Journal articles: 'Alternative powertrain'

1

B Basavaradder, Arun, Dayananda Pai K., and Chethan K N. "Review on alternative propulsion in automotives -hybrid vehicles." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3 (July 8, 2018): 1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.11455.

Full text

Abstract:

The dynamic diminishing in overall oil stores and proximity of stringent outflows runs the world over, have made a desperate prerequisite for the making of automobiles with upgraded effectiveness. This is the change time frame to move with elective powertrains as an Electric driven, hybrid, fuel cell models are being produced. Energy Management System (EMS) are given significance for capacity and improving the effectiveness of machines. The operation of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) in different landscape with their fuel utilization is accounted. Hybrid powertrain like series, parallel and mixed are clarified. Testing undertaking is the appropriation of charging station situation for India and compelling use of hybrid vehicles. Battery management is the key part in HEV which require search for various methodologies are taken into for creating. The correlation of the customary motors finished with hybrid vehicles.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Datlinger, Christoph, and Mario Hirz. "Benchmark of Rotor Position Sensor Technologies for Application in Automotive Electric Drive Trains." Electronics 9, no. 7 (June 28, 2020): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9071063.

Full text

Abstract:

Rotor shaft position sensors are required to ensure the efficient and reliable control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSM), which are often applied as traction motors in electrified automotive powertrains. In general, various sensor principles are available, e.g., resolvers and inductive- or magnetoresistive sensors. Each technology is characterized by strengths and weaknesses in terms of measurement accuracy, space demands, disturbing factors and costs, etc. Since the most frequently applied technology, the resolver, shows some weaknesses and is relatively costly, alternative technologies have been introduced during the past years. This paper investigates state-of-the-art position sensor technologies and compares their potentials for use in PMSM in automotive powertrain systems. The corresponding evaluation criteria are defined according to the typical requirements of automotive electric powertrains, and include the provided sensor accuracy under the influence of mechanical tolerances and deviations, integration size, and different electrical- and signal processing-related parameters. The study presents a mapping of the potentials of different rotor position sensor technologies with the target to support the selection of suitable sensor technologies for specified powertrain control applications, addressing both system design and components development.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Weigelt, Michael, Andreas Mayr, Alexander Kühl, and Jörg Franke. "Methodical Comparison of Alternative Powertrain Technologies for Long-Distance Mobility Using Germany as an Example." World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 4 (November 15, 2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj10040077.

Full text

Abstract:

The main barriers to the wide acceptance of electric vehicles, such as the limited driving range or the high acquisition costs, are to be countered by various technology alternatives for the powertrain of the future. Promising developments include improved battery technologies, fuel cell technologies or a constant power supply of the vehicle while driving, for example through dynamic inductive charging. In this context, a holistic technology comparison would contribute to a comprehensive and understandable information situation by making the heterogeneous technological concepts comparable with regard to different evaluation criteria. Therefore, this work describes the basic assumptions of the proposed holistic comparison of alternative powertrain technologies for long-distance mobility. Relevant framework conditions are structured and a procedure for the evaluation of infrastructure expenditures is shown. Building on this, a selection of key performance indicators is defined and explained. The proposed KPI framework is applied to a passenger car in the economic area Germany. The results show that by using electrified roadways, ecological as well as economic advantages against other alternative powertrain designs can be derived.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Borthakur, Swagata, and Shankar C. Subramanian. "Design and optimization of a modified series hybrid electric vehicle powertrain." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 6 (March 12, 2018): 1419–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018759357.

Full text

Abstract:

Hybrid electric vehicles are emerging technologies that are considered as eco-friendly alternative solutions to internal combustion engine–driven vehicles. This paper proposes a modified hybrid electric vehicle powertrain system that addresses the shortcomings of a series hybrid electric vehicle powertrain. The proposed configuration replaces the conventional generator of a series hybrid electric vehicle with an integrated starter generator that supports the traction motor of the vehicle during acceleration and peak torque requirements and maintains the state of charge of the batteries to provide an extended electric range of the vehicle. The work done in this paper can be categorized into two stages. The first stage is the methodical development of the powertrain in terms of initial parameter matching and sizing of the vehicle components by considering the fundamentals of longitudinal vehicle dynamics. The second stage describes the optimization of the proposed configuration to meet the design objective of maximizing fuel economy subjected to a set of vehicle performance constraints. The performance of the proposed powertrain was evaluated and compared with a series hybrid electric vehicle powertrain for an on-road Indian driving cycle using AVL CRUISE, which is a commercially available software for the study and analysis of road vehicle powertrains. Result analysis during initial parameterization showed a reduction in gross vehicle weight of the proposed configuration by 244 kg (1.5%) and an improvement in the average operating efficiency of the traction motor by around 11%, when compared to a series hybrid electric vehicle. Furthermore, the optimization results for the proposed configuration established an improvement in the fuel economy by 21% while meeting vehicle performance requirements.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

González Palencia, Juan C., Van Tuan Nguyen, Mikiya Araki, and Seiichi Shiga. "The Role of Powertrain Electrification in Achieving Deep Decarbonization in Road Freight Transport." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 13, 2020): 2459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102459.

Full text

Abstract:

Decarbonizing road freight transport is difficult due to its reliance on fossil fuel internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The role of powertrain electrification in achieving deep decarbonization in road freight transport was studied using a vehicle stock turnover model, focusing on Japan. Twelve vehicle types were considered; combining four powertrains, ICEV, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), battery electric vehicle (BEV) and fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV); and three vehicle size classes, normal, compact and mini-sized vehicles. A scenario-based approach was used; considering a Base scenario, and three alternative scenarios targeting powertrain electrification. Between 2012 and 2050, tank to wheel CO2 emissions decrease 42.8% in the Base scenario, due to the reduction of vehicle stock, the improvement of vehicle fuel consumption and the adoption of HEVs. Diffusion of FCEVs in normal vehicles and BEVs in compact and mini-sized vehicles achieves the largest tank to wheel CO2 emissions reductions, up to 44.6% compared with the 2050 baseline value. The net cash flow is positive over the whole time horizon, peaking at 6.7 billion USD/year in 2049 and reaching 6.6 billion USD/year by 2050. Powertrain electrification is not enough to achieve any of the CO2 emissions reduction targets in road freight transport.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Li, Hao, Yuan Hao Zhu, and Yu Hua Xin. "Modeling and Simulation of a Hydro-Pneumatic Accumulator System for Hybrid Air Development." Applied Mechanics and Materials 733 (February 2015): 763–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.733.763.

