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1
Juwono, Hendro, M. Arif Tri Sujadmiko, Laily Fauziah, and Ismi Qurrota Ayyun. "Catalytic Conversion From Plastic Waste by Silica-Alumina-Ceramic Catalyst to Produce an Alternative Fuel Hydrocarbon Fraction." Jurnal ILMU DASAR 20, no. 2 (July 16, 2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jid.v20i2.8829.
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Liquid fuels from polypropylene plastic waste have been successfully performed by catalytic cracking method. The catalyst used is Al-MCM-41- Ceramics. The catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, Pyridine-FTIR, N2-Adsorption-Desorption, and the product of catalytic cracking were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The catalyst was using three times at sample notify A,B and C. The results showed liquid fuels have the largest percentage of gasoline (C8-C12) are 92.76; 91.92 and 90.58 percent fraction produced. The performance of catalyst showed that reuseability number were decrease, but the charactersitic of liquid fuel produced were also be agreeable to commercial gasoline standard. Keywords: olypropylene waste plastics, liquid fuels, catalytic conversion, Al-MCM-41-Cer catalyst, reuseability number.
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Babajo, S. A., J. S. Enaburekhan, and I. A. Rufa’i. "Design, Fabrication and Performance Study of Co-Pyrolysis System for Production of Liquid Fuel from Jatropha Cake with Polystyrene Waste." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 3 (April 27, 2021): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i3.15.
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The increasing quantities of plastics and their disposal has been a major public concern. This paper therefore describes a fixed bed co-pyrolysis system designed and fabricated to obtain liquid fuel from a combination of Jatropha seed cake and polystyrene (plastic) waste using appropriate standard technique. The characterization of the feedstock materials (Jatropha cake and polystyrene) were carried out based on proximate and ultimate analysis. The products of the experiment were: liquid fuel, char and gas, while char and gas were considered as by-product. The parameters that were found to influence the product yields significantly includes: feed ratio, temperature and reaction time. The optimum liquid yield obtained from the co-pyrolysis of Jatropha cake with plastic (polystyrene) waste was 65.0 wt% (that is at the optimum parameters of feed ratio 1:1, temperature 500 oC and reaction time of 45 minutes). The liquid fuel obtained at these optimum conditions were analyzed based on physical and chemical properties, and compared to that of conventional diesel. The results of the liquid fuel obtained and conventional diesel in terms of viscosity, density and pH were 3.8 cP, 3.5 cP, and 830 kg/m3 , 853 kg/m3 , and 1.0, and neutral respectively. Elemental analyses of the liquid fuels from Jatropha cake with polystyrene waste showed that there is high contents of carbon and hydrogen, 87.2 and 8.3 respectively, which indicates that the liquid fuels may support combustion. The calorific value of liquid fuel from copyrolysis of Jatropha cake with polystyrene waste was 42.3 MJ/Kg, and closer to that of conventional diesel 45.5 MJ/Kg. Considering the results obtained from the study, the liquid fuel from Jatropha cake and polystyrene waste can be used as an alternative fuel
Keywords: Co-pyrolysis, Jatropha cake, Polystyrene waste, calorific value
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Salamov, O. M., and F. F. Aliyev. "PROSPECTS OF OBTAINING ALTERNATIVE FUEL FROM VARIOUS BIOMASS AND WASTE SPECIES IN AZERBAIJAN." Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE), no. 01-03 (February 25, 2019): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2019.01-03.025-041.
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The paper discusses the possibility of obtaining liquid and gaseous fuels from different types of biomass (BM) and combustible solid waste (CSW) of various origins. The available world reserves of traditional types of fuel are analyzed and a number of environmental shortcomings that created during their use are indicated. The tables present the data on the conditional calorific value (CCV) of the main traditional and alternative types of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels which compared with CCV of various types of BM and CSW. Possible methods for utilization of BM and CSW are analyzed, as well as the methods for converting them into alternative types of fuel, especially into combustible gases.Reliable information is given on the available oil and gas reserves in Azerbaijan. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the currently available oil reserves of Azerbaijan can completely dry out after 33.5 years, and gas reserves–after 117 years, without taking into account the growth rates of the exported part of these fuels to European countries. In order to fix this situation, first of all it is necessary to use as much as possible alternative and renewable energy sources, especially wind power plants (WPP) and solar photovoltaic energy sources (SFES) in the energy sector of the republic. Azerbaijan has large reserves of solar and wind energy. In addition, all regions of the country have large reserves of BM, and in the big cities, especially in industrial ones, there are CSW from which through pyrolysis and gasification is possible to obtain a high-quality combustible gas mixture, comprising: H2 + CO + CH4, with the least amount of harmful waste. The remains of the reaction of thermochemical decomposition of BM and CSW to combustible gases can also be used as mineral fertilizers in agriculture. The available and projected resources of Azerbaijan for the BM and the CSW are given, as well as their assumed energy intensity in the energy sector of the republic.Given the high energy intensity of the pyrolysis and gasification of the BM and CSW, at the present time for carrying out these reactions, the high-temperature solar installations with limited power are used as energy sources, and further preference is given to the use of WPP and SFES on industrial scale.
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Suhartono, Priyono Kusumo, Ate Romli, M. Iqbal Aulia, and Egi Muhamad Yanuar. "Fuel Oil from Municipal Plastic Waste through Pyrolysis with and without Natural Zeolite as Catalysts." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187301021.
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The main purpose of this work was the possibility to process the plastic waste into an alternative fuel oil through pyrolysis. This pyrolytic fuel can be utilized as an alternative fuel for cookstoves as a liquid petroleum gas (LPG)/kerosene substitute for the household. The pyrolysis was conducted in a design of a simple, inexpensive and easy to operate semi-batch reactors that be applied definitely in urban and rural communities. Two type of plastic wastes were pyrolyzed up to 480 °C with and without natural zeolite as catalyst. The higher fuel yield (%) was obtained when using zeolite in the process. The amount of 1000 g of two plastics waste type with natural zeolite yielded 650 mL (65% vol/w) and 550 mL (55% vol/w), respectively. The density of fuel oil product from 0.700 kg/m3 to 0.710 kg/m3, the fuel oil kinematic viscosity in the range of 1.07 cSt to 1.14 cSt, and the heating value of 38 MJ/kg were obtained. The physical properties and the results of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR functional groups of this fuel oil were relatively close to that of conventional kerosene fuels. The operational cost of pyrolysis is about IDR 12,300/liters of fuel oil.
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Al Ichsan, Gesyth Mutiara Hikhmah, Khoirina Dwi Nugrahaningtiyas, Dian Maruto Widjonarko, Fitria Rahmawati, and Witri Wahyu Lestari. "Conversion of Wood Waste to be a Source of Alternative Liquid Fuel Using Low Temperature Pyrolysis Method." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 22, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.22.1.7-10.
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Conversion of wood waste into bio-oil with low temperature pyrolysis method has been successfully carried out using tubular transport reactors. Pyrolysis carried out at temperatures of 250-300°C without using N2 gas. Bio-oil purified by a fractionation distillation method to remove water and light fraction compounds. The materials obtained from different types of wood waste, namely: Randu wood (Ceiba pentandra), Sengon wood (Paraserianthes falcataria), Coconut wood (Cocos nucifera), Bangkirei wood (Shorea laevis Ridl), Kruing wood (Dipterocarpus) and Meranti wood (Shorea leprosula). Bio-oil products are analyzed for their properties and characteristics, namely the nature of density, acidity, high heat value (HHV), and elements contained in bio-oil such as carbon, nitrogen and sulfur content based on SNI procedures, while bio-oil chemical compositions are investigated using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The maximum yield of bio-oil products occurs at 300°C by 40%. Bio-oil purification by fractional distillation method can produce purity of 16-31% wt. The characterization results of the chemical content of bio-oil showed that bio-oil of methyl formate, 2,6-dimetoxy phenol, 1,2,3 trimethoxy benzene, levoglucosan, 2,4-hexadienedioic acid and 1,2- benzenediol.
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Gubacheva, L. A., D. Yu Chizhevskaya, I. V. Makarova, and A. A. Andreev. "TECHNOLOGIES OF RATIONAL NATURE MANAGEMENT IN TRANSPORT." Ecology. Economy. Informatics.System analysis and mathematical modeling of ecological and economic systems 1, no. 5 (2020): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23885/2500-395x-2020-1-5-123-129.
