Academic literature on the topic 'Alternative prosecution'
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Journal articles on the topic "Alternative prosecution"
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Alexandrova, A. V. "ALTERNATIVE TO CRIMINAL PROSECUTION IN FOREIGN LAW." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 22, no. 2 (April 28, 2018): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2018-22-2-152-157.
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In this article, alternative methods of criminal prosecution are considered using the example of foreign countries. The Institute for the Exemption from Prosecution of the person who committed the crime is provided for in foreign legislation in criminal and criminal procedural law. There are many legal institutions serving as alternatives to criminal prosecution. Most of them are called upon to reconcile the conflicting parties - the victim and the perpetrator. Conflict resolution entails the termination of prosecution, which is possible both at the pre-trial stage and after the start of the trial. As a rule, the use of such alternatives is allowed in cases of crimes with a low degree of public danger, and in the event that the consequences of such acts can be eliminated or material damage is compensated. Law enforcers in foreign countries most often refer to the following measures, which are alternatives to criminal prosecution: mediation, payment of a fine, transaction and refusal of criminal prosecution in view of its inexpediency. It seems that there are several options for classifying foreign countries depending on the institutions that are characteristic for them, allowing legitimate avoidance of criminal prosecution. The existence of a variety of alternatives to criminal prosecution, as well as conciliation procedures in the legislation of some countries of Western Europe and the United States are aimed at maintaining a reasonable balance between the punitive potential of criminal law and incentive standards, which is expressed in the ban on the refusal to prosecute certain categories of crimes, including on those where there is a public interest. The application of alternatives to criminal prosecution makes it possible to exclude the consequences of criminal acts outside procedural ways, to find the best means of combating crime, and to facilitate the resocialization of the perpetrators of the crime.
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Shestakova, Sof'ya, and Aleksandr Solovev. "The Judicial Fine as the type of transaction." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2020, no. 2 (July 21, 2020): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2020-2-143-152.
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The origin of the judicial fine in Russian penal and criminal procedural law in 2016 actualized researches of the doctrinal approaches to this criminal prosecution alternative and at the moment kind of transaction as well as studies of closed measures in the legislation of foreign states: France, Belgium, Germany, Netherlands, Scotland, etc. In contrast to negative judicial fine evaluation represented in Russian doctrine the thought that the introduction of this measure has become the completion of the alternatives to the criminal prosecution system is put forward and developed in the article. The authors state their idea about two basic conceptual approaches to the judicial fine as the alternative to the criminal prosecution: the reserve versus the best alternative being the issue of the choice for the legislator. Replenishment of the system of alternatives to criminal prosecution with a judicial fine helps to achieve a balance between the punitive potential of criminal proceedings and the incentive norms that provide the person who committed the wrongful act with an additional chance for a normal life in society.
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Kaminskiy, E. S. "Initiation of Criminal Proceedings and Validity of Criminal Prosecution." Rossijskoe pravosudie 3 (February 26, 2021): 88–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.37399/issn2072-909x.2021.3.99-105.
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The author comes to the conclusion that the construction of a criminal justice system based on expediency is necessary in modern conditions of humanization of legislation, economy of repression and optimization of criminal proceedings. Expediency as a condition for making procedural decisions should also be applied at the stage of checking the report of a crime when deciding whether to initiate criminal proceedings. It is necessary to grant such powers to the Prosecutor, returning to him, among other things, other powers to direct the preliminary investigation. A reasonable balance between public and private interests, as determined by the Prosecutor in each particular case, should be the basis for determining the criteria for the appropriateness of criminal prosecution. The Prosecutor's assessment activity in this situation should be based on his inner conviction and conscience and consist in determining the degree to which the interests of society and participants in the criminal law conflict correspond to possible criminal prosecution and its consequences, on the one hand, and the use of alternative measures to respond to the crime committed, on the other. To do this, the Prosecutor must be provided with flexible procedural tools. Refusal to initiate criminal proceedings and use alternative measures is necessary in cases where the burden of investigating the crime is not comparable with the result obtained, the person has ceased to be a public danger and has made amends for the damage caused. The grounds for refusing to initiate criminal proceedings and applying alternative measures may be reconciliation of participants in a criminal law conflict, active remorse, making amends for the harm caused by the crime, or changing the situation. Refusal to initiate criminal proceedings and the use of alternative measures should not significantly affect the legal interests of participants in the criminal conflict.
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DE SOUZA DIAS, TALITA. "‘Interests of justice’: Defining the scope of Prosecutorial discretion in Article 53(1)(c) and (2)(c) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court." Leiden Journal of International Law 30, no. 3 (April 26, 2017): 731–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s092215651700022x.
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AbstractThe International Criminal Court (ICC) was established with the aim of prosecuting individuals for the gravest crimes of concern to the international community. Yet some provisions of its Statute (the Rome Statute) recognize the need for temporarily setting aside criminal investigations or prosecutions in favour of different considerations. Two of these provisions are Article 53(1)(c) and (2)(c) of the Statute. They allow the Prosecutor of the Court to use his or her discretion in deciding not to initiate an investigation or a prosecution in the ‘interests of justice’. Nonetheless, the ambiguity of this phrase, coupled with an absent definition, have given rise to a polarized debate about its meaning and the Prosecutor's ensuing margin of discretion: some consider matters of peace and security and alternative justice mechanisms as possible ‘interests of justice’, while others exclude them. Among those adopting the latter view is the ICC's Office of the Prosecutor (OTP), as can be inferred from a 2007 Policy Paper on the Interests of Justice and a 2013 Policy Paper on Preliminary Examinations, which continue to be upheld by the Office. Against this backdrop and amid new developments at the ICC which call into question the OTP's position, the purpose of this article is to develop a comprehensive interpretation of Article 53(1)(c) and (2)(c) of the Rome Statute, using all the interpretative tools provided by Articles 31 to 33 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.
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Humendru, Boyman Berkat, Devi Anggara br Ginting, and Rico Natanael Sitorus. "Analisis Yuridis Penentuan Jenis Dakwaan Yang Disangkakan Kepada Terdakwa Dalam Perkara Tindak Pidana Narkotika." Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS) 3, no. 1 (August 9, 2020): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34007/jehss.v3i1.273.
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This article is aimed to find out the legal basis of the public prosecutor in determining the type of indictment of a narcotics offender. The basis for making the indictment is regulated in KUHP article 143 paragraph (2) and the circular of the attorney general no. 009/19/11/1993. Seeing the narcotics abuse in Indonesia is always increasing in all circles nowadays. S there needs to be a real punishment for uses and dealers. In the prosecution process, a defendant in a narvotics crime will be charged with an alternative indictment. Alternative indictments are composed of several criminal offences which exclude one another from the other.
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Mrvic-Petrovic, Natasa. "Alternative sanctions and new legislation in the Republic of Serbia." Temida 9, no. 1 (2006): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem0601055m.
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The author is particularly emphasizing peculiarities of the provision on community service as a main penalty (which is foreseen together with the fine and the prison). This solution requires not only the profound regulations in the Law on the execution of the criminal sanctions, but also a careful creation of the by-laws. In the paper, particular attention is paid to the new solutions in the Law on the execution of the criminal sanctions, which aim is to enable the implementation of the community service and the conditional sentence with the protective surveillance. The author states that previous changes of the Criminal Procedure Code, which introduced the principle of opportunity in prosecuting, made a basis for taking victim?s interests related to the redress more into account while starting the prosecution. However, the possibility of using the redress as a basis for the elimination/diversion of the criminal procedure is still not used in an appropriate way in the practice.
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Cooke, David J. "Treatment as an Alternative to Prosecution: Offenders Diverted for Treatment." British Journal of Psychiatry 158, no. 6 (June 1991): 785–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.158.6.785.
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In Scotland, procurators fiscal (state prosecutors) can divert certain offenders from the court process into treatment. This paper describes the first diversion scheme in which offenders who are suspected of having psychological difficulties are referred for psychological and psychiatric treatment before, and generally in lieu of, prosecution. It is argued that the procurator fiscal is successful in selecting suitable cases for treatment: most people referred have significant psychological difficulties but have failed to obtain appropriate assistance through the normal channels of referral.
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Sirotkina, Mariia. "Exemption from criminal liability as an alternative to criminal prosecution." Legal Ukraine, no. 9 (October 30, 2020): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37749/2308-9636-2020-9(213)-4.
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This article is researching an institution of exemption from criminal liability as an alternative to criminal prosecution on the basis of current criminal procedure legislation, scientific researches and judicial practice. It was found that some researchers of exemption from criminal liability refer it to the forms of criminal liability, consider exemption from criminal liability as an institution of criminal law that differentiates liability; a radical means of differentiating a criminal liability; a legal fact that terminates a criminal legal relationship, which exempts a person from adverse legal consequences, etc. Having analysed the positions of foreign and domestic scholars, it can be concluded that the norms which provide for exemption from criminal liability should be considered as «an alternative to criminal prosecution». Exemption from criminal liability is provided for in the criminal law due to the fact that in some cases there is no point in subjecting a particular person to criminal liability, as criminal liability, being lawful, is considered as an inexpedient one. The state responds to a criminal act not leaving it without consequences, but reacts in another, «alternative» form, reaching a justified legal compromise in such cases. It is proved that the institution of exemption from criminal liability is implementing a desire of the state to effectively and rationally fight against crime without punishment and in general without a guilty verdict (conviction). This institution is simultaneously implementing the principles of economy of criminal repression, humanism and individualization of liability. Thus, the legislator has provided an alternative to criminal prosecution in the relevant provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code and the Criminal Code. This alternative in certain cases includes a compromise – a person who first time committed a criminal offense or negligent minor offence, except for corruption offenses, is being exempted from criminal liability if this person: has sincerely repented after commitment of offence, has actively contributed to the disclosure of the criminal offense and has fully reimbursed the damage caused by it or has eliminated the damage (Article 45 of the Criminal Code); has reconciled with the victim and has reimbursed the damage caused by such a person or has eliminated the damage (Article 46 of the Criminal Code); when transferring on parole to the staff of the enterprise, institution or organization within a year from the date of parole such person will justify the trust of the staff, will not evade educational measures and will not violate a public order (Article 47 of the Criminal Code). Key words: alternative, liability, exemption, compromise, punishment.
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Jarle Christensen, Mikkel. "International Prosecution and National Bureaucracy: The Contest to Define International Practices Within the Danish Prosecution Service." Law & Social Inquiry 43, no. 01 (2018): 152–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12254.
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This article explores how international ideals and practices of law enforcement come into conflict with national bureaucracies. Drawing on original interviews, the investigation demonstrates how the competition to define the role of international prosecution impacted career strategies as well as the actual administration of criminal law within the Danish Prosecution Service (DPS). The analysis shows that this competition is embodied in two competing groups of prosecutors situated in a wider national bureaucracy—itself subject to transformations that affect the very stakes of the contest to define the international. While the institutionalists build careers closely attuned to the systemic and increasingly lean-management-inspired requirements of the DPS, the dissident and consequently unsettled position of the activists leads them to craft alternative career strategies closely related to the emergence of new international fields of criminal law.
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Landsman, Stephan. "Alternative Responses to Serious Human Rights Abuses: Of Prosecution and Truth Commissions." Law and Contemporary Problems 59, no. 4 (1996): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1192192.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Alternative prosecution"
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Perrier, Jean-Baptiste. "La transaction en matière pénale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1021.
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Contrat par lequel les parties terminent une contestation née ou préviennent une contestation à naître, la transaction présente a priori une utilité remarquable pour la matière pénale. L'identification de la logique transactionnelle suppose toutefois que de tels procédés répressifs mettent un terme définitif au litige et ce au moyen de concessions de la part de l'auteur des faits et des autorités ou administrations chargées des poursuites. Seules la transaction pénale et la composition pénale revêtent ces qualités. Une telle transposition implique que la matière en cause puisse connaître d'un règlement des suites de l'infraction déterminé par les parties, hors du juge, mais aussi d'un règlement définitif. Les caractéristiques des alternatives aux poursuites témoignent alors de la réception de la technique transactionnelle dans la matière pénale. Ce constat ne peut pour autant suffire, la transposition de la transaction suppose également l'insertion d'un contrat dans le processus répressif. La mise à l'épreuve de la transaction à la matière pénale conduit à relever certains obstacles, tenant au consentement de l'auteur des faits ou encore à l'indisponibilité de l'action publique. Cette opposition conduit à une adaptation de la transaction à la matière pénale. Les alternatives aux poursuites révèlent l'existence de mesures à caractère répressif, proposées à l'auteur des faits et acceptées par lui dans un cadre déjudiciarisé : les sanctions transactionnelles. La reconnaissance de cette catégorie spécifique de sanctions permet d'entrevoir un certain nombre d'améliorations, afin que ces sanctions transactionnelles soient le fruit d'un accord équitableContract with which parties settle or prevent a complaint, the compromise seems to be an outstanding and useful tool in criminal process. However, the identification of the settlement approach presupposes that repressive processes permit to settle the dispute definitively, with concessions from the perpetrators and the Authorities. Only two mechanisms of criminal settlement take on these qualities. Such adaptation implies that the parties could settle the consequences of an offence, without any involvement of a magistrate, but also definitively. The characteristics of the alternative prosecution measures attest the use of the settlement technique in criminal law. However, this aknowledgment is not enough since the transposition of the compromise settlement requires also to introduce a contract in the prosecution process. The comparison of the compromise contract with criminal matter reveals an opposition, some difficulties due to the consent of the perpetrators or Public prosecution. These difficulties necessary lead the settlement to be adapted to this matter. Without the contractual side, the alternative prosecution measures are considered as repressive measures, proposed to the perpetrator and accepted by him outside the formal judicial frame : settlement sanctions. Recognition of this specific sanctions category allowed improvements in order to achieve the settlement sanctions are the result of a fair agreement
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Wiboonsamai, Sakwut. "La justice restaurative : étude comparée du droit thaïlandais et du droit français." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32047.
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L’émergence de la justice restaurative est le résultat d’une certaine inefficacité de la justice pénale classique. Le concept de la justice restaurative propose de répondre d’une façon novatrice à la criminalité et aux conflits. La justice restaurative se révèle être aujourd’hui une voie prometteuse de consolidation de l’harmonie sociale. Elle cherche à soutenir toutes les personnes impliquées (les victimes, les délinquants et les membres de la communauté), à leur donner des possibilités de participer et de communiquer et ainsi à favoriser une démarche de réparation afin de rétablir les liens sociaux brisés suite à l’infraction. Ces travaux de thèse ont pour objectif de connaître et comprendre la justice restaurative, les modalités et les mesures rencontrées notamment en France et en Thaïlande. À cet effet, nous avons posé deux questions centrales, à savoir : Quel est le cadre général et juridique de la justice restaurative ? ainsi que : Quelles sont les mesures existantes déclinées pour la mise en œuvre de la justice restaurative ? Grâce aux réponses apportées à ces questions, nous pourrons mieux connaître et comprendre la justice restaurative en France et en ThaïlandeThe emergence of restorative justice is the result of inefficiency of the classic criminal justice process. The concept of restorative justice offers innovative approach to crime and conflict. It appears to be a promising way to consolidate social harmony by supporting all the people involved (victims, offenders and community members). Restorative justice gives them opportunities to participate and communicate; and encourages a process of repair in order to mend the broken society bonds caused by offense. The aim of this thesis is to know about and understand terms and measures encountered during restorative justice programme in Thailand and in France. To do this, we need to answer two questions: what are the general and legal frameworks of restorative justice? and what are the existing measures implemented on the restorative justice? The answers of these questions should give us a better understanding of the restorative justice of both countries
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Airiau, Marine. "Le traitement judiciaire des auteurs de violences au sein du couple." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAA015.
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Le traitement judiciaire des auteurs de violences commises au sein du couple a connu une évolution manifeste comme le démontre la première partie de l’étude. Cette évolution apparaît à travers le dévoilement de ces violences par la société et par le droit ainsi que par la spécificité du traitement en direction de ces auteurs. Les mutations de la politique criminelle française tendent à un accroissement de la répression des auteurs de ces violences, marquées par une accélération législative en droit interne et l’influence du droit international et européen sur celui-ci. La seconde partie de l’étude met en avant les limites du traitement judiciaire des auteurs de violences commises au sein du couple. Certaines de ses limites sont structurelles, et dépendent des difficultés générales rencontrées par la justice, d’autres sont des limites juridiques. Enfin, certaines limites se manifestent au stade du prononcé des peines et de leur exécution. Interroger les limites ne conduit pas à nier leur possible dépassement, comme l’y invite l’étudeThe judicial treatment of the perpetrators of conjugal violence has evolved since its inception, as this study’s first part intends to demonstrate. The evolution becomes apparent through the exposure of such violence by society and by law as well as the need for specific treatment for perpetrators of conjugal violence. The permutations in French criminal policy lean towards increasing severity in sentencing, marked by legislative acceleration in domestic law as well as the influence of European and international law. The second part of this study examines the limits of the judicial treatment of the perpetrators. Some of its limits are structural, contingent on general difficulties encountered in court, while others are legal limits. Finally, certain limits occur during the sentencing and the implementation of the sentence. To question the limits is not to deny the possibility of overcoming them, as this study argues
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Capdepon, Yannick. "Essai d’une théorie générale des droits de la défense." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40029.
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Si l’on s’accorde à dire que les droits de la défense sont un principe fondamental du droit processuel sans lequelune procédure ne saurait être dite équitable, le sens technique de cette notion demeure aujourd’hui toujoursobscur. En effet, l’approche traditionnelle consistant à définir les droits de la défense comme un ensemble degaranties dont dispose toute partie à une procédure afin d’y défendre ses intérêts ne parvient pas à lever toutesles incertitudes et, surtout, ne permet pas de comprendre rationnellement l’ensemble des hypothèses danslesquelles on peut constater leur utilisation technique et concrète.En arrière-plan des différentes garanties, les droits de la défense semblent se présenter comme un conceptdistinct de celles-ci. Ils sont en eux-mêmes une véritable norme introduite en droit positif sous la forme d’unprincipe fondamental dont les différentes garanties assurent l’effectivité. Imposant que toute personne soumise àun pouvoir décisionnel soit mise en mesure de se défendre, c’est-à-dire de soutenir ou de contester uneprétention, cette norme irrigue concrètement le droit positif en fondant aussi bien la nullité d’une procédure quel’irresponsabilité pénale de l’auteur d’une infractionIf it is agreed that defense rights are a fundamental principle of procedural law, without which, no trial could besaid to be fair, the technical sense of this concept still remains obscure today. Traditionally defined as anensemble of guarantees, which each party to the proceedings is entitled to in order to defend its interests, thisplural approach to the concept does not however remove all uncertainties. It especially does not allow us torationally understand all the situations in which we can see its concrete and technical application.Among the different guarantees, defense rights seem to present themselves as a distinct, separate concept. Theyare in themselves a true standard introduced into the substasntive law in the form of a fundamental principlewhere the different guarantees ensure its effectiveness. Stating that any person subject to a decision-makingauthority should be able to defend her or himself, that is to say to support or to deny a claim, this legal standardencompasses, concretely, positive law by basing both the nullity of a procedure and the irresponsibility of anoffender
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Jeanne, Nicolas. "Juridictionnalisation de la répression pénale et institution du ministère public : étude comparative France-Angleterre." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010283/document.
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En France comme en Angleterre, le ministère public a historiquement vocation à garantir la forme juridictionnelle de la répression-pénale. A l'inverse, la juridictionnalisation de la répression pénale constitue une limite traditionnelle aux prérogatives du ministère public. Ainsi, alors que le premier rend toujours possible la juridictionnalisation et légitime la répression, la seconde limite légitimement le champ des possibles offerts au ministère public. Pourtant, la liaison qui paraît si évidente entre la juridictionnalisation de la répression pénale et l'institution du ministère public s'efface progressivement en nuances. Les législateurs français et anglais, encouragés par la jurisprudence, ont considérablement renforcé les pouvoirs d’enquête et de traitement infrajuridictionnels du ministère public évinçant par là la juridictionnalisation de la répression. Et même si la juridictionnalisation peut paraître préservée lorsqu'il s'agit pour le ministère public d'obtenir une coercition et une rétribution ultimes, celle-ci s'avère en réalité sans substance. Le contrôle à priori du juge de l'autorisation des pouvoirs d'enquête juridictionnalisés est souvent purement formel et ne peut permettre de contredire la nécessité d'ordonner tel ou tel acte qui serait requis par le ministère public, alors que le contrôle a posteriori du juge de l'annulation des actes d'enquête est lui déficient et aléatoire. La garantie d'un usage régulier des pouvoirs d'enquête et de traitement des infractions ne saurait pourtant venir d'une juridictionnalisation de l'institution du ministère public. La comparaison de l'organisation des ministères publics français et anglais laisse apparaître que les solutions qui sont envisagées l'indépendance et impartialité du ministère public français ne seraient pas suffisantes. C'est une restauration de la juridictionalisation des fonctions de l'institution, conforme à sa ratio profonde qu'il convient de mettre en œuvreIn France, like in England, the Public Prosecutor is historically intended to ensure the judicial nature of criminal justice. Reciprocally, the strengthening of the judicial nature of the criminal justice traditionally restricts the prerogatives of the Public Prosecutor's Office. However, the link between the reinforcement of the judicial nature of the criminal justice and the existence of the Public Prosecutor, albeit obvious, evaporates slowly in multiple shades. The French and the English lawmakers, supported by case law, have come to considerably strengthen the Public Prosecutor's investigation and pre-trial powers, thus ousting the judicial nature of the criminal justice. Although it may seem that the judicial nature of repression is preserved when the Public Prosecutor is required to obtain coercive measures or ultimate retribution, it turns out to be deprived of substance. An a priori control by a judge who grants judicial investigative powers to the Public Prosecutor is always formalistic, whereas an a posteriori control by a judge who may annul decisions taken during the investigation is flawed and random. However, a guarantee of a regular use of investigative powers and of treatment of offenses cannot come out of the strengthening of judicial nature of the Public Prosecutor. A comparative analysis of the structure of the Public Prosecutor’s Office in France and in England reveals that the dues that are to be considered -independence and impartiality of the French Public Prosecutor -do not suffice. It is a reestablishment of the judicial functions of the body, coherent with its true ratio, that should be implemented
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Nory, Yoshanloey Jafar. "Essai sur les finalités punitive et réparatrice des responsabilités civile et pénale en droit français et iranien." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10024.
