Relevant bibliographies by topics / Alternatives to unconditional punishment

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Alternatives to unconditional punishment'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Alternatives to unconditional punishment"

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Diamantes, Thomas. "Alternatives to Corporal Punishment." Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas 65, no. 4 (April 1992): 233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00098655.1992.10114212.

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Wurzer, David, and Thomas McKenzie. "Features: Constructive Alternatives to Punishment." Strategies 1, no. 1 (September 1987): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08924562.1987.10591580.

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Radin, Norma. "Alternatives to Suspension and Corporal Punishment." Urban Education 22, no. 4 (January 1988): 476–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004208598802200407.

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Steinert, Hulsman, and Stanley Cohen. "Alternatives to Punishment — The Abolitionist Case." Israel Law Review 25, no. 3-4 (1991): 729–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700010712.

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Heinz Steinert and Louk Hulsman represent “abolitionism” — a stream of critical thinking about criminology, crime, criminal law and punishment that has been developing in Western Europe (mainly Holland, Germany, Austria and Norway) over the past two decades. Given that the participants to this Conference are mainly Anglo-American and Israeli academics or lawyers who have been quite insulated from this intellectual movement, it seemed to me that my most useful task as commentator would be to place these ideas in their wider intellectual context. After this, I will select a few general themes from these papers and compare them to the papers by Abel and Galanter in the related session on “Alternatives to Punishment”.My own position towards abolitionism is that of a sympathetic, but critical fellow traveller: I agree with much, want to believe more but am skeptical about some.
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Sebba, Leslie. "Punishment and its Alternatives — A Comment." Israel Law Review 25, no. 3-4 (1991): 753–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700010736.

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The papers presented in this last session of the Conference — by Marc Galanter and Richard Abel — tend towards a quasi-sociological perspective, emphasizing the limits of the applicability of the criminal law and its implementation, and drawing attention to alternative normative systems — whether extra-penal or extra-legal.The papers differ, however, in at least two important respects. The first difference is in tone and orientation. While Galanter is essentially pragmatic, Abel's perspective is radical. On this point it is interesting to observe that Abel's radical criticisms are directed primarily at the inadequacies of the law in the context of the protection of the weaker members of society. Until recently, the radical thrust was generally directed at the overuse of the law against the underprivileged. Recently conducted victim surveys have pointed to the victimization of the poor by offenders rather than as offenders, and this information clearly forms part of the backdrop to Abel's analysis.
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Rosenthal, Maura B., Karen Pagnano-Richardson, and Lydia Burak. "Alternatives to Using Exercise as Punishment." Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 81, no. 5 (May 2010): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2010.10598479.

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La Caze, Marguerite. "Derrida: Opposing Death Penalties." Derrida Today 2, no. 2 (November 2009): 186–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1754850009000529.

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Derrida's purpose in ‘Death Penalties’ (2004), is to show how both arguments in favour of capital punishment, exemplified by Kant's, and arguments for its abolition, such as those of Beccaria, are deconstructible. He claims that ‘never, to my knowledge, has any philosopher as a philosopher, in his or her own strictly and systematically philosophical discourse, never has any philosophy as such contested the legitimacy of the death penalty.’ (2004, 146) Derrida also asks how it is possible ‘to abolish the death penalty in a way that is based on principle, that is universal and unconditional, and not because it has become not only cruel but useless, insufficiently exemplary?’ (2004, 137) In my paper, I examine Derrida's claim about the lack of systematic opposition to the death penalty on the part of philosophers and suggest an answer to his question concerning the possibility of a universal and unconditional opposition to capital punishment.
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Davis, James R., and Anthony A. Vass. "Alternatives to Prison: Punishment, Custody and the Community." Contemporary Sociology 20, no. 6 (November 1991): 924. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2076201.

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Stanley, Stephen J. "ALTERNATIVES TO PRISON: PUNISHMENT, CUSTODY AND THE COMMUNITY." Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 3, no. 4 (November 1993): 528–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbm.1993.3.4.528.

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Hamdamiyan, Ahmad, and Ahmad Reza Behniafar. "Alternative Theoretical Foundations of Penal Sentences in Criminal Law with Regard to Iran's Islamic Penal Code 1392." Journal of Politics and Law 9, no. 3 (April 28, 2016): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n3p40.

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<p>The failure of penalties depriving liberty in the social rehabilitation of offenders and to reduce the jail population and prevention of recidivism and reduce the costs of implementing the policy of freedom depriving punishment sentence depriving freedom of recent decades and the United Nations was considering legal systems.In depriving Iran from its initial rounds of legislative measures to restrict the scope of punishment was considered free.since 1370 substitution of alternative measures of punishment now widely spread than ever before converting a penalty in the form of suspension of its operation are available depriving of freedom.</p>Alternatives to punishment of imprisonment in the Penal Code in 1992 was taken into consideration in the new Penal Code in 1392 in addition to the previous alternatives of new cases of alternative punishment of prison is considered that including the daily fine, public services and care period pointed out.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Alternatives to unconditional punishment"

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Gallagher, Scott. "Replacing punishment: the ethics of alternatives to legal punishment." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14079.

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The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the morality of putative alternatives to punishment. I will explore what makes them non-punitive, define them, and analyze whether they can be justified. The structure of the dissertation is as follows. The first chapter investigates the concept of punishment. I will defend a definition of punishment: authorized, retributive, intended harm. Then I will proceed to explain the need to justify punishment, and give an overview of how it is at least plausible to believe that no justification has yet succeeded. I will end the chapter with a brief discussion of the requirements of a criminal justice system. The second chapter is about money. I will scrutinize whether the theory of 'pure restitution' may completely replace punishment. I will argue that it cannot, and furthermore I will caution against the widespread use of mandatory monetary restitution. I will also provide a positive argument for the state's duty to provide compensation to victims of violent crime. The third chapter brings in the true heavyweights for non-punitive interventions: offender rehabilitation and offender incapacitation. After defining them, explaining why they are non-punitive, and defending justifications for them, I will conclude that they provide the most substantive opportunities for the state to shift its criminal justice burden s away from punishment. In the fourth chapter I will explore rituals: restorative justice conferences, trial and therapeutic jurisprudence, re-entry ceremonies and apologies. My argument for a minimally punitive regime will come together in the last chapter. In doing so I will explain why a state must rely on punishment to a small but crucial extent, and that punishment can be minimized drastically in comparison to today's practices. I will also address concerns regarding security and deterrence.
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Sekhwama, Avhashoni Molly, A. P. Kutame, and M. C. Dube. "Alternatives to corporal punishment in maintaining discipline in rural primary schools." Thesis, University of Zululand, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/1820.

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A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Education in fulfilment of academic requirement for the Degree of Master of Education in the Department of Planning and Administration at the University of Zululand, 2019.
The abolishment of corporal punishment has left many teachers with high stress on how to deal with undisciplined learners. Teachers in both public and independent rural primary schools find it difficult to maintain discipline resulting in the number of criminal activities and ill-discipline of learners. In South Africa, the department does not seem to be assisting educators in dealing with abusive and disruptive learners. The aim of this study was to investigate the application of alternatives to corporal punishment for maintaining discipline in rural primary schools. Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches were used to collect data. The results of this study indicate that alternatives to corporal punishment are effectively applied in primary schools and are effective. However, some do not encourage those alternatives, they think these result in misconduct. Some educators suggest that learners need to be punished corporally in order to maintain discipline in them, which is why the majority of teachers are still practicing corporal punishment. They think it is effective in maintaining discipline. All schools using alternative methods have reported positive response to their methods in dealing with misbehaviour of learners in classroom and outdoors. It can be concluded that teachers are still applying corporal punishment in maintaining discipline and therefore need training in dealing with disruptive learners in maintaining discipline in schools as corporal punishment is lawfully banned in schools.
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Ngidi, D. P. "Educators' Usage of Different Disciplinary Measures as Alternatives to corporal Punishment." University of Venda, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/242.

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ABSTRACT This study investigated educators' usage of different disciplinary measures for learners' misconduct inside the classroom (level 1) as alternatives to corporal punishment To this end, the Level 1 Disciplinary Action Scale (LIDAS) was used. The findings indicated that educators differ significantly in the extent to which they use verbal warning, community service, demerits, additional work, small menial tasks, and detention as alternatives to corporal punishment The findings also indicated that educators'gender has a significant influence on their usage of community service. The findings further indicated that teaching experience has a significant influence on educators' usage of detention and that the teaching phase has a significant influence on their usage of demerits. The findings also showed that educators differ significantly in the extent to which they use corporal punishment in school.
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Chonco, S’bonakaliso David, A. P. Kutame, and I. S. Kapueja. "The effects of alternatives to corporal punishment to maintain learner discipline in secondary schools in King Cetshwayo District." Thesis, University of Zululand, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/1774.

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A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Education of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education in the Department of Educational Foundation and Management at the University of Zululand, 2019.
Corporal punishment was a world phenomenon based on the belief that for learners to behave correctly, they need to be punished through pain inflicting means. However, some countries started realizing that corporal punishment had adverse effects on learners and learning and therefore abolished it. South Africa followed suit and banned corporal punishment in 2000 and in its place, the Department of Basic Education and Training introduced Alternatives to Corporal Punishment (ACP). Despite the introduction of alternatives to corporal punishment, cases of application of corporal punishment are still being reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of alternatives to corporal punishment in maintaining learner discipline in secondary schools within the King Cetshwayo District. Mixed method approach was followed. Semi structured interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data. The sample consisted of 13 principals, 30 educators and 322 grade 12 leaners were involved in responding to the questionnaires. For the qualitative side, 2 Circuit Managers and 2 principals, 2 educators and 2 RCL learners participated in the semi structured interviews in this study. SPSS version 25 was used to analyse quantitative data and thematic analyses was used to analyse qualitative data. Results showed that there are alternatives to corporal punishment that are considered effective by all the respondents. These include inviting parents to school to discuss the behaviour of their children, the involvement of the School Governing Body, convening tribunal. The study also revealed that learners and educators hold different views when it comes to the effectiveness of other alternatives, which include, rendering community services by learners, suspension of learners for 14 days, additional work that can be done by learners at school and depriving learners from participation in extra- mural activities. The study recommends further research on the learner’s perception on ill-discipline in schools and the strategies that can be used by the teachers in maintaining discipline. This study concludes that the circuit managers, teachers, principals and learners take all the alternatives to corporal punishment wherein the parents are involved as effective. This study proposed the model for guiding the implementation on the alternatives to corporal punishment
National Research Foundation of South Africa
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Short, Jeffrey. "A case study of jail diversion : the Dekalb County Jail Diversion Treatment Court." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28569.

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Billie, Sikelelwa khuthala. "Teachers' perceptions on the non- implementation of the alternatives to corporal punishment policy : a case study." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/${Handle}.

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This study aims to identify the perceptions that teachers have regarding the nonimplementation of the Alternatives to Corporal Punishment Policy (ATCP). Using a qualitative research approach, data was collected from teachers in a high school in Mdantsane that is still using corporal punishment. The main tools of data collection used were semi-structured interviews and document analysis. The findings from this study revealed a range of factors that influence teachers not to implement the alternatives to corporal punishment policy. These include: culture, religion, lack of parental involvement, violence in schools and lack of capacitation in teachers on the policy. Moreover the findings of this study revealed that if new policies are imposed on implementers there is bound to be resistance. This study therefore recommends that new policies need to be discussed and agreed upon by both the policy makers and policy implementers. The study also recommends that teachers need capacity building workshops so that they understand the need and the benefits of implementing the ATCP.
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Jungels, Amanda M. ""Just say no" a process evaluation of a johns' school /." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11272007-182831/.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2007.
Title from file title page. Denise Donnelly, committee chair; Dawn Baunach, Charles Gallagher, committee members. Electronic text (86 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Feb. 25, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-77).
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Howard, Kepe Mzukisi. "Perceptions of learners and teachers on the alternatives to the alternatives to corporal punishment: a case study of two high schools in King William’s Town Education District in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019741.

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The purpose of the study was to examine the perceptions of learners and teachers on the alternatives to ‘Alternatives to Corporal Punishment’ (ATPC) in particular and discipline generally in the King William’s Town Education District in two high schools. The study ascended as a result of the decline of learner’s discipline in high schools. This study is located in the interpretive paradigm and adopted a qualitative research approach using questionnaires, interviews focus groups and field notes in the collection of data. The Data revealed that schools were using different strategies to maintain learner’s discipline such as Code of Conduct, Disciplinary hearing, Safety and Security Committee, Educators, Corporal Punishment, Alternative methods to Corporal Punishment and the role of parents. It further revealed that the Department of Education is not supportive in the maintenance of discipline in the schools under study in King William’s Town District. The conclusion that was arrived at was that all the stakeholders should agree upon and be acquainted with the Code of Conduct and rules that are guiding the schools. The study came up with the proposal that learners should know the consequences of transgressing the Code of Conduct. To address disciplinary problems, the study came up with the key recommendation that all stakeholders must have ownership and to work as a team in the implementation of those policies.
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Vieira, Velloso Joao Gustavo. "Seeking Alternatives for Criminology: The Immigration and Refugee Board Practices on the Regulation of Immigration in Canada." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31196.

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Administrative justice is traditionally considered as the main alternative to the criminal justice system when a certain illegality is decriminalized or not enforced by criminal justice institutions (e.g. the regulation of elite deviance, urban disorder, mental health, etc.). This doctoral thesis studies how the conflicts related to immigration are being managed in the largest administrative tribunal in Canada: the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB). It asks how exactly does immigration justice, and administrative law more broadly, constitute an alternative to criminal justice in terms of social reaction, and what kinds of challenges does this alternative present for the study of social control. This research takes a qualitative approach based on documentary analysis and long-term ethnographic fieldwork conducted at the IRB between 2007 and 2009. It uses its own theoretical framework building on post-structural perspectives, including Bourdieu’s constructivist structuralism, governmentality and nodal governance studies, left realism and political economy of punishment. In the empirical part of the thesis, I present some of the characteristics of the legal translation of conflicts in immigration law, including the forms and logics of punishment involved and how immigration law is practiced at the tribunal. I argue that administrative adjudication and punishment differ substantially from criminal law regimes and I question the idea of criminalization (of immigration) as a category capable of nuancing the complexity of administrative forms of social reaction. Instead, I suggest that we should take these forms of punitive social reaction as they are, and study how they operate along, beyond and in addition to criminal law. I propose an integrated conception of the penal complex which works as a mobile (kinetic sculpture) and includes the criminal law realm, but also other normative systems that configure ‘less’ prominent locations of punishment playing an increasing role in social reaction. I conclude by proposing a new reading of selectivity of justice and penal policies, and consequently, a new agenda for criminology and criminologists. In this new agenda, the penal complex should be taken as a totality in order to promote broader and combined propositions for law reform and resistance to punitiveness.
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Malatji, Thabo Hermanus. "The impact of alternatives to corporal punishment on the culture of teaching and learning at the Lepato High School in the Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/589.

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Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2006.
The purpose of this study was to determine the impact that alternatives to corporal punishment had on the culture of teaching and learning at Lepato High School in the Limpopo Province. The methods used for data collection involved the use of questionnaires, personal interviews and participation observation. The findings indicated that implementing alternatives to corporal punishment without proper support from all stakeholders in education was disastrous for this school. This study further revealed that parental involvement in education is necessary for the successful application of alternatives to corporal punishment in schools. The study findings will make a positive contribution to the improvement of the handling of disciplinary problems in various schools especially in the Limpopo Province and South Africa in general.
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Books on the topic "Alternatives to unconditional punishment"

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Vass, Antony A. Alternatives to prison: Punishment, custody and the community. London: Sage, 1990.

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Alternatives to prison: Punishment, custody, and the community. London: Newbury Park, 1990.

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David, Fogel. On doing less harm: Western European alternatives to incarceration. Chicago, Ill: Office of International Criminal Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1988.

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Non-custodial alternatives in Europe. Helsinki: Helsinki Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, 1988.

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Hoflund, Olle. Straff och andra reaktioner på brott. 4th ed. Stockholm: Juristförlaget, 1995.

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Cardoso, Franciele Silva. Penas e medidas alternativas: Análise da efetividade de sua aplicação. São Paulo: Editora Método, 2004.

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Calderón, José Adolfo Reyes. Mecanismos alternativos de la justicia: Una propuesta de política criminal. Guatemala: Impresos Caudal, 1998.

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Determinación judicial de la pena y acuerdos plenarios. Lima: IDEMSA, 2010.

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Penas e medidas alternativas à prisão. São Paulo, SP, Brasil: Editora Revista dos Tribunais, 1999.

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Kent, Jorge. Sustitutos de la prisión: Penas sin libertad y penas en libertad. Buenos Aires: Abeledo-Perrot, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Alternatives to unconditional punishment"

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"The Unconditional Davidic Covenant Within the Unconditional Covenant With Israel." In Reward, Punishment, and Forgiveness, 295–309. BRILL, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004276031_013.

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Karstedt, Susanne. "Inequality and punishment." In Justice Alternatives, 270–89. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429468179-19.

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"Punishment as communication." In Alternatives to Prison, 131–52. Willan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843925743-12.

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O’Malley, Pat. "Justice without crime and punishment?" In Justice Alternatives, 60–72. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429468179-5.

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Case, Steve, Phil Johnson, David Manlow, Roger Smith, and Kate Williams. "26. Alternatives to punishment." In Criminology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198736752.003.0026.

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This chapter considers two alternatives to punishment: diversion and restorative justice. It begins by looking at approaches to the delivery of criminal justice which challenge conventional assumptions about crime and punishment. It then traces the origins and development of restorative ideas and practices and goes on to discuss the emergence and impact of diversion as an intervention strategy; the purpose of alternatives to punishment and offence resolution; the structure, organisation, and operation of alternatives to punishment; and the achievements of alternatives to punishment. It also cites examples of the implementation of alternatives to punishment before concluding with an assessment of the limitations of alternatives to punishment.
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Kelly, William R. "Punishment and Its Alternatives." In The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Science of Punishment, 333–43. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429507212-31.

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Case, Steve, Phil Johnson, David Manlow, Roger Smith, and Kate Williams. "30. Alternatives to punishment." In The Oxford Textbook on Criminology, 895–927. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198835837.003.0030.

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This chapter evaluates the alternative means of responding to offenders and their crimes which have emerged in criminal justice and have been gaining wider recognition. Those who favour innovations of this kind tend to reject conventional assumptions and approaches, proposing new principles for the operation of the justice system. The chapter considers two distinct but similar challenges to conventional models of justice which have developed from this viewpoint: restorative justice and diversion. Restorative justice is based on the presumption that dealing with crime is a process rather than a single act or decision, that it involves collaboration between those with a stake in the offence, and that it emphasises healing as well as ‘putting things right’. Diversionary interventions, which can include community service, restitution, and education, as well as elements of restorative practice, provide an opportunity for the offender to avoid criminal charges or formal judicial processes, albeit sometimes by meeting certain conditional requirements.
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Bondesen, Ulla V., and Daniel Glaser. "Institutional Treatment—Punishment or Treatment?" In Alternatives to Imprisonment, 160–86. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351320085-7.

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"Trends in crime, victimisation and punishment." In Alternatives to Prison, 46–76. Willan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843925743-9.

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"Attitudes to punishment in two high-crime communities." In Alternatives to Prison, 384–423. Willan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843925743-22.

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Conference papers on the topic "Alternatives to unconditional punishment"

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Walthéry, Robert, Lucien Teunckens, Patrick Lewandowski, Danny Millen, and Sven Baumann. "Abrasive Blasting, a Technique for the Industrial Decontamination of Metal Components From Decommissioning to Unconditional Release Levels." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1307.

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Abstract When decommissioning nuclear installations, large quantities of metal components are produced as well as significant amounts of other radioactive materials, which mostly show low surface contamination. Having been used or having been brought for a while in a controlled area marks them as ‘suspected material’. In view of the very high costs for radioactive waste processing and disposal, alternatives have been considered, and much effort has gone to recycling through decontamination, melting and unconditional release of metals. In a broader context, recycling of materials can considered to be a first order ecological priority in order to limit the quantities of radioactive wastes for final disposal and to reduce the technical and economic problems involved with the management of radioactive wastes. It will help as well to make economic use of primary material and to conserve natural resources of basic material for future generations. In a demonstration programme, Belgoprocess has shown that it is economically interesting to decontaminate metal components to unconditional release levels using dry abrasive blasting techniques, the unit cost for decontamination being only 30% of the global cost for radioactive waste treatment, conditioning, storage and disposal. As a result, an industrial dry abrasive blasting unit was installed in the Belgoprocess central decontamination infrastructure. At the end of May 2001, after 6 years of operation, 523 Mg of contaminated metal has been treated. 182 Mg of this material was unconditionally released, having been monitored twice by the in-house health physics department. About 303 Mg of the metal, presenting surfaces that could not be measured due to their shape, were melted for unconditional release in a controlled melting facility. The suitability of the abrasive blasting system was verified, and it was proved that there was no intrusion of contamination into the material surface. The paper gives an overview of the experience relating to the decontamination of metal material by abrasive blasting at the decommissioning of the Eurochemic reprocessing plant in Dessel, Belgium.
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Gilis, R., P. Lewandowski, B. Ooms, N. Reusen, W. Van Laer, and R. Walthe´ry. "Abrasive Blasting: A Technique for the Industrial Decontamination of Metal Components and Concrete Blocks From Decommissioning to Unconditional Release Levels." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7235.

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When decommissioning nuclear installations, large quantities of metal components are produced as well as significant amounts of other radioactive materials, which mostly show low surface contamination. Having been used or having been brought for a while in a controlled area marks them as ‘suspected material’. In view of the very high costs for radioactive waste processing and disposal, alternatives have been considered, and much effort has gone to recycling through decontamination, melting and unconditional release of metals. In a broader context, recycling of materials can considered to be a first order ecological priority in order to limit the quantities of radioactive wastes for final disposal and to reduce the technical and economic problems involved with the management of radioactive wastes. It will help as well to make economic use of primary material and to conserve natural resources of basic material for future generations. In a demonstration programme, Belgoprocess has shown that it is economically interesting to decontaminate metal components to unconditional release levels using dry abrasive blasting techniques, the unit cost for decontamination being only 30% of the global cost for radioactive waste treatment, conditioning, storage and disposal. As a result, an industrial dry abrasive blasting unit was installed in the Belgoprocess central decontamination infrastructure. At the end of December 2006, more than 1,128 Mg of contaminated metal has been treated as well as 313 Mg of concrete blocks. The paper gives an overview of the experience relating to the decontamination of metal material and concrete blocks at the decommissioning of the Eurochemic reprocessing plant in Dessel, Belgium as well from the decontamination of concrete containers by abrasive blasting.
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Matovic, J., A. Vujanic, and K. Reichenberger. "Variable Emissivity Surfaces for Micro and Nanosatellites." In CANEUS 2006: MNT for Aerospace Applications. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/caneus2006-11027.

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The contemporary satellites usually utilize louvers as variable emissivity surfaces (VES) for the thermal control subsystem. This means is only particularly scalable down and the next generation of small satellites definitely requires new techniques for thermal control. Further, the low mass, volume and cost of the micro and nanosatellite require additional features from the future VES. Besides high reliability, which is an unconditional requirement for a space application, the other criteria are as follows: low mass, deep modulation of emissivity, low heat leak in off-state, fast reaction time, passive action, as well as other lower level criteria. These requirements are complex and sometimes contradictory. The current approaches to find alternatives to the traditional mechanical louvers branch in several directions: electrophoretic, electrochromic, electrostatics actuated VES, MEMS shutters, etc. None of the current solutions is successful in meeting all of the posed criteria. We present a novel VES subsystem, particularly developed for use in micro and nanosatellites. The concept is simple, reliable and very efficient. The bionic structure, a flower-like design, is made from a thin and elastic foil. The artificial flower consists from a peduncle, fixed to the satellite radiator panel and 4–6 petals. The upper surface of the petal is made as the second-surface mirror and the lower surface is the gold plated or the first-surface mirror. The kinematic mechanism which opens and closes the artificial flower is the shape memory actuator located in the petal root. The SMA actuators are trained as the “two way actuators”. The “two way” memory effect has been recognized as difficult to control and suffering from amnesia. However, the new learning process of the shape memory actuators enables more than 350.000 cycles without SMA parameter degradation. The artificial flower works as follow: when the sun irradiates the flower and/or the radiator temperature exceeds the preset value, the SMA actuators bend and open the flower. In such a manner the flower exposes the highly reflective surface to the sun and shadows the satellite radiator until the sun sets again. The flower structure is without any friction-connected kinematic movements, thus the reliability of device should be high. The mass of the flower is less than 450 g/m2, the heat leak trough the open flower is >2% and the efficiency of the closed flower is <80%. The SMA actuator is passive and quite resistant to the radiation, oxygen and EDS.
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