Academic literature on the topic 'Alternative stock market'

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Journal articles on the topic "Alternative stock market"

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Wong, Alvin Y. T., Gordon Y. N. Tang, and Kam C. Chan. "The Determinants of Performance in Alternative Markets for Small and Medium Enterprises: International Evidence." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 16, no. 02 (2013): 1350009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091513500094.

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Several stock exchanges have launched alternative markets to target small and medium enterprises. In this research, we examine the determinants of the operating and stock return performance of alternative markets. Our results suggest that turnover and stock returns of alternative markets affect each other. Hence, it is imperative to examine the performances of alternative markets in a simultaneous equation system to mitigate the causality among performance variables. In addition, a good anti-director rights environment and a noncommon law origin country contribute to a higher turnover and addi
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Abensur, Eder Oliveira, Davi Franco Moreira, and Aline Cristina Rodrigues De Faria. "Geometric brownian motion: an alternative to high-frequency trading for small investors." Independent Journal of Management & Production 11, no. 3 (2020): 1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v11i3.1114.

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High-frequency trading (HFT) involves short-term, high-volume market operations to capture profits. To a large extent, these operations take advantage of early access to information using fast and sophisticated technological tools running on supercomputers. However, high-frequency trading is inaccessible to small investors because of its high cost. For this reason, price prediction models can substitute high-frequency trading in order to anticipate stock market movements. This study is the first to analyze the possibility of applying Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM) to forecast prices in intrad
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Miralles-Quirós, María del Mar, José Luis Miralles-Quirós, and Celia Oliveira. "The role of liquidity in asset pricing: the special case of the Portuguese Stock Market." Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science 22, no. 43 (2017): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jefas-12-2016-0001.

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Purpose The aim of this paper is to examine the role of liquidity in asset pricing in a tiny market, such as the Portuguese. The unique setting of the Lisbon Stock Exchange with regards to changes in classification from an emerging to a developed stock market, allows an original answer to whether changes in the development of the market affect the role of liquidity in asset pricing. Design/methodology/approach The authors propose and compare two alternative implications of liquidity in asset pricing: as a desirable characteristic of stocks and as a source of systematic risk. In contrast to pri
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Volchkov, O. Ye. "DIRECTIONS OF ALTERNATIVE STOCK MARKET INCREASE OF MARKET CAPITALIZATION OF DOMESTIC COMPANIES." Economic innovations 19, no. 1(63) (2017): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2017.19.1(63).53-58.

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The article reveals the need to create alternative stock market that would open access to participation in the SME. Based on the experience of alternative securities markets in Europe, conclusions regarding the need for a stock exchange available to wider circles of consumers to increase their own capitalization and support the domestic stock market. In times of severe economic crisis, support for small and medium businesses is extremely important in Ukraine. One of the effective mechanisms for increasing the capitalization of enterprises is the attraction of stock exchange instruments in the
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Chelley-Steeley, Patricia, and Antonios Siganos. "Momentum profits in alternative stock market structures." Journal of Multinational Financial Management 18, no. 2 (2008): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2007.05.002.

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Anderson, Hamish, Ben Marshall, and Xiao Wang. "Cross-sectional return patterns in New Zealand’s registered and OTC stock markets." Pacific Accounting Review 27, no. 1 (2015): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-09-2012-0036.

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Purpose – This paper aims to examine whether the cross-sectional return patterns in New Zealand’s main stock market (NZSX) are also present in the alternative (NZAX) and over-the-counter (Unlisted) markets. Design/methodology/approach – Cross-sectional regressions of monthly stock returns on well-known pricing factors including firm size, book-to-market (B/M) ratio, liquidity and past returns were run. The NZSX sample commenced in 1988 and continued through to 2011, while data are available for the Unlisted and NZAX markets from 2004 to 2011. Findings – The pricing factors that are important i
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Kanojia, Sunaina, and Neha Arora. "Investments, Market Timing and Portfolio Performance across Indian Bull and Bear Markets." Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation 13, no. 3-4 (2017): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2319510x18776403.

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The returns generated from an investment alternative are exponentially higher when espoused with appropriate timings. This article expound on the market timing used by investors to formulate profitable investment strategies in the stock market, which requires gathering of information at both micro- and macro-levels along with market trends to make timely decisions and evaluating the universe of stocks available. The market trends are been broadly classified into bull and bear phases, which have dynamic influence on buying and selling in the stock market. Further, the study supports the retail
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Jotanovic, Vera, and Rita Laura D’Ecclesia. "Do Diamond Stocks Shine Brighter than Diamonds?" Journal of Risk and Financial Management 12, no. 2 (2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12020079.

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This paper addresses two practical investment questions: Is investing in the diamond equity market a more feasible and liquid alternative to investing in diamonds? Additionally, is diamond equity affected by polished diamond prices? We assemble an original database of diamond mining stock prices traded on main stock exchanges in order to assess their relationship with diamond prices. Our results show that the market of diamond-mining stocks does not represent a valid investment alternative to the diamond commodity. Diamond equity returns are not driven by diamond price dynamics but rather by l
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Ahmadvand, Maysam, Hadi Khajezadeh Dezfuli, and Mohamad Javad Sadehvand. "Identifying Islamic alternatives to short selling in Iranian stock market and prioritizing them using TOPSIS." Qualitative Research in Financial Markets 7, no. 2 (2015): 191–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrfm-04-2014-0013.

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Purpose – This paper aims to first explain short selling and its benefits and damages; then, using experts’ opinions and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method as well as based on the legal, financial and jurisprudential criteria adopted, evaluate and prioritize Islamic alternatives to short selling; and finally, introduce the most proper approach for implementing it in Iran’s stock market. Design/methodology/approach – The methods applied in the paper are as follows: Library method to collect the required data for developing the theoretical and juris
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Zaimović, Azra. "Testing the CAPM in Bosnia and Herzegovina with Continuously Compounded Returns." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 8, no. 1 (2013): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2013-0006.

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Abstract The capital markets of neighboring transitional Western Balkan countries have attracted a lot of interest from domestic and international investors in the last decade, who view them as an attractive alternative to investing in more developed markets. These markets are characterized by higher returns, and higher volatility of stock returns as compared to those of developed markets. The recent economic and financial crises devastated capital markets worldwide. The new Bosnian capital market faced its hardest times following the withdrawal of international investors. The aim of this pape
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Alternative stock market"

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Finnerman, Erik, and Carl Robin Kirchmann. "Evaluation of Alternative Weighting Techniques on the Swedish Stock Market." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168294.

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The aim of this thesis is to evaluate how the stock index SIX30RX compares against portfolios based on the same stock selection but with alternative weighting techniques. Eleven alternative weighting techniques are used and divided into three categories; heuristic, optimisation and momentum based ones. These are evaluated from 1990-01-01 until 2014-12-31. The results show that heuristic based weighting techniques overperform and show similar risk characteristics as the SIX30RX index. Optimisation based weighting techniques show strong overperformance but have different risk characteristics man
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Bravo, Alejos Paulo Cesar, Roman Cesar Yimmy Cisneros, Ojeda Angela Correa, Martínez Carla Jimena Mendoza, and Gonzalez Arístides de Jesús Urquizo. "ABCJ soluciones." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/626545.

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El presente proyecto es sobre la investigación y acompañamiento para que las medianas empresas en el Perú busquen financiamiento a través del Mercado Alternativo de Valores, nos muestra su viabilidad en base a las tasas y montos que le otorgan otros agentes financieros que existen en el mercado, que permitió detectar una oportunidad de negocio ya que existe mucha oferta, pero muy poco conocimiento de estos otros medios de financiamiento por parte de los clientes, lo que genera frustración en las empresas, y disminuye sus oportunidades de crecer, así como de impulsar nuestra economía y el secto
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Sangray, Sudesh Ram. "Semi-strong form efficiency of lowly capitalized firms : the case of the alternative investment market, (AIM) UK : an investigation of event study based abnormal returns using the single index market model." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/550404.

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This thesis examines the impact of company announcements on the daily stock returns of lowly capitalised companies. A total of 105 companies comprise the sample and 1464 events are examined over the period 21110/97 to 03/0412000. The methodology employed is primarily, empirical in nature. Event studies are conducted to gauge the impact of company announcements on stock returns using the single index market model (SIMM) as the chosen equilibrium market model for modelling abnormal returns. The study professes three mam contributions to knowledge. The empirical evidence suggests that financial a
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Zhan, Cheng Juan. "An Alternative Approach to Visualizing Stock Market Correlation Matrices- An Empirical study of forming portfolios that contain only small numbers of stocks using both existing and newly discovered visualization methods." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Economics and Finance, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9649.

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The core of stock portfolio diversification is to pick stocks from different correlation clusters when forming portfolios. The result is that the chosen stocks will be only weakly correlated with each other. However, since correlation matrices are high dimensional, it is close to impossible to determine correlation clusters by simply looking at a correlation matrix. It is therefore common to regard industry groups as correlation clusters. In this thesis, we used three visualization methods namely Hierarchical Cluster Trees, Minimum Spanning Trees and neighbor-Net splits graphs to “collapse” co
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Štěpánek, Marek. "Financování podniků prostřednictvím vstupu na alternativní trh BCPP." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417400.

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Master‘s thesis is focused on the possibility of financing a company through entering the alternative market of the Prague Stock Exchange Ltd. The alternative market of the Prague Stock Exchange is the START Market, which is suitable for smaller and innovative czech companies. This is about an unregulated market, which means that the conditions of admission conditions and trading rules are set by the stock exchange. The thesis defines the basic starting points, which are connected with the capital market, the market organizer and the initial public offering of stocks (IPO).
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Salomé, Castro Rodrigo Luis. "El Mercado Alternativo de Valores (MAV) y la financiación de la MIPYME en el 2020." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655988.

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El presente proyecto desarrolla los lineamientos previos necesarios para el estudio de la eficiencia de la normativa del Mercado Alternativo de Valores (MAV) en función a los preceptos del análisis económico del derecho. Inicialmente se realiza una descripción sobre la justificación y objetivos del proyecto de investigación. Posteriormente, se plantea la premisa de que el MAV no beneficia a las MIPYME y no permite alcanzar la eficiencia por carecer de incentivos reales para su funcionamiento. Para arribar a la anterior hipótesis, se brinda una introducción al sistema del MAV y se hall
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Wang, Huaiyu. "Examining information disclosure in the Chinese securities markets an alternative explanation /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B35324004.

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Góes, Gabriela Andrade. "Obstáculos ao financiamento de pequenas e médias empresas por meio do mercado de ações no Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/24013.

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Submitted by Gabriela Andrade Góes (gabriela.a.goes@gmail.com) on 2018-06-04T17:10:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Gabriela - Final.pdf: 1817121 bytes, checksum: 97c948c8a56b828c1e4a1fbb2d631927 (MD5)<br>Rejected by Katia Menezes de Souza (katia.menezes@fgv.br), reason: Prezada Gabriela boa tarde, Acusamos a postagem do seu trabalho na biblioteca digital, porém será necessário realizar um pequeno ajuste, dessa forma seu trabalho foi rejeitado. Na folha que corresponde a ficha catalográfica deverá colocar exatamente como a biblioteca lhe enviou, como por exemplo, a informação q
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Wang, Huaiyu, and 王懷宇. "Examining information disclosure in the Chinese securities markets: an alternative explanation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B35324004.

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Gaudio, André Eugênio de Goes Monteiro. "Em busca de um índice alternativo à relação Book to Market para a construção de carteiras mais rentáveis." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2015. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8551.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Muitos estudos buscam tentar prever o retorno potencial sobre portfólios de ações, com intuito de obter melhor rentabilidade sobre o capital aplicado. Diversas modelagens já foram utilizadas, sendo que as mais conhecidas são as que relacionam o risco com o retorno. Nesta linha destacam-se a Teoria de Carteiras proposta por Markowitz, e o CAPM de Sharpe. Através destas teorias entende-se a questão da influência da covariância dos retornos e que para um melhor desempenho de uma carteira, não é suficiente avaliar cada ativo individual
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Books on the topic "Alternative stock market"

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Ma, Yat Hang. An alternative study of stock market efficiency: applying Effiency Market Hypothesis to the horseracing betting market. Oxford Brookes University, 2000.

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Hasbrouck, Joel. The liquidity of alternative market centers: A comparison of the New York Stock Exchange, the American Stock Exchange, and the NASDAQ National Market System. American Stock Exchange, 1986.

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Murali, K. An alternative to investment promotion in developing countries: A case study of Indian primary market. Research and Information System for the Non-aligned and Other Developing Countries, 2001.

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Engelbach, Sascha. Delisting: Das börsenrechtliche Marktentlassungsverfahren als Alternative zum kalten Delisting. Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 2004.

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Keepin, Alexander. A practical guide to AIM. ICSA Publishing, 2008.

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Hatchick, Keith. The alternative investment market handbook. Jordan Publishing, 1997.

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Keith, Smith, and Watts Paul, eds. The alternative investment market handbook. 2nd ed. Jordans, 2002.

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Walters, Michael. How to make a killing in the alternative investment market. Rushmere Wynne, 1995.

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How to make a killing in the alternative investment market. 2nd ed. Rushmere Wynne, 1996.

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Kinnunen, Juha. Market reactions to unexpected accrual income and cash flow: Tests of alternative income definitions and expectation models. European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Alternative stock market"

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Bissoondoyal-Bheenick, Emawtee, and Robert Brooks. "Stock Market Impact of Sovereign Rating Changes: Alternative Benchmark Models." In Emerging Markets and Sovereign Risk. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137450661_13.

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Cuñat Giménez, Rubén J. "The Stock Market as an Alternative to Banks for the Financing of New Business Projects: Business Angels." In New Challenges in Entrepreneurship and Finance. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08888-4_9.

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Chaysiri, Rujira, and Chanrathanak Ngauv. "Prediction of Closing Stock Prices Using the Artificial Neural Network in the Market for Alternative Investment (MAI) of the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET)." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62509-2_28.

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Board, John, Alfonso Dufour, Yusuf Hartavi, Charles Sutcliffe, and Stephen Wells. "Market-Switching Stocks." In Risk and Trading on London’s Alternative Investment Market. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137361301_11.

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Albano, Giuseppina, Michele La Rocca, and Cira Perna. "Weak Form Efficiency of Selected European Stock Markets: Alternative Testing Approaches." In Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Actuarial Sciences and Finance. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02499-8_1.

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Hübner, Georges, Michael Schyns, and yves Crama. "Alternative to the Mean-Variance Asset Allocation Analysis." In Stock Market Volatility. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420099553.ch12.

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"■ Alternative to the Mean-Variance Asset Allocation Analysis: A Scenario Methodology for Portfolio Selection." In Stock Market Volatility. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420099553-18.

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Stoupos, Nikolaos, and Apostolos Kiohos. "Gold's Price and Advanced Stock Markets." In Recent Advances and Applications in Alternative Investments. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2436-7.ch007.

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Traditionally, the gold has been approved as a safe-haven investment after the collapse of Breton Woods. The global investors especially prefer to rebalance their portfolios by purchasing gold or its derivatives during financial crises. This research explores realized dynamic linkages between gold and the advanced stock market indices, after the end of the 2008 economic recession. This chapter used the fractionally co-integrated ECM by utilizing intraday data from 2013 and thereafter. The empirical outcomes support that there is a negative-realized dynamics between the advanced stock markets and the gold's price in the short and in the long run. Specifically, the short-term dynamics of gold's price seems to be higher on the French and Japanese stock market indices. Lastly, the long-term dynamics of gold's price seems to be higher on the Dow Jones and the FTSE100.
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Bozkurt, İbrahim, and Mercan Hatipoğlu. "Does Parasocial Breakup Affect the Stock Market Returns?" In Behavioral Finance and Decision-Making Models. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7399-9.ch004.

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This chapter analyzes the impact of parasocial breakup on the stock returns in Borsa Istanbul as an emerging stock market. In this study, 129 Turkish TV series finales, broadcast between 2005 and 2015, are employed as a negative mood proxy. In line with the purpose of this chapter, GARCH-M model is used to obtain a more efficient parameter and alternative mood proxy dummies and other macroeconomic variables are incorporated into the analyses to examine the robustness of the effect of parasocial breakup on stock market returns. The analysis presents robust evidence that the negative mood increases the stock market returns. It also found that the effect of parasocial breakup on returns depends on the types of TV series and the channels they are broadcast on.
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Sean M, Schneider. "Part III UK Derivatives, Money, and Debt Markets, 9 London Stock Exchange: Regulation of the Main Market and Alternative Investment Market (AIM)." In Financial Markets and Exchanges Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198827528.003.0009.

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This chapter focuses on the London Stock Exchange (LSE), which took its origins from the early days of trading in London's coffee houses. It talks about John Castaing, who began issuing a list of stock and commodity prices called “The Course of the Exchange and other things” in 1698 at Jonathan's Coffee House. It also mentions that trading occurred on an informal and unregulated basis until the aftermath of the South Sea Bubble, in which afterwards a new “Stock Exchange” was established in 1773. This chapter talks about the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA) that includes the bulk of the UK's current regulatory framework, the statutory basis for the regulation of the LSE. It points out the exemption of investment exchanges, such as the LSE, from the “General Prohibition” on the undertaking of financial services activities when they are subject to a recognition order by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA).
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Conference papers on the topic "Alternative stock market"

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Kaźmierska-Jóźwiak, Bogna, and Elzbieta Wrońska-Bukalska. "EFFECT OF REPURCHASE ANNOUNCEMENT ON THE POLISH ALTERNATIVE STOCK MARKET." In 8th Economics & Finance Conference, London. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/efc.2017.008.004.

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Małecka, Joanna. "Alternative Securities Markets as Financing Sources for SMEs – Selected Aspects of AIM and NC." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.072.