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La distinction contemporaine n’a pu empêcher les responsabilités civile et pénale de cheminer vers un rapprochement pratique tant en droit français qu’iranien. Nous avons démontré qu’à la fonction réparatrice de la responsabilité civile peut s’additionner une fonction punitive qui s’incarnerait dans "la peine privée", et à la fonction répressive de la responsabilité pénale une fonction réparatrice appelée "restitution pénale". Grâce au prononcé des dommages et intérêts officiellement indemnitaires, mais objectivement punitifs, les juridictions parviennent à réprimer des comportements qu’elles estiment devoir sanctionner. Ainsi, l’officialisation de la peine privée ne paraît pas seulement possible, elle serait, aussi, extrêmement utile. Parallèlement, la responsabilité pénale, développe une dimension restitutive incontestable, permettant d’assurer notamment la réparation de tous les chefs de dommages soufferts par une victime ou encore supprimer la situation illicite. La restitution est donc utilisée comme un outil de répression. Greffée aux poursuites, elle se transforme en un moyen de désencombrement des juridictions et contractualisation du procès pénal. Intégrée à la peine, elle permet d’individualiser la sanction pénale. Les deux modes de responsabilités doivent se rejoindre dans une perspective de cohérence d’une responsabilité juridique afin que la justice soit rendue avec une dimension socialeThe contemporary distinction did not prevent the civil and criminal liability to move toward a practical reconciliation in both French and Iranian law. We have show that restorative function of the civil liability can add up to a punitive function that is embodied the “private punishment” and the repressive function of criminal liability create a restorative function called “criminal restitution”. Through the pronouncement of damages officially compensated but objectively punitive, the Courts are able to repress behaviors which they consider to be punishable. Thus, the formalization of punitive damage seems not onlypossible, but also extremely useful. At the same time, criminal liability develops an undeniable restorative dimension, making it possible to ensure the repair of all the heads of damages suffered by a victim or to further discourage the illegal situation. The restitution is thus used as a tool for repression. Graft prosecution, it becomes a way of relieving the courts and contracting of the criminal trial. Incorporated into the sentence, it allows individualizing the criminal sanction. The two modes of liability must come together in a coherent perspective of legal liability so that justice is done with a social dimension
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Miansoni, Camille. "Les modes de poursuite devant les juridictions pénales." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D019/document.
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La justice pénale française connait une diversification des modes de traitement des affaires qui lui sont soumises. Cette diversification résulte de facteurs endogènes et exogènes au système lui-même. Elle est le point de convergence de l'évolution des conceptions des phénomènes criminels, des attentes sociales pour une justice pénale efficace et, d'un nouveau mode de gestion de la justice. Les modes de poursuite traduisent une de logique de politique criminelle et, une logique de rationalisation du mode de management de la justice pénale. La notion de «modes de poursuite» devient une nouvelle catégorie juridique qui structure le traitement des délits. Sa portée théorique modifie l'approche de la poursuite. La diversification des modes de poursuite a des incidences sur la conception et la typologie du procès pénal et sur l'organisation des juridictions. Le procès pénal monolithique hérité du code d'instruction criminelle de 1808 devient un procès pluriel ayant une physionomie renouvelée et des finalités multiples. La poursuite pénale répond à des principes directeurs nouveaux ou renouvelés. La notion de «schéma d'orientation» illustre cette évolution. Une prise en compte législative de cette notion déboucherait sur une meilleure structuration de la réponse pénale. L'organisation de la chaîne pénale est également affectée, ainsi que la place des acteurs du procès. Des mécanismes de concertation et de délégation sont apparus. Le nouveau management judiciaire trouve appui sur cette diversification des modes de poursuite. Le procès pénal doit intégrer la transformation numérique qui devrait aboutir à la construction d'un procès pénal numériqueThe French criminal justice currently goes through a diversification of cases treatment processes. This diversification is the result of many factors, both endogenous and exogenous. It is the focal point of the evolution in theoretical approaches regarding criminal phenomena, social expectations of an effective criminal justice, and of a new process of justice management. Prosecution choices reflect a logic of criminal policy and also a logic of rationalization of the criminal justice management. The idea of «prosecution choices» becomes a new legal category that articulates the response to criminality. Its theoretical range modifies the approach of the prosecution. The diversification of prosecution choices has consequences on both conception and typology of the criminal trial and on courts organisation. The monolithic criminal trial inherited from the 1808 French code of criminal investigation becomes a more plural trial, with a renewed configuration and multiple purposes. The notion of « orientation schematics » illustrates such evolution. A legislative consideration of this notion would lead to a better structuring of the criminal justice response. The criminal justice system's organization is also affected, as well as the parties situation in the trial. Consultation and delegation mechanisms appeared. The new judicial management builds on this diversification in the prosecution choices. The criminal trial must integrate the digital transformation that should lead to the construction of a digital criminal trial
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Taleb, Akila. "Les procédures de reconnaissance préalable de culpabilité : étude comparée des justices pénales française et anglaise." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO30040.
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L’analyse des procédures de reconnaissance préalable de culpabilité en droit français et en droit anglais peut, de prime abord, sembler poser un certain nombre de difficultés. En effet les modèles inquisitoire et accusatoire de justice pénale, de par leurs spécificités, ne paraissent se prêter que difficilement à une telle étude comparée. Cependant cette affirmation n’est plus à l’heure actuelle, en raison notamment de la construction européenne, entièrement exacte. Les modèles de justice pénale dans la plupart des Etats de droit ne répondent plus à la dichotomie initialement posée et tendent progressivement à converger vers un modèle commun au sein de procédures pénales mixtes fondées essentiellement sur les principes du contradictoire et du procès équitable. C’est dans ce contexte qu’il convient de se pencher sur la notion de reconnaissance préalable de culpabilité. Celle-ci tend à s’affirmer au gré des réformes législatives, devenant ainsi un véritable outil de politique criminelle visant à davantage d’efficacité de la procédure pénale, par une plus grande célérité dans le traitement des affaires pénales. Toutefois, en France comme en Angleterre, le recours croissant aux procédures de reconnaissance préalable de culpabilité nécessite une modification structurelle et organisationnelle de la justice pénale. En conséquence et s’agissant de l’évolution globale des systèmes de justice pénale, une tendance générale se profile érigeant l’autorité des poursuites au rang de pivot central du processus judiciaire. Des garanties doivent donc être offertes afin de conserver une procédure pénale d’équilibre, à la fois efficace et légitimeThe analysis of guilty plea procedures, in French and English laws, seems, on a prima facie ground, to raise some issues. The inquisitorial and the accusatorial model of criminal justice do not, due to their respective specificities, easily leave a breathing space for any comparative study. Yet, taking into account the European expansion, this assertion does not remain, nowadays, entirely true. Models of criminal justice, in most States governed by the rule of law, do not longer meet the initial dichotomy and gradually tend to be unified towards a standard model within “mixed” criminal justice systems essentially based on the adversarial and fair trial principles. In this perspective, the notion of pre guilty plea needs to be clarified. This notion asserts itself alongside with legislative reforms, thus becoming a genuine tool of criminal policy aiming at a better efficiency in the criminal process through a more prompt handling of criminal offences. Nevertheless, both in France and in England, the increasing resort to pre-guilty plea procedures requires a structural and organisational modification of criminal justice. As a consequence and regarding the global evolution of criminal justice systems, a general tendency has emerged introducing Public Prosecution authorities as the linchpin of the process. Safeguards should be provided in order to maintain a well-balanced criminal justice process, both efficient and legitimate
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Maphosa, Emmanuel. "The application of the principle of complementarity by the International Criminal Court prosecutor in the case of Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27364.
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The principle of complementarity is a tool used to punish the commission of core international crimes. A concerted approach is required to combat war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity and aggression. The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court needs to fully appreciate the express and implied discretionary powers of states to ensure all possible accountability mechanisms are explored. Failure by the Prosecutor to do so results in missed opportunities to capitalise on various options related to the proper application of complementarity. Therefore, there is a need for consultations to establish that the International Criminal Court and prosecutions can no longer exist without competing alternatives preferred by states. The current misunderstandings on the application of complementarity are rooted in unresolved state and prosecutorial discretions. The endangering of state discretion threatens the integrity and credibility of the International Criminal Court. The unaddressed question of state discretion is also at the centre of disputes between the African Union and the International Criminal Court. Grey areas in the application of complementarity are clearly visible through the inconsistency and diversity of the International Criminal Court decisions and frequent prosecutorial policy proclamations. As a result, prosecutorial discretion needs to be checked. Prosecutorial discretion is checked at the United Nations, International Criminal Court and state levels. The checks at regional level and by non-prosecutorial options need to be explored. The call is for the International Criminal Court not to neglect the legal-political environment which the Court operates in. The environment is essential in demarcating the exercise of discretions. The Kenyatta case is illustrative of the need to invent an interpretation that reflects the evolving theory to practice reality. The development or amendment of a prosecutorial policy is desirable to give guidance on the value, circumstances and priority accorded to justice. The policy should be comprehensive enough to accommodate mechanisms which advocate for strengthened state discretion. For instance, African Union instruments and treaties reveal that the respect of state discretion is one of the core principles of the African Union system.Public, Constitutional, and International Law
LL.D.
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Kohoutková, Eva. "Názory pracovníků orgánů činných v trestním řízení na postavení institutu Probační a mediační služby v právním systému ČR a zkušenosti s ním." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-298474.
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This thesis is concentrated on the detection and evaluation of views and experience of the institutions active in criminal procedure, namely the representatives of district courts, district prosecutions, municipal police departments of the Czech Republic and the Penitentiary of the Czech Republic. Furthermore, it deals with the position of the Probation and Mediation Service in the Czech legal system and its integration into criminal justice system. This domain is examined under three defined indicators: abbreviation of procedure, decrease of prison population and the impact of the social work implementation in justice on the offender resocialization. The investigated area was selected on the basis of study practices executed in the Probation and Mediation Service departments in Jablonec na Nisou and in Liberec, in the Prison Rýnovice and also partly by reading of expert essays, in which the results of researches concentrated on these areas are evaluated very contrarily. To achieve the objectives of the study was used a case study on probation centers in Jablonec nad Nisou and Liberec, the results were compared with a nationwide questionnaire survey.
Books on the topic "Alternative prosecution"
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Group, Social Work Services. Alternatives to prosecution: National guidelines on diversion to social work agencies. [Edinburgh]: The Group, 1989.
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Barry, Monica. Diversion from prosecution to social work and other service agencies: Evaluation of the 100 per cent funding pilot programmes. Edinburgh: Central Research Unit, 2000.
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Chorres, Hesbert Benavente. Los criterios de oportunidad en el proceso penal acusatorio y oral: Doctrina, legislación, jurisprudencia y formularios. Azcapotzalco, México, D. F: Flores, 2010.
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G. J. M. van den Biggelaar. De buitengerechtelijke afdoening van strafbare feiten door het openbaar ministerie. Arnhem: Gouda Quint, 1994.
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Cooke, David J. Treatment as an Alternative to Prosecution. The Stationery Office Books (Agencies), 1989.
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Milan, Bulajić, ed. Alternative Yugoslavia tribunal. Beograd: Stručna knjiga D.D., 1995.
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Brown, Darryl K., Jenia Iontcheva Turner, and Bettina Weisser, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Criminal Process. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190659837.001.0001.
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This handbook examines various aspects of the criminal process, including the role of prosecutors in common law and civil law jurisdictions, the rights and duties of experts, victim rights in civil law jurisdictions, surveillance and investigation, criminal prosecution and its alternatives, evidence discovery and disclosure in common law systems, evidence law as forensic science, common law plea bargaining, appeals and post-conviction review, and procedure in international tribunals. The book is organized into eight parts covering topics ranging from criminal process in the dual penal state to interrogation law and practice in common law jurisdictions, empirical and comparative approaches to criminal procedure, prosecution-led investigations and measures of procedural coercion in the field of corruption, international corporate prosecutions, special procedures for white-collar and corporate wrongdoing in Europe, and trial procedure in response to terrorism. Also discussed are the roles of the European Convention on Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights as guardians of fair criminal proceedings in Europe, double jeopardy or ne bis in idem in common law and civil law jurisdictions, plea bargaining vs. abbreviated trial procedures, restorative justice as an alternative to penal sanctions, and the pluralistic nature of international criminal procedure.
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Kriangsak, Kittichaisaree. Part I Prologue, 1 General Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198823292.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the legal concept of the international legal obligation to extradite or prosecute perpetrators of the most serious crimes of international concern, tracing its historical foundation, explaining the codification and progressive development work of the UN International Law Commission on the 1996 Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind that has bearings on the concept, and identifying the gap in the existing treaty regime on this obligation. It succinctly analyses the three intertwined alternatives of extradition, prosecution, both by domestic criminal tribunals, and the third alternative of surrendering the perpetrators of such crimes to international criminal tribunals for the purpose of their prosecution.
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Naldi, Gino, and Konstantinos D. Magliveras. The International Criminal Court and the African Union. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810568.003.0006.
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This chapter examines the context of the Africa–ICC relationship, tracing the roots of the friction between the ICC, and by extension some of its European member states, and the African Union (AU), which has been the voice of those African nations disenchanted, if not outraged, by indictments and prosecutions against African leaders and politicians. Given that the ICC Prosecutor has focused exclusively on the African continent, there is widespread AU criticism that the pursuit of international criminal justice is solely concerned with African politics. The chapter demonstrates that the tension between the ICC and the AU has been exacerbated by the recent prosecution of cases involving Kenya, which became a major political issue in the East African nation. The chapter contends that the AU’s disenchantment with the ICC has led leaders in the continent to push various local justice alternatives under the banner of ‘African solutions to African problems’.
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Kriangsak, Kittichaisaree. Part III Epilogue and Reflections, 8 Conclusions and the Way Forward. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198823292.003.0008.
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The chapter describes international efforts to close the gaps in existing treaties on the obligation to extradite or prosecute. These include: (i) the joint initiative for the adoption of a new international instrument on mutual legal assistance and extradition for the effective investigation and prosecution of the most serious crimes of international concern, in particular, the crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes, by domestic jurisdictions; and (ii) the International Law Commission's work on a draft convention on Crimes against Humanity. The chapter also explores the issue of capacity building for the national judiciary and a regional judicial mechanism to help alleviate the burden of the International Criminal Court; national peace/reconciliation, international peace/stability, and other considerations against the implementation of the obligation to extradite or prosecute; the operation of transitional justice as an alternative to prosecution; and the implications of the atrocities in Syria for the future prospects of this obligation in the context of international criminal justice.
Book chapters on the topic "Alternative prosecution"
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Materu, Sosteness Francis. "Alternatives and Adjuncts to Domestic Prosecutions." In The Post-Election Violence in Kenya, 141–74. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-041-1_5.
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Alam, Mayesha. "Restorative Approaches to Transitional Justice: A Feminist Analysis of Alternatives to Criminal Prosecution." In Women and Transitional Justice, 78–87. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137409362_6.
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McMahon, Marilyn, Paul McGorrery, and Kelley Burton. "An Alternative Means of Prosecuting Non-Physical Domestic Abuse: Are Stalking Laws an Under-Utilised Resource?" In Criminalising Coercive Control, 93–110. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0653-6_5.
