Academic literature on the topic 'Alternative gas and liquid fuels from waste'
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Journal articles on the topic "Alternative gas and liquid fuels from waste"
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Juwono, Hendro, M. Arif Tri Sujadmiko, Laily Fauziah, and Ismi Qurrota Ayyun. "Catalytic Conversion From Plastic Waste by Silica-Alumina-Ceramic Catalyst to Produce an Alternative Fuel Hydrocarbon Fraction." Jurnal ILMU DASAR 20, no. 2 (July 16, 2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jid.v20i2.8829.
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Liquid fuels from polypropylene plastic waste have been successfully performed by catalytic cracking method. The catalyst used is Al-MCM-41- Ceramics. The catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, Pyridine-FTIR, N2-Adsorption-Desorption, and the product of catalytic cracking were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The catalyst was using three times at sample notify A,B and C. The results showed liquid fuels have the largest percentage of gasoline (C8-C12) are 92.76; 91.92 and 90.58 percent fraction produced. The performance of catalyst showed that reuseability number were decrease, but the charactersitic of liquid fuel produced were also be agreeable to commercial gasoline standard. Keywords: olypropylene waste plastics, liquid fuels, catalytic conversion, Al-MCM-41-Cer catalyst, reuseability number.
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Babajo, S. A., J. S. Enaburekhan, and I. A. Rufa’i. "Design, Fabrication and Performance Study of Co-Pyrolysis System for Production of Liquid Fuel from Jatropha Cake with Polystyrene Waste." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 3 (April 27, 2021): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i3.15.
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The increasing quantities of plastics and their disposal has been a major public concern. This paper therefore describes a fixed bed co-pyrolysis system designed and fabricated to obtain liquid fuel from a combination of Jatropha seed cake and polystyrene (plastic) waste using appropriate standard technique. The characterization of the feedstock materials (Jatropha cake and polystyrene) were carried out based on proximate and ultimate analysis. The products of the experiment were: liquid fuel, char and gas, while char and gas were considered as by-product. The parameters that were found to influence the product yields significantly includes: feed ratio, temperature and reaction time. The optimum liquid yield obtained from the co-pyrolysis of Jatropha cake with plastic (polystyrene) waste was 65.0 wt% (that is at the optimum parameters of feed ratio 1:1, temperature 500 oC and reaction time of 45 minutes). The liquid fuel obtained at these optimum conditions were analyzed based on physical and chemical properties, and compared to that of conventional diesel. The results of the liquid fuel obtained and conventional diesel in terms of viscosity, density and pH were 3.8 cP, 3.5 cP, and 830 kg/m3 , 853 kg/m3 , and 1.0, and neutral respectively. Elemental analyses of the liquid fuels from Jatropha cake with polystyrene waste showed that there is high contents of carbon and hydrogen, 87.2 and 8.3 respectively, which indicates that the liquid fuels may support combustion. The calorific value of liquid fuel from copyrolysis of Jatropha cake with polystyrene waste was 42.3 MJ/Kg, and closer to that of conventional diesel 45.5 MJ/Kg. Considering the results obtained from the study, the liquid fuel from Jatropha cake and polystyrene waste can be used as an alternative fuel
Keywords: Co-pyrolysis, Jatropha cake, Polystyrene waste, calorific value
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Salamov, O. M., and F. F. Aliyev. "PROSPECTS OF OBTAINING ALTERNATIVE FUEL FROM VARIOUS BIOMASS AND WASTE SPECIES IN AZERBAIJAN." Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE), no. 01-03 (February 25, 2019): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2019.01-03.025-041.
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The paper discusses the possibility of obtaining liquid and gaseous fuels from different types of biomass (BM) and combustible solid waste (CSW) of various origins. The available world reserves of traditional types of fuel are analyzed and a number of environmental shortcomings that created during their use are indicated. The tables present the data on the conditional calorific value (CCV) of the main traditional and alternative types of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels which compared with CCV of various types of BM and CSW. Possible methods for utilization of BM and CSW are analyzed, as well as the methods for converting them into alternative types of fuel, especially into combustible gases.Reliable information is given on the available oil and gas reserves in Azerbaijan. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the currently available oil reserves of Azerbaijan can completely dry out after 33.5 years, and gas reserves–after 117 years, without taking into account the growth rates of the exported part of these fuels to European countries. In order to fix this situation, first of all it is necessary to use as much as possible alternative and renewable energy sources, especially wind power plants (WPP) and solar photovoltaic energy sources (SFES) in the energy sector of the republic. Azerbaijan has large reserves of solar and wind energy. In addition, all regions of the country have large reserves of BM, and in the big cities, especially in industrial ones, there are CSW from which through pyrolysis and gasification is possible to obtain a high-quality combustible gas mixture, comprising: H2 + CO + CH4, with the least amount of harmful waste. The remains of the reaction of thermochemical decomposition of BM and CSW to combustible gases can also be used as mineral fertilizers in agriculture. The available and projected resources of Azerbaijan for the BM and the CSW are given, as well as their assumed energy intensity in the energy sector of the republic.Given the high energy intensity of the pyrolysis and gasification of the BM and CSW, at the present time for carrying out these reactions, the high-temperature solar installations with limited power are used as energy sources, and further preference is given to the use of WPP and SFES on industrial scale.
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Suhartono, Priyono Kusumo, Ate Romli, M. Iqbal Aulia, and Egi Muhamad Yanuar. "Fuel Oil from Municipal Plastic Waste through Pyrolysis with and without Natural Zeolite as Catalysts." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187301021.
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The main purpose of this work was the possibility to process the plastic waste into an alternative fuel oil through pyrolysis. This pyrolytic fuel can be utilized as an alternative fuel for cookstoves as a liquid petroleum gas (LPG)/kerosene substitute for the household. The pyrolysis was conducted in a design of a simple, inexpensive and easy to operate semi-batch reactors that be applied definitely in urban and rural communities. Two type of plastic wastes were pyrolyzed up to 480 °C with and without natural zeolite as catalyst. The higher fuel yield (%) was obtained when using zeolite in the process. The amount of 1000 g of two plastics waste type with natural zeolite yielded 650 mL (65% vol/w) and 550 mL (55% vol/w), respectively. The density of fuel oil product from 0.700 kg/m3 to 0.710 kg/m3, the fuel oil kinematic viscosity in the range of 1.07 cSt to 1.14 cSt, and the heating value of 38 MJ/kg were obtained. The physical properties and the results of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR functional groups of this fuel oil were relatively close to that of conventional kerosene fuels. The operational cost of pyrolysis is about IDR 12,300/liters of fuel oil.
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Al Ichsan, Gesyth Mutiara Hikhmah, Khoirina Dwi Nugrahaningtiyas, Dian Maruto Widjonarko, Fitria Rahmawati, and Witri Wahyu Lestari. "Conversion of Wood Waste to be a Source of Alternative Liquid Fuel Using Low Temperature Pyrolysis Method." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 22, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.22.1.7-10.
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Conversion of wood waste into bio-oil with low temperature pyrolysis method has been successfully carried out using tubular transport reactors. Pyrolysis carried out at temperatures of 250-300°C without using N2 gas. Bio-oil purified by a fractionation distillation method to remove water and light fraction compounds. The materials obtained from different types of wood waste, namely: Randu wood (Ceiba pentandra), Sengon wood (Paraserianthes falcataria), Coconut wood (Cocos nucifera), Bangkirei wood (Shorea laevis Ridl), Kruing wood (Dipterocarpus) and Meranti wood (Shorea leprosula). Bio-oil products are analyzed for their properties and characteristics, namely the nature of density, acidity, high heat value (HHV), and elements contained in bio-oil such as carbon, nitrogen and sulfur content based on SNI procedures, while bio-oil chemical compositions are investigated using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The maximum yield of bio-oil products occurs at 300°C by 40%. Bio-oil purification by fractional distillation method can produce purity of 16-31% wt. The characterization results of the chemical content of bio-oil showed that bio-oil of methyl formate, 2,6-dimetoxy phenol, 1,2,3 trimethoxy benzene, levoglucosan, 2,4-hexadienedioic acid and 1,2- benzenediol.
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Gubacheva, L. A., D. Yu Chizhevskaya, I. V. Makarova, and A. A. Andreev. "TECHNOLOGIES OF RATIONAL NATURE MANAGEMENT IN TRANSPORT." Ecology. Economy. Informatics.System analysis and mathematical modeling of ecological and economic systems 1, no. 5 (2020): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23885/2500-395x-2020-1-5-123-129.
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In modern conditions, the problem of waste pollution of the earth bowels, the atmosphere, natural and artificial water areas is especially acute. Domestic wastes are incinerated or taken to a landfill, as a result, there is an environmental damage – the area of alienated land resources increases and the atmosphere is polluted. The negative impact of municipal solid waste (MSW) on the environment, leading to climate change, an increase in the greenhouse effect and an increase in the number of natural hazards, makes it necessary to search for solutions to reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere, increase the energy efficiency of processes, in particular, in transport systems, due to fuel efficiency using. The most negative impact on the state of the air environment is exerted by emissions in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines, including those using natural gas, nitrogen monoxides and dioxides as fuel. Reducing harmful emissions is possible, for example, by improving the technology for producing generator gas as an alternative fuel, which makes it possible to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides in any devices for burning up solid, liquid and gaseous fuels in internal combustion engines. The article discusses the issues of waste generation and their impact on the environment, the technologies for rational use of natural resources in transport and methods for improving waste processing technologies are presented. A new horizontal design of a combined automobile gas generator has been developed. It makes it possible to transfer the power supply from liquid motor fuel to generator gas produced from woodworking industry waste, agricultural waste, solid household and polyethylene-containing waste. This will reduce pollution of the world’s oceans by slowly decomposing polyethylene, which are now acquiring the character of a disaster on a planetary scale. An increase in the environmental level of gasoline engines and a decrease of the amount of waste during the operation of road transport will be achieved with the modernization of the waste processing plant to obtain energy carriers for transport. In its turn, it will make it possible to form a natural and technical system to ensure environmental safety and protect the natural environment.
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Galli, Federico, Jun-Jie Lai, Jacopo De Tommaso, Gianluca Pauletto, and Gregory S. Patience. "Gas to Liquids Techno-Economics of Associated Natural Gas, Bio Gas, and Landfill Gas." Processes 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091568.
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Methane is the second highest contributor to the greenhouse effect. Its global warming potential is 37 times that of CO2. Flaring-associated natural gas from remote oil reservoirs is currently the only economical alternative. Gas-to-liquid (GtL) technologies first convert natural gas into syngas, then it into liquids such as methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels or dimethyl ether. However, studies on the influence of feedstock composition are sparse, which also poses technical design challenges. Here, we examine the techno-economic analysis of a micro-refinery unit (MRU) that partially oxidizes methane-rich feedstocks and polymerizes the syngas formed via Fischer–Tropsch reaction. We consider three methane-containing waste gases: natural gas, biogas, and landfill gas. The FT fuel selling price is critical for the economy of the unit. A Monte Carlo simulation assesses the influence of the composition on the final product quantity as well as on the capital and operative expenses. The Aspen Plus simulation and Python calculate the net present value and payback time of the MRU for different price scenarios. The CO2 content in biogas and landfill gas limit the CO/H2 ratio to 1.3 and 0.9, respectively, which increases the olefins content of the final product. Compressors are the main source of capital cost while the labor cost represents 20–25% of the variable cost. An analysis of the impact of the plant dimension demonstrated that the higher number represents a favorable business model for this unit. A minimal production of 7,300,000 kg y−1 is required for MRU to have a positive net present value after 10 years when natural gas is the feedstock.
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Callegari, Arianna, Petr Hlavinek, and Andrea Giuseppe Capodaglio. "Production of energy (biodiesel) and recovery of materials (biochar) from pyrolysis of urban waste sludge." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 13, no. 2 (March 20, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2128.
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Safe disposal of sewage sludge is one of the most pressing issues in the wastewater treatment cycle: at the European Union level, sludge production is expected to reach 13 Mt by year 2020. Sludge disposal costs may constitute up to, and sometimes above, 50% of the total cost of operation of a WWTP, and contribute to over 40% of its GHGs emissions. The most common disposal options at the moment are landfilling, disposal in agriculture (about 40% EU-wide), incineration or co-incineration, and use in the industrial production of bricks, asphalts and concrete. Sewage sludge, however, still contains beneficial resources such as nutrients, that can be recovered through specific processes (e.g. precipitation as struvite) and energy, recoverable through a variety of approaches. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of urban waste sludge was applied for the production of oil, (Syn)gas, and biochar that were afterwards characterized and compared to mainstream alternative fuels (biodiesels) and other material recovery options. Sustainability issues related to the production of biodiesel/biochars from urban wastewater treatment sludge are also discussed. The paper shows that waste urban sludge can indeed be a full component of the urban circular economy by allowing, if properly processed, recovery of energy resources at multiple levels: bio-oils (biodiesel), syngas and bio-char, all having definite advantages for final residues use and disposal. Biodiesel, in particular, allowing energy recovery as liquid fuel, offers a much more flexible and efficient utilization.
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Buryan, Petr, Zdeněk Bučko, and Petr Mika. "A Complex Use of the Materials Extracted from an Open-Cast Lignite Mine." Archives of Mining Sciences 59, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 1107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amsc-2014-0077.
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Abstract The company Sokolovská uhelná, was the largest producer of city gas in the Czech Republic. After its substitution by natural gas the gasification technology became the basis of the production of electricity in the combine cycle power plant with total output 400 MW. For the possibility of gasification of liquid by- -products forming during the coal gasification a entrained-flow gasifier capable to process also alternative liquid fuels has been in installed. The concentrated waste gas with these sulphur compounds is conducted to the desulphurisation where the highly desired, pure, 96 % H2SO4 is produced. Briquettable brown coal is crushed, milled and dried and then it is passed into briquetting presses where briquettes, used mainly as a fuel in households, are pressed without binder in the punch under the pressure of 175 MPa. Fine brown coal dust (multidust) is commercially used for heat production in pulverized-coal burners. It forms not only during coal drying after separation on electrostatic separators, but it is also acquired by milling of dried coal in a vibratory bar mill. Slag from boilers of classical power plant, cinder form generators and ashes deposited at the dump are dehydrated and they are used as a quality bedding material during construction of communications in the mines of SUAS. Fly ash is used in building industry for partial substitution of cement in concrete. Flue gases after separation of fly ash are desulphurized by wet limestone method, where the main product is gypsum used, among others, in the building industry. Expanded clays from overburdens of coal seams, that are raw material for the production of “Liapor” artificial aggregate, are used heavily. This artificial aggregate is characterized by outstanding thermal and acoustic insulating properties.
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Grycová, Barbora, Ivan Koutník, Adrian Pryszcz, and Kateřina Chamrádová. "Pyrolysis Processing of Waste Peanuts Crisps." GeoScience Engineering 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gse-2015-0024.
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AbstractWastes are the most frequent "by-product" of human society. The Czech Republic still has a considerable room for energy reduction and material intensiveness of production in connection with the application of scientific and technical expertise in the context of innovation cycles. Pyrolysis waste treatment is a promising alternative to the production of renewable hydrogen as a clean fuel. It can also reduce the environmental burden and the amount of waste in the environment at the same time.This paper presents the laboratory pyrolysis experiments of peanuts crisps waste to the final temperature of 800 °C. After the pyrolysis process of the selected waste a mass balance of the resulting products, off-line analysis of the pyrolysis gas and evaluation of solid residue in terms of adsorption properties and energy production and liquid products were carried out. The highest concentration of measured hydrogen (66 vol. %) was analysed during the 4th gas sampling at the temperature varying from 750 to 800 °C.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Alternative gas and liquid fuels from waste"
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Pořízek, Vít. "Využití paliv z obnovitelných zdrojů a odpadů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231791.
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The main theme of this thesis is available and potential gaseous and liquid alternative biofuels made from biomass and waste. The thesis deals with their detailed description and comparison. The first part covers the basic distribution of biofuels and alternative fuels made from waste. The main part focuses then on the fuels themselves, their properties, production, use and environmental impact. Furthermore, thesis describes legislative issues and fuels are compared from different perspectives. Practical part includes testing of combustion of liquid fuels taken from waste sources. In the next chapters there is executed overview of basic atomization method of liquid fuels and a plan and running of the testing processed. Evaluation of results is based on point of view of suitability for use, the quality of combustion and emission limits.
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Kent, Ryan Alexander. "Conversion of Landfill Gas to Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels: Design and Feasibility Study." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6102.
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This paper will discuss the conversion of gas produced from biomass into liquid fuel through the combination of naturally occurring processes, which occur in landfills and anaerobic digesters, and a gas-to-liquids (GTL) facility. Landfills and anaerobic digesters produce gases (LFG) that can be converted into syngas via a Tri-reforming process and then synthesized into man-made hydrocarbon mixtures using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Further processing allows for the separation into liquid hydrocarbon fuels such as diesel and gasoline, as well as other middle distillate fuels. Conversion of landfill gas into liquid fuels increases their energy density, ease of storage, and open market potential as a common “drop in” fuel. These steps not only allow for profitable avenues for landfill operators but potential methods to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. The objective of this paper is to present a preliminary design of an innovative facility which processes contaminated biogases and produces a valuable product. An economic analysis is performed to show feasibility for a facility under base case scenario. A sensitivity analysis is performed to show the effect of different cost scenarios on the breakeven price of fuel produced. Market scenarios are also presented in order to further analyze situations where certain product portions cannot be sold or facility downtime is increased. This facility is then compared to traditional mitigation options, such as flaring and electricity generation, to assess the effect each option has on cost, energy efficiency, and emissions reduction.
Book chapters on the topic "Alternative gas and liquid fuels from waste"
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"Liquid Fuels from Natural Gas." In Handbook of Alternative Fuel Technologies, 176–97. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17157-10.
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"Liquid Fuels from Natural Gas." In Handbook of Alternative Fuel Technologies, 169–86. CRC Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420014518-9.
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Speight, James. "Liquid Fuels from Natural Gas." In Handbook of Alternative Fuel Technologies, 153–70. CRC Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420014518.ch5.
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Arora, Kalpana, Ashwani Kumar, and Satyawati Sharma. "Energy from Waste." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 271–96. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1625-7.ch014.
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Considering the confrontation of waste disposal and minimizing Green House Gas (GHG) emission, technologies of Waste To Energy (WTE) production seem appealing. It provides one key solution for two major concerns regarding energy crisis and waste management. Energy from biomass can be seen as a promising alternative for fossil fuels, which are getting scarce and more costly day by day. Since a significant amount of organic waste from agriculture, industries, and community sources is collected annually, it can be convertible to useful energy forms like biohydrogen, biogas, bioalcohols, etc., through various Waste-To-Energy Routes (WTERs) for sustainable development. The adoption of this WTE technology will help the world not only in saving the traditional energy resources, but also in reducing GHG emission, and lowering environmental impact. With all these advantages, WTE industry is expected to experience a noticeable growth in the coming years and make greater contribution in supplying renewable energy. The review presents the technical, economical, and environmental aspects of various WTE techniques and focus on the benefit that this thermochemical conversion is a step forward towards sustainable development.
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Ngqalakwezi, Athule, Diakanua Bevon Nkazi, Siwela Jeffrey Baloyi, and Thabang Abraham Ntho. "Hydrogen." In Advances in Human Services and Public Health, 168–94. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3576-9.ch009.
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Global warming is a pertinent issue and is quintessential of the environmental issues that the world is facing, and thereby, remedial actions and technologies that aim to alleviate this issue are of paramount importance. In this chapter, hydrogen has been discussed as an alternative energy that can potentially replace traditional fuels such as diesel and gasoline. The storage of hydrogen as a gas, liquid, and solid was discussed. The key issues in hydrogen storage were also highlighted. Furthermore, regulations and legislations concerning the emission of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels-based sources were discussed.
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Su, Chunming, Robert W. Puls, Thomas A. Krug, Mark T. Watling, Suzanne K. O'Hara, Jacqueline W. Quinn, and Nancy E. Ruiz. "Long-Term Performance Evaluation of Groundwater Chlorinated Solvents Remediation Using Nanoscale Emulsified Zerovalent Iron at a Superfund Site." In Waste Management, 1352–71. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1210-4.ch061.
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This chapter addresses a case study of long-term assessment of a field application of environmental nanotechnology. Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) contaminants such as Tetrachloroethene (PCE) and Trichloroethene (TCE) are a type of recalcitrant compounds commonly found at contaminated sites. Recent research has focused on their remediation using environmental nanotechnology in which nanomaterials such as nanoscale Emulsified Zerovalent Iron (EZVI) are added to the subsurface environment to enhance contaminant degradation. Such nanoremediation approach may be mostly applicable to the source zone where the contaminant mass is the greatest and source removal is a critical step in controlling the further spreading of the groundwater plume. Compared to micro-scale and granular counterparts, NZVI exhibits greater degradation rates due to its greater surface area and reactivity from its faster corrosion. While NZVI shows promise in both laboratory and field tests, limited information is available about the long-term effectiveness of nanoremediation because previous field tests are mostly less than two years. Here an update is provided for a six-year performance evaluation of EZVI for treating PCE and its daughter products at a Superfund site at Parris Island, South Carolina, USA. The field test consisted of two side-by-side treatment plots to remedy a shallow PCE source zone (less than 6 m below ground surface) using pneumatic injection and direct injection, separately in October 2006. For the pneumatic injections, a two-step injection procedure was used. First, the formation was fluidized by the injection of nitrogen gas alone, followed by injection of the EZVI with nitrogen gas as the carrier. In the pneumatic injection plot, 2,180 liters of EZVI containing 225 kg of iron (Toda RNIP-10DS), 856 kg of corn oil, and 22.5 kg of surfactant were injected to remedy an estimated 38 kg of chlorinated volatile compounds (CVOC)s. Direct injections were performed using a direct push rig. In the direct injection plot, 572 liters of EZVI were injected to treat an estimated 0.155 kg of CVOCs. Visual inspection of collected soil cores before and after EZVI injections shows that the travel distance of EZVI was dependent on the method of delivery with pneumatic injection achieving a greater distance of 2.1 m than did direct injection reaching a distance of 0.89 m. Significant decreases in PCE and TCE concentrations were observed in downgradient wells with corresponding increases in degradation products including significant increases in ethene. In the pneumatic injection plot, there were significant reductions in the downgradient groundwater mass flux values for chlorinated ethenes (>58%) and a significant increase in the mass flux of ethene (628%). There were significant reductions in total CVOCs mass (78%), which was less than an estimated 86% decrease in total CVOCs made at 2.5 years due to variations in soil cores collected for CVOCs extraction and determination; an estimated reduction of 23% (vs.63% at 2.5 years) in the sorbed and dissolved phases and 95% (vs. 93% at 2.5 years) reduction in the PCE DNAPL mass. Significant increases in dissolved sulfide, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and total organic carbon (TOC) were observed and dissolved sulfate and pH decreased in many monitoring wells. The apparent effective destruction of CVOC was accomplished by a combination of abiotic dechlorination by nanoiron and biological reductive dechlorination stimulated by the oil in the emulsion. No adverse effects of EZVI were observed for the microbes. In contrast, populations of dehalococcoides showed an increase up to 10,000 fold after EZVI injection. The dechlorination reactions were sustained for the six-year period from a single EZVI delivery. Repeated EZVI injections four to six years apart may be cost-effective to more completely remove the source zone contaminant mass. Overall, the advantages of the EZVI technology include an effective “one-two punch” of rapid abiotic dechlorination followed by a sustained biodegradation; contaminants are destroyed rather than transferred to another medium; ability to treat both DNAPL source zones and dissolved-phase contaminants to contain plume migration; ability to deliver reactants to targeted zones not readily accessible by conventional permeable reactive barriers; and potential for lower overall costs relative to alternative technologies such as groundwater pump-and-treat with high operation and maintenance costs or thermal technologies with high capital costs. The main limitations of the EZVI technology are difficulty in effectively distributing the viscous EZVI to all areas impacted with DNAPL; potential decrease in hydraulic conductivity due to iron corrosion products buildup or biofouling; potential to adversely impact secondary groundwater quality through mobilization of metals and production of sulfides or methane; injection of EZVI may displace DNAPL away from the injection point; and repeated injections may be required to completely destroy the contaminants.
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Antonio Mayoral Chavando, José, Valter Silva, Danielle Regina Da Silva Guerra, Daniela Eusébio, João Sousa Cardoso, and Luís A.C. Tarelho. "Review Chapter: Waste to Energy through Pyrolysis and Gasification in Brazil and Mexico." In Gasification [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98383.
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Millions of tons of forest residues, agricultural residues, and municipal solid waste are generated in Latin America (LATAM) each year. Regularly, municipal solid waste is diverted to landfills or dumpsites. Meanwhile, forest and agricultural residues end up decomposing in the open air or burnt, releasing greenhouse gases. Those residues can be transformed into a set of energy vectors and organic/chemical products through thermochemical conversion processes, such as pyrolysis and gasification. This book chapter provides information on current examples of gasification on large scale in the world, which typically operate at 700°C, atmospheric pressure, and in a fluidized bed reactor. The produced gas is used for heat and energy generation. Whereas pyrolysis at a large scale operates around 500°C, atmospheric pressure, and in an inert atmosphere, using a fluidized bed reactor. The produced combustible liquid is used for heat and energy generation. The decision of using any of these technologies will depend on the nature and availability of residues, energy carries, techno-socio-economic aspects, and the local interest. In this regard, the particular situation of Brazil and Mexico is analyzed to implement these technologies. Its implementation could reduce the utilization of fossil fuels, generate extra income for small farmers or regions, and reduce the problem derived from the accumulation of residues. However, it is concluded that it is more convenient to use decentralized gasification and pyrolysis stations than full-scale processes, which could be an intermediate step to a large-scale process. The capabilities of numerical models to describe these processes are also provided to assess the potential composition of a gas produced from some biomass species available in these countries.
Conference papers on the topic "Alternative gas and liquid fuels from waste"
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Smith, Arthur R., Joseph Klosek, James C. Sorensen, and Donald W. Woodward. "Air Separation Unit Integration for Alternative Fuel Projects." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-063.
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Alternative fuel projects often require substantial amounts of oxygen. World scale gas-to-liquids (GTL) processes based on the partial oxidation of natural gas, followed by Fischer-Tropsch chemistry and product upgrading, may require in excess of 10,000 tons per day of pressurized oxygen. The remote location of many of these proposed projects and the availability of low-cost natural gas and byproduct steam from the GTL process disadvantages the use of traditional, motor-driven air separation units in favor of steam or gas turbine drive facilities. Another process of current interest is the partial oxidation of waste materials in industrial areas to generate synthesis gas. Synthesis gas may be processed into fuels and chemicals, or combusted in gas turbines to produce electricity. A key to the economic viability of such oxygen-based processes is cost effective air separation units, and the manner in which they are integrated with the rest of the facility. Because the trade-off between capital and energy is different for the remote gas and the industrial locations, the optimum integration schemes can also differ significantly. This paper examines various methods of integrating unit operations to improve the economics of alternative fuel facilities. Integration concepts include heat recovery, as well as several uses of byproduct nitrogen to enhance gas turbine operation or power production. Start-up, control and operational aspects are presented to complete the review of integrated designs.
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Paisley, Mark A., and Mark Millspaugh. "A Novel Approach to the Generation of Sustainable Energy From Biomass and Wastes." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5405.
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Recent price increases for various forms of energy along with projected shortages of supply have resulted in renewed interest in alternative fuels. Biomass gasification provides a renewable basis for supplying electric power and also a broad suite of chemicals such as Fisher-Tropsch liquids as well as hydrogen. The Taylor gasification process, being developed by Taylor Biomass Energy is a biomass gasification process that produces a MCV gas. The Taylor gasification process provides improvements over currently available gasification processes by integrating improvements to reduce issues with ash agglomeration and provide in-situ destruction of condensable hydrocarbons (tars), an essential element in gas cleanup. The gas conditioning step integrated into the Taylor Gasification Process provides a unique method to convert the tars into additional synthesis gas and to adjust the composition of the synthesis gas. Taylor Biomass Energy has developed and refined a sorting and recycling process that can produce a clean feedstock for energy recovery from abundant residue materials such as construction and demolition residuals and MSW. The sorting and separating process can then be coupled to the Taylor gasification process to produce clean, sustainable energy. Construction is expected to start in mid 2011 for an integrated combined cycle power system incorporating the Taylor Gasification Process and utilizing biomass feedstocks recovered from municipal solid wastes (MSW) and construction and demolition wastes C&D). The Taylor Recycling Facility, LLC, located approximately 70 miles northwest of New York City in Montgomery, NY, is a leader in C&D and waste wood recycling. The development process including integration with a gas turbine based combined cycle system, connection into the New York ISO, and identification of renewable energy credit options is discussed along with a discussion of the Taylor Gasification Process, its modular design, and implementation into the commercial IGCC system in Montgomery, NY.
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Siddiqui, Kamran, and Wajid A. Chishty. "The Influence of Channel Orientation and Flow Rates on the Bubble Formation in a Liquid Cross-Flow." In ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30395.
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For gas turbines burning liquid fuels, improving fuel spray and combustion characteristics are of paramount importance to reduce emission of pollutants, improve combustor efficiency and adapt to a range of alternative fuels. Effervescent atomization technique, which involves the bubbling of an atomizing gas through aerator holes into the liquid fuel stream, has the potential to give the required spray quality for gas turbine combustion. Bubbling of the liquid stream is presently used in a wide range of other applications as well such as spray drying, waste-water treatment, chemical plants, food processing and bio- and nuclear-reactors. In order to optimize control of the required aeration quality and thus the resulting spray quality over a wide range of operating conditions, it is important that the dynamics of bubble formation, detachment and downstream transport are well understood under these circumstances. The paper reports on an experimental study conducted to investigate the dynamics of gas bubbles in terms of bubble detachment frequency when injected from an orifice that is subjected to a liquid cross-flow. The experiments were conducted over a range of gas and liquid flow rates and at various orientations of the liquid channel. Analyses presented here are based on shadowgraph images of two-phase flow, acquired using a high speed camera and a low intensity light source. An image processing algorithm was developed for the detection and characterization of the bubble dynamics. Results show that bubble detachment frequency is a function of both liquid cross-flow rate and the gas-to-liquid flow rate ratio.
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Sims, G. J., S. L. Mistry, J. P. Wood, P. Bowen, and A. Crayford. "A Study Into the Auto-Ignition Characteristics of Hydrocarbon Fuels With Application to Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50824.
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The design of a premix duct is heavily reliant upon knowledge of the auto-ignition delay time for a given fuel-air mixture and operating range. An experimental investigation into the auto-ignition characteristics of alternative gaseous and liquid fuels has been carried out and the results compared against those for the conventional fuels. Gaseous fuels derived from sources such as bio-gas and refinery wastes were successfully compared against datum fuels of natural gas and methane — whilst among the liquid fuels — 100% biodiesel (consistent with BS EN 14214) and grade 2 diesel were tested and compared. The experimental results were obtained using a flow rig equipped with a generic premix duct and operated at GT-relevant conditions. For the gaseous fuels no ignition events were detected within the maximum test section residence time of 130ms. Therefore, a kinetic scheme previously validated at GT relevant conditions was used to evaluate effects of temperature, pressure and equivalence ratios for the gaseous fuels under investigation. In general gaseous fuels were found to have long auto-ignition delay times at temperatures < 900K and no differences were found between grade 2 diesel and 100% biodiesel. Therefore, the results under this study would be useful to the operators and designers of DLE systems when evaluating potential replacements for the current traditional fuels.
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Le Gal, Jean-Hervé, Gérard Martin, and Daniel Durand. "Development of a Dual Fuel Catalytic Combustor for a 2.3 MWe Gas Turbine." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-294.
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Biomass derived fuels are an essential alternative for heat and energy production, in order to minimise environmental impact, since they make no net contribution to the increase of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. In certain countries, biofuels are also interesting since they are available as waste products from the agricultural or forestry industry. Unfortunately, combustion of biofuels often results in high emissions levels of pollutants such as NOx, CO and unburned hydrocarbons. In gas turbines, catalytic combustion of biofuels has the potential to reduce emissions of these undesired species. The ULECAT project (Ultra Low Emissions CATalytic combustor) described in this paper is the first step of a program aiming at the development of an ultra-low emission gas turbine in the range of 1 to 5 MWe, able to run with both biomass-derived gases and liquid fuels. The objective of the project is to assess the feasibility of a dual fuel catalytic combustor. Combustor design issues are investigated at full and part load conditions. For the comparison of combustor configuration, modelling provides a useful help for catalytic section design, in particular for the estimation of catalytic activity and wall temperature which strongly influence catalyst life time. Catalyst development is one of the main topics of this project. It is mainly focused on high temperature catalyst durability and the reduction of NOx formation. This last point is of primary importance in biofuels combustion and certain catalysts have shown an important potential in reducing ammonia conversion into NOx in some operating conditions. Catalyst performances are evaluated at lab scale and also pilot scale in representative gas turbine combustor conditions with both Diesel fuel and biomass derived fuels.
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Æsøy, Vilmar, and Dag Stenersen. "Low Emission LNG Fuelled Ships for Environmental Friendly Operations in Arctic Areas." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11644.
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Environmental restrictions now favor cleaner fuels, and Natural gas (LNG) is one of the most promising alternative fuels. Highly efficient natural gas fuelled engines have been developed since around 1990. These engines are now entering maritime applications, offering significant emission reductions, both in a local and global perspective. Using LNG as fuel reduce NOx emissions by up to 90%, SOx and particulate matter (soot) are reduced by 95–100% and CO2 emissions are reduced by up to 25%, when compared to traditional marine fuels. These emission reductions are significant contribution especially in local and regional environments. Using LNG as a clean fuel also offers a significant increase in total energy efficiency. Combining power and heat generation, natural gas fuelled engines for on-shore power generation offer a total thermal efficiency of 80–90%, depending on the waste heat recovery rate. For liquid fuels exhaust heat recovery is limited due to the sulfur content, which may cause acid corrosion. Onboard ships, LNG fuelled engines have potential to utilize waste heat to obtain significant higher thermal efficiency than their diesel engine counterpart. LNG is mainly available from fossil sources, but now also increasingly from renewable sources as bio-gas. For storing and transportation LNG is preferred as less challenging compared to high pressure CNG. On the coast of Norway a LNG distribution system is now being built, supplying a fleet of more than 40 ships. LNG is transported by special designed small LNG carriers from the production plants to a series of main terminals along the coastline. From these main terminals the LNG is distributed by trucks to the local fuelling stations, or for direct fuelling of the ships. This paper will present the basic technology and experiences from this full scale LNG fuel system. The paper will discuss local and global environmental benefits, technical solutions, safety issues, and costs issues related to the distribution system and the on-board fuel installations.
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GOŁĘBIEWSKI, Jarosław, and Joanna RAKOWSKA. "PRODUCTION AND USE OF BIOENERGY IN POLAND IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOECONOMY." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.195.
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Growing demand for energy, along with the depletion of traditional fossil fuels and the development of civilization, raises interest in the use of bioenergy in all sectors of the economy, including electricity, transport, heating, cooling, and industry. In developed countries bioenergy is an alternative to traditional non-renewable energy from fossil fuels, as its resources renew in natural processes, making it practically inexhaustible. Due to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, bioenergy is also more environmentally friendly than fossil energy. Thus bioenergy sector is a key segment of bio-economy and determines its competitiveness and development. Increase in bioenergy production, resulting from both market and energy policies, leads to greater interdependence between energy and agricultural markets, affects food and feed prices and change in land use. The aim of this study was to identify changes in the bioenergy market in Poland in 2010-2015, present the role of bioenergy sector production in the structure of bio-economy, the changes in production and directions of biomass-based energy use and determine the importance of the major bioenergy markets in the structure of the energy market in Poland. The study was based on the aggregated statistical data on the acquisition and consumption of bioenergy in Poland, including energy from municipal waste, solid biofuels, biogas and liquid biofuels. Findings prove that bioenergy is the most important renewable energy source in Poland. It is also a diversified source of energy, as it can be converted into solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. Although solid biofuels and liquid biofuels dominate in Poland, the share of biogas and energy produced from municipal waste is small. Concluding, bioenergy in Poland changes its character from traditional and local energy source into modern, international commodity.
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Aponte, Jorge Alberto, and Gerardo Gordillo. "Wild Cane Potential to Produce Gaseous Fuels via Air-Steam Thermal Gasification." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95239.
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Various alternative fuel technologies have been proposed as a solution to the negative environment impact caused by greenhouse emissions from fossil fuel combustion processes. One of those alternatives technologies is the inclusion of biomass (fuel crops and agricultural and municipal wastes) as feedstock to produce gaseous and liquid fuels via thermal gasification processes. Biomass thermal gasification is a clean technology, which does not increase the atmosphere carbon concentration since biomass is a neutral carbon energetic source. Wild cane is an invasive grass with a remarkable ability to establish and spread quickly. Thus, it has the potential to yield high biomass for the production of energy. Moreover, wild cane is considered as one of the species that most produces energy per hectare crop. Although wild cane occurs as a weed in most of the Colombian geography, it does not have an extensive potential use. However, wild cane can be included as feedstock for the production of bio-fuels via partial oxidation or thermal degradation (pyrolysis). Fuels produced through this technology can be used for heat o power generation in order to decrease the dependence of farms on fossil fuels. The current paper presents results on the wild cane potential to produce gaseous fuels through thermal gasification using air-steam mixtures for partial oxidation. Also, wild cane thermochemical properties are presented. The CEA (chemical equilibrium with applications) program from NASA was used to estimate the production of gaseous fuels as a function of the operating conditions, which include equivalence ratio (Φ) and steam to fuel ratio (S:F). Based on gas composition, the energy density of the gaseous fuels was estimated. Furthermore, the energy conversion was also calculated in order to estimate the efficiency of the gasification process. Wild cane thermochemical properties were obtained using ultimate, proximate, and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). Thermogravimetric analyses were carried out using N2 as carrier gas and under different heating rates (β: 10, 20, and 35 °C/min). Based on TGA data and using the isoconversional method (i.e., free-model), the activation energy (E) was estimated. In general, the results show that the increase in operating conditions (equivalence ratio (Φ) and steam to fuel ratio (S:F)) results in gaseous mixtures rich in H2 and with a low CO content. On the other hand, the CH4 production is only possible at Φ > 4 and increases with increased Φ. The average activation energy was ∼ 162 KJ/Kmol.
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Sim, Yoke-Leng, Boon-Juok Ch’ng, Yau-Cheng Mok, Sok-Yee Goh, Dickens Saint Hilaire, Travis Pinnock, Shemlyn Adams, et al. "Liquid fuels from food waste: An alternative process to co-digestion." In GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY: 2nd International Symposium (ISGST2017). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4979374.
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Carranza, Eliana M., Gerardo Gordillo, and Juan José Duran. "Gasification of Oil-Palm Fiber Using Pure Oxygen, Pure Steam, and Oxygen-Steam Mixtures as Oxidizing Agent." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26160.
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The increasing concern for greenhouse emissions from fossil fuel combustion processes has encouraged the research on technologies that use alternative fuels. A feasible option is the use of biomass feedstock to produce gaseous and liquid fuels via thermal gasification. This is promising since biomass has net zero carbon footprint. Colombian oil-palm agroindustry produces a great amount of fiber wastes (mesocarp of the oil palm fruit), which, in many cases, can pollute natural sources (including global warming by way of potent greenhouse emissions such as CH4) due to the fact that waste handling systems, storage, and treatment structures are frequently not appropriate. Nevertheless, the concentration of this fiber in oil factories makes this resource a viable feedstock for local thermal gasification facilities. The current paper deals with oil-palm fiber (fruit mesocarp) thermal gasification (including pyrolysis) using oxygen, steam, and oxygen-steam mixtures for partial oxidation. The Chemical Equilibrium with Applications program (CEA), developed by NASA, was used to estimate the compositions of the gaseous fuels produced from pyrolysis, steam reforming and oxygen-steam adiabatic gasification. Based on gas composition, the energy densities of gaseous fuels produced along with the energy recoveries for all gasification process were also calculated. Operating parameters such equivalence ratio (Φ) and steam to fuel ratio (SF) were studied for adiabatic oxygen-steam gasification while temperature (T) and pressure were studied for non-adiabatic gasification (steam reforming (Φ = 0), and pyrolysis (Φ= 0 and SF = 0)). The effect of SF on pure steam gasification was also studied. In order to estimate the pyrolysis activation energy, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were carried out using N2 as carrier gas and under different heating rates (β: 10, 20, and 30 °C/min). Results from oxygen-steam gasification showed that at Φ < 3, increased Φ (less oxygen supplied) increases the production of H2 and CO but decreases the production of CO2. At Φ >3, increased Φ produces mixtures rich in H2 and CO2 but poor in CO. The productions of CO and H2 from pyrolysis and steam reforming are only possible at T between 700 K and 1100 K. At T > 1100 K, the effect of temperature on H2 and CO productions is negligible; however, under those operating conditions (T > 1100 K), increased SF results in mixtures composed basically of H2, CO, and low traces of CO2. The average value of the activation energy was 233 kJ/kmol.
Reports on the topic "Alternative gas and liquid fuels from waste"
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Bhatt, B. L. Synthesis of dimethyl ether and alternative fuels in the liquid phase from coal-derived synthesis gas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6454471.
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Underwood, R. P. Synthesis of dimethyl ether and alternative fuels in the liquid phase from coal-derived synthesis gas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6765271.
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Underwood, R. P. Synthesis of dimethyl ether and alternative fuels in the liquid phase from coal-derived synthesis gas. Task 3.2: Screen novel catalyst systems; Task 3.3:, Evaluation of the preferred catalyst system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10144964.
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Bhatt, B. L. Synthesis of dimethyl ether and alternative fuels in the liquid phase from coal-derived synthesis gas. Task 2.2: Definition of preferred catalyst system; Task 2.3: Process variable scans on the preferred catalyst system; Task 2.4: Life-test on the preferred catalyst system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10138953.
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Synthesis of dimethyl ether and alternative fuels in the liquid phase from coal-derived synthesis gas. Final technical report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10170276.
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