-voltaic (PV)." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127172.
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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, May, 2020Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, May, 2020
Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 75-79).
Currently, renewable technologies are often evaluated using the Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), which is a measure of building and operating a generating plant over an assumed αnancial life and duty cycle. Naturally, instead of only measuring the cost, a more holistic approach would be to also assess the economical value of the renewable generating technology. One approach to this would be to measure the Levelized Avoided Cost of Electricity (LACE), which considers what it will cost the grid to generate electricity using renewable technology, amortized over its lifetime. However, estimating avoided cost can be challenging since it requires knowledge of how the renewable technology would perform in electricity generation, especially when taking into account a projected future period. Naturally this would have repercussions in policies adopting greater renewable technologies, further emphasising the importance of an adequate measure of evaluating renewable technology.
In this thesis, we explore several methods of evaluating alternative sources of energy, with an in-depth focus on a LACE evaluation of solar PV as an alternative source of electricity generation within CAISO market. Through experimentation of different variants of a recurrent neural network, an LSTM model was trained to predict 2016 electricity prices of all nodes within CAISO. The model achieved a Mean Absolute Scaled Error (MASE) of 0.761, outperforming a naive baseline using the Day-Ahead prices. Using the predicted prices, the LACE for solar PV was estimated and compared against the LACE computed with perfect knowledge of prices. Even though they had similar mean values, there was a significant difference in the variance. The effects of improvements in price prediction on the LACE was further explored. We found that the smaller the difference in the estimated LACE to the respective LCOE value, the greater the impact of improving price prediction performance; and was able to place an implicit value of an improvement of price prediction performance. Especially for policy and decision makers, this improvement in electricity price forecasting would directly translate to greater confidence when making the decision to switch a solar PV alternative.
by Benny Siu Hon Ng.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
S.M.
S.M.inTechnologyandPolicy Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society
S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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Maršíková, Michaela. "Efektivita využití fotovoltaických článků při výrobě energie." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4422.
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Master's Thesis considers the idea of use of renewable energy sources for the generation of electricity. On the basis of reports on climate warming, the European Union took measures, which are mandatory for all Member States and aimed to increase the share of renewable energy in total energy production by 2010. Czech Republic has committed itself to produce 8% of energy from renewable energy sources, the government has created a system of subsidies to renewable energy sources and a system of redemption prices. These measures make energy very expensive. This work deals with the origin of these measures, which are reports on global warming. My work is also comparing predictions on the future status, as well as examining the advantages of investing in renewable energy sources and comparing the prices of subsidized energy with other types of energy.
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Kulp, Galen W. "A Comparison of Two Air Compressors for PEM Fuel Cell Systems." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30840.
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Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are considered one of the best potential alternative power sources for automobiles. For this application, high efficiency and high power density are required. Pressurizing the fuel cell system can give higher efficiency, higher power density and better water balance characteristics for the fuel cell, but pressurization uses a percentage of the fuel cell output power. The compressor used to elevate the pressure has a direct effect on the system efficiency and water balance characteristics. A variety of compressors are being developed for fuel cell applications. Two compressor and expander technologies are discussed in this paper: the Opcon 1050 positive displacement twin-screw compressor and expander, and a Honeywell turbocompressor and expander. The effect of these compressors and expanders on the system at maximum load, low load, and set minimum airflow are examined. The effects of ambient conditions, stack temperature, and increased twin-screw compressor pressure are also examined.
The turbocompressor proves to be a superior machine in terms of efficiency, and therefore offers the most promising effect on system efficiency of the two compressors. The twin-screw compressor, on the other hand, offers more flexible pressure ratio and better water balance characteristics at low fuel cell loads, which is an important factor with PEM fuel cell systems. Increased ambient and stack temperature has a significant negative effect on the water balance and a small positive effect on efficiency. Increasing the pressure for the twin-screw compressor significantly improves the water balance characteristics with some loss in efficiency. These results show the importance of determining the system operating range and operating conditions in the choice of a compressor for a fuel cell systemMaster of Science
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Hill, Theresa Y. "Fabrication of Zinc Oxide Thin Films For Renewable Energy and Sensor Applications." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1291251851.
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Gupta, Gunjan. "An analysis and improvement of selected features of power quality of grid-tied alternative energy systems." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2696.
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Thesis (PhD (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.Electrical energy can be easily used and converted to other forms of energy for various applications. Technological advancement increases the dependency on electricity to a great extent. Various internal and external factors are responsible for the bad quality of power in power systems. The performance of the system is greatly affected by the presence of harmonics, as well as voltage and frequency variations, which leads to the malfunctioning of the device and decline of power quality and supply at load side. The reactive power compensation is carried out for better power quality. The literature survey is done to find the best and efficient scheme for reactive power compensation and mitigation of various power quality problems. The devices which are used to measure various power quality factors are discussed. Various mitigating schemes are surveyed in order to compensate reactive power and to improve the power quality at the distribution end. The integration of the most widely used renewable energy, wind energy in the distribution system creates technical issues like stability of the grid, harmonic distortion, voltage regulation, active and reactive power compensation etc. which are restricted to IEC and IEEE standards. One of the topics this thesis addresses is regulation in the reactive power generated along with voltage regulation by using an effective power electronics device known as a STATCOM. The main power quality factors like overvoltage and voltage flickers are mitigated by establishing STATCOMs in small wind farms. The wind farms are equipped with three wind turbines. These three wind turbines found in the wind farm can be operated together or one after another with an introduced delay. A glitch in even a little piece of a power grid can result in loss of efficiency, income and at times even life. In this manner, it is basic to outline a system which can distinguish the faults of the power system and take a faster response to recover it back to required reactive power. Two devices STATCOM and D-STATCOM are used for this purpose in this thesis. The D-STATCOM circuit and operating principle are also discussed in thesis. Different topologies of D-STATCOM discussed with their benefits and shortcomings. The voltage, current and hybrid technologies of D-STATCOM are also discussed.
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Swartley, Joseph B. "Solar Development in the Mojave Desert." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/74.
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For more than two centuries, humans have been spewing “greenhouse gases” into the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and the development of land, causing the planet’s surface temperature to increase at an accelerated rate. Climate change is one of the most pressing issues that the world is facing today, and in order to combat the effects of climate change, it is necessary to adopt the use of more renewable technology, namely solar energy. The United States' best region for solar development is the Mojave Desert, and many large-scale projects are being built or proposed to be built in the area. However, the deployment of solar technology in the Mojave Desert comes with significant ecological, socioeconomic, and political impacts. This paper is intended to provide an overview of the issues surrounding solar development in the Mojave Desert.
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Bajgl, Tomáš. "Tvorba laboratorních úloh pro předmět Obnovitelné zdroje energie." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318159.
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This diploma thesis deals with the transformation of solar and wind energy into electrical energy by using a photovoltaic panel and a wind turbine. The work gives insight into the Czech Republic’s issue of energetics in the context of historical development, the current state, and the expected future development. The primary attention is given to the renewable sources - the solar energy and wind energy. Basic principles of creation and manipulation of solar and wind energy are described in this work. Two laboratory tasks are created for the Renewable Energy Sources' class as a part of the practical part.
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Tilleman, Suzanne Gladys 1971. "Aligning institutional logics to enhance regional cluster emergence: Evidence from the wind and solar energy industries." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10595.
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xvii, 191 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.For over a century, researchers from diverse intellectual disciplines have tried to explain the emergence of regional business clusters. I contribute to research on cluster emergence by applying an institutional logics framework to model how cluster emergence is influenced by such factors as supportive institutional logics, knowledge spillover, labor pooling, and technological uncertainty. This study is guided by the research question: How do institutions, specifically, varying levels of a congruous institutional logic, affect regional cluster emergence? Using the passage of the 1978 Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) as a catalyst for business cluster emergence in the renewable energy sector, this study examines the emergence of wind and solar energy manufacturing clusters. I test hypotheses about the positive influences of a congruous institutional logic across U.S. metropolitan statistical areas to see if the relative prevalence of a congruous institutional logic results in more firms and greater levels of clustering. For example, a pro-environmental sentiment among human populations aligns, or in other words, is congruous, with renewable energy manufacturing. I use fixed effects estimation to test several hypotheses regarding positive direct and moderating effects of institutional alignment on cluster emergence. I find that congruous institutional logics have a positive direct influence on clustering, and as technological uncertainty increases, this positive direct influence is enhanced. I find only partial support for the moderating influence of congruous institutional logics on the positive direct effect of positive externalities on clustering. This study contributes to practice and theory by building a model and supporting hypotheses on the influence of institutional fit on regional cluster emergence.
Committee in charge: Michael Russo, Chairperson, Management; Jennifer Howard-Grenville, Member, Management; Alan Meyer, Member, Management; Glen Waddell, Outside Member, Economics
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Ekström, Adrian, and Karl Johan Tegnér. "Green National Innovative Capacity : An empirical study of the determinants of patenting in technologies related to renewable energy sources." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264092.
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Climate change constitutes a major threat to our planet. Finding and developing new technologies that can utilize renewable sources of energy is an essential component in combating this threat. The concerns are global, and today there is large variation in innovation intensity across advanced countries. Motivated by these differences, this thesis provides an empirical investigation of the determinants of country-level production of patents related to renewable energy generation. The investigation examines the impact of public environmental policy by assessing the effect of policy stringency and environmental taxes on renewable patents. Green innovative capacity is not separated from general innovative capacity. Drawing from the concept of national innovation system we therefore identify country-specific factors of innovation and examine to what extent they can be translated to the domain of environmental technology. We construct a panel of 22 OECD countries over the years 1994-2015 and analyze how governmental R&D expenditures, how different macroeconomic and institutional factors, as well as how environmental policy stimulate innovative activities. We analyze these factors using regression analysis and we use two count data models, namely the Poisson model and the Negative Binomial model. Our findings suggest that public policy is important for inducing innovation, both by deciding the level of R&D resources available to the economy and the level of environmental taxes. Furthermore, our thesis provides evidence that certain determining factors of general innovative performance also affect countries’ innovative capacity in green technologies.Klimatförändringarna utgör idag ett allvarligt hot mot vår planet. Vår förmåga att ta fram ny teknologi, inte minst inom förnyelsebar energi, har pekats ut som en avgörande faktor för att vi ska kunna möta klimatkrisens utmaningar. Idag kan vi observera stora skillnader mellan länder när det kommer till deras förmåga att introducera och utveckla teknik kopplad till förnybara källor. För att förstå vilka faktorer som avgör ett lands benägenhet att generera ny teknologi inom detta område genomför vi i denna uppsats en empirisk undersökning med fokus på patentstatistik. Vi undersöker både effekten av stringens samt om miljöskatter kan användas för att stimulera mer förnybar innovation. Då länders innovativa förmåga inom grön teknologi är svår att separera och är starkt kopplad till dess generella innovativa förmåga utgår vår studie från teorin om nationella innovationssystem. Genom att använda det ramverket identifierar vi flera olika landspecifika faktorer som antas påverkar länders benägenhet att patentera teknik och vi utvärderar således teorins relevans inom området för förnyelsebar energi. Denna studie bygger på paneldata från OECD-länder mellan åren 1994 - 2015, data som sedermera används för att analysera hur statliga insatser kopplade till FoU, hur olika institutionella och makroekonomiska faktorer, samt hur miljöpolicy påverkar innovation inom grön teknologi. Våra resultat visar att policy, både i form av satsningar på FoU samt att miljöpolitiska åtgärder, spelar en betydande roll för att främja innovation inom förnyelsebar energi. Vidare finner vi i denna uppsats att de faktorer som påverkar ett lands generella innovativa förmåga också till en viss del påverkar dess förmåga att ta fram och patentera ny teknik kopplad till förnyelsebara energikällor.
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Mahnovski, Sergej. "Robust decisions and deep uncertainty an application of real options to public and private investment in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies /." Santa Monica, CA : RAND, 2007. http://www.rand.org/pubs/rgsd_issertations/RGSD210/.
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Мельник, Леонід Григорович, Леонид Григорьевич Мельник, Leonid Hryhorovych Melnyk, Ірина Борисівна Дегтярьова, Ирина Борисовна Дегтярева, Iryna Borysivna Dehtiarova, and D. Shevelyova. "Green energy for sustainable development in Ukraine." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/45270.
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To ensure energy independence of Ukraine on the way to sustainable development one of the priority areas is the implementation of alternative energy projects. Rising energy demand raise the issues of a gradual shift from traditional technologies that involve the use of mainly energy assets and passive energy networks to fundamentally new solutions, focused on the widespread use of renewable energy sources (RES) and active networks that can provide services for transfer, storage and conversion of electricity.
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Batalha, Tiago Peres 1986. "Projeto e simulação numérica de uma turbina hidrocinética de eixo vertical : Project and numerical simulation of a vertical axis hydrokinetic turbine." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265924.
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Orientador: Kamal Abdel Radi IsmailDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: Áreas rurais ou isoladas são geralmente abastecidas com energia baseada na queima de óleo diesel. No entanto, estratégias melhores podem ser implementadas utilizando-se recursos de energia renováveis disponíveis na região como recursos hidráulicos, biomassa entre outros. A tecnologia hidrocinética está entre as mais promissoras soluções uma vez que é relativamente barata, de fácil manufatura, confiável e adequada para a maioria das áreas amazônicas devido à grande capacidade hidráulica e predominância de assentamentos de baixa densidade populacional localizados nas margens de rios. Esta dissertação desenvolve uma metodologia de simulação numérica de dinâmica dos fluidos com aplicação das equações de RANS (Reynolds Average Navier Stokes) e malhas bi e tridimensionais para caracterização e projeto de turbinas hidrocinéticas de eixo vertical. Diferentes perfis de pá foram analisados, tais como placa plana, arco circular, NACA simétrico e assimétrico. Os efeitos de número de pás, perfil da pá e velocidade do fluxo de água sobre os coeficientes de torque e potência são apresentados e discutidos. As vantagens desse tipo de turbina incluem operação independente da direção da corrente, reversibilidade, possibilidade de agrupamento, construção barata e sistemas de transmissão simples. Um sistema de apenas uma turbina de 0,5 m de raio e 1 m de altura com sete lâminas submetida à razão de velocidade da ponta de 2,5 com velocidade de fluxo de água de 2 m/s teria potência de aproximadamente 1,6 kW, o que é suficiente para alimentar aproximadamente 7 casas de padrão de consumo médio no Brasil
Abstract: Rural and isolated areas are usually served by diesel based energy supply. However, better strategies can be implemented using renewable energy sources available in the area such as hydraulic, biomass and others. The hydrokinetic technology is among the promising technologies since it is relatively cheap, easy to manufacture, reliable and suitable for most of the Amazon areas because of the large hydraulic capacity and low density population settlements near rivers borders. This dissertation uses CFD, RANS (Reynolds Average Navier Stokes) equations and two and three-dimensional meshes to characterize and develop a methodology of numerical simulation of a vertical axis hydrokinetic turbine. In the simulations, different blade profiles were used such as flat plate, circular arc, symmetric and asymmetric NACA profiles. The effects of the number of blades, blade profile and water flow velocity on the turbine torque and power coefficients were presented and discussed. The advantages of this type of turbines include operation independent of current direction, reversibility, possibility of stacking, cheap construction and simple transmission systems. A system with only one turbine with radius of 0.5 m and height of 1 m with seven blades submitted to a tip speed ratio of 2.5 with water flow velocity of 2 m/s would have power of approximately 1.6 kW, what is enough to supply energy to 7 standard homes in Brazil
Mestrado
Termica e Fluidos
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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McHenry, John Carl Izaak. "The Challenges of Biofuels in Ohio: From the Perspective of Small-Scale Producers." Ohio : Ohio University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1197926303.
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Carmo, Vadson Bastos do 1960. "Avaliação da eficiência energética renovável de biomassas alternativas para geração de eletricidade." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266061.
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Orientador: Katia TannousTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência da energia renovável de fontes alternativas de biomassas como matérias-primas em processos de geração de energia integradas a produção de etanol de cana-de-açúcar para utilização no período de entressafra desta matéria-prima ou de forma independente através de uma usina termelétrica. As fontes de biomassa analisadas foram as seguintes: resíduos agroindustriais (casca de arroz, jequitibá-rosa, caixeta), resíduos urbanos (poda de árvores e fibra de coco) e plantio e floretas energéticas (capim-elefante e eucalipto). As eficiências energéticas relativas das biomassas foram determinadas a partir de uma usina termoelétrica de referencia, considerando-se a mesma potência de IMW, a eficiência do processo de termoconversão e os índices energéticos consolidados para esta avaliação energética e emergética, usando-se a Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA). A floresta enegética de eucalipto, o plantio de campim-elefante, o resíduo urbano da fibra-de-coco e os resíduos agroindustriais das madeiras caixeto e jequitibá-rosa apresentaram os melhores indices de eficiência energética renovável relativa, demonstrando que estas fontes de biomassas apresentaram desempenhos similares ou próximos ao abtido pelo bagaço da cana-de-açucar e, portanto, com potencial para substuí-la na geração de 7.776 kWh/ano de bioenergia, com sustentabilidade. O uso de biomassas alternativas para geração de energia elétrica na substituição do uso de combustíveis fósseis em unidades geradoras convencionais por uma usina termoelétrica movida a biomassa, pode mitigar 96.733 quilitoneladas de CO2 durante a expectativa de operação da planta, constribuindo para a redução de emissões de gases do efeito estufa e geração de energia mais limpa e renovável
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of renewable energy from alternative sources of biomass as raw materials in processes of power generation integrated production of ethanol from sugarcane for use in the off-season this raw material or fromindependent through a thermoelectric plant. The sources of biomass were analyzed as follows: agroindustrial waste (rice husk, jequitibá rosa and caixeta woods), municipal waste (pruning trees and coconut fiber) and florest energy plantations (elephant grass and eucalyptus). The relative efficiency renewable energy of biomass were determined from a reference power plant, considering the same power of 1MW and the efficiency of the thermal conversion process were then consolidaded in an emergy index for this energy and emergy evaluation, using the Data Envelopment analysis (DEA). The eucalyptus forest, planting of elephant grass, urban waste fiber cocount and agroindustrial waste woods of caixeta and jequitibá rosa showed the highest index of renewable energy relative efficiency, demonstrating that these sources of biomass showed similar or close to that obtained from sugarcane performance and therefore have the potential to replace it in the generation of 7,776 kWh / year of bio-energy with sustainability. The use of alternative biomass for power generation in the replacement of fossil fuels in conventional generating units powered by a thermoelectric plant biomass can mitigate 96,733 kilotonnes of C02 over the expected plant operation, constributing to the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions and generation of cleaner and renewable energy
Doutorado
Engenharia Química
Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Mester, Gretchen S. "An empirical assessment of entry into the green power market /." view abstract or download file of text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3153794.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-96). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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DE, LEON RAFAEL. "Modeling the impact of variable renewable energy sources penetration on supply-demand balance : Analysis of France from 2021 to 2025." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294583.
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France is planning a strong development of solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind power in the medium term disrupting the power system. This Master Thesis analyzes the impacts of variable renewable energy production on the supply-demand balance from 2021 to 2025 in France. The model used relies on a dynamic programming method. The analysis is based on the assessment of indicators such as price signals, margins, loss of load duration (LOLD), expected energy not served (EENS) and nuclear drop stop that characterize the supply-demand balance and the security of supply of the electricity system. Wind power and PV are two very different technologies. Their load factor is very sizeable as it characterize their seasonality, variability and predictability and has an impact on all medium-term indicators. Wind power and PV have low marginal costs and their production is seasonal and in anti-phase. With new installed capacity, their added production in the supply-demand balance will substitute first the imports from the interconnections until saturation and then nuclear and thermal power plant production. Prices decrease with the same seasonality as the production and need to be considered when establishing the nuclear planning for the years to come. In addition a re-optimization of hydro power is observed. In terms of security of supply, wind power is more efficient than PV when assessing the reduction of LOLD but both are far from the performance of combined cycle gas turbines (CCGT). Lastly, the lack of nuclear production opportunities increases considerably more with PV due to a very localised production during the day which coincides in summer with periods of low consumption. Wind power and PV are two distinct technologies and should not be put in the same category when assessing their impact on the power system.Frankrike planerar en stark utveckling av solceller (PV) och vindkraft på medellång sikt för att störa kraftsystemet. Detta examensarbete analyserar effekterna av varierande produktion av förnybar energi på balans mellan utbud och efterfrågan från 2021 till 2025 i Frankrike. Modellen som används bygger på en dynamisk programmeringsmetod. Analysen baseras på bedömningen av indikatorer som prissignaler, marginaler, förlust av lasttid (LOLD), förväntad energi som inte serveras (EENS) och kärnkraftsfallstopp som kännetecknar efterfrågan och utbudssäkerheten för el systemet. Vindkraft och solceller är två mycket olika tekniker. Deras belastningsfaktor är mycket stor eftersom den kännetecknar deras säsongsvariation, variation och förutsägbarhet och påverkar alla medellångsiktiga indikatorer. Vindkraft och solceller har låga marginalkostnader och deras produktion är säsongsbetonad och i fas. Med ny installerad kapacitet kommer deras extra produktion i utbuds- och efterfrågan att ersätta importen från sammankopplingarna till mättnad och sedan produktion av kärnkraft och värmekraftverk. Priserna sjunker med samma säsong som produktionen och måste beaktas när kärnkraftsplaneringen fastställs för de kommande åren. Dessutom observeras en återoptimering av vattenkraften. När det gäller försörjningstrygghet är vindkraft effektivare än solceller vid bedömning av minskningen av LOLD men båda är långt ifrån prestanda för kombinerade cykelturbiner (CCGT). Slutligen ökar avsaknaden av kärnkraftsproduktionsmöjligheter betydligt mer med solceller på grund av en mycket lokal produktion under dagen som sammanfaller på sommaren med perioder med låg konsumtion. Vindkraft och solceller är två olika tekniker och bör inte placeras i samma kategori när man bedömer deras inverkan på kraftsystemet.