Full text

Abstract:

To meet the increasingly stringent environmental protection regulations, there had emerged several technologies in the electrification of powertrains in hybrid vehicle, such as HEV and EV. However, these also led to increasing costs which could greatly affect the markets. So, here introduce a new type of full-hybrid powertrain that combines a petrol engine and a compressed air energy storage unit instead of a battery, offering an alternative to electric hybrid solutions. This paper laid the emphasis on the multi-domain modeling and simulation of a hydro-pneumatic accumulator system, and then continues to study its dynamic behavior of the compressed air and output performance of the pump/motor with simulation. Results show that the system possesses a high applied value in a given hybrid air system.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Zaremba, Alexander T., Ciro Soto, and Mark Jennings. "Methodology for Assessment of Alternative Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain System Architectures." SAE International Journal of Alternative Powertrains 1, no. 1 (April 16, 2012): 240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-1010.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Sousa, Nuno, Arminda Almeida, and João Coutinho-Rodrigues. "A multicriteria methodology for estimating consumer acceptance of alternative powertrain technologies." Transport Policy 85 (January 2020): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.10.003.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

CIPOLLA, Giovanni. "Diesel perspective in global market vision." Combustion Engines 129, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117328.

Full text

Abstract:

The article describes some predictions with regard to developing trends of automotive propulsion systems. According to the author’s opinion, Diesel engines will share with the gasoline one the leadership of the market in the short-to-middle timeframe, with shares depending mainly from regional contingencies. In the middle-to-long timeframe, the hybrid powertrain and fuel cells will became a real alternative option to conventional engine. However, Diesel hybrid powertrain could also became a very interesting opportunity, because the Diesel engine features will further improve the fuel consumption and the fun-to-drive features of hybrid systems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Awadallah, Mohamed, Peter Tawadros, Paul Walker, and Nong Zhang. "Comparative fuel economy, cost and emissions analysis of a novel mild hybrid and conventional vehicles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 13 (November 8, 2017): 1846–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017736116.

Full text

Abstract:

Mild hybrid vehicles have been explored as a potential pathway to reduce vehicle emissions cost-effectively. The use of manual transmissions to develop novel hybrid vehicles provides an alternate route to producing low cost electrified powertrains. In this paper, a comparative analysis examining a conventional vehicle and a mild hybrid electric vehicle is presented. The analysis considers fuel economy, capital and ongoing costs and environmental emissions, and includes developmental analysis and simulation using mathematical models. Vehicle emissions (nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons) and fuel economy are computed, analysed and compared using a number of alternative driving cycles and their weighted combination. Different driver styles are also evaluated. Studying the relationship between the fuel economy and driveability, where driveability is addressed using fuel-economical gear shift strategies. Our simulation suggests the hybrid concept presented can deliver fuel economy gains of between 5 and 10%, as compared to the conventional powertrain.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Bahamonde Noriega, Sebastian, Carlo De Servi, and Piero Colonna. "HYBRID ELECTRIC POWERTRAIN FOR LONG-HAUL TRUCKS AND BUSES: PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF A NEW CONCEPT BASED ON A COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT." Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society 4 (May 20, 2020): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33737/jgpps/118979.

Full text

Abstract:

The electric hybridization of heavy-duty road vehicles is a promising alternative to reduce the environmental impact of freight and passengers transportation. Employing a micro gas turbine as a prime mover offers several advantages: high power density, fuel flexibility, ultra-low emissions, low vibrations and noise, simplicity and lower maintenance cost. State-of-the-art micro gas turbines feature an efficiency of 30%, which can be increased to 40% by employing a mini organic Rankine cycle system as a bottoming power plant. Such a powertrain could achieve higher efficiency with next-gen micro gas turbines and mini ORC systems, especially with an R&D push of the automotive sector. This paper presents the analysis of a hybrid electric heavy-duty vehicle with a prime mover based on this concept. The best combined cycle system stemming from the design exercise features an estimated peak efficiency of 44%, and a nominal power output of about 150kW. This corresponds to the power demand at cruise condition of a long-haul truck. A series configuration with Lithium-Ion batteries was selected for the hybrid powertrain, for it decouples the prime mover dynamics from the power demand. The benchmark is a vehicle featuring a next generation diesel engine, with a peak efficiency equal to 50%. The results show that the fuel economy can be largely improved by increasing the size of the battery in the hybrid powertrain. Furthermore, employing natural gas in the prime mover of the hybrid vehicle leads to ultra low emissions that are well below the limits set by European and north American regulations. Additionally, the CO2 emissions of the hybrid powertrain are considerably lower than that of the benchmark. The work documented here thus demonstrates the potential of this hybrid powertrain concept, especially in terms of exhaust emissions, as a promising transition technology towards the full electrification of the powertrain.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Millo, Federico, Francesco Accurso, Alessandro Zanelli, and Luciano Rolando. "Numerical Investigation of 48 V Electrification Potential in Terms of Fuel Economy and Vehicle Performance for a Lambda-1 Gasoline Passenger Car." Energies 12, no. 15 (August 3, 2019): 2998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152998.

Full text

Abstract:

Real Driving Emissions (RDE) regulations require the adoption of stoichiometric operation across the entire engine map for downsized turbocharged gasoline engines, which have been so far generally exploiting spark timing retard and mixture enrichment for knock mitigation. However, stoichiometric operation has a detrimental effect on engine and vehicle performances if no countermeasures are taken, such as alternative approaches for knock mitigation, as the exploitation of Miller cycle and/or powertrain electrification to improve vehicle acceleration performance. This research activity aims, therefore, to assess the potential of 48 V electrification and of the adoption of Miller cycle for a downsized and stoichiometric turbocharged gasoline engine. An integrated vehicle and powertrain model was developed for a reference passenger car, equipped with a EU5 gasoline turbocharged engine. Afterwards, two different 48 V electrified powertrain concepts, one featuring a Belt Starter Generator (BSG) mild-hybrid architecture, the other featuring, in addition to the BSG, a Miller cycle engine combined with an e-supercharger were developed and investigated. Vehicle performances were evaluated both in terms of elasticity maneuvers and of CO2 emissions for type approval and RDE driving cycles. Numerical simulations highlighted potential improvements up to 16% CO2 reduction on RDE driving cycle of a 48 V electrified vehicle featuring a high efficiency powertrain with respect to a EU5 engine and more than 10% of transient performance improvement.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Walther, Grit, Jörg Wansart, Karsten Kieckhäfer, Eckehard Schnieder, and Thomas S. Spengler. "Impact assessment in the automotive industry: mandatory market introduction of alternative powertrain technologies." System Dynamics Review 26, no. 3 (July 2010): 239–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdr.453.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Kopczyński, Artur, Paweł Krawczyk, and Jakub Lasocki. "Parameters selection of extended-range electric vehicle supplied with alternative fuel." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400073.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper modelling of extended-range electric vehicle powertrain. The model consists of sub-models of the investigated vehicle with its resistance forces, traction electric motor, range extender supplied with alternative fuel, and Li-Ion battery. Working point parameters of the range extender engine were defined to achieve low liquefied petroleum gas consumption. The model allowed to study possible parameters of vehicle range extender and battery size. The results show the higher influence of range extender power than battery energy capacity on the vehicle range. The defined range extender and battery parameters allow to significantly extend the vehicle range with low fuel consumption. This research provided ground for the further investigation of range extender control strategies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Zang, Jie, De Sheng Zhang, Yuan Tao Sun, and Song Tao Lv. "Simulation and Matching for the Powertrain System of Saloons." Advanced Materials Research 510 (April 2012): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.510.222.

Full text

Abstract:

Reasonable match of the powertrain system is an optimized design process, which makes the saloons fuel economy low and power performance good. This document simulates the complete vehicle performance model of a specified manual transmission FF saloon by means of CRUISE. Establish 4 kinds of simulation task, select 3 kinds of engine whose displacement are 1.3 liters, 1.1liters and 1.0liters, 4 kinds of transmission and 4 kinds of main decelerator, calculate the power performance and fuel economy of saloon with 48 different kinds of alternative schemes on transmission system by CRUISE and analyze all the simulation results. A synthetic weighting index evaluation system of complete vehicle performance is created, which contains the design of evaluation indices and weighting indices. Analyze the weighting indices to obtain 5 design schemes which are superior to others. It offers reference data for saloon performance.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Borghei, Benny, and Thomas Magnusson. "Niche experiments with alternative powertrain technologies: the case of electric city-buses in Europe." International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management 16, no. 3 (2016): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijatm.2016.080787.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Borghei, Benny, and Thomas Magnusson. "Niche experiments with alternative powertrain technologies: the case of electric city-buses in Europe." International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management 16, no. 3 (2016): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijatm.2016.10001639.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

WAGNER, U., R. ECKL, and P. TZSCHEUTSCHLER. "Energetic life cycle assessment of fuel cell powertrain systems and alternative fuels in Germany." Energy 31, no. 14 (November 2006): 3062–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2005.10.031.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Hahn, H. W. "Improving the Overall Efficiency of Trucks and Buses." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Transport Engineering 200, no. 1 (January 1986): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1986_200_158_02.

Full text

Abstract:

The paper reviews areas in which transport efficiency can be improved for heavy trucks, city buses and lightweight delivery vehicles. Areas considered include fuel consumption improvements by development of engine characteristics to suit specific operational requirements, the reduction of traction resistance, and the influence of the power-weight ratio on overall efficiency. A method of calculating efficiency is described which includes topographic data, driving regimes and alternative mission cycles, which enables alternative configurations to be evaluated. The paper concludes that powertrain components will have to be developed in future to accommodate a wider and better matched application while achieving improvements in reduced cost by greater use of standardized components.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Franceschi, Alessandro, Nicolò Cavina, Riccardo Parenti, Maurizio Reggiani, and Enrico Corti. "Energy Management Optimization of a Dual Motor Lithium Ion Capacitors-Based Hybrid Super Sport Car." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020885.

Full text

Abstract:

Nowadays, hybrid electric vehicles represent one of the main solutions for the reduction of greenhouse gases in the automotive sector. Alongside the reduction of CO2, hybrid electric vehicles serve as a strong alternative on drivability and performance to conventional internal combustion engine-based vehicles. Vehicles exist with various missions; super sport cars usually aim to reach peak performance and to guarantee a great driving experience to the driver, but great attention must also be paid to fuel consumption. According to the vehicle mission, hybrid electric vehicles can differ in the powertrain configuration and the choice of the energy storage system. Manufacturers have recently started to work on Lithium-Ion Capacitors (LiC) -based hybrid vehicles. This paper discusses the usage of a control-oriented vehicle and powertrain model to analyze the performance of a dual motor LiC-based hybrid V12 vehicle by Automobili Lamborghini. P3–P4 and P2–P4 parallel hybrid configurations have been selected and compared since they allow to fully exploit the potential of the LiC storage system characterized by high power. The validated model has been used to develop control strategies aimed at fuel economy and CO2 reduction, and in particular, both Rule Based Strategies (RBS) and Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategies (ECMS) are presented in the paper. A critical comparison between the various powertrain configurations is carried out, keeping into account the peculiarities of the LiC technology and evaluating the performance of the different control approaches.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Kwon, Laeun, Dae-Seung Cho, and Changsun Ahn. "Degradation-Conscious Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy for a Fuel Cell Hybrid System." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 3810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133810.

Full text

Abstract:

The design of an energy management strategy is critical to improving the fuel efficiency of a vehicle system with an alternative powertrain system, such as hybrid electric vehicles or fuel cell electric vehicles. In particular, in fuel cell electric vehicles, the energy management strategy should consider system degradation and fuel savings because the hardware cost of the fuel cell system is much higher than that of a conventional powertrain system. In this paper, an easily implantable near-optimal energy management controller is proposed. The proposed controller distributes power generation between the fuel cell and the battery to simultaneously minimize system degradation and fuel usage. The controller is designed to consider the degradation cost and fuel cost in the framework of the equivalent consumption minimization strategy concept. The proposed controller was validated with a fuel cell electric vehicle model in MATLAB/Simulink (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA). The proposed control strategy showed significant overall cost reduction compared to a thermostat control strategy and a conventional Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) strategy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Deacon, M., C. J. Brace, N. D. Vaughan, C. R. Burrows, and R. W. Horrocks. "Impact of alternative controller strategies on exhaust emissions from an integrated diesel/continuously variable transmission powertrain." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 213, no. 2 (February 1999): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407991526711.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Viertel, Jacob, and Rachmadian Wulandana. "Two Dimensional CFD Analysis and Flow Optimization of Transmission Cooling Scoop for Longitudinal Powertrain Applications." International Journal of Advanced Technology in Mechanical, Mechatronics and Materials 2, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37869/ijatec.v2i1.39.

Full text

Abstract:

Two dimensional finite area method simulation was conducted to optimize the convective cooling performance of a transmission cooling scoop for longitudinal vehicle powertrain applications. Cooling of the transmission in an automobile is important to prevent premature wear or sudden failure caused by prolonged overheating of internal transmission components. The most common method for transmission cooling requires a small energy input for powering a pump to cool the transmission by circulating transmission fluid through a heat exchanger. An alternative cooling method was designed utilizing a simple scoop geometry to induce forced convection from ambient air to cool the transmission with no energy input requirement. Two dimensional simulation of this alternative cooling method was conducted in ANSYS Fluent. Fluid flow and heat transfer performance were analyzed for three proposed cooling scoop designs. Further flow optimization was achieved with parametric study regarding angle at which the cooling scoop is positioned relative to the transmission. Three dimensional simulation was conducted for improved observation of the physical model. Based on the simulation results, optimal geometry and future design improvements have been determined. A peak simulated heat transfer of 11.14 kW/m^2 was achieved with scoop angle of 45 degrees. Future research investigating the effects of induced turbulence to improve convective heat transfer would be beneficial.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Morales-Morales, Josefa, Miguel A. Rivera-Cruz, Pedro Cruz-Alcantar, Horacio Bautista Santos, Ilse Cervantes-Camacho, and Vladimir A. Reyes Herrera. "Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Multiple Converter Configuration." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (February 5, 2020): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10031074.

Full text

Abstract:

The use of electric vehicles and their various configurations is seen as a major alternative in efforts towards reducing pollutant emissions from motor vehicles that continue to use fossil fuels. Electric transport technology presents more efficient means of energy conversion in vehicles: electric (EV), hybrid (VH), and hybrid electric (HEV) vehicles. For example, the energy storage system in the latter can be made up of ultracapacitors (UCs), batteries (Bs), and fuel cells. This work focuses on HEVs powered by batteries and ultracapacitors. In particular, the multiple converter configuration (C-CM) for the HEV powertrain system is analyzed using electric models of the vehicle powertrain components. To analyze the multiple converter configuration, parameters of a vehicle taken from the literature and the electrical model of the configuration were developed. With the above, the proposed configuration was evaluated before driving cycles (CITY II and ECE) and the configuration performance was compared with respect to other configurations. In the C-CM model, limitations in the choice of the number of Bs and UCs were observed in the powertrain depending on the maximum power of both energy sources and vehicle load demand. The results show that more energy is extracted from the batteries in the ECE cycle than in the CITY taking into account that the batteries are used as the main power source. C-CM results compared to other configurations show that energy extracted from batteries in the CITY is the same across all configurations. While energy consumption is lower in the ECE, C-CM results were not very significant compared to other configurations. However, the C-MC has the advantage of having better power flow control due to having two converters, thus improving HEV safety.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Donateo, Teresa, Antonio Ficarella, and Claudia Lucia De Pascalis. "Energy management-based design of a Wankel hybrid-electric UAV." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 92, no. 5 (December 12, 2019): 701–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-06-2019-0117.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the optimization of design and energy management in a parallel hybrid-electric powertrain to replace the conventional engine of an existing tactical unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a Wankel engine with a pre-defined flight mission. The proposed powertrain can work in four different operating modes: electric, thermal, power-assist and charging. Design/methodology/approach The power request at propeller axis of each flight segment is used as input for an in-house model that calculates the overall fuel consumption throughout the mission (Mfuel) and the maximum payload weight (Wpay) by means of an average-point analysis. These outputs depend on the energy management strategy that is expressed by the power-split ratio between engine and electric phase (Uphase) of each mission phase, according to which the components of the hybrid system are sized. The in-house model is integrated into an optimization framework to find the optimal set of Uphase and battery size that minimizes Mfuel and maximizes Wpay. Findings It was found a 3.24% saving of the fuel mass burned throughout the mission (or, alternative an improvement of endurance by 4.3%) with about the same maximum-payload mass (+0.2%) of the original configuration, or a smaller fuel saving with +11% more payload. The fuel saving of 3.24% corresponds to −3.25% in total emissions of CO2 and a 2.34% reduction of the cost-per-mission. Practical implications This study demonstrates that environmental advantages, even if limited, can be already obtained from optimal design and management of the hybrid power system with today technologies while waiting for further benefits from the introduction of advanced technologies for batteries and electric machines. Originality/value The main novelties are the design of the powertrain on the basis of the energy management and the application of scalability and hybridization to Wankel engines.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

De Bellis, Vincenzo, Enrica Malfi, and Jean-Marc Zaccardi. "Development of an Efficient Thermal Electric Skipping Strategy for the Management of a Series/Parallel Hybrid Powertrain." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040889.

Full text

Abstract:

In recent years, the development of hybrid powertrain allowed to substantially reduce the CO2 and pollutant emissions of vehicles. The optimal management of such power units represents a challenging task since more degrees of freedom are available compared to a conventional pure-thermal engine powertrain. The a priori knowledge of the driving mission allows identifying the actual optimal control strategy at the expense of a quite relevant computational effort. This is realized by the off-line optimization strategies, such as Pontryagin minimum principle—PMP—or dynamic programming. On the other hand, for an on-vehicle application, the driving mission is unknown, and a certain performance degradation must be expected, depending on the degree of simplification and the computational burden of the adopted control strategy. This work is focused on the development of a simplified control strategy, labeled as efficient thermal electric skipping strategy—ETESS, which presents performance similar to off-line strategies, but with a much-reduced computational effort. This is based on the alternative vehicle driving by either thermal engine or electric unit (no power-split between the power units). The ETESS is tested in a “backward-facing” vehicle simulator referring to a segment C car, fitted with a hybrid series-parallel powertrain. The reliability of the method is verified along different driving cycles, sizing, and efficiency of the power unit components and assessed with conventional control strategies. The outcomes put into evidence that ETESS gives fuel consumption close to PMP strategy, with the advantage of a drastically reduced computational time. The ETESS is extended to an online implementation by introducing an adaptative factor, resulting in performance similar to the well-assessed equivalent consumption minimization strategy, preserving the computational effort.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Aaldering, Lukas Jan, Jens Leker, and Chie Hoon Song. "Competition or collaboration? – Analysis of technological knowledge ecosystem within the field of alternative powertrain systems: A patent-based approach." Journal of Cleaner Production 212 (March 2019): 362–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.047.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Manaf, Muhammad Zaidan Abdul, Nik Abdullah Nik Mohamed, Mohamad Shukri Zakaria, Mohd Noor Asril Saadun, and Mohd Hafidzal Mohd Hanafi. "Modeling of Flywheel Hybrid Powertrain to Optimize Energy Consumption in Mechanical Hybrid Motorcycle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 393 (September 2013): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.393.287.

Full text

Abstract:

The creation of internal combustion engine is a significant milestone in power engineering world which simplified high mechanical energy demand jobs like moving vehicle and machinery. Even though the internal combustion engine gives lot of advantages, however, this type of engine is incapable to convert the heat energy from fuel combustion to the mechanical energy efficiently. Small capacity engine e.g. motorcycle engine having the power conversion efficiency between 25-30%. Therefore, alternative power source is required to support the internal combustion engine in order to increase the overall system efficiency. These phenomena give encouragement to implement the hybridization process. This is to increase the system efficiency in transferring power to the wheel. Hybridization processes e.g. flywheel as secondary power source can increase power transfer efficiency between 30%-80%. Hence, the purpose of this research is to develop the mathematical model of the power transfer efficiency of flywheel hybrid motorcycle by using back trace simulation method. This model will record the amount of energy use in acceleration phase of the driving cycle. Subsequently, the efficiency ratio of motorcycle power transfer is calculated and comparison of those ratios between the conventional motorcycle and the hybrid motorcycle is made. The outstanding results show that the hybrid motorcycle is capable to conserve the energy used up to 36% compare to the conventional motorcycle that wasted energy up to 200%. As a conclusion, flywheel as the secondary power source is capable to supply enough energy to propel the motorcycle forward.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Kalt, Svenja, Jonathan Erhard, and Markus Lienkamp. "Electric Machine Design Tool for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines and Induction Machines." Machines 8, no. 1 (March 24, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines8010015.

Full text

Abstract:

The rising mobility demand of today’s society leads to an increasing strain of noise and pollutant emissions on people and the environment. An increasing environmental awareness and the scarcity of fossil fuels are increasingly placing alternative-powered vehicles in the focus of politics, research and development. Electric vehicles represent a promising solution to this problem. The electric machine represents a design control lever for the optimization of the electric powertrain with regard to efficiency, power, weight and size. Therefore, accurate and realistic machine design tools for the design of electric machines are becoming increasingly important. In this paper, the authors present an electric machine design tool for electric machines using MATLAB® in order to enable an automated machine design. The electric machine design tool is published under an LGPL open source license.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Li, Nai Yi. "Magnesium Advances and Applications in North America Automotive Industry." Materials Science Forum 488-489 (July 2005): 931–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.488-489.931.

Full text

Abstract:

Magnesium is increasingly becoming an attractive alternative to steel, aluminum, and polymer composites for vehicle weight reduction due to its ability to meet vehicle performance requirements. To meet the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ) standard and to maximize the weight reduction of vehicles in the coming years, the magnesium applications are expected to increase significantly in both structural and powertrain components where material creep resistance is required. This first half of the paper will give an overview of recent automotive magnesium R&D programs including Light Metal Cast, Magnesium Powertrain Cast Components, and Structural Cast Magnesium Development supported by the United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) and the US Department of Energy. The USCAR is the umbrella organization of DaimlerChrysler Corporation, Ford Motor Company and General Motors, which was formed in 1992 to further strengthen the technology base of the US automotive industry through cooperative, pre-competitive research. During the last decade, the magnesium foundry industry has grown, yet the material and manufacturing process costs of magnesium die-casting has impeded large-scale implementation into the automotive industry. As a result, Ford Motor Company initiated a Cost Reduced Magnesium Die Castings Using Heated Runners (CORMAG) program in partnership of the Advanced Technology Program of the US National Institute of Standards and Technology. The second half of this paper will briefly present the program goal, progress and its impact. In addition, this paper will present some magnesium applications, including a 2004 Ford F-150 light truck Front End Support Assembly and a 2005 Ford GT instrument panel structure.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Xu, Yanzhi, Franklin E. Gbologah, Dong-Yeon Lee, Haobing Liu, Michael O. Rodgers, and Randall L. Guensler. "Assessment of alternative fuel and powertrain transit bus options using real-world operations data: Life-cycle fuel and emissions modeling." Applied Energy 154 (September 2015): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.04.112.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

León, Rogelio, Christian Montaleza, José Luis Maldonado, Marcos Tostado-Véliz, and Francisco Jurado. "Hybrid Electric Vehicles: A Review of Existing Configurations and Thermodynamic Cycles." Thermo 1, no. 2 (July 22, 2021): 134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/thermo1020010.

Full text

Abstract:

The mobility industry has experienced a fast evolution towards electric-based transport in recent years. Recently, hybrid electric vehicles, which combine electric and conventional combustion systems, have become the most popular alternative by far. This is due to longer autonomy and more extended refueling networks in comparison with the recharging points system, which is still quite limited in some countries. This paper aims to conduct a literature review on thermodynamic models of heat engines used in hybrid electric vehicles and their respective configurations for series, parallel and mixed powertrain. It will discuss the most important models of thermal energy in combustion engines such as the Otto, Atkinson and Miller cycles which are widely used in commercial hybrid electric vehicle models. In short, this work aims at serving as an illustrative but descriptive document, which may be valuable for multiple research and academic purposes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Landolfi, Enrico, Francesco Junior Minervini, Nicola Minervini, Vincenzo De Bellis, Enrica Malfi, and Ciro Natale. "Integration of a Model Predictive Control with a Fast Energy Management Strategy for a Hybrid Powertrain of a Connected and Automated Vehicle." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 3 (September 21, 2021): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030159.

Full text

Abstract:

In the years to come, Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) are expected to substantially improve the road safety and environmental impact of the road transport sector. The information from the sensors installed on the vehicle has to be properly integrated with data shared by the road infrastructure (smart road) to realize vehicle control, which preserves traffic safety and fuel/energy efficiency. In this context, the present work proposes a real-time implementation of a control strategy able to handle simultaneously motion and hybrid powertrain controls. This strategy features a cascade of two modules, which were implemented through the model-based design approach in MATLAB/Simulink. The first module is a Model Predictive Control (MPC) suitable for any Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) architecture, acting as a high-level controller featuring an intermediate layer between the vehicle powertrain and the smart road. The MPC handles both the lateral and longitudinal vehicle dynamics, acting on the wheel torque and steering angle at the wheels. It is based on a simplified, but complete ego-vehicle model, embedding multiple functionalities such as an adaptive cruise control, lane keeping system, and emergency electronic brake. The second module is a low-level Energy Management Strategy (EMS) of the powertrain realized by a novel and computationally light approach, which is based on the alternative vehicle driving by either a thermal engine or electric unit, named the Efficient Thermal Electric Skipping Strategy (ETESS). The MPC provides the ETESS with a torque request handled by the EMS module, aiming at minimizing the fuel consumption. The MPC and ETESS ran on the same Microcontroller Unit (MCU), and the methodology was verified and validated by processor-in-the-loop tests on the ST Microelectronics board NUCLEO-H743ZI2, simulating on a PC-host the smart road environment and a car-following scenario. From these tests, the ETESS resulted in being 15-times faster than than the well-assessed Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS). Furthermore, the execution time of both the ETESS and MPC was lower than the typical CAN cycle time for the torque request and steering angle (10 ms). Thus, the obtained result can pave the way to the implementation of additional real-time control strategies, including decision-making and motion-planning modules (such as path-planning algorithms and eco-driving strategies).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Park, Jiwon, Jungkeun Cho, Heewon Choi, and Jungsoo Park. "Prediction of Reformed Gas Composition for Diesel Engines with a Reformed EGR System Using an Artificial Neural Network." Energies 13, no. 22 (November 11, 2020): 5886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13225886.

Full text

Abstract:

Facing the reinforced emission regulations and moving toward a clean powertrain, hydrogen has become one of the alternative fuels for the internal combustion engine. In this study, the prediction methodology of hydrogen yield by on-board fuel reforming under a diesel engine is introduced. An engine dynamometer test was performed, resulting in reduced particulate matter (PM) and NOx emission with an on-board reformer. Based on test results, the reformed gas production rate from the on-board reformer was trained and predicted using an artificial neural network with a backpropagation process at various operating conditions. Additional test points were used to verify predicted results, and sensitivity analysis was performed to obtain dominant parameters. As a result, the temperature at the reformer outlet and oxygen concentration is the most dominant parameters to predict reformed gas owing to auto-thermal reforming driven by partial oxidation reforming process, dominantly.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Sun, Harold, Wesley Wang, and Kim-Pui Koo. "The practical implementation of methanol as a clean and efficient alternative fuel for automotive vehicles." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 3 (January 24, 2018): 350–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417752951.

Full text

Abstract:

Ever since the energy crises in 1970s, the methanol, among other alternative fuels, has been studied for automotive application. The methanol has been widely used for auto racing due to its superior anti-knock characteristics. However, aldehyde is a highly toxic pollutant and aldehyde emission out of alcohol fuel combustion could be considerably higher than spark-ignited gasoline engines. The corrosion and durability of methanol fuel components were also concerns for mass production of methanol-fueled vehicles. The authors have worked with an automotive manufacturer in China to investigate the brake thermal and emission improvement potentials of a methanol-fueled, spark-ignited engine over the original gasoline engine on a passenger car application and to demonstrate the performance and China V emission compliance over its useful life of 160,000 km. The study found that the methanol-fueled engine has 4%–6% brake thermal advantage over the original gasoline engine, and a three-way oxidation catalyst has successfully managed the tailpipe emissions under China V emission limit, consistently over the journey of 160,000 km. The test data show that the tailpipe aldehyde emission is actually reduced to a level that is below what is required by US LEV III emission standard, largely due to the three-way oxidation catalyst and the gasoline cold start assistance at the beginning of the transient emission cycle. This study indicates that methanol-fueled engine might be an attractive low-cost alternative for a more efficient and clean powertrain over conventional gasoline when a light-duty diesel engine faces challenges from future China VI emission regulations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Sim, Kyuhyun, Ram Vijayagopal, Namdoo Kim, and Aymeric Rousseau. "Optimization of Component Sizing for a Fuel Cell-Powered Truck to Minimize Ownership Cost." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 22, 2019): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061125.

Full text

Abstract:

In this study, we consider fuel cell-powered electric trucks (FCETs) as an alternative to conventional medium- and heavy-duty vehicles. FCETs use a battery combined with onboard hydrogen storage for energy storage. The additional battery provides regenerative braking and better fuel economy, but it will also increase the initial cost of the vehicle. Heavier reliance on stored hydrogen might be cheaper initially, but operational costs will be higher because hydrogen is more expensive than electricity. Achieving the right tradeoff between these power and energy choices is necessary to reduce the ownership cost of the vehicle. This paper develops an optimum component sizing algorithm for FCETs. The truck vehicle model was developed in Autonomie, a platform for modelling vehicle energy consumption and performance. The algorithm optimizes component sizes to minimize overall ownership cost, while ensuring that the FCET matches or exceeds the performance and cargo capacity of a conventional vehicle. Class 4 delivery truck and class 8 linehaul trucks are shown as examples. We estimate the ownership cost for various hydrogen costs, powertrain components, ownership periods, and annual vehicle miles travelled.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

LIU, EYSION A., YIQING YUAN, JAMES D. HILL, and QIAN ZOU. "PROCESS INDEPENDENT MACHINING SIMULATION — A BAR TURNING APPROACH." Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 06, no. 01 (June 2007): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219686707000863.

Full text

Abstract:

Computer simulation of industrial processes is an important alternative that may be used either to complement or to replace expensive experimental procedures associated with developing new parts or modifying existing process. For a metal cutting process, numerical simulations provide vital information about cutting forces, cutting temperatures, tooling and part distortion, etc. Since the early 1970s, FEA has been applied to simulate machining process. The development of this approach, its assumptions and techniques has been widely accepted. Nowadays, the manufacturing productivity even drives the community to the next level innovation through computer utilizations. A kinematic simulation of machining processes is one of many innovative CAE applications, especially beneficial to high volume production of automotive powertrain parts. In this paper, a generic force calculation method is introduced with a modified horsepower correction factor. An example of sizing milling force, milling paths and proper milling parameters is provided by utilizing the methodology. This paper will also discuss and propose how the manufacturing industry uses this resourceful tool. Applications of the methodology would empower product and manufacturing engineers to make intelligent and cost effective decisions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

SUTKOWSKI, Marek. "Improving spark-ignited engines efficiency by heat energy recovery system." Combustion Engines 161, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-116892.

Full text

Abstract:

The current trends in regulations changes focus more and more on emissions reduction. Earlier environment protection mechanisms covering emissions limits of particulates, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides and carbon monoxide were recently extended also to cover carbon dioxide emissions. One way to reduce carbon dioxide emission is the improvement of the efficiency of a powertrain system or main driver efficiency. This paper explains main limitations for efficiency improvement when conventional methods are used. The effective heat energy recovery system principles and its technical specification are described including its control principles. System was initially tested in the engine laboratory and experience from the laboratory tests is included in the paper. After successful and promising laboratory tests the solution was transferred to commercial operation which covered already period of more than 2 years. Statistics and operational data from commercial operation is shown with relevant examples of various operational modes. At the end of the paper simple feasibility study is shown. Alternative applications with basic evaluation of their feasibility and efficiency improvement potential are included in this paper as well.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Mazur, Christoph, Gregory Offer, Marcello Contestabile, and Nigel Brandon. "Comparing the Effects of Vehicle Automation, Policy-Making and Changed User Preferences on the Uptake of Electric Cars and Emissions from Transport." Sustainability 10, no. 3 (March 2, 2018): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10030676.

Full text

Abstract:

Switching energy demand for transport from liquid fuels to electricity is the most promising way to significantly improve air quality and reduce transport emissions. Previous studies have shown this is possible, that by 2035 the economics of alternative powertrain and energy vectors will have converged. However, they do not address whether the transition is likely or plausible. Using the UK as a case study, we present a systems dynamics model based study informed by transition theory and explore the effects of technology progress, policy-making, user preferences and; for the first time, automated vehicles on this transition. We are not trying to predict the future but to highlight what is necessary in order for different scenarios to become more or less likely. Worryingly we show that current policies with the expected technology progress and expectations of vehicle buyers are insufficient to reach global targets. Faster technology progress, strong financial incentives or a change in vehicle buyer expectations are crucial but still insufficient. In contrast, the biggest switch to alternatively fuelled vehicles could be achieved by the introduction of automated vehicles. The implications will affect policy makers, automotive manufactures, technology developers and broader society.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Liu, Fengyu, Li Chen, Jian Yao, Chunhao Lee, Chi-kuan Kao, Farzad Samie, Ying Huang, and Chengliang Yin. "Design, modeling, and analysis of wedge-based actuator with application to clutch-to-clutch shift." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 9 (September 26, 2017): 1149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017727178.

Full text

Abstract:

Clutch-to-clutch shift technology is a key enabler for fast and smooth gear shift process for multi gear transmissions. However, conventional hydraulic actuation systems for clutches have drawbacks of low efficiency, oil leakage and inadequate robustness. Electromechanical devices offer potential alternative actuators. In this paper, a novel motor driven wedge-based clutch actuator, featuring self-reinforcement, is proposed. The design concept and physical structure are thoroughly described. Dynamic models for the actuation system and vehicle powertrain are validated by experiments. Upshift and downshift processes at different engine throttle openings, clutch clearances and friction coefficients are discussed. The results show that, the self-reinforcement ratio is tested as 9.6; at the same time, the shift quality is comparable to that of the conventional hydraulic actuated clutch in automatic transmissions in terms of the shift duration (about 1 s) and vehicle jerk (<10 m/s3). Taking advantage of fast response of the actuation DC motor, the wedge-based actuator is robust dealing with uncertain clutch clearance and friction coefficient. Therefore, the wedge-based clutch actuator has potential to provide acceptable performance for clutch-to-clutch shift.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Mocera, Francesco. "A Model-Based Design Approach for a Parallel Hybrid Electric Tractor Energy Management Strategy Using Hardware in the Loop Technique." Vehicles 3, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles3010001.

Full text

Abstract:

Recent developments in emissions regulations are pushing Non-Road Mobile Machineries manufacturers towards the adoption of more efficient solutions to reduce the amount of pollutants per unit of work performed. Electrification can be a reasonable alternative to traditional powertrain to achieve this goal. The higher complexity of working machines architectures requires, now more than ever, better design and testing methodologies to better integrate electric systems into mechanical and hydraulic layouts. In this work, the attention focused on the use of a Hardware in the Loop (HIL) approach to test performance of an energy management strategy (called load observer) developed specifically for an orchard tractor starting from field characterization. The HIL bench was designed to replicate a scaled architecture of a parallel hybrid electric tractor at mechanical and electrical level. The vehicle behavior was simulated with a personal computer connected on the CAN BUS network designed for the HIL system. Several tasks were simulated starting from data gathered during field measurements of a daily use of the machine. Results showed good performance in terms of load split between the two power sources and stability of the speed control although the variability of the applied load.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Abramushkina, Ekaterina, Assel Zhaksylyk, Thomas Geury, Mohamed El Baghdadi, and Omar Hegazy. "A Thorough Review of Cooling Concepts and Thermal Management Techniques for Automotive WBG Inverters: Topology, Technology and Integration Level." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 13, 2021): 4981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164981.

