Journal articles: 'Aluminium alloy A356'

1

Laila Masrur, M. N., M. Syukron, H. Zuhailawati, and A. S. Anasyida. "Microstructure Evolution of Conventional and Semi-Solid Cast of A356 Aluminium Alloy with Addition of Inoculant." Materials Science Forum 819 (June 2015): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.819.25.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper investigated the effect of inoculant, Al-5Ti-1B in conventional and semi-solid casting A356 aluminium alloy. A356 aluminium alloy was melted at 850 oC and poured at 680 °C directly into the steel mould and on the inclined slope into steel mould. Inoculant was added in various percentages of 1 wt.%, 2 wt.%, 3 wt.% and 3.5 wt.% in A356 aluminium alloy melt. Microstructure and microhardness were characterized using optical microscope and Vicker’s microhardness tester. The addition of master alloy up 3.5 wt.% Al-5Ti-1B in conventional casting refined dendritic structure with average grain size of 33.41 μm. The microstructures of semi-solid A356 aluminium alloy with addition of Al-5Ti-1B consist of equiaxed structure of α-Al. Further addition of Al-5Ti-1B refined the globular structure of α-Al. The higher hardness was achieved for A356 alloy prepared using semi-solid with addition of 3.5 wt.% of Al-5Ti-1B.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Daswa, Pfarelo, Heinrich Moller, and Gonasagren Govender. "Overageing Characteristics of Alloy A356 and Al-Mg-Si Casting Alloys." Solid State Phenomena 285 (January 2019): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.285.75.

Full text

Abstract:

Al-Si-Mg casting alloys, such as Al-7Si-0.3Mg alloy A356, are heat treatable and can be precipitation hardened to the T6 temper condition. However, Al-Mg-Si casting alloys (5xx series) are generally not considered to be heat treatable. These 5xx series castings are known for good castability and good resistance to corrosion, especially in marine environments. This paper investigates the extent to which 5xx series alloys could possibly be artificially aged. The influences of artificial ageing time on the overageing characteristics of both Al-Mg-Si and A356 casting alloys have been studied. A356 aluminium alloy castings were produced using the CSIR rheo-high pressure die casting process (R-HPDC). Al-Mg-Si alloys were cast using permanent mould casting. The rate of overageing of these alloys is of importance for potential higher temperature applications. The overageing characteristics of Al-Mg-Si and A356 aluminium alloys have been investigated at an artificial ageing temperature of 190°C for ageing times up to 128 hours. It is shown that the rate of overageing of Al-Mg-Si casting alloys is lower than for alloy A356. This could possibly result in the use of these alloys in applications at temperatures that are higher than where alloy A356 can be employed. It also allows the possibility of using the 5xx series alloys as an alternative to other Al-alloys for R-HPDC applications.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

ZHANG, LIANYONG, YANHUA JIANG, ZHUANG MA, and WENKUI WANG. "THE NEW HEAT TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY OF A356 ALUMINIUM ALLOY PREPARED BY PTC." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 06n07 (March 20, 2009): 906–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209060221.

Full text

Abstract:

Phase Transition Cooling (PTC), using the absorbed latent heat during the melting of phase transition cooling medium to cool and solidify alloys in the process of casting, is a new casting technology. Specimens of A356 casting aluminum alloy were prepared by this method in the paper. The new heat treatment process (cast and then aging directly without solid solution) of A356 alloy was performed. For comparison, the conventional T6 heat treatment (solution and then aging treatment) was performed too. The mechanical properties of A356 alloy with different heat treatments were measured by tensile strength testing methods and microstructures of the alloy with different heat treatment process were investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-rays diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) too. The results show that ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of A356 alloy with the new heat treatment process is much higher than that with conventional heat treatment while the elongations with the two heat treatment processes are very close. This is due to the grain refinement obtained after PTC processing.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Kumar, P., H. Lakshmi, and P. Dutta. "Solidification of A356 Alloy in a Linear Electromagnetic Stirrer." Solid State Phenomena 141-143 (July 2008): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.141-143.563.

Full text

Abstract:

In the present work, a 2-pole linear electromagnetic stirrer (LEMS) is developed to study the effect of stirring during solidification of aluminium alloys. The stirrer design entails the placement of a stack of coils around the mold to generate a primary motion that recirculates along the longitudinal direction. The stