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1

Morriconi, Elba R., and Jorge Calvo. "Alternative reproductive strategies of Ostrea puelchana." Hydrobiologia 185, no. 3 (1989): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00036607.

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2

Dunbar, R. I. M. "On the evolution of alternative reproductive strategies." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16, no. 2 (1993): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00030028.

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3

Cherix, D., D. Chautems, D. J. C. Fletcher, et al. "Alternative reproductive strategies inFormica lugubrisZett. (Hymenoptera Formicidae)." Ethology Ecology & Evolution 3, sup1 (1991): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03949370.1991.10721912.

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4

Heinze, Jürgen, and Laurent Keller. "Alternative reproductive strategies: a queen perspective in ants." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15, no. 12 (2000): 508–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(00)01995-9.

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5

FORMICA, V. A., and E. M. TUTTLE. "Examining the social landscapes of alternative reproductive strategies." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22, no. 12 (2009): 2395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01855.x.

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6

Ruchon, F., T. Laugier, and J. P. Quignard. "Alternative male reproductive strategies in the peacock blenny." Journal of Fish Biology 47, no. 5 (1995): 826–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb06005.x.

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7

Gockel, Julia, and Thomas Ruf. "ALTERNATIVE SEASONAL REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES IN WILD RODENT POPULATIONS." Journal of Mammalogy 82, no. 4 (2001): 1034–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082<1034:asrsiw>2.0.co;2.

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8

Yagound, Boris, Michael Duncan, Nadine C. Chapman, and Benjamin P. Oldroyd. "Subfamily-dependent alternative reproductive strategies in worker honeybees." Molecular Ecology 26, no. 24 (2017): 6938–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.14417.

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9

Gross, Mart R. "Alternative reproductive strategies and tactics: diversity within sexes." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 11, no. 2 (1996): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(96)81050-0.

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10

Thirgood, Simon J. "Alternative Mating Strategies and Reproductive Success in Fallow Deer." Behaviour 116, no. 1-2 (1991): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853990x00338.

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11

Richards, M. H. "Alternative reproductive strategies in wasps: queen, worker, or both?" Insectes Sociaux 66, no. 3 (2019): 333–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-019-00714-y.

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12

Blacher, Pierre, Boris Yagound, Emmanuel Lecoutey, Paul Devienne, Stéphane Chameron, and Nicolas Châline. "Drifting behaviour as an alternative reproductive strategy for social insect workers." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1771 (2013): 20131888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1888.

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Restricted reproduction is traditionally posited as the defining feature of eusocial insect workers. The discovery of worker reproduction in foreign colonies challenges this view and suggests that workers’ potential to pursue selfish interests may be higher than previously believed. However, whether such reproductive behaviour truly relies on a reproductive decision is still unknown. Workers’ reproductive decisions thus need to be investigated to assess the extent of workers’ reproductive options. Here, we show in the bumblebee Bombus terrestris that drifting is a distinct strategy by which fe
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13

Lymbery, Samuel J., Joseph L. Tomkins, Bruno A. Buzatto, and David J. Hosken. "Kin-mediated plasticity in alternative reproductive tactics." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1956 (2021): 20211069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1069.

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Conditional strategies occur when the relative fitness pay-off from expressing a given phenotype is contingent upon environmental circumstances. This conditional strategy model underlies cases of alternative reproductive tactics, in which individuals of one sex employ different means to obtain reproduction. How kin structure affects the expression of alternative reproductive tactics remains unexplored. We address this using the mite Rhizoglyphus echinopus , in which large males develop into aggressive ‘fighters’ and small males develop into non-aggressive ‘scramblers.’ Because only fighters ki
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14

Formica, Vincent A., Rusty A. Gonser, Scott Ramsay, and Elaina M. Tuttle. "SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF ALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES: THE ROLE OF NEIGHBORS." Ecology 85, no. 4 (2004): 1125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/03-0029.

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15

Wolff, Jerry O., and Donna M. Cicirello. "Mobility versus territoriallity: Alternative reproductive strategies in white-footed mice." Animal Behaviour 39, no. 6 (1990): 1222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80799-7.

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16

Khemira, Habib, T. L. Righetti, David Sugar, and A. N. Azarenko. "ALTERNATIVE N FERTILIZATION STRATEGIES FOR PEARS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (1992): 667a—667. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.667a.

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Current N fertilization practices, where high spring applications are utilized, may lead to excessive vegetative growth. However, high rates may not be required to maximize fruit yield and quality. Therefore, alternative strategies to minimize shoot growth while still providing the N needs of the tree were investigated. Mature `Comice' and `Bosc' pear trees were given one of the following treatments: a spring soil (SS) application of NH4NO3 nitrate at 112.5 kg/ha rate, a similar application in the fall after harvest (FS), a fall foliar (FF) spray of a 7.5% urea solution after harvest (FF), or
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17

WIDEMO, FREDRIK. "Alternative reproductive strategies in the ruff,Philomachus pugnax: a mixed ESS?" Animal Behaviour 56, no. 2 (1998): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1998.0792.

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18

Corlatti, L., B. Bassano, T. G. Valencak, and S. Lovari. "Foraging strategies associated with alternative reproductive tactics in a large mammal." Journal of Zoology 291, no. 2 (2013): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12049.

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19

Cummings, Molly Elizabeth, and Rose Gelineau-Kattner. "The energetic costs of alternative male reproductive strategies in Xiphophorus nigrensis." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 195, no. 10 (2009): 935–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-009-0469-9.

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20

COX, R. M., and R. CALSBEEK. "An experimental test for alternative reproductive strategies underlying a female-limited polymorphism." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 24, no. 2 (2010): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02171.x.

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21

Tuttle, E. M. "Alternative reproductive strategies in the white-throated sparrow: behavioral and genetic evidence." Behavioral Ecology 14, no. 3 (2003): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/14.3.425.

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22

Sánchez-Guillén, Rosa A., Maren Wellenreuther, Jesús R. Chávez-Ríos, et al. "Alternative reproductive strategies and the maintenance of female color polymorphism in damselflies." Ecology and Evolution 7, no. 15 (2017): 5592–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3083.

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23

Lamichhaney, Sangeet, Guangyi Fan, Fredrik Widemo, et al. "Structural genomic changes underlie alternative reproductive strategies in the ruff (Philomachus pugnax)." Nature Genetics 48, no. 1 (2015): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.3430.

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24

Grunst, Mellisa L., Andrea S. Grunst, Rusty A. Gonser, and Elaina M. Tuttle. "Breeding synchrony and extrapair paternity in a species with alternative reproductive strategies." Journal of Avian Biology 48, no. 8 (2017): 1087–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jav.01375.

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25

Moore, Michael C. "Application of organization-activation theory to alternative male reproductive strategies: A review." Hormones and Behavior 25, no. 2 (1991): 154–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0018-506x(91)90048-m.

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26

Baran, Nicole M., and Elizabeth Adkins-Regan. "Breeding Experience, Alternative Reproductive Strategies and Reproductive Success in a Captive Colony of Zebra Finches (Taeniopygia guttata)." PLoS ONE 9, no. 2 (2014): e89808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089808.

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27

Cram, Dominic L., Arne Jungwirth, Helen Spence-Jones, and Tim Clutton-Brock. "Reproductive conflict resolution in cooperative breeders." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 6 (2019): 1743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz143.

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Abstract Female infanticide is common in animal societies where groups comprise multiple co-breeding females. To reduce the risk that their offspring are killed, mothers can synchronize breeding and pool offspring, making it hard for females to avoid killing their own young. However, female reproductive conflict does not invariably result in reproductive synchrony, and we lack a general hypothesis explaining the variation in conflict resolution strategies seen across species. Here, we investigate the fitness consequences of birth timing relative to other females and the prevalence of birth syn
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28

Rivas-Torres, Anais, Rosa Ana Sánchez-Guillén, and Adolfo Cordero-Rivera. "Alternative reproductive strategies in black-winged territorial males of Paraphlebia zoe (Odonata, Thaumatoneuridae)." PeerJ 7 (February 20, 2019): e6489. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6489.

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Alternative reproductive strategies are commonly associated with male dimorphism. In Paraphlebia zoe, a species of damselfly whose males are dimorphic in wing coloration, black-and-white-winged (BW) males defend territories, while hyaline-winged (HW) males usually play the role of satellites. We found that several BW males can sometimes share a territory, and we hypothesized that within this morph there are two alternative tactics: submissive and dominant. We conducted an experiment to test whether dominant and submissive roles are plastic or stable and fixed on each individual. To this end, w
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29

Grunst, Melissa L., Andrea S. Grunst, Vince A. Formica, Rusty A. Gonser, and Elaina M. Tuttle. "Multiple signaling functions of song in a polymorphic species with alternative reproductive strategies." Ecology and Evolution 8, no. 2 (2017): 1369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3702.

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30

Wilson, Alexander D. M., and Clint D. Kelly. "Do alternative reproductive strategies in the Wellington tree weta represent different behavioural types?" Ethology 125, no. 6 (2019): 380–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eth.12862.

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31

Holt, W. V. "Alternative strategies for the long-term preservation of spermatozoa." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9, no. 3 (1997): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/r96082.

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A number of perceived future requirements for stored germplasm in agriculture, aquaculture, biotechnology and conservation are discussed in the present review. In the light of these broad demands, it is apparent that current approaches to gamete and embryo storage need considerable improvement, and that novel approaches to the technologies of germplasm preservation should be pursued if possible. The present article is presented in response to a request for novel future research ideas in this area. Early literature on desiccation, and later research into natural mechanisms of survival during de
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32

Zimmermann, Bianca Laís, Alexandre Varaschin Palaoro, Didier Bouchon, Maurício Pereira Almerão, and Paula Beatriz Araujo. "How coexistence may influence life history: the reproductive strategies of sympatric congeneric terrestrial isopods (Crustacea, Oniscidea)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, no. 11 (2018): 1214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0086.

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Patterns of allocation between reproduction, survival, and maintenance are what we call life history. By investigating the life-history strategy of sympatric species, we may understand how they are able to coexist, as different strategies are expected to evolve in species that occupy similar niche space. Terrestrial isopods are a group in which multiple species frequently inhabit the same area. Notably, they are usually infected by Wolbachia Hertig, 1936, a notorious manipulator of the hosts’ reproductive processes. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the investment in reproduction in t
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33

Grindon, Christina, Robert Combes, Mark T. D. Cronin, David W. Roberts, and John F. Garrod. "Integrated Decision-tree Testing Strategies for Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity with Respect to the Requirements of the EU REACH Legislation." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 36, no. 1 (2008): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290803600108.

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Liverpool John Moores University and FRAME conducted a research project, sponsored by Defra, on the status of alternatives to animal testing with regard to the European Union REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system for the safety testing and risk assessment of chemicals. The project covered all the main toxicity endpoints associated with the REACH system. This paper focuses on the prospects for the use of alternative methods (both in vitro and in silico) in developmental and reproductive toxicity testing. It considers many tests based on primary cells and cell li
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34

Grindon, Christina, Robert Combes, Mark T. D. Cronin, David W. Roberts, and John F. Garrod. "Integrated Decision-tree Testing Strategies for Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity with Respect to the Requirements of the EU REACH Legislation." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 36, no. 1_suppl (2008): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290803601s10.

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Liverpool John Moores University and FRAME conducted a research project, sponsored by Defra, on the status of alternatives to animal testing with regard to the European Union REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system for the safety testing and risk assessment of chemicals. The project covered all the main toxicity endpoints associated with the REACH system. This paper focuses on the prospects for the use of alternative methods (both in vitro and in silico) in developmental and reproductive toxicity testing. It considers many tests based on primary cells and cell li
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35

VERCKEN, E., M. MASSOT, B. SINERVO, and J. CLOBERT. "Colour variation and alternative reproductive strategies in females of the common lizard Lacerta vivipara." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20, no. 1 (2007): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01208.x.

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36

Todd, Brian D. "Parasites Lost? An Overlooked Hypothesis for the Evolution of Alternative Reproductive Strategies in Amphibians." American Naturalist 170, no. 5 (2007): 793–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/521958.

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37

Todd. "Parasites Lost? An Overlooked Hypothesis for the Evolution of Alternative Reproductive Strategies in Amphibians." American Naturalist 170, no. 5 (2007): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4541149.

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38

Carlson, Stephanie M., Harry B. Rich, Jr., and Thomas P. Quinn. "Reproductive life-span and sources of mortality for alternative male life-history strategies in sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 12 (2004): 1878–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-189.

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In anadromous salmonid fishes, a fraction of the males ("jacks") spend fewer years at sea than females and most males in the population. It has been hypothesized that the higher survival rates of jacks at sea are balanced by their reduced reproductive success. One component of reproductive success is in-stream longevity, and jacks were reported to have a shorter reproductive life-span than older males. To test this hypothesis, we examined the interactions between arrival date, mode of death (senescent, bear-killed, gull-killed, stranded), and reproductive life-span of male sockeye salmon, Onco
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39

Ausband, David E. "Pair bonds, reproductive success, and rise of alternate mating strategies in a social carnivore." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 6 (2019): 1618–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz126.

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Abstract Monogamy is commonly observed across a wide variety of species and taxa and arises when young are altricial, parental investment in young is high, and mate monopolization is generally not possible. In such species, pairs may bond for multiple breeding seasons while successfully rearing young. Individuals, however, may attempt to bypass the dominant mating strategy particularly when breeding opportunities are limited. Currently, we do not know how pair bond duration affects the efficacy of alternative mating strategies in populations with a monogamous mating system. Additionally, infer
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40

Jackson, Jenée James, and Bruce J. Ellis. "Synthesizing life history theory with sexual selection: Toward a comprehensive model of alternative reproductive strategies." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, no. 1 (2009): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x09000132.

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AbstractDel Giudice's model of sex-specific attachment patterns demonstrates the usefulness of infusing life history theory with principles of sexual selection. We believe a full synthesis between the two theories provides a foundation for a comprehensive model of alternative reproductive strategies. We extend Del Giudice's ideas based on our own program of research, focusing specifically on the importance of intrasexual competition and the individual phenotype during development.
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41

Lefebvre, François, and Robert Poulin. "ALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES IN THE PROGENETIC TREMATODE COITOCAECUM PARVUM: COMPARISON OF SELFING AND MATING WORMS." Journal of Parasitology 91, no. 1 (2005): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-335r.

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42

Clark, Rachel Ann. "Dimorphic Males Display Alternative Reproductive Strategies in the Marine Amphipod Jassa marmorata Holmes (Corophioidea: Ischyroceridae)." Ethology 103, no. 7 (2010): 531–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1997.tb00166.x.

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43

Jacquin, Lisa, Zoé Gauthey, Vincent Roussille, Michel Le Hénaff, Cédric Tentelier, and Jacques Labonne. "Melanin in a changing world: brown trout coloration reflects alternative reproductive strategies in variable environments." Behavioral Ecology 28, no. 6 (2017): 1423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arx102.

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44

Sinervo, B. "The Evolution of Alternative Reproductive Strategies: Fitness Differential, Heritability, and Genetic Correlation Between the Sexes." Journal of Heredity 92, no. 2 (2001): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/92.2.198.

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45

Clark, David L., and Brandon Biesiadecki. "MATING SUCCESS AND ALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES OF THE DIMORPHIC JUMPING SPIDER, MAEVIA INCLEMENS (ARANEAE, SALTICIDAE)." Journal of Arachnology 30, no. 3 (2002): 511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1636/0161-8202(2002)030[0511:msaars]2.0.co;2.

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46

O'Donnell, Sean. "Reproductive potential and division of labor in wasps: are queen and worker behavior alternative strategies?" Ethology Ecology & Evolution 8, no. 3 (1996): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.1996.9522921.

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47

Chao, Andrew, Rebecca Simon-Freeman, and Greg Grether. "Patterns of Niche Partitioning and Alternative Reproductive Strategies in an East African Dung Beetle Assemblage." Journal of Insect Behavior 26, no. 4 (2012): 525–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10905-012-9364-2.

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48

Froehlich, Halley E., Timothy E. Essington, and P. Sean McDonald. "When does hypoxia affect management performance of a fishery? A management strategy evaluation of Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister) fisheries in Hood Canal, Washington, USA." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 74, no. 6 (2017): 922–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0269.

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Management strategies for fisheries typically do not account for environmental stressors, such as hypoxia (dissolved oxygen &lt; 2 mg·L−1). Hypoxia can lead to shoaling of organisms into normoxic habitats, enhancing catchability, which could reduce the performance of fishery management strategies. Here, we conducted a management strategy evaluation of Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister) fisheries in Hood Canal, Washington, a seasonally hypoxic fjord in Puget Sound. Specifically, we asked whether the current management strategy was robust to hypoxia-induced catchability changes under alterna
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49

Isono, Wataru, Osamu Wada-Hiraike, Akira Shirane, et al. "Alternative strategies to in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment for aged infertile women." Reproductive Medicine and Biology 11, no. 1 (2011): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12522-011-0107-4.

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50

Schwabl, Hubert, Willow R. Lindsay, Douglas G. Barron, and Michael S. Webster. "Endocrine correlates of mate choice and promiscuity in females of a socially monogamous avian mating system with alternative male reproductive phenotypes." Current Zoology 60, no. 6 (2014): 804–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.6.804.

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Abstract While our understanding of male reproductive strategies is informed by extensive investigations into endocrine mechanisms, the proximate mechanisms by which females compete for mates and adjust reproduction to social environment remains enigmatic. We set out to uncover endocrine correlates of mate choice, social environment, and reproductive investment in female red-backed fairy-wrens Malurus melanocephalus. In this socially monogamous, yet highly sexually promiscuous species, females experience discrete variation in the phenotype of their mates, which vary in both plumage signals and
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