Full text

Abstract:

The development of electric vehicles (EVs) is an important step towards clean and green cities. An electric powertrain provides power to the vehicle and consists of a charger, a battery, an inverter, and a motor as the main components. Supplied by a battery pack, the automotive inverter manages the power of the motor. EVs require a highly efficient inverter, which satisfies low cost, size, and weight requirements. One approach to meeting these requirements is to use the new wide-bandgap (WBG) semiconductors, which are being widely investigated in the industry as an alternative to silicon switches. WBG devices have superior intrinsic properties, such as high thermal flux, of up to 120 W/cm2 (on average); junction temperature of 175–200 °C; blocking voltage limit of about 6.5 kV; switching frequency about 20-fold higher than that of Si; and up to 73% lower switching losses with a lower conduction voltage drop. This study presents a review of WBG-based inverter cooling systems to investigate trends in cooling techniques and changes associated with the use of WBG devices. The aim is to consider suitable cooling techniques for WBG inverters at different power levels.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Hedrick, J. Karl. "Analysis and Control of Nonlinear Systems." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 115, no. 2B (June 1, 1993): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899075.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper describes my work on nonlinear analysis and control over the last twenty years. The first part of the paper concerns the development of nonlinear analysis tools for predicting stability and forced response characteristics of high speed ground vehicles. The principal motivation was to develop an alternative to “brute force” time domain simulation. The developed tools were extensions of “describing function” or “equivalent linearization” methods for both periodic and stochastic excitation. The “statistical linearization” analysis tools were then extended and applied to design control laws for nonlinear stochastic regulators. The second part of the paper was motivated by control system design for highly nonlinear, multivariable systems, such as automotive powertrain control and aircraft flight control. For these classes of systems, statistical linearization procedures are computationally cumbersome and also provide no stability or robustness guarantees. A method which has proven extremely powerful, both theoretically and experimentally, is “sliding control.” This technique is a form of input/output linearization that directly incorporates model error information with stability and performance measures. My students and I found several difficulties in the direct application of this method to automotive and aircraft control. This paper describes our solutions to the problems of repeated model differentiation, differentiation of model error, undesirable “internal dynamics” and systems with saturating control inputs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Xu, Yanzhi, Franklin E. Gbologah, Haobing Liu, Michael O. Rodgers, and Randall L. Guensler. "Corrigendum to “Assessment of alternative fuel and powertrain transit bus options using real-world operations data: Life-cycle fuel and emissions modeling” [Appl. Energy 154 (2015) 143–159]." Applied Energy 170 (May 2016): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.139.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Monemian, Emad, Alasdair Cairns, Mark Gilmore, David Newman, and Keith Scott. "Evaluation of intake charge hydrogen enrichment in a heavy-duty diesel engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 1 (November 11, 2017): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017738375.

Full text

Abstract:

Concerns over CO2 emissions and global warming continue to enforce the transport sector to reduce the fuel consumption of heavy duty diesel goods vehicles as one of the major contributors of CO2. Such powertrain platforms look set to remain the dominant source of heavy duty vehicle propulsion for decades to come. The currently reported work was concerned with experimental evaluation of the potential to partially displace diesel with hydrogen fuel, which continues to attract attention as a potential longer term alternative fuel solution, whether produced on-board or remotely via sustainable methods. The single cylinder engine adopted was of 2.0 litre capacity, with common rail diesel fuel injection and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) typical of current production technology. The work involved fumigation of H2 into the engine intake system at engine loads typically visited under real world driving conditions. Highest practical hydrogen substitution ratios increased indicated efficiency by up to 4.6% at 6 bar net indicated mean effective pressure (IMEPn) and 2.4% at 12 bar IMEPn. In 6bar IMEPn, CO2, CO and soot all reduced by 58%, 83% and 58% respectively while the corresponding reduction of these emissions in 12 bar IMEPn, were 27%, 45% and 71% respectively toward diesel-only baseline. Under such conditions the use of a pre-injection prior to the main diesel injection was essential to control the heat release and pressure rise rates.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Hall, Carrie M. "The impact of hybridization, engine combustion method, and energy management system connectivity on heavy-duty vehicle operation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 235, no. 8 (January 30, 2021): 2265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020983048.

Full text

Abstract:

A wide range of strategies for reducing energy consumption from heavy-duty vehicles have been explored from vehicle electrification to real-time vehicle energy management based on vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. Full electrification of heavy-duty vehicles can be challenging due to current limitations on battery energy density. However, hybridization and the implementation of high efficiency engines present other potential near-term solutions. In contrast to many prior studies that have explored the use of one or two of these techniques, this work discusses the combined influence of hybridization level, engine combustion mode, and connected energy management on fuel efficiency in heavy-duty applications. The impact of hybridization in different driving conditions is quantified and the effectiveness of hybrid powertrain structures with different engine combustion strategies is also explored. Utilizing an alternative combustion strategy can improve fuel efficiency by 5% in conventional and mild hybrids but was found to have a more minimal impact in full hybrids. An additional layer of complexity is also introduced when vehicles have some degree of connectivity and this influence on the energy management method is investigated by comparing control approaches which leverage current and future vehicle speed information. Connectivity and the ability to optimize energy production in real-time was found to be essential in uncertain cases and enable improvements in fuel consumption of up to 12% over baseline cases.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Mahmoud, Moataz, Ryan Garnett, Mark Ferguson, and Pavlos Kanaroglou. "Electric buses: A review of alternative powertrains." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 62 (September 2016): 673–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.019.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Beetz, Klaus, Uwe Kohle, and Günter Eberspach. "Heating concepts for vehicles with alternative powertrains." ATZ worldwide 112, no. 4 (April 2010): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03225231.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Ahman, Max. "Assessing the future competitiveness of alternative powertrains." International Journal of Vehicle Design 33, no. 4 (2003): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvd.2003.003582.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Beetz, Klaus, Uwe Kohle, and Günter Eberspach. "Heating Concepts for Vehicles with Alternative Powertrains." ATZautotechnology 10, no. 2 (March 2010): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03247160.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Alternative powertrain'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles