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Journal articles on the topic 'Alternatives to animal testing'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

HOGUE, CHERYL, and JEFF JOHNSON. "ANIMAL TESTING ALTERNATIVES." Chemical & Engineering News 85, no. 25 (June 18, 2007): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v085n025.p012.

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2

Jackson, Edward M. "Alternatives to Animal Testing." Journal of Toxicology: Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 15, no. 1 (January 1996): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15569529609044445.

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3

Jackson, Edward M. "“Why have Alternatives to Animal Skin Testing Lagged Behind Alternatives to Animal Eye Testing?”." Journal of Toxicology: Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 12, no. 2 (January 1993): 83–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15569529309036251.

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4

Jackson, Edward M. "Why Have Alternatives to Animal Skin Testing Lagged Behind Alternatives to Animal Eye Testing?" Journal of Toxicology: Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 15, no. 1 (January 1996): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15569529609044476.

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5

Hunter, Robert G. "Alternatives to Animal Testing Drive Market." Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News 34, no. 1 (January 2014): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/gen.34.01.07.

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6

Doke, Sonali K., and Shashikant C. Dhawale. "Alternatives to animal testing: A review." Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 23, no. 3 (July 2015): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2013.11.002.

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7

Griffin, Gilly. "Alternatives in Canada." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 23, no. 6 (November 1995): 824–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299502300612.

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In Canada, promotion of the Three Rs concept of alternatives occurs largely through the Canadian Council on Animal Care. Institution-based animal care committees are required to conduct an ethical review of all protocols which use animals in research, teaching or testing. Investigators are expected to use animals only when their best efforts to find an alternative have failed. Those using animals are required to employ the most humane methods on the smallest number of animals possible. The Joseph F. Morgan Research Foundation was established to promote the development and use of alternative methods in Canada. The focus of the Foundation has been on the use of alternative methods for testing purposes. However, the Foundation also encourages the acceptance of each of the Three Rs throughout Canadian science. The Foundation is therefore in the process of developing a refinement alternatives programme.
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8

Cheng, Shujun, Xiaoting Qu, and Yao Qin. "Harmonisation of Animal Testing Alternatives in China." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 45, no. 6 (December 2017): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119291704500603.

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9

Kojima, Hajime. "International cooperation for alternatives to animal testing." Folia Pharmacologica Japonica 138, no. 3 (2011): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1254/fpj.138.103.

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10

Dolgin, Elie. "Animal testing alternatives come alive in US." Nature Medicine 16, no. 12 (December 2010): 1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1210-1348.

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11

Beilharz, R. G. "Sexual selection: Testing the alternatives." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 22, no. 3-4 (April 1989): 381–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(89)90033-6.

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12

Green, Sidney. "Animal Alternatives in Toxicology." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 7, no. 4 (July 1988): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818809019517.

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Methods using animals have been accepted by toxicologists and other investigators as necessary to provide assurance of safety for environmental agents. The development of alternative approaches to the use of animals focuses on reducing and, in some instances, eliminating the use of animals. It will be easier to develop alternative tests for certain methods in toxicology than for others. The most difficult areas will be those of systemic toxicology, i.e., subchronic and chronic toxicity. There are a number of points that should be considered in the development of alternative tests. Among these are the biological or physiological relevance of the end-point used in the alternative test, where the test fits into a testing scheme, i.e., replacement or as a complement to the animal test, and the necessary quantitative and qualitative validational steps.
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13

Huang, Hung-Jin, Yu-Hsuan Lee, Yung-Ho Hsu, Chia-Te Liao, Yuh-Feng Lin, and Hui-Wen Chiu. "Current Strategies in Assessment of Nanotoxicity: Alternatives to In Vivo Animal Testing." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 8 (April 19, 2021): 4216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22084216.

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Millions of experimental animals are widely used in the assessment of toxicological or biological effects of manufactured nanomaterials in medical technology. However, the animal consciousness has increased and become an issue for debate in recent years. Currently, the principle of the 3Rs (i.e., reduction, refinement, and replacement) is applied to ensure the more ethical application of humane animal research. In order to avoid unethical procedures, the strategy of alternatives to animal testing has been employed to overcome the drawbacks of animal experiments. This article provides current alternative strategies to replace or reduce the use of experimental animals in the assessment of nanotoxicity. The currently available alternative methods include in vitro and in silico approaches, which can be used as cost-effective approaches to meet the principle of the 3Rs. These methods are regarded as non-animal approaches and have been implemented in many countries for scientific purposes. The in vitro experiments related to nanotoxicity assays involve cell culture testing and tissue engineering, while the in silico methods refer to prediction using molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) modeling. The commonly used novel cell-based methods and computational approaches have the potential to help minimize the use of experimental animals for nanomaterial toxicity assessments.
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14

Balls, Michael. "Alternatives to Animal Testing: Time for a Revolution?" Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 22, no. 2 (March 1994): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299402200201.

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15

Svendsen, Ove, Bernward Garthoff, Horst Spielmann, Arne Hensten-Pettersen, Jørn C. Jensen, Marja R. Kuijpers, Roland Leimgruber, et al. "Alternatives to the Animal Testing of Medical Devices." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 24, no. 5 (September 1996): 659–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299602400505.

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16

Dobson, Roger. "Lords support animal testing but call for alternatives." BMJ 325, Suppl S3 (September 1, 2002): 0209307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sbmj.0209307.

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17

Stokes, WS. "Animals and the 3Rs in toxicology research and testing." Human & Experimental Toxicology 34, no. 12 (November 26, 2015): 1297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327115598410.

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Despite efforts to eliminate the use of animals in testing and the availability of many accepted alternative methods, animals are still widely used for toxicological research and testing. While research using in vitro and computational models has dramatically increased in recent years, such efforts have not yet measurably impacted animal use for regulatory testing and are not likely to do so for many years or even decades. Until regulatory authorities have accepted test methods that can totally replace animals and these are fully implemented, large numbers of animals will continue to be used and many will continue to experience significant pain and distress. In order to positively impact the welfare of these animals, accepted alternatives must be implemented, and efforts must be directed at eliminating pain and distress and reducing animal numbers. Animal pain and distress can be reduced by earlier predictive humane endpoints, pain-relieving medications, and supportive clinical care, while sequential testing and routine use of integrated testing and decision strategies can reduce animal numbers. Applying advances in science and technology to the development of scientifically sound alternative testing models and strategies can improve animal welfare and further reduce and replace animal use.
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18

Balls, Michael. "Replacement of animal procedures: alternatives in research, education and testing." Laboratory Animals 28, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367794780681714.

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The origins of the concept of replacement alternatives in the 1950s, and the impact of societal changes in the 1960s and 1970s, resulting in stricter controls on animal experimentation from the 1980s, based on the Three Rs of Russell and Burch ( reduction, refinement and replacement), are reviewed. The range of replacement alternative methods, and some of the ethical issues they raise, and progress toward their incorporation into fundamental and applied research, education, and, in particular, toxicity testing, are discussed. It is concluded that much greater effort should be put into overcoming the barriers to the acceptance of replacement alternatives, which currently limit the contributions they have to make toward greater humanity and better biomedical science. Particular emphasis is placed on the need to ensure that the validation of non-animal tests (for their reliability and relevance for specific purposes) is conducted fairly and objectively, and that greater heed is paid to the warning of Russell and Burch about the high fidelity fallacy and the questionable relevance of data provided by animal models for human hazard and risk assessment. Finally, the role of ECVAM in the promotion of valid replacement alternatives, and the opportunities afforded by the Sixth Amendment to the EC Cosmetics Directive, are discussed.
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19

Jackson, Edward M. "Ten Years and Still no Alternatives to Animal Testing." Journal of Toxicology: Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 12, no. 4 (January 1993): 261–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15569529309050142.

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20

Jackson, Edward M. "Ten Years and Still No Alternatives to Animal Testing." Journal of Toxicology: Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 15, no. 1 (January 1996): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15569529609044478.

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21

Daneshian, Mardas, Thomas Hartung, and Marcel Leist. "Center for alternatives to animal testing-Europe (CAAT-Europe)." Toxicology Letters 211 (June 2012): S215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.768.

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22

Heuer, Nicolaj, and Richard Vogel. "Alternatives to animal testing under the EU cosmetics directive." Toxicology Letters 189 (September 2009): S271—S272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.844.

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23

Curren, Rodger, and Brian Jones. "China is Taking Steps toward Alternatives to Animal Testing." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 40, no. 1 (March 2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119291204000101.

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24

Balls, M., and J. H. Fentem. "The Validation and Acceptance of Alternatives to Animal Testing." Toxicology in Vitro 13, no. 4-5 (August 1999): 837–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0887-2333(99)00067-3.

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25

Safar, Peter, and Ann Radovsky. "Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing, and Education." Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 48, no. 6 (November 1989): 714–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005072-198911000-00014.

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26

Birch, Gordon. "Alternatives to animal use in research, testing and education." Food Chemistry 36, no. 1 (January 1990): 84–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(90)90012-s.

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27

Robinson, C. "Cell-based assays — technology providing alternatives to animal testing." Trends in Biotechnology 9, no. 1 (January 1991): 407–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7799(91)90140-d.

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28

Liebsch, Manfred, Barbara Grune, Andrea Seiler, Daniel Butzke, Michael Oelgeschläger, Ralph Pirow, Sarah Adler, Christian Riebeling, and Andreas Luch. "Alternatives to animal testing: current status and future perspectives." Archives of Toxicology 85, no. 8 (May 24, 2011): 841–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-011-0718-x.

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29

Fillon, G. "Alternatives to animal use in research, testing, and education." Annales de l'Institut Pasteur / Microbiologie 139, no. 4 (July 1988): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0769-2609(88)90117-2.

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30

Fillion, G. "Alternatives to animal use in research, testing, and education." Annales de l'Institut Pasteur / Immunologie 139, no. 4 (July 1988): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0769-2625(88)90076-1.

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31

Danchin, A. "Alternatives to animal use in research, testing, and education." Biochimie 70, no. 11 (November 1988): 1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9084(88)90313-6.

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32

Lovell, David. "Alternatives to animal use in research, testing and education." Food and Chemical Toxicology 28, no. 2 (January 1990): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(90)90029-m.

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33

GOLBERG, LEON. "Charting a Course for Cell Culture Alternatives to Animal Testing." Toxicological Sciences 6, no. 4 (1986): 607–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/6.4.607.

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34

Knight, Derek J., and Damien Breheny. "Alternatives to Animal Testing in the Safety Evaluation of Products." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 30, no. 1 (January 2002): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290203000103.

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35

Hajar, Rachel. "Alternative to animal testing." Heart Views 12, no. 1 (2011): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1995-705x.81551.

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36

Wallace Hayes, A., Arantza Muriana, Ainhoa Alzualde, Dania Bacardi Fernandez, Anita Iskandar, Manuel C. Peitsch, Arkadiusz Kuczaj, and Julia Hoeng. "Alternatives to Animal Use in Risk Assessment of Mixtures." International Journal of Toxicology 39, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581820905088.

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Risk assessment of chemical mixtures has emerged as a focus of research efforts, but traditional toxicology testing in mammals is costly, time-consuming, and subject to ethical scrutiny in the context of recent trends to reduce reliance on animal testing. In this review, which is a summary of presentations given at a workshop in Havana, Cuba, in April 2019, we survey the utility of zebra fish as an alternative laboratory model in whole-mixture and component-based testing, as well as in vitro modeling in 3-dimensional organotypic cultures from primary human cells cultured at the air–liquid interface and organ-on-a-chip platforms. Finally, we discuss the complexities of assessing the dynamics and delivery of multispecies liquid aerosol mixtures along the human respiratory tract, with examples of alternative and computational approaches to aerosol dosimetry. The workshop contributed to the professional development of Cuban toxicologists, an underserved segment of the global scientific community, delivering a set of tools and recommendations that could potentially provide cost-effective solutions for scientists with limited research resources.
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37

Goldberg, Alan M., and John M. Frazier. "Alternatives to Animals in Toxicity Testing." Scientific American 261, no. 2 (August 1989): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0889-24.

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38

Balls, Michael, Rosemary Riddell, and Alastair Worden. "Animals and Alternatives in Toxicity Testing." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 13, no. 1 (September 1985): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119298501300103.

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39

Grindon, Christina, Robert Combes, Mark T. D. Cronin, David W. Roberts, and John F. Garrod. "An Integrated Decision-tree Testing Strategy for Repeat Dose Toxicity with Respect to the Requirements of the EU REACH Legislation." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 36, no. 1 (February 2008): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290803600110.

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This paper presents some results of a joint research project conducted by FRAME and Liverpool John Moores University, and sponsored by Defra, on the status of alternatives to animal testing with regard to the European Union REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system for the safety testing and risk assessment of chemicals. The project covered all the main toxicity end-points associated with REACH. This paper focuses on the use of alternative (non-animal) methods (both in vitro and in silico) for repeat dose (sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic) toxicity testing. It reviews the limited number of in silico and in vitro tests available for this endpoint, and outlines new technologies which could be used in the future, e.g. the use of biomarkers and the ‘omics’ technologies. An integrated testing strategy is proposed, which makes use of as much non-animal data as possible, before any essential in vivo studies are performed. Although none of the non-animal tests are currently undergoing validation, their results could help to reduce the number of animals required for testing for repeat dose toxicity.
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40

Grindon, Christina, Robert Combes, Mark T. D. Cronin, David W. Roberts, and John F. Garrod. "An Integrated Decision-tree Testing Strategy for Repeat Dose Toxicity with Respect to the Requirements of the EU REACH Legislation." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 36, no. 1_suppl (October 2008): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290803601s11.

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This paper presents some results of a joint research project conducted by FRAME and Liverpool John Moores University, and sponsored by Defra, on the status of alternatives to animal testing with regard to the European Union REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system for the safety testing and risk assessment of chemicals. The project covered all the main toxicity end-points associated with REACH. This paper focuses on the use of alternative (non-animal) methods (both in vitro and in silico) for repeat dose (sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic) toxicity testing. It reviews the limited number of in silico and in vitro tests available for this endpoint, and outlines new technologies which could be used in the future, e.g. the use of biomarkers and the ‘omics’ technologies. An integrated testing strategy is proposed, which makes use of as much non-animal data as possible, before any essential in vivo studies are performed. Although none of the non-animal tests are currently undergoing validation, their results could help to reduce the number of animals required for testing for repeat dose toxicity.
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41

HAYASHI, Toshikatsu, and Hiroshi ITAGAKI. "The Alternatives to Animal Testing for Safety Assessment of Cosmetic Surfactants." Journal of Japan Oil Chemists' Society 45, no. 10 (1996): 1179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos1996.45.1179.

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42

Kojima, H., T. Inoe, and Y. Ohno. "JaCVAḾs role on new alternatives to animal testing and international harmonization." Toxicology Letters 196 (July 2010): S96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.346.

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43

Kojima, Hajime. "The Use of 3-D Models as Alternatives to Animal Testing." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 43, no. 4 (September 2015): P40—P43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119291504300409.

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44

Underhill, L. A., R. Dabbah, L. T. Grady, and C. T. Rhodes. "Alternatives to Animal Testing in the USP-NF: Present and Future." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 20, no. 2 (January 1994): 165–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03639049409039082.

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45

Rowan, A. N., and A. M. Goldberg. "Perspectives on Alternatives to Current Animal Testing Techniques in Preclinical Toxicology." Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 25, no. 1 (April 1985): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.25.040185.001301.

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46

GOLBERG, L. "Charting a course for cell culture alternatives to animal testing*1." Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 6, no. 4 (May 1986): 607–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-0590(86)90173-9.

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47

Park, H. J., M. J. Lee, Y. K. Park, S. J. Park, J. H. Lim, and J. Y. Shin. "Assessment of skin sensitization in pesticides using alternatives to animal testing." Toxicology Letters 350 (September 2021): S98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(21)00476-8.

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48

Roberfroid, Marcel. "Alternatives in Safety Testing: Progress or Uselessness?" Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 22, no. 6 (November 1994): 438–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299402200611.

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Safety testing is a major responsibility of toxicologists. Toxicology is not only a science but also an art. The science of toxicology characterises the toxic potential of a given chemical entity, i.e. the intrinsic property which allows it to react with, and/or to be transformed by, a particular biological system. Based on such scientific data, the art of toxicology has to predict the risk, i.e. the probability that a particular adverse event will occur during a stated period of time or result from a particular challenge. Until now, the science of toxicology has relied almost exclusively on animal tests, the protocols of which are described in directives and regulations. As stated in an Editorial in ATLA (1) the question that toxicologists now have to tackle is, “can non-animal toxicity studies become genuine replacement alternatives …” for assessing risk adequately? Indeed, the science of toxicology has developed, and continues to develop, new approaches (alternatives) to characterise, in well-defined in vitro models (including, for the first time, human models), the toxic potential of chemicals, namely, cytotoxicity, organ-specific effects, modulation of metabolic functions, interference with cell-mediated processes, metabolic activation, etc. But the question remains, what about the art of toxicology? Is it realistic to predict that such new scientific data will, in time, be accepted by regulators for risk evaluation? If these data are to be accepted, we believe that, instead of the present trend towards a regulation-required “protocol toxicology”, toxicologists will have to impose a stepwise decision-tier approach based on the systematic and sequential progression of scientifically justified and rigorously performed investigations, the results of which will be thoroughly and realistically evaluated by experts. It has to be recognised that scientific knowledge has advanced far enough to permit a focus on mechanisms, so that alternatives are fully accepted, no longer as a supplement to a check-list approach, but as a full part of the scientific expertise.
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49

Stevens, Anthony. "Animal Experiments and their Alternatives in Psychiatry." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 15, no. 4 (June 1988): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119298801500409.

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During the last twenty years, the most enthusiastic advocates of the use of animal models in the study of human psychiatric dysfunction have been Harlow and Suomi. In an influential paper, Induced Depression in Monkeys (1974), they argued that more extensive use of non-human primates “would have great potential utility since many manipulations and measurements presently prohibited in human study by ethical and practical considerations could be readily performed on non-human primate subjects in well-controlled experimental environments.” Harlow & Suomi concluded this paper with the following statement: “The results obtained to date on induced depression in monkeys show that proper and profound depressions can be produced relatively easily by a variety of techniques. These induced depressions either bear a close resemblance to human depression or have such similarity as to suggest that closely correlated human and animal depressive patterns may be achieved with refined techniques. The results to date also provide adequate data for the conduct of meaningful researches on the effects of pharmacological agents which either enhance, inhibit or preclude the experimental production of depression. Further, the existence of firm and fast monkey depression syndromes offers vast opportunities for testing a wide range of therapeutic techniques, either behavioural or biochemical.”
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50

Grindon, Christina, Robert Combes, Mark T. D. Cronin, David W. Roberts, and John F. Garrod. "An Integrated Decision-tree Testing Strategy for Eye Irritation with Respect to the Requirements of the EU REACH Legislation." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 36, no. 1 (February 2008): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290803600109.

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This paper presents some results of a joint research project, sponsored by Defra and conducted by FRAME and Liverpool John Moores University, on the status of alternatives to animal testing with regard to the European Union REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system for the safety testing and risk assessment of chemicals. The project covered all the main toxicity endpoints associated with REACH. This paper focuses on the use of alternative (non-animal) methods (both in vitro and in silico) for eye irritation testing. The manuscript reviews numerous in vitro tests and their possible collation into test batteries, in silico models and a refined in vivo method (the low volume eye test), before combining the use of all these methods into an integrated testing strategy. The aim of this strategy is a reduction in the number of animal tests which would need to be performed in the process of fulfilling the REACH system criteria; this would also lead to a lowering of the number of animals required in compliance with the REACH system requirements.
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