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Small and medium-sized enterprises are the foundation for the development of each contemporary national economy. Their number affects macroeconomic indices of economies and directly translates into the labour market created by SMEs. This article aims to investigate the key conditionings behind the macroeconomic significance and legal factors of the financial market operation in Poland and the UK, with particular emphasis on the stock exchange as the fundamental element of the capital market. Both AIM and NewConnect are platforms dedicated to SMEs, which have been allowed easier access to this
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Zhang, Qingyu, Zulkaif Ahmed Saqib, Khubaib Ahmed Saqib, Shahid Mahmood, and Mei Cao. "Alternative Three Factor Model for Asset Pricing for the Investment, Market and Profitability Premium in Emerging Markets: An Evidence from Pakistan's Stock Exchange." In 2019 16th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsssm.2019.8887691.

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Ceran, Yunus, Muhammet Bezirci, Mustafa Ay, and Merve Öztürk. "Factoring and Stock Financing in Trade Finance." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02203.

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Factoring is a nonbank financial institution which meets the financing needs of the enterprises and minimizes the non-payment risk and stock financing which is based on the bank loans are two alternative financing techniques that enables collateral and collection and financing to SME’s, suppliers and commercial enterprises. These two methods are important in terms of the advantages they provide to vendors and suppliers. Reducing the non-payment risk, securing liquidity to business, minimizing the risk level of sales by making them safer and increasing competition power on the market are among
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McLaughlin, Patrick A. "First for Repairs, Then for Damages: Environmental Liability and Environmental Stewardship in Railroad Stock Prices." In 2010 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2010-36212.

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Using event study techniques, I test capital market reactions to environmental damages caused by hazardous materials (hazmat) spills in train accidents. Controlling for property damages, human injuries and lives lost, and other relevant factors, I find that the average hazmat spill is correlated with a small but statistically significant decrease in the daily stock return of the railroad involved in the spill. Further, by exploiting an exogenous change in maximum legal environmental damages liability, I test whether this market reaction to hazmat spills reflects incorporation of damages to eco
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Mohite, S. D. D. "Downstream Refining and Petrochemicals Challenges - Future Configuration." In SPE Energy Resources Conference. SPE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-169979-ms.

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Abstract Precise predictions and solutions for tomorrow's needs are the key to building a growing, sustainable business. This requires a mixture of vision, strategic risk taking business model and investment in new technology. Refining trends forecast is useful for predicting possible landscape, where in challenge would be to meet twice the energy levels from today with half the CO2 emissions by 2030. Increasing and diversification of world's energy supplies to support the population of over 8 billion then would be a mammoth task, given that the triangle of energy, food and water will be cruci
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Nelson, George J., Comas Haynes, and Cameron Miller. "Dilute Ethanol Fueled SOFCs: A Symbiotic Solution Strategy." In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2009-85088.

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Biofuels have been broached as being more commercially viable under the biorefinery concept wherein multiple product streams enhance overall economics. An example of this concept is presented in which solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and bioethanol are explored in light of the symbiotic pairing of these two promising alternative energy thrusts. Mutual benefit is manifested via dilute ethanol fueled SOFCs. Due to high operating temperatures SOFCs reject high quality heat that can be used for indirect internal reformation of ethanol in the presence of sufficient water. Additionally, carbon monoxid
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Ito, Takamasa, Jinliang Yuan, and Bengt Sunde´n. "Water Recovery Schemes and Effects on the Water/Thermal Balances for a 100 kW PEMFC System." In ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97114.

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Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) systems have been investigated as alternative power sources for the stationary and automotive applications. However, they do not appear on the market yet. One of the main reasons is the difficulty of the water/thermal management in the system. Several water recovery schemes have been proposed to overcome this difficulty and to simplify the system configuration. In this paper, the influence of the water recovery schemes on the water/thermal balances in the PEMFC system is investigated. One is a scheme without water phase change at the condenser and the
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Iden, Michael E. "U.S. Freight Rail Fuel Efficiency: 1920-2015 Review and Discussion of Future Trends." In 2019 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2019-1296.

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U.S. freight railroads produce about 40 percent of freight gross ton-miles while consuming only about 1/20th of the total U.S. diesel fuel1. Compared to heavy-duty trucks, freight railroads have significant energy (and emissions) advantages including the low coefficient of friction of steel wheel-on-rail (compared to rubber tires-on-pavement) and multiple-vehicle trains. However, improved heavy-duty truck technologies are being federally-funded and developed which may create some challenges to freight rail’s long-standing environmental (and economic) advantage in certain transportation markets
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