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In modern conditions, the problem of waste pollution of the earth bowels, the atmosphere, natural and artificial water areas is especially acute. Domestic wastes are incinerated or taken to a landfill, as a result, there is an environmental damage – the area of alienated land resources increases and the atmosphere is polluted. The negative impact of municipal solid waste (MSW) on the environment, leading to climate change, an increase in the greenhouse effect and an increase in the number of natural hazards, makes it necessary to search for solutions to reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere, increase the energy efficiency of processes, in particular, in transport systems, due to fuel efficiency using. The most negative impact on the state of the air environment is exerted by emissions in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines, including those using natural gas, nitrogen monoxides and dioxides as fuel. Reducing harmful emissions is possible, for example, by improving the technology for producing generator gas as an alternative fuel, which makes it possible to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides in any devices for burning up solid, liquid and gaseous fuels in internal combustion engines. The article discusses the issues of waste generation and their impact on the environment, the technologies for rational use of natural resources in transport and methods for improving waste processing technologies are presented. A new horizontal design of a combined automobile gas generator has been developed. It makes it possible to transfer the power supply from liquid motor fuel to generator gas produced from woodworking industry waste, agricultural waste, solid household and polyethylene-containing waste. This will reduce pollution of the world’s oceans by slowly decomposing polyethylene, which are now acquiring the character of a disaster on a planetary scale. An increase in the environmental level of gasoline engines and a decrease of the amount of waste during the operation of road transport will be achieved with the modernization of the waste processing plant to obtain energy carriers for transport. In its turn, it will make it possible to form a natural and technical system to ensure environmental safety and protect the natural environment.
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Galli, Federico, Jun-Jie Lai, Jacopo De Tommaso, Gianluca Pauletto, and Gregory S. Patience. "Gas to Liquids Techno-Economics of Associated Natural Gas, Bio Gas, and Landfill Gas." Processes 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091568.
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Methane is the second highest contributor to the greenhouse effect. Its global warming potential is 37 times that of CO2. Flaring-associated natural gas from remote oil reservoirs is currently the only economical alternative. Gas-to-liquid (GtL) technologies first convert natural gas into syngas, then it into liquids such as methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels or dimethyl ether. However, studies on the influence of feedstock composition are sparse, which also poses technical design challenges. Here, we examine the techno-economic analysis of a micro-refinery unit (MRU) that partially oxidizes methane-rich feedstocks and polymerizes the syngas formed via Fischer–Tropsch reaction. We consider three methane-containing waste gases: natural gas, biogas, and landfill gas. The FT fuel selling price is critical for the economy of the unit. A Monte Carlo simulation assesses the influence of the composition on the final product quantity as well as on the capital and operative expenses. The Aspen Plus simulation and Python calculate the net present value and payback time of the MRU for different price scenarios. The CO2 content in biogas and landfill gas limit the CO/H2 ratio to 1.3 and 0.9, respectively, which increases the olefins content of the final product. Compressors are the main source of capital cost while the labor cost represents 20–25% of the variable cost. An analysis of the impact of the plant dimension demonstrated that the higher number represents a favorable business model for this unit. A minimal production of 7,300,000 kg y−1 is required for MRU to have a positive net present value after 10 years when natural gas is the feedstock.
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Callegari, Arianna, Petr Hlavinek, and Andrea Giuseppe Capodaglio. "Production of energy (biodiesel) and recovery of materials (biochar) from pyrolysis of urban waste sludge." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 13, no. 2 (March 20, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2128.
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Safe disposal of sewage sludge is one of the most pressing issues in the wastewater treatment cycle: at the European Union level, sludge production is expected to reach 13 Mt by year 2020. Sludge disposal costs may constitute up to, and sometimes above, 50% of the total cost of operation of a WWTP, and contribute to over 40% of its GHGs emissions. The most common disposal options at the moment are landfilling, disposal in agriculture (about 40% EU-wide), incineration or co-incineration, and use in the industrial production of bricks, asphalts and concrete. Sewage sludge, however, still contains beneficial resources such as nutrients, that can be recovered through specific processes (e.g. precipitation as struvite) and energy, recoverable through a variety of approaches. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of urban waste sludge was applied for the production of oil, (Syn)gas, and biochar that were afterwards characterized and compared to mainstream alternative fuels (biodiesels) and other material recovery options. Sustainability issues related to the production of biodiesel/biochars from urban wastewater treatment sludge are also discussed. The paper shows that waste urban sludge can indeed be a full component of the urban circular economy by allowing, if properly processed, recovery of energy resources at multiple levels: bio-oils (biodiesel), syngas and bio-char, all having definite advantages for final residues use and disposal. Biodiesel, in particular, allowing energy recovery as liquid fuel, offers a much more flexible and efficient utilization.
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Buryan, Petr, Zdeněk Bučko, and Petr Mika. "A Complex Use of the Materials Extracted from an Open-Cast Lignite Mine." Archives of Mining Sciences 59, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 1107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amsc-2014-0077.
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Abstract The company Sokolovská uhelná, was the largest producer of city gas in the Czech Republic. After its substitution by natural gas the gasification technology became the basis of the production of electricity in the combine cycle power plant with total output 400 MW. For the possibility of gasification of liquid by- -products forming during the coal gasification a entrained-flow gasifier capable to process also alternative liquid fuels has been in installed. The concentrated waste gas with these sulphur compounds is conducted to the desulphurisation where the highly desired, pure, 96 % H2SO4 is produced. Briquettable brown coal is crushed, milled and dried and then it is passed into briquetting presses where briquettes, used mainly as a fuel in households, are pressed without binder in the punch under the pressure of 175 MPa. Fine brown coal dust (multidust) is commercially used for heat production in pulverized-coal burners. It forms not only during coal drying after separation on electrostatic separators, but it is also acquired by milling of dried coal in a vibratory bar mill. Slag from boilers of classical power plant, cinder form generators and ashes deposited at the dump are dehydrated and they are used as a quality bedding material during construction of communications in the mines of SUAS. Fly ash is used in building industry for partial substitution of cement in concrete. Flue gases after separation of fly ash are desulphurized by wet limestone method, where the main product is gypsum used, among others, in the building industry. Expanded clays from overburdens of coal seams, that are raw material for the production of “Liapor” artificial aggregate, are used heavily. This artificial aggregate is characterized by outstanding thermal and acoustic insulating properties.
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Grycová, Barbora, Ivan Koutník, Adrian Pryszcz, and Kateřina Chamrádová. "Pyrolysis Processing of Waste Peanuts Crisps." GeoScience Engineering 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gse-2015-0024.
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AbstractWastes are the most frequent "by-product" of human society. The Czech Republic still has a considerable room for energy reduction and material intensiveness of production in connection with the application of scientific and technical expertise in the context of innovation cycles. Pyrolysis waste treatment is a promising alternative to the production of renewable hydrogen as a clean fuel. It can also reduce the environmental burden and the amount of waste in the environment at the same time.This paper presents the laboratory pyrolysis experiments of peanuts crisps waste to the final temperature of 800 °C. After the pyrolysis process of the selected waste a mass balance of the resulting products, off-line analysis of the pyrolysis gas and evaluation of solid residue in terms of adsorption properties and energy production and liquid products were carried out. The highest concentration of measured hydrogen (66 vol. %) was analysed during the 4th gas sampling at the temperature varying from 750 to 800 °C.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Development of Alternative Fuels in Europe Presents Opportunity for the Middle East." Journal of Petroleum Technology 72, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1220-0050-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 198165, “Alternative Fuels Development in Europe: Threat or Opportunity for the Middle East?” by Maarten Van Haute, Kuwait Petroleum Research and Technology, prepared for the 2019 SPE Kuwait Oil and Gas Conference and Show, Mishref, Kuwait, 13-16 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed. In December 2018, the revised Renewable Energy Directive (RED) [European Union (EU)] 2018/2001 was implemented, establishing a new binding renewable EU energy target for 2030 of at least 32%, with a clause for a possible upward revision by 2023. The subtarget for renewable energy in transport was raised to 14%. The scope of the complete paper is limited to the 14% renewable energy target in transport and its possible effect on the Middle East. Introduction The first portion of the complete paper includes an extended discussion of the RED and definitions needed to appreciate its conclusions that the production and consumption of fossil fuels will be reduced gradually and replaced by renewable alternatives. This is an economically threatening situation for any country whose gross domestic product is dependent upon oil. The energy transition is a slow but steady process, so nations of the Middle East are reviewing their long-term strategies. Energy-transition and renewable-energy developments, however, may offer solutions and opportunities for these nations. Overview of Renewable Fuels Biofuels. According to the definition provided in the RED, biofuels refers to liquid fuel for transport produced from biomass. A delineation from crude oil is in order before these fuels are discussed in detail. One might consider crude oil a fuel from biomass, but, because the biomass is fossil and the process cannot be replenished within a human time scale, it is not considered renewable. Biomass used to produce biofuels is a mix of hydrocarbons that has high oxygen content and a limited amount and type of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The role of oxygen and unsaturated hydrocarbons (which are less stable) and the limited amount of hydrocarbon species are the biggest challenges for biofuels production. These feedstocks all need a pretreatment step to liquefy or gasify the hydrocarbons so they can be processed in a refinery. Many pretreatment options exist for different feedstocks under development. The RED makes a distinction between first-generation biofuels and advanced biofuels. The latter are those made of feedstocks that generally are waste-based or nonfood-based feedstocks. The allowed percentage of first-generation biofuels is capped. The supply of this first generation is not limited by availability or lack of conversion processes but rather by its competition with the food chain and vast deforestation. To achieve sustainability, the development of advanced biofuels, where the choice of feedstock and pretreatment and conversion technology is key, should be prioritized. Feedstocks will be at much lower volumes than crude and less consistent in quality, so the advanced-biofuels-processing industry likely will comprise many small bioprocessing units.