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Sendich, Elizabeth Diane. "Modeling and analysis of the biorefinery integrated with the agricultural landscape." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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Schneider, Bettina. "Economic feasibility study for the wave energy technology of Gaia Power Group Pty Ltd." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79331.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.Gaia Power is a South African start-up in the renewable energy industry. Among other products, they developed a wave energy converter, which is a device used to extract energy from ocean waves. This research deals with the economic feasibility study of the wave energy converter. Wave energy is a young field of research, especially in the South African context. Therefore sources for multiple angles of the project had to be found, analysed and brought into the Gaia Power context. Understanding the cost drivers of a wave energy plant was the foundation of the research itself. The Gaia Power specific levelised cost of electricity generation was calculated based on actual supplier quotes, reference costs found in the literature as well as assumptions. Still, such a calculation is actually more an estimation due to a high uncertainty level in all cost components. Especially the construction cost as well as the discount rate used have therefore been tested for sensitivity. Gaia Power‟s target production cost was R0.54 kWh, which equalled the Eskom tariff at the time of this research. Taking into account a R0.10/kWh fee payable to Eskom, the target cost sank to R0.44, which is about 25 percent lower than the minimum value for electricity generation cost found in the literature. This target was therefore expected to be and proved to be difficult to reach. The calculated levelised electricity cost was R0.99/kWh, with a possible range of R0.54/kWh to R1.60/kWh observed in the sensitivity analysis. These results show that the Gaia Power wave energy converter in the given specifications was not economically feasible. It was therefore recommended to rethink the specifications in order to reduce construction cost, which proved to be the largest cost driver. Besides the quantitative findings, this research also has a strong qualitative side. During the whole research it became obvious that there was an overall high risk level in the project due to the lack of experience with wave energy in general and in South Africa specifically, as well as the high impact of weather on the construction. Those risks were identified, analysed and recommended mitigation actions were derived.
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Syed, Khurram Raza. "Electrochemical generation of hydrogen." Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13813.
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Global warming and the energy crisis are two of the greatest challenges on which mankind is currently focused. This has forced governments and other organisations to think how to protect the environment and how to reduce fuel costs. A variety of new and exciting technologies are being investigated to address the energy problem. Alternative energy sources such as solar power, fuel cells, wind power and tidal waves are active areas of commercial and scientific pursuit. A major area of current research is moving towards the hydrogen economy and hydrogen based energy systems. Hydrogen can be produced in many ways, most commonly by steam reforming of hydrocarbon (70% to 85% thermal efficiency) but the downside is that it releases carbon mono oxide (CO)), compared with commercial PEM electrolysers where performance has been reported to be 56 -73% at normal temperature pressure(NTP) with zero carbon emission. Electrochemical production of hydrogen has several advantages: (i) It gives pure hydrogen. (ii) It allows portability (e.g. Solar energy could be used to power the electrochemical cell). (iii) It can be produced on demand. The generation of Hydrogen via electrolysis has been the subject of many studies over the last two hundred years. However, there is still room for further work to improve both the efficiency of the process and methods of storage of the gas. The cleanest method at present is to produce hydrogen by electrolysis, and the main focus of this research is to design and develop such a green energy fuel cell for on-demand application. The aim of the work presented in this thesis was to further investigate the electrolysis method for hydrogen production. An Electrochemical fuel cell contains a minimum of two electrodes: the positively charged electrode called the anode where oxygen bubble will form, and the second negatively charged electrode called the cathode, where hydrogen bubbles will form during a chemical reaction caused by applying electrical current between these electrode. The project was initiated with the objective of finding a low cost solution for on-demand hydrogen generation. To establish a starting point, the first cell (cell-1) design was based on the work of Stephen Barrie Chambers (see chapter 3) to check the performance levels. The fabrication of the cell-1 design resulted in a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in the same chamber, which means the cell-1 design, has a possible fire and explosion hazard. The device also has the drawback of lower performance of hydrogen production; columbic efficiency is between 40% to 46% at 1 amp to 3 amp current in 30% KOH alkaline solution. However, the advantage of reproducing Stephen’s innovation is that it allowed a quick and deep understanding of hydrogen generation. This thesis presents recent work on the fabrication of low cost electrolysis cells containing continuous flow alkaline (KOH, up to 30%) electrolyte using low cost electrodes (stainless steel 316) and membranes based on ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW PE) to produce hydrogen without the hazard of fire and explosion. In this research an On-Demand Hydrogen Generation cell-3 achieved a 95% hydrogen generation coulombic efficiency, which is about 49% efficiency improvement as compared to the stainless steel electrode, and was 22% better than the nano structured electrode. The typical cell voltage is 2.5 V at current flow ranging from 30 to 120 mA cm-2 in 30% KOH electrolyte. The achievement here of such high efficiencies paves the way for more research in the areas of space management, electrode surface structure and flow control (based on the application requirement). This invention can be used for aeronautic, marine and automotive application as well as in many other areas.
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Lopes, Amanda Fonseca. "SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NEW COLOURS SENSITIZERS SOLAR CELLS." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=16111.
Full textAbstract:
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorIncreasing global energy demand has driven the development of renewable alternative energy sources, such as Dye sensitizers Solar Cells (DSSCs). In an attempt to contribute to this purpose, four new bipyridine ruthenium complexes containing substituted quinonoides ligands were synthesized and characterized for use as efficient dyes in DSSCs. The complexes were purified by using chromatographic techniques and characterized by the use of spectroscopic techniques. Experimental data obtained by UV-vis were compared with those from density functional theory (DFT) studies. The UV-vis spectra of these compounds showed bands at about 524 nm ascribed to MLCT transitions. Time-dependent DFT is in good agreement with experimental fit. The FT-IR showed the presence of characteristic bands quinonoid and bipyridine ligands. 1H NMR spectra exhibited the signals of quinonoid ligands as well as the expected correlations in each case by COSY. The mass spectra of compounds NN-bqdi-Br and NN-bqdi -COOH exhibited fragments that confirm the presence of their respective quinonoid moiety. The results show that the NN-bqdi-complex (CH3)2, NN-bqdi-COOH, Nn-bqdi-Br and NN-bqdi-(Cl)2 were obtained and with future perspectives to study the performance of these compounds such a dye for DSSCs.
O aumento da demanda energÃtica mundial tÃm impulsionado o desenvolvimento de fontes alternativas de energia renovÃveis, como as cÃlulas solares sensibilizadas por corantes (DSSCs). Na tentativa de contribuir para esse propÃsito, quatro novos complexos bipiridÃnicos de rutÃnio, contendo ligantes quinonÃides substituÃdos foram sintetizados e caracterizados para utilizaÃÃo como corantes sensibilizadores eficientes em DSSCs. Os complexos foram purificados por meio do uso de tÃcnicas cromatogrÃficas e caracterizados por meio do uso de tÃcnicas espectroscÃpicas. Os resultados de UV-vis obtidos experimentalmente foram comparados com os obtidos a partir de estudos de DFT. Os espectros de UV-vis dos compostos apresentaram bandas em aproximadamente 524 nm, atribuÃdas a transiÃÃes do tipo MLCT. A investigaÃÃo teÃrica dos complexos sintetizados neste trabalho confirma que as bandas observadas nos espectros de UV-vis dos compostos sÃo similares Ãs observadas experimentalmente, sugerindo que as bases utilizadas nos cÃlculos de DFT sÃo capazes de descrever o perfil eletrÃnico dos complexos. Os espectros vibracionais na regiÃo do infravermelho exibiram bandas caracterÃsticas da presenÃa de ligantes bipiridÃnicos e quinonÃides. Os espectros de RMN de 1H e COSY exibiram os sinais indicativos da presenÃa dos ligantes quinonÃides substituÃdos, bem como as correlaÃÃes esperadas em cada caso. Os espectros de massa dos compostos NN-bqdi-Br e NN-bqdi-COOH exibiram fragmentos que confirmam a presenÃa dos respectivos ligantes quinonÃides nestes complexos. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que os complexos NN-bqdi-(CH3)2, NN-bqdi-COOH, NN-bqdi-Br e NN-bqdi-(Cl)2 foram obtidos e como perspectivas futuras, pretende-se estudar a performance destes compostos como corantes sensibilizadores em DSSCs.