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Hodgson, Jacqueline S. "The Role and Status of the Prosecutor." In The Metamorphosis of Criminal Justice, 115–41. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199981427.003.0004.
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By situating the crown prosecutor and the French procureur within the broader legal cultural traditions in which they operate, this chapter compares the nature of the prosecutor’s role and functions in the two jurisdictions, their relationship with the investigation, and the different ways in which prosecutors’ independence and accountability are structured and understood. Prosecutors play a pivotal role at the heart of the criminal justice process, preparing and prosecuting criminal matters, managing the flux of cases, and, increasingly, disposing of cases through alternatives to prosecution. The different status of prosecutors in France and England and Wales and their relationship to judicial and political authority are important factors in how we understand and evaluate the functions of the prosecutor, the rights and responsibilities of other legal actors, and the legitimacy of the expanding prosecution role.
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Whitlinger, Claire. "Prosecuting Edgar Ray Killen." In Between Remembrance and Repair, 60–79. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469656335.003.0004.
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Despite the growing number of civil rights cold cases brought to trial decades after the crimes were committed, few social scientific studies explore the conditions that allow for such cases to emerge. Engaging this question through an in-depth case study of the 2005 prosecution of Edgar Ray Killen for the 1964 “Mississippi Burning” murders of civil rights workers James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner, this chapter extends current understandings of cold case trials. More specifically, the chapter investigates whether and how the case can be understood as an outcome of the 40th anniversary commemoration in Philadelphia, Mississippi, finding that the commemoration catalysed mnemonic entrepreneurship and cultivated the organizational structures and resources necessary to achieve a positive legal outcome. In doing so, the commemoration empowered local organizers to perform the roles typically undertaken by victims’ relatives and investigative journalists, thus offering an alternative pathway to legal redress. In addition, this commemorative outcome was shaped by favourable political opportunities a juror pool that had been primed through the ‘‘memory of commemoration.’’
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Gallagher, Katherine. "Alternatives to Prosecutions." In The International Criminal Responsibility of War's Funders and Profiteers, 396–422. Cambridge University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108692991.016.
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Carey, Christopher. "Commentary." In Greek Orators VI: Apollodorus Against Nearia, 84–151. Liverpool University Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9780856685262.003.0003.
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1-16 Theomnestos' speech. This section is both a speech in its own right, containing all the expected elements (introduction §1, narrative §§2-10, argument §§11-13, and epilogue §§14-15) and the introduction to Apollodoros' speech, which has little in the way of formal introduction. Its primary purpose is to remove various sources of jury prejudice against the prosecution and to create prejudice against Stephanos. In this type of case the law allowed for substantial rewards for successful prosecutors (cf. §16); in view of the Athenian hostility against the use of the lawcourts for personal gain it is necessary for Theomnestos to disclaim any desire for profit (cl. esp. 53.1ff.). Secondly, Apollodoros' extensive involvement in litigation may well have made him unpopular with Athenian juries, which disapproved of hasty recourse to the law. Theomnestos redirects this prejudice against Stephanos; he represents Stephanos as the aggressor, and stresses that there was no honourable alternative to litigation. Thirdly, given his youth, the political background and the seriousness of the case, Theomnestos inevitably faces the suspicion that he is merely a tool of Apollodoros; to dispel this suspicion he exaggerates his own role as victim and avenger. This section also establishes to the moral character of prosecution and defence ...
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DeMatteo, David, Kirk Heilbrun, Alice Thornewill, and Shelby Arnold. "Alternatives to Standard Prosecution." In Problem-Solving Courts and the Criminal Justice System, 12–32. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190844820.003.0002.
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This chapter begins with an introduction to the Sequential Intercept Model, which is a theoretical framework used to identify points of intervention and community alternatives for individuals with behavioral health treatment needs in the justice system. The authors outline each intercept and provide examples of interventions at each stage, including more detailed information about Intercept 3, which is the intercept at which problem-solving courts are found. The authors then review the history and development of problem-solving courts, highlighting important political events that influenced their growth. This chapter also includes a discussion about inclusion/exclusion criteria in problem-solving courts to better detail the populations they serve. The chapter concludes with a review of the strengths, limitations, and stakeholders’ (e.g., judges, attorneys, consumers) perceptions of problem-solving courts.
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Alldridge, Peter. "Prosecution and Its Alternatives." In Criminal Justice and Taxation, 119–42. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198755838.003.0007.
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McCargo, Duncan. "Computer Compassings." In Fighting for Virtue, 140–53. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9780801449994.003.0006.
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This chapter explains how not everyone accused of trying to bring down the monarchy—lom jao—ended up charged with lèse-majesté. It explores another case brought under a different law that illustrates similar issues to the Somyot case. The national security provisions of the 2007 Computer Crime Act offer an alternative means of prosecuting the allegedly disloyal, another notch along the treason spectrum. An illustrative example is the case of former broker Katha Pajariyapong, who was accused of making two web-board postings critical of royalty on the web board of Fa Diao Kan, a critical journal that featured on the April 2010 antimonarchy organogram. The Katha case frequently resembled a theater of the absurd: laughable charges, inept lawyers who wanted to quit, bungling prosecution witnesses, and a presiding judge who claimed to be on the side of the defendant before sending him to jail. Yet the consequences of these farcical proceedings were very real: Katha ultimately served a couple of years behind bars for a meaningless “crime” that brought the law into disrepute. The chapter then argues that judges again allowed their misguided understandings concerning how to show loyalty to the monarchy to take precedence over common sense. Katha's alleged actions had no effect on the country's national security, and no criminal intent was demonstrated during the trial.