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Nuryadi, A. P., A. Raksodewanto A, H. Susanto, and Y. Peryoga. "Analysis on the feasibility of small-scale biogas from palm oil mill effluent (POME) – Study case: Palm oil mill in Riau-Indonesia." MATEC Web of Conferences 260 (2019): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926003004.
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The province of Riau has the most significant palm oil plantation in Indonesia which has the potential of the palm oil mill effluent (POME). One way to use this liquid waste is by the anaerobic process into biogas to generate electricity. Based on the assumption of calculated liquid waste can produce biogas about 538 m3 / hour or equal to 4,600 MJ / hour potentially generate electricity about 1 MW. This paper discusses the scheme of the POME Biogas Power Plant project which benefits the palm oil mill which is Built-operate-transfer (BOT) with a duration of 15 years selected as a reference. With this duration obtained IRR of 17.47% higher than at WACC of 15.61% and a payback period of 5.63 years. The 15-year duration gives Investor resilience in case of an increase of loan interest rate to 13% during the repayment period. Also, the use of alternative schemes that may be pursued by biogas products from cleaned digesters is then used as gas fuel to operate diesel generators. Plant Alternative for BOT duration for five years. The project is very feasible to be implemented with a very high IRR (37.56%) score when compared to WACC (15.61%).
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Kusworo, Tutuk Djoko, Widayat Widayat, Athaya Fairuz Mahadita, Dila Firizqina, and Dani Puji Utomo. "Bio-oil and Fuel Gas Production from Agricultural Waste via Pyrolysis: A Comparative Study of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) and Rice Husk." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 64, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.14553.
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Biomass-based energy from agricultural wastes is a promising alternative energy source since its abundant supply and renewable. Biomass is converted into gas and liquid fuel through biochemical or thermochemical treatments. In this work, oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) and rice husk are pyrolyzed to produce gas and liquid fuel. The reactor temperature and feed mass are varied to obtain the best operating condition in a semi-batch pyrolysis reactor. The experimental results showed that the best operating temperature in pyrolysis process to produce bio-oils from OPEFB and rice husk was at 500 °C with 4.3 % (w/w) and 2.6 % (w/w) of bio-oil yields, respectively. The pyrolysis product distribution and their chemical composition are strongly affected by operating condition and the types of biomass. The GC-MS analysis results showed that the primary pyrolysis products components consist of hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds such as carboxylic acids, phenols, ketones and aldehydes. Thermodynamic properties such as thermal conductivity of the biomass also influenced the product distribution of the biomass pyrolysis.
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Pasae, Yoel, Lyse Bulo, Chrisnovan Lande, and Eda Lolo Allo. "Pyrolysis of Polypropylene Plastic Waste :Overview of Effect of Temperature on Pyrolysis Reactors in Capacity of 1 Kg/batch." Journal Dynamic Saint 5, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 939–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47178/dynamicsaint.v5i1.962.
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The increasing use of plastic makes plastic waste the number one contributor to environmental damage in the world. The type of plastic that is most often found as waste is Polypropylene (PP). One way to overcome this problem is to convert plastic into liquid oil, which can be used for various purposes in the chemical industry or as an alternative fuel. Pyrolysis is a technology commonly used to convert plastics into liquid oil, and can be done by the public. But the availability of pyrolysis reactors that are easy and safe to operate is something that needs attention. In this research, a pyrolysis reactor with a capacity of 1 kg / batch has been modified from a gas cylinder. The pyrolysis process was carried out at 250°C, 275°C, 300°C, 325°C and 350°C with a reaction time of 120 minutes. The results showed that pyrolysis at 350°C can produce the highest yield of 62.56%. Through testing using Gas Chromatograpy-Mass Spectroscopy it is known that the liquid oil obtained consists of several groups of compounds or derivatives from Hexane, Heptane, Isotridecanol, Dodecana, Cyclohexana, Benzene, Pentane, and Octana.
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Jos, Bakti, Fariha Hundagi, Rizqi Pindy Wisudawati, Budiyono, and Siswo Sumardiono. "Study of C/N Ratio Effect on Biogas Production of Carica Solid Waste by SS-AD Method And LS-AD." MATEC Web of Conferences 156 (2018): 03055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815603055.
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Biogas is a renewable energy which can be used as an alternative source to replace fossil fuels. Recently, the use of energy has become an important issue because the oil sources and natural gas are depleting. Utilization of carica waste to produce biogas can reduce the consumption of commercial energy sources such as kerosene as well as the use of firewood. Biogas is produced by the process of organic material digestion by certain anaerobic bacterial activity in anaerobic digester. In this study we studied the influence of LS-AD and SS-AD methods, the effect of C / N ratio on biogas yield obtained and kinetics of biogas production reaction. The study was conducted by making a total solid variation of 7%, 9%, 11%, 13%, 19%, 21%, 23% and C/N ratio 25 and 30. The study started with carica waste collection process and examination of the total composition of solids and water content. Thereafter, calculation and determination of variation of C / N ratio by mixing the substrate with inoculum and urea into the reactor. Observe the volume of biogas produced every two-day intervals. The highest biogas production rate of 1.7825 ml/g TS day was obtained from carica solid waste variable by liquid state anaerobic disgestion and C/N 25.
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Guida, M. Y., and A. Hannioui. "A review on thermochemical treatment of biomass: Pyrolysis of olive mill wastes in comparison with other types of biomass." Progress in Agricultural Engineering Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 2016): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/446.12.2016.1.
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Each year, a great quantity of olive oil is produced by the unit mill of trituration. This activity generates two by-products named olive mill wastewater and olive mill solid waste representing major potential waste and environmental problem. However, there is growing interest in pyrolysis as a technology to treat wastes to produce valuable oil, char and gas products. The major important aim of waste pyrolysis is to produce liquid fuel or bio-oil, which is easy to store, transport and can be an alternative to energy source. The key influence on the product yield is the type of biomass feedstock and operating parameters (especially temperature and heating rate). It is important to investigate the effect of variables on response yield and impulse about their optimization. This study reviews operating variable from existing literature on olive mill wastes (OMSW and OMWW) in comparison with various types of biomass. The major operating variables include type of feedstock, final temperature of pyrolysis, heating rate and particle size. The scale of this paper is to analyse the influence of operating parameters on production of pyrolysis bio-oil, char and gaseous products.
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Arifan, Fahmi, Fuad Muhammad, Sri Winarni, Hafizh Rama Devara, and Latifah Hanum. "Optimization of Methane Gas Formation Rate with The Addition of EM4 Starter-made from Tofu Liquid Waste and Husk Rice Waste Using Biogas Reactor-Fixed Dome in Langensari West Ungaran." E3S Web of Conferences 31 (2018): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183102016.
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Indonesia is a country that has abundant energy resources, namely oil, gas, coal, geothermal, and so forth. Biogas is an alternative fuel that can be used as a substitute for primary fuel. The term biogas is already familiar to the people, it is because biogas has usefulness as a vehicle fuel, domestic (cooking), and generate electricity. Cow dung has a value of C / N ratio is large enough that 18. Rice husk has a C / N ratio is sufficient High temperatures of 38.9. EM-4 (effective microorganism) is a bacterial culture which is usually used as an activator. In the manufacture of biogas from waste fluids out and chaff has the advantage because the content of the C / N is high enough. The composition of the raw materials used are liquid wastes out of 5 kg and 1 kg of husk-em with the addition of 4500 ml and the resulting calorific value of 1047.9 A fermentation time for 9 days. Ph maintained in neutral or alkaline conditions, namely 7-7.5, because the effectiveness of the methane formation is highly dependent on pH wherein the microorganism will grow and thrive in neutral. The test results has been done is the color of the flame and the time at yield is good enough where the color of the flame produced at day to9 blue with time for 40 seconds.
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Maryudi, Maryudi, Agus Aktawan, and Siti Salamah. "Conversion of Biomass of Bagasse to Syngas Through Downdraft Gasification." Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 7, no. 1 (June 26, 2018): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v7i1.11621.
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National energy demand has been fulfilled by non-renewable energy sources, such as natural gas, petroleum, coal and so on. However, non-renewable energy reserves deplete increasingly which can cause an energy crisis. Conversion of biomass into energy becomes one of the solutions to overcome it. Indonesia has an enormous biomass potential especially from sugarcane plantation. Sugarcane plantations produce waste of bagasse abundantly. Commonly bagasse is utilized as energy source by conventional combustion. This research studies the utilization of bagasse as energy source by gasification technology to produce gas fuel. The gasification model used in this research is downdraft gasifier equipped with cyclone to separate gas with solid or liquid gasification products. The result has shown that gasification of bagasse has produced flammable syngas. The increase of bagasse weight increases the amount of syngas of gasification process. Carbon monoxide is the greatest content of syngas, while a few amount of H2, CH4 are also detected. Bagasse through gasification process is very potential source of alternative energy, since it is derived from waste and a cheap material.
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Рудаков, Aleksandr Rudakov, Кашапов, Ilnaz Kashapov, Гайфуллин, Ilnur Gayfullin, Зиганшин, and Bulat Ziganshin. "CALCULATION OF HEAT BALANCE AND JUSTIFICATION THE PARAMETERS OF SMALL-SIZED BIOGAS PLANT WITH MESOPHILIC FERMENTATION SUBSTRATE." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 11, no. 3 (October 31, 2016): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/22678.
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Over-exploitation of fossil resources of nature and increasing pollution have created the problem of finding alternative energy technologies, the invention of new equipments, based on highly efficient thermodynamic cycles, the use of new types of combustible material, i.e. the creation of environment-friendly energy systems, that will satisfy manufacturers and consumers’ demands, while minimizing the costs of material resources. Nowadays, there are well known mineral resources (coal, oil, natural gas, etc.), which are used universally. However, Russia has a huge potential for the application of non-traditional (alternative) energy sources on the basis of bio-waste usage. For example, in the construction of livestock farms, despite of their high equipment of mechanization and automation means, the questions of manure utilization remain unresolved. It should be noted that, a huge problem of recycling and rational application of liquid manure mass was formed. The cheap fuel production from agricultural waste for heating, electricity production and reception of high-quality organic fertilizers are the solution to the problem of utilization of large masses of liquid manure, ensuring protection of the environment from agricultural waste pollution. This article discusses the design and calculation of heat balance of compact biogas plant. The results of experimental studies of small-sized biogas plant at mesophilic and thermophilic fermentation time are also shown.
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Wilson, D. G. "The Supplementary-Fired Exhaust-Heated Cycle for Coal, Wood and Refuse-Derived Fuel." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 207, no. 3 (August 1993): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1993_207_034_02.
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An analysis is presented of a system that would enable refuse-derived fuel (RDF) (produced from, principally, paper) or other biomass (for example wood chips) or coal to be burned cleanly in a highly efficient gas turbine system of a size that would match the needs of many communities (a solid waste flow of 1000–3000 tons per day). The system consists of a gas turbine engine with two principal and several minor additions. The principal additions are a combustor to burn the RDF at approximately atmospheric pressure in the hot turbine exhaust flow and a high-temperature heat exchanger to transfer heat from this stream to the compressed air leaving the compressor. A design-point thermal efficiency of 55–60 per cent and high off-design efficiencies are predicted for the most favourable configuration with components designed for the purpose. About half the heat input would come from the RDF and half from conventional gas turbine liquid or gas fuel. In this paper the possible alternative configurations of such a plant are discussed, the thermodynamic implications are reviewed and some typical component performance values are introduced so that the overall plant performance can be predicted.
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Wu, Xiao Dan, Yu Huan Liu, Rong Sheng Ruan, Yi Qin Wan, Jin Sheng Zhang, and Hong Peng. "Prospect Analysis of the Coupling System of Low-Quality Biomass Treatment and Microalgae Biofuel Production." Applied Mechanics and Materials 137 (October 2011): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.137.269.
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Nowadays human beings face the crisis and challenge of environmental pollution and energy shortage. The green treatment of low-quality biomass (such as wastewater, waste gas and solid waste), and development of microalgae biofuel are hot spots of pollution treatment and new energy development respectively. Base on the coupling system of microalgae cultivation by slurry (the product of anaerobic digestion of low-quality biomass) and biofuel production by microalgae, it is most likely to achieve an organic integration of the two hot spots, obtaining alternative liquid fuel and realizing slurry purification finally. In addition, there are added benefits can be obtained from the system, such as some high value-added products, animal feed, organic fertilizer, high-absorption materials, and so on. In this paper, combining the latest research advances of our research group, we made a brief analysis of the feasibility of microalgae cultivation by slurry, the characteristics of microalgae cultivation and lipid accumulation, the refining technologies of high calorific value fuel from microalgae, etc., and prospected the coupling system of low-quality biomass treatment and microalgae biofuel production.
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Sethuraman, R., H. W. Parker, T. T. Maxwell, and J. C. Jones. "Submerged Electric Arc Decomposition of Methanol for Cold-Starting Methanol-Fueled Engines." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 116, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906021.
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Methanol is an attractive alternative fuel based on its engine performance and emission characteristics. Methanol can be synthesized from biomass or urban waste, and as a result, it does not contribute to the net addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Cold-starting of methanol-fueled engines is difficult at temperatures below 10°C, and at sub-zero temperatures, starting may be impractical without significant engine modifications. In this research, an attempt has been made to study and prevent the cold-starting problem by using hydrogen and carbon monoxide gas mixture produced by decomposing liquid methanol using a submerged electric arc device. The electric arc has the advantage of instantaneous gas production and the experimental data relating to the performance of the device and its design are reported. The device is capable of producing up to 0.01 cu m (10 L) per min of a gas which is primarily carbon monoxide and hydrogen with a thermal efficiency of 18 percent relative to the theoretical energy requirements for methanol decomposition. The feasibility of using this arc device is analyzed based on the simulated cold-starting data collected for a single-cylinder Kawasaki engine at −20°C.
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Koniuszy, Adam, Małgorzata Hawrot-Paw, Cezary Podsiadło, Paweł Sędłak, and Ewa Możdżer. "Gasification of Cup Plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) Biomass–Energy Recovery and Environmental Impacts." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 22, 2020): 4960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184960.
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Biomass from cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) is considered a renewable energy source that can be converted into alternative fuel. Calorific syngas, a promising type of advanced fuel, can be produced through thermochemical biomass gasification. In this study, the suitability of cup plant biomass for gasification was assessed, including the process energy balance and environmental impacts of waste from syngas purification. Silphium perfoliatum L. was cultivated as a gasification feedstock in different conditions (irrigation, fertilization). The experiments were performed in a membrane gasifier. All obtained energy parameters were compared to the biomass yield per hectare. The toxic effects of liquid waste were assessed using tests analyzing germination/seed root elongation of Sinapsis alba. Leachates collected from condensation tanks of a gas generator were introduced to soil at the following doses: 100, 1000 and 10,000 mg kg−1 DM of soil. The usefulness of Silphium perfoliatum L. for gasification was confirmed. The factors of plant cultivation affected the biomass yield, the volume and calorific value of syngas and the amount of biochar. It was determined that the components found in condensates demonstrate a phytotoxic effect, restricting or inhibiting germination and root elongation of Sinapsis alba. Due to this potential hazard, the possibility of its release to the environment should be limited. Most of the biomass is only used for heating purposes, but the syngas obtained from the cup plant can be used to power cogeneration systems, which, apart from heat, also generate electricity.
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Abbas, A. H., M. Fadhil, Mohmd Shiraz Aris, A. B. A. Ibrahim, and Mohammed Termzy Nor Aniza. "A Non-Isothermal Thermo Gravimetric Kinetic Analysis of Malaysian Poultry-Processing-Dewatered-Sludge." Advanced Materials Research 970 (June 2014): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.970.217.
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Poultry processing dewatered sludge which consisting of trimmings, fat, feathers and liquid discharges from processing slaughtered chicken is typically land filled in specialized sites. It is a costly process to manage and if not handled according to stringent procedures can be harmful to the surrounding environment. The use of this waste material as an alternative fuel can be an effective solution, as it not only contributes as an energy source but also solves environmental issues related to poultry sludge disposal. Combustion, gasification and pyrolysis are efficient techniques of utilizing energy effectively from poultry sludge. The performances of mathematical models to predict the product gas quality is rely on characterization of feed materials as well as the reaction kinetics of their thermal degradation. The aim of this study is to determine selected physical and chemical properties of poultry sludge associated with thermochemical conversion. Thermogravimetric analyses were performed at heating rates of 10, 20, 30, and 40 K/min in an air (oxidizing) atmosphere. The parameters of the reaction kinetics such as activation energy and reaction order were obtained by the application of OzawaFlynn Wall and Vyazovkin kinetic models.
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ULEWICZ, Małgorzata, and Paweł MACIEJEWSKI. "APLICATION OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS - ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 160, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 384–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.3023.
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Fuels made from municipal and industrial waste, called alternative fuels, have been used in many countries for over 20 years. Alternative fuels are known to be made up of mixtures of different flammable waste, which can be solid or liquid. There are a number of wastes that can be incinerated as fuel: selected combustible fractions of municipal wastes, waste products derived from paint and varnish production, liquid crude-oil derived wastes, car tyres and others. These fuels should fall within the extreme values of parameters such as: minimum heating value, maximum humidity content, maximum content of heavy and toxic metals. There are a number of countries that use their own alternative fuels, which have different trade names, differ in the amounts and the quality of the selected municipal and industrial waste fractions, in order to ensure the better use of the chemical energy contained in waste. In Poland, there are different plants also use alternative fuels, for example a cement plants have initiated activities directed at promoting the wider use of alternative fuels. The experience gained by the cement plants confirms that such activities are economically and ecologically beneficial. The incineration of alternative fuels is a safe method of waste utilization.
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Jantaraksa, Nut, Pattarapan Prasassarakich, Prasert Reubroycharoen, and Napida Hinchiranan. "Cleaner alternative liquid fuels derived from the hydrodesulfurization of waste tire pyrolysis oil." Energy Conversion and Management 95 (May 2015): 424–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.02.003.
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Azizi, Muzhda, and Sweeta Akbari. "A review on production of biodiesel from waste cooking oils." International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies 1, no. 2 (October 15, 2018): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v1i2.8.
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Nowadays, preservation of natural resources on earth is one of the most important concerns of humanity. In this regard, increasing the consumption of energy is one of the most critical challenges that humans are facing. Because, on the one hand, the untapped use of different sources of energy from fossil fuels can destroy this natural resource and, on the other hand, pollution from the use of these resources is a serious threat to the environment. Recent research suggests that affordable, sustainable and environmentally friendly fuels, which can be a good alternative to fossil fuels, have become more important. Therefore, biodiesel has made it possible to release less greenhouse gas emission and low toxicity emissions, which can partly meet fuel requirements and is the best alternative for petroleum diesel. In addition, the waste cooking oils are a major source of biodiesel for their essential compounds, such as glycerol. The use of waste cooking oils can reduce biodiesel production cost by 60 to 90 percent. Therefore, the main objective of this review is to study the production of biodiesel using transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil as an alternative fuel to petroleum diesel that can be used easily in diesel engines.
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Skřínský, Jan, Ján Vereš, and Karel Borovec. "Experimental Modelling of Autoignition Temperature for Alkyl/Alkenyl Products from Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis." MATEC Web of Conferences 168 (2018): 07014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816807014.
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Interest in Fischer-Tropsch technology is increasing rapidly. Alkyl/alkenyl products from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis are alternative, renewable, environmentally and economically attractive fuels and there are considered one of the most favorable fuels for conventional fossil-based fuels. The chemistry of this gas-to-liquid industry converts synthesis gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen to oxygenated hydrocarbons such as alcohols. The fire hazards associated with the use of these liquid hydrocarbons mixtures are obvious. This article aims to explore the fundamental fire and explosion characteristics for main products composition from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.
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Dobó, Zsolt, Gergő Kecsmár, Zsófia Jakab, Gábor Nagy, and Tamás Koós. "Production of Liquid Hydrocarbons from Plastic Wastes." International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences 4, no. 4 (December 12, 2019): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21791/ijems.2019.4.39.
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Thermal pyrolysis of HDPE, LDPE, PP and PS plastic wastes were performed in a batch reactor and the yields of pyrolysis oils and liquid transportation fuels prepared by atmospheric distillation were determined. The gasoline fractions were tested in a traditional spark-ignition engine without any modifications or fuel blending. Fuel consumption and exhaust gas emission (NOx, CO) were measured and compared to a commercial fuel (RON = 95). PS generated 70.5% gasoline range hydrocarbons from the solid waste, followed by PP with 42.1%, LDPE with 40.8% and HDPE with 37.3%. The fuel consumption was reduced by 9.1-9.4% in the case of PS compared to reference measurement. Reduction in fuel consumption was noticeable at HDPE, LDPE and PP as well. PS gasoline decreased by 91-96%, while HDPE, LDPE and PP more likely increased the CO emission of the engine compared to commercial gasoline. The results show that pyrolysis of plastic wastes is a promising method to generate value added liquid transportation fuels and reduce the footprint of waste accumulation in landfills.
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Petrovic, Goran, Milos Madic, Danijel Markovic, Predrag Milic, and Gordana Stefanovi. "Multiple criteria decision making of alternative fuels for waste collection vehicles in southeast region of Serbia." Thermal Science 20, suppl. 5 (2016): 1585–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci16s5585p.
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In this paper multiple criteria decision making approach of alternative fuels for waste collection vehicles in southeast region of Serbia was presented. Eight alternative fuels and advanced vehicle technologies were ranked according to thirteen criteria, including financial, socio-technical, and environmental. Assessment of alternatives was performed by using the weighted aggregated sum product assessment method and results were verified using multi-objective optimization on the basis of ratio analysis method. Considered criteria were obtained from previous researches and by assessment of professional experts from manufacturing industries, public utility companies, and academics institutions. The analysis showed that both biodiesel fuels - derived from used cooking oil or from vegetable oils are the best alternative fuels for Serbian waste collection vehicles in this point of time. Compressed natural gas-powered vehicles were also ranked high in this analysis, but due to the lack of financial capability for their purchase (especially in southeast region of Serbia), their gradual introduction into the waste collection fleet was proposed.
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Widayat, John Philia, Thariq Farsha, and Fahmi Rifaldi. "Synthesis of Zeolite Catalyst from Geothermal Solid Waste for Crude Glycerol Dehydration to Acrolein." Key Engineering Materials 849 (June 2020): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.849.130.
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Limited reserves of conventional fossil fuels have led people to come up with alternative fuels. Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels that mostly produced nowadays. Glycerol as byproduct of biodiesel production can be converted to acrolein trough dehydration reaction. Acrolein is an important intermediate for the production of chemicals product and also used for agricultures. Application of various catalyst in glycerol dehydration to acrolein has been reported. Zeolite is a micro-porous, alumino-silicate mineral that can be used as catalyst for this reaction. Geothermal solid waste contains silica that can be used as zeolite catalyst raw material. In this research, zeolite catalyst was synthesized from geothermal solid waste in hydrothermal reactor at 150°C for 8 hours. The catalyst product was characterized by EDX and showed that the zeolite catalyst was analcime type. BET characterization showed that this catalyst has mesoporous surface area. Catalyst application on glycerol dehydration was occurred in fixed-bed stainless steel reactor. This process produced liquid product and analysed by FT-IR. The FT-IR result showed that the liquid product contains acrolein. The variation amount of catalyst in dehydration process affect to the glycerol conversion. The increasing of catalyst amount enhanced glycerol conversion.
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Pearson, Richard, Andrew Coe, and James Paterson. "Innovation in Fischer-Tropsch: A Sustainable Approach to Fuels Production : A cost-effective method of converting any carbon source into high-quality liquid hydrocarbon fuels." Johnson Matthey Technology Review 65, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/205651321x16143384043486.
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A sustained global effort is required over the next few decades to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, in order to address global warming as society seeks to deliver the Paris Agreement temperature goals. The increasing availability of renewable electricity will reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. However, some applications, such as long-haul aviation, are particularly challenging to decarbonise. The conversion of waste, biomass or existing CO2 emissions into sustainable fuels via Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis offers one solution to this problem. This paper describes some of the challenges associated with this route to these alternative fuels and how Johnson Matthey and bp have solved them.
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Zhang, Yongsheng, Jamie Minaret, Zhongshun Yuan, Animesh Dutta, and Chunbao Xu. "Mild Hydrothermal Liquefaction of High Water Content Agricultural Residue for Bio-Crude Oil Production: A Parametric Study." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2018): 3129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113129.
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Depleting petroleum reserves together with the associated environmental concerns have intensified the exploration of alternatives to petroleum. Wet food processing wastes present promising bioresources for liquid fuel production via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) followed by additional upgrading. In this study, tomato plant waste (TPW) was utilized as a feedstock for the production of bio-crude oils via HTL at medium-temperature (220–280 °C) in water or a water–ethanol (17/3, v/v) medium in a 600 mL autoclave reactor. Effects of various operating parameters, such as catalysts (H2SO4 or KOH), reaction time (15–60 min) and reaction temperature (220–280 °C) on product yields were investigated. This study showed that a high yield (45.1 wt%) of bio-crude oil was achieved from HTL of TPW in water–ethanol medium at 250 °C in the presence of acid catalyst H2SO4. The oil, gas and solid residue (SR) products were analyzed for their chemical and structural properties.
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Yao, Di, Di Ming Lou, Yuan Hu Zhi, Pi Qiang Tan, and Qian Feng. "On-Board Measurements of Particle Emissions from a Diesel Car Fuelled with Alternative Fuels Based on Different Road Types." Applied Mechanics and Materials 316-317 (April 2013): 1166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.316-317.1166.
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In this paper, on-board Measurements of particle emissions were carried out on a VW diesel car in Shanghai real roads. The test fuels included pure petroleum diesel (D100) and three different alternative fuel blends, 10% biodiesel blend (BD10), 10% coal-to-liquid fuel blend (C10) and 10% gas-to-liquid fuel blend (G10) in volumetric mixture ratio. Results showed that particle emissions in freeways were terrible, and particle number emission ratios from urban roads were high. The test alternative blend fuels of BD10, Bu10, G10 and C10 all have positive effects on the particle emissions of test diesel car.
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Moliere, M. "Expanding fuel flexibility of gas turbines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 219, no. 2 (March 1, 2005): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095765005x6818.
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Gas turbines are continuous-flow engines that develop steady aerodynamics and flame kinetics. These features reduce the constraints placed on fuel properties for combustion and provide a considerable margin for clean combustion. In particular, heavy-duty gas turbines can operate on a large number of primary fuels that are available in many branches of the industry. These accessible fuels include natural gas (NG) and diesel fuel (DF), as well as a number of industry byproducts generated by the refining and petrochemical sectors, coal and oil and gas activities, steel and mining branches, and by the agricultural industry (biofuels). This fuel flexibility enhances the existing qualities demonstrated by gas turbines, such as efficiency, reliability, versatility in applications [mechanical drive, simple and combined cycle, combined heat and power (CHP)], strong integration potential [integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), gas to liquid (GTL)], and low emissions. As a result, gas turbines that use local fuel resources, synfuels or industrial byproducts — and are deployed in simple or combined cycles or in CHP units — can play a prominent role in the creation of reliable, clean, and energy-efficient power systems. This article provides the energy community with comprehensive information about alternative gas turbine (GT) fuels, covering volatile fuels [naphtha, natural gas liquid (NGL), condensates], weak gas fuels from the coal/iron industry [coalbed gas, coke oven gas (COG), blast furnace gas (BFG)], ash-forming oils, and hydrogen-rich byproducts from refineries or petrochemical plants. The main technical considerations essential to the success of alternative fuel applications are reviewed and key experience milestones are highlighted. A special emphasis is placed on the combustion of hydrogen in gas turbines.
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Kim, Soosan, Nahyeon Lee, and Jechan Lee. "Pyrolysis for Nylon 6 Monomer Recovery from Teabag Waste." Polymers 12, no. 11 (November 16, 2020): 2695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112695.
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In this work, we used pyrolysis to treat teabag waste (TBW). Changes in the pyrolysis temperature affected the composition and yield of the products. For example, more non-condensable gases and less char were produced with an increase in the pyrolysis temperature. Pyrolysis conducted under a nitrogen environment yielded caprolactam at temperatures between 400 and 700 °C. An increase in the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 500 °C increased the caprolactam yield from 3.1 to 6.2 wt.%. At 700 °C, the yield decreased to 4.6 wt.%. The highest caprolactam yield (i.e., 6.2 wt.% at 500 °C) was equivalent to 59.2 wt.% on the basis of the weight of the non-biomass part of the TBW. The pyrolytic products other than caprolactam (e.g., combustible gases, pyrolytic liquid, and char) can function as fuels to supply energy during pyrolysis in order to increase and maintain the temperature. The higher heating values (HHVs) of the combustible gases and pyrolytic liquid produced at 500 °C were 7.7 and 8.3 MJ kg−1, respectively. The HHV of the char produced at 500 °C was 23 MJ kg−1, which is comparable to the HHV of coal. This work will help to develop effective pyrolysis processes to valorize everyday waste by recovering value-added chemicals such as polymer monomers and by producing alternative fuels.
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Juwono, Hendro, Ardita Elliyanti, Firman Satria Pamungkas, Anas Assari, Ahmad Hawky Dermawan, and Arifah Nurfitriyah. "Influence of Biodiesel Waste Cooking Oil on Produce Hydrocarbon Fraction by Catalytic Cracking Waste Polystyrene and its Application in Gasoline Engine." ALCHEMY 7, no. 2 (October 30, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/al.v7i2.8546.
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<p>Liquid fuel from polystyrene waste and waste cooking oil biodiesel was successfully obtained through catalytic cracking using Al-MCM-41/Ceramic. The structure, morphology, acidity, and porosity of the catalyst were studied by SEM-EDX, pyridine FTIR, and N<sub>2</sub> gas adsorption-desorption. The products of catalytic cracking were analyzed using gas chromatogram-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The highest yield was obtained at feedstock variations of 57% (P): 43% (M) with the number of hydrocarbon fractions (< C<sub>7</sub>) is 0.48%, hydrocarbon fraction (C<sub>8 </sub>- C<sub>12</sub>) is 20.99%, and hydrocarbon fraction (> C<sub>12</sub>) is 78.53% in the cracking time 1 hours. Physical characteristics were reported in the form of density, flash point, and caloric value respective. The performance of liquid fuels with commercial fuels, Premium (RON 88), and additives of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) comparisons of 225 (mL): 750 (mL): 18.25 (mL) respectively produce thermal efficiency on engine use gasoline generator sets was 28.22% at the load of 2118 Watts. Based on this research, all variations of feedstock produce liquid fuels that are in accordance with SNI 06-3506-1994 concerning the quality of gasoline fuel types.</p><p> </p>Keywords: Catalytic cracking, polystyrene waste, waste cooking oil, liquid fuel
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Ariyaratne, Wijesinghe Kaluarachchige Hiromi, Edirisinghe Vidana Pathiranage Jagath Manjula, Morten Christian Melaaen, and Lars André Tokheim. "Kiln Process Impact of Alternative Solid Fuel Combustion in the Cement Kiln Main Burner – Mathematical Modelling and Full-Scale Experiment." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 1291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1291.
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Increased use of alternative fuels in cement kilns is a trend in the world. However, replacing fossil fuels like coal with different alternative fuels will give various impacts on the overall kiln process due to the fuel characteristics. Hence, it is important to know to what extent the fossil fuels can be replaced by different alternative fuels without severely changing process conditions, product quality or emissions. In the present study, a mass and energy balance for the combustion of different alternative fuels in a cement rotary kiln was developed. First, the impact of different fuel characteristics on kiln gas temperature, kiln gas flow rate and air requirement were observed by using coal (reference case), meat and bone meal (MBM), two different wood types, refuse derived fuel and a mixture of saw dust and solid hazardous waste as the primary fuel. It was found that the key process parameters depend largely on the chemical characteristics of the fuel. It appears that MBM shows quite different results from other alternative fuels investigated. Next, simulation of combustion of a mixture of coal and MBM in the main burner was carried out in three steps. The first step was combustion of replacing part of coal energy with MBM, and a reduction in kiln exhaust gas temperature compared to the coal reference case was found. In the second step, the fuel feed rate was increased in order to raise the kiln gas temperature to that of the reference case. In the third step, the fuel feed rate and the clinker production rate were changed in order to have not only the same kiln gas temperature but also to obtain the same volumetric flow rate of total exhaust gas from the precalciner as in the reference case. Around 7% of reduction in clinker production rate could be observed when replacing 48% of the coal energy input. Results from a full-scale test using the same mixture of coal and MBM verified the simulation results.
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Abdallah, Ramez, Adel Juaidi, Mahmoud Assad, Tareq Salameh, and Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. "Energy Recovery from Waste Tires Using Pyrolysis: Palestine as Case of Study." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 9, 2020): 1817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071817.
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The first industrial-scale pyrolysis plant for solid tire wastes has been installed in Jenin, northern of the West Bank in Palestine, to dispose of the enormous solid tire wastes in the north of West Bank. The disposable process is an environmentally friendly process and it converts tires into useful products, which could reduce the fuel crisis in Palestine. The gravimetric analysis of tire waste pyrolysis products from the pyrolysis plant working at the optimum conditions is: tire pyrolysis oil (TPO): 45%, pyrolysis carbon black (PCB): 35%, pyrolysis gas (Pyro-Gas): 10% and steel wire: 10%. These results are depending on the tire type and size. It has been found that the produced pyrolysis oil has a High Heating Value (HHV), with a range of 42 − 43 ( MJ / kg ) , which could make it useful as a replacement for conventional liquid fuels. The main disadvantage of using the TPO as fuel is its strong acrid smell and its low flash point, as compared with the other conventional liquid fuels. The produced pyrolysis carbon black also has a High Heating Value (HHV) of about 29 (MJ/kg), which could also encourage its usage as a solid fuel. Carbon black could also be used as activated carbon, printers’ ink, etc. The pyrolysis gas (Pyro-Gas) obtained from waste tires mainly consist of light hydrocarbons. The concentration of H2 has a range of 30% to 40% in volume and it has a high calorific value (approximately 31 MJ / m 3 ), which can meet the process requirement of energy. On the other hand, it is necessary to clean gas before the burning process to remove H2S from Pyro-Gas, and hence, reduce the acid rain problem. However, for the current plant, some recommendations should be followed for more comfortable operation and safer environment work conditions.
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Yevi, G. Y., and R. E. Rogers. "Storage of Fuel in Hydrates for Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs)." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 118, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2793864.
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The need for alternative fuels to replace liquid petroleum-based fuels has been accelerated in recent years by environmental concerns, concerns of shortage of imported liquid hydrocarbon, and congressional prompting. The fact is accepted that natural gas is the cheapest, most domestically abundant, and cleanest burning of fossil fuels. However, socio-economical and technical handicaps associated with the safety and efficiency of on-board fuel storage inhibit its practical use in vehicles as an alternative fuel. A concept is presented for safely storing fuel at low pressures in the form of hydrates in natural gas vehicles. Experimental results lead to gas storage capacities of 143 to 159 volumes/volume. Vehicle travel range could be up to 204 mi. Controlled decomposition rate of hydrates is possible for feeding an automotive vehicle. Upon sudden pressure decrease in the event of a vehicle accident, the rate of release of hydrocarbons from the hydrates at constant temperature is 2.63 to 12.50 percent per min, slow enough to prevent an explosion or a fireball. A model is given for predicting the rates of gas release from hydrates in a vehicle wreck. A storage tank design is proposed and a process is suggested for forming and decomposing hydrates on-board vehicles. A consistent fuel composition is obtained with hydrates.
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Levytska, O., and O. Sichevii. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EMISSIONS OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES IN USING ALTERNATIVE TO NATURAL GAS BIOFUELS." Bulletin of Lviv State University of Life Safety 20 (January 24, 2020): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20784643.20.2019.13.
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Feature of the topic and problem statement. The paper presents for the first time a comparative characteristic of emissions of harmful substances from the combustion of traditional fuels (natural gas) and biomass in fuel furnaces of boilers and recommended for the use the most environmentally efficient fuels. Comparative characteristics of emissions of harmful substances during the combustion of various types of fuel allows to determine the optimal type of fuel in the construction and commission of a new power plants, and also adds up-to-date information that will be useful in the scientific and scientific-popular discussions that are widespread today regarding the exhaustion and replacement of non-renewable energy sources, the safety of alternative fuels and their advantages in comparison with non-renewable ones. The purpose of the work is determining of the amount of emissions of harmful substsnces entering the environment during the combustion of natural gas and solid alternative fuels - wood waste, straw, flax straw and sunflower husk, their comparison, justification of calculation of the carbon content in the fuel of a given chemical composition. Findings. During the comparative analysis, high values for the carbon dioxide emissions for all the materials were considered. It is also noted that there are no emissions of suspended solid particles and sulfur diоxide during the combustion of natural gas and it is determined that at its combustion, methane emissions will be the smallest. In as-sessing the level of safety when using unrenewable and alternative fuels, the higher content of methane, dinitrogen oxide and unmethane volatile organic compounds and the lower content of nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide in emissions from combustion of alternative fuels compared to emissions at combustion of unrenewable fuels were determined during the calculations. When burning natural gas there is mercury in small amounts in the emissions. Originality. The paper presents for the first time a comparative characteristic of emissions of harmful substances from the combustion of traditional fuels (natural gas and fuel oil) and biomass in fuel furnaces of boilers and recommended for the use the most environmentally efficient fuels. When making calculation works the following regularities are defined. In unrenewable and alternative fuels, a higher proportion of carbon passes into carbon dioxide emission and less to carbon oxide emission, while proportion of carbon in carbon dioxide emission is higher in unrenewable fuels. In addition, in unre-newable and alternative fuels, a large proportion of nitrogen is converted into nitrogen oxide emission, and less in emission of dinitrogen oxide, while the proportion of nitrogen in the emission of nitrogen oxide is also higher in unrenewable fuels. The paper defines a formula for calculating the carbon content in natural gas from the Central Asia-Center gas pipeline. The provided calculations and the introduction of simplified formulas serve as an example for the calculation of emis-sion factors and emissions in assessing the level of safety of existing equipment and can be used in the development of permit documents of enterprises that carry out emissions of harmful substances to the environment.
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Afdhol, Muhammad Khairul, Hafni Zulaika Lubis, and Chalidah Pratiwi Siregar. "Bioethanol Production from Tea Waste as a Basic Ingredient in Renewable Energy Sources." Journal of Earth Energy Engineering 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jeee.2019.vol8(1).2602.
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Global demand for energy needs has increased due to the rapid development of the human population, raising the industrial prosperity in developing countries. Primary energy demand is still supplied from fossil fuels, such as oil, coal and natural gas. The utilization of fossil fuels will continuously enhance the effect of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. On the other hand, the extent of the tea plantation area in Indonesia reached 53,009 Ha, so that it will reproduce a waste too. Thus, spent tea as bioetanol. In addition it contains cellulose fibres are quite high, environmentally friendly and economical. Bioethanol as motor vehicle fuels can reduce the addition of CO2 at atmosphere because the use of biomass for the production and usage of bioethanol can be considered as a closed cycle. According to this principle the buyer of CO2 from fuel combustion bioethanol originating from the CO2-based biomass will be reabsorbed by plants through photosynthesis reactions. As a result of this whole process is not accounted for emissions of CO2 liquid gas a greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. Bioethanol-cellulosa can reduce greenhouse gas emissions amounted to 80%. The process into products bioethanol via hydrolysis, fermentation, distillation and characterization using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Them is the optimal bioethanol levels produced from fermented inoculant 1% amounting to 8.2% and optimal levels of bioethanol produced from hydrolysis of 8% H2SO4 results amounted to 8.2%, thus optimumsitas the ethanol produced from 8% acid and 1% inoculant apply to have levels of ethanol amounted to 8.2%. The product program could be developed into bioethanol solvent to dissolve the oil that is waxy crude oil.
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Turlej, Anna, and Marta Skolniak. "Opportunities and barriers regarding the development of selected methods for obtaining hydrogen from bioethanol." Journal of KONBiN 48, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 191–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2018-0053.
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Abstract The development of the commercial air carriers market causes an increase in the aviation fuel consumption and the air pollution. There are intensive works in order to invent the possibility of supplying the aviation engines with biofuels. The hydrogen gas is needed for technological processes to obtain the synthetic biocomponents from biomass, which met the quality standards for fuels and aviation fuels. Pure hydrogen gas is scarce in the Earth’s atmosphere and has to be derived from petroleum products. Its acquisition currently requires the processing of petroleum-based matter. The whole world is looking for easy, cheap and safe ways of producing hydrogen from a variety of renewable raw materials, that are an alternative to fossil fuels. The article shows the technological potential of experimental methods for hydrogen production from ethanol produced from biodegradable waste, which is widely considered as a renewable and environmentally friendly resource.
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Chen, Xiu, Yin Nan Yuan, and Yong Bin Lai. "The Thermal Volatilization of Petrodisel/Biodiesel from Waste Oil." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 2656–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2656.
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Thermogravimetry (TG) has been employed to yield information on the thermal volatilization of the fuels since the volatility influences the ignition quality of the fuels in a compression ignition engine. The chemical composition of -10 petrodiesel (-10PD) and waste oil biodiesel (WME) was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The thermal volatilization of biodiesel and its blends was investigated by TG and liquid volatile theory. Volatile index was put forward for describing biodiesel/petrodisel volatility. A good correlation model was proposed for calculate the biodiesel/petrodiesel volatility by biodiesel blending ratio. The study showed that -10PD and WME had similar chemical composition and structure. -10PD was mainly composed of long chain alkanes: C8–C26. WME was mainly composed of long chain fatty acid methyl esters: C14:0–C22:0, C16:1–C22:1, C18:2 and C18:3. The volatile indexes of WME and -10PD were 1.47E-04 and 3.64E-05, respectively. The biodiesel was considerably more volatile in comparison to the petrodiesel. The WME/-10PD volatility was better with increasing the biodiesel blending ratio.
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Sarker, M., M. M. Rashid, M. S. Rahman, and M. Molla. "Fractional Distillation Process Utilized to Produce Light Fractional Fuel from Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Waste Plastic." Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal 5, no. 1 (July 10, 2012): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876973x01205010039.
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Plastics are not easily biodegradable; and because of these characteristics they can remain under landfill and water for a very long period of time. All over the world only 6% of waste plastics are recycled and the rest of all waste plastics are dumped into landfills. An experiment was conducted in a laboratory scale batch process under Labconco’s fume hood utilizing low density polyethylene (LDPE). The experiment was carried out to obtain a hydrocarbon fuel product utilizing thermal degradation. Many research studies have successfully demonstrated that waste plastics such as low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) can be converted to valuable liquid hydrocarbon fuels. For experimental purposes we used 500 gm of LDPE as raw materials. This particular experiment is a two step process; the first step process involves extracting hydrocarbon fuels as mixture of both short and long chain hydrocarbon compounds. During the second step the fuel obtained in the first process is refractionated by thermal degradation process utilizing a distillation column. This process yields a short hydrocarbon chain liquid fuel that has similar properties to gasoline grade fuels. Analysis of these fuels was conducted by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS), FT-IR Spectrum 100 and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). The results show that the produced fuels are good quality fuels with high energy content. ASTM test result indicates that fuel has low sulfur level (3.2 ppm) and the fuel hydrocarbon range shown by GC/MS analysis is C4-C10.
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Kitto, John B., and Larry A. Hiner. "Clean Power from Burning Trash." Mechanical Engineering 139, no. 02 (February 1, 2017): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2017-feb-1.
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This study presents an overview of distinctive features of America’s first new waste-to-energy plant, which is a source of renewable energy and reduces greenhouse gas emission. With combustion and air pollution equipment designed and supplied by The Babcock & Wilcox Co. (B&W), the new facility addresses the pollution and cost issues that stopped municipalities from building waste-to-energy plants. It eliminates the burial of problematic wastes that routinely emit tons of volatile organic compounds and problematic chemicals. Waste-to-energy plants produce lower net greenhouse gas emissions than any landfill option. Not only do they displace fossil fuels to produce electricity, but also they effectively eliminate methane landfill emissions by burning the biodegradable landfill waste that forms methane. Test results show that the facility’s emissions are, at their maximum, an order of magnitude lower than those limits. This makes it the best in class of any waste-to-energy plant in the world. Waste-to-energy plants give municipalities facing rising landfill costs an economically and environmentally sound alternative to consider.
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Abdulrahman, Ribwar K. "Sustainable Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil and Chicken Fat as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engine." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 3 (January 31, 2017): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n3p235.
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In recent decade, the demand for fuel as a source of energy has been dramatic. In fact, many oil and gas reservoirs are declining around the world. The use of fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas is contributing to the phenomenon of global warming. This is because it emits high quantities of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Thus, many researchers and energy companies are investigating the production of an environmental friendly fuel that reduces the emission of greenhouse gases. Thus, bio fuel is one of the most obvious alternative sustainable fuels that can be produced from used vegetable oil and animal fats as well. Indeed, it has several advantages. For example, a biodegradable and a renewable energy reduces global warming phenomenon. Thus, this work is an attempt to produce a biodiesel fuel from chicken fat and waste cooking oil. Also, it was found that it is possible to produce biodiesel from chicken fat and waste cooking oils using transesterification reaction method. Furthermore, the process optimization was also adopted; for example, methanol to oil ratio. It has been found that the yield percentages of the produced biodiesel is increased by increasing the amount of methanol. In addition, the maximum conversion to ester could be achieved at methanol: oil ratio about 7:1. at 60 °C.
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Lee, Nahyeon, Junghee Joo, Kun-Yi Andrew Lin, and Jechan Lee. "Waste-to-Fuels: Pyrolysis of Low-Density Polyethylene Waste in the Presence of H-ZSM-11." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081198.
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Herein, the pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) scrap in the presence of a H-ZSM-11 zeolite was conducted as an effort to valorize plastic waste to fuel-range chemicals. The LDPE-derived pyrolytic gas was composed of low-molecular-weight aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, and propylene) and hydrogen. An increase in pyrolysis temperature led to increasing the gaseous hydrocarbon yields for the pyrolysis of LDPE. Using the H-ZSM-11 catalyst in the pyrolysis of LDPE greatly enhanced the content of propylene in the pyrolytic gas because of promoted dehydrogenation of propane formed during the pyrolysis. Apart from the light aliphatic hydrocarbons, jet fuel-, diesel-, and motor oil-range hydrocarbons were found in the pyrolytic liquid for the non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis. The change in pyrolysis temperature for the catalytic pyrolysis affected the hydrocarbon compositions of the pyrolytic liquid more materially than for the non-catalytic pyrolysis. This study experimentally showed that H-ZSM-11 can be effective at producing fuel-range hydrocarbons from LDPE waste through pyrolysis. The results would contribute to the development of waste valorization process via plastic upcycling.
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Kurnia Amin, Amalia, Karna Wijaya, and Wega Trisunaryanti. "The Catalytic Performance of ZrO2-SO4 and Ni/ZrO2-SO4 Prepared from Commercial ZrO2 in Hydrocracking of LDPE Plastic Waste into Liquid Fuels." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 6 (November 12, 2018): 3070–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/340650.
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Catalytic activity and selectivity toward liquid fuels production of ZrO2, SZ, 0.5NiSZ, 1.0NiSZ, and 1.5NiSZ catalysts with different physicochemical properties, in hydrocracking process upon the second stage of sequential LDPE plastic conversion method after pyrolysis process, were examined. The hydrocracking reaction was carried out at 300°C under 20 mL/min of hydrogen gas flow for 1 h. Modifying commercial ZrO2 with sulfate and Ni enhances the acidity of catalyst, even though there is a decrease in surface area. The increase in acidity of catalyst results in the higher liquid fuels conversion. The presence of nickel reduces olefins content and aromatic content of liquid product, and also reduces coke formation. The highest liquid yield (44.32%) that composed by 66.25% fraction of gasoline is produced over 1.5NiSZ which has the highest catalyst acidity.
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Cucchiella, Federica, Idiano D’Adamo, and Massimo Gastaldi. "Sustainable Italian Cities: The Added Value of Biomethane from Organic Waste." Applied Sciences 9, no. 11 (May 30, 2019): 2221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9112221.
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This work focuses on the profitability of biomethane plants and the environmental benefits obtained recovering the organic fraction of municipal solid waste in Italy. The economic model is based on the calculations of the net present value, considering multiple capacities of biomethane production (ranging from 50 to 500 m3/h) and alternative scenarios based on the variation in subsidies, the selling price of biomethane, and the net revenues from the treatment of organic waste. The environmental analysis quantifies the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions obtained by natural gas vehicles fueled by biomethane. The economic and environmental results encourage energy change that can be achieved by municipalities that support the transformation of natural resources into green fuels. Across 15 Italian municipalities, the potential biomethane production varies from 80.4 million m3/year to 102.8 million m3/year, with an overall net present value ranging from 135 to 187 million €. In addition, the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions varies from 127 to 162 thousand-ton CO2eq/year. Both the economic and environmental results demonstrate that biomethane is a renewable resource with added value for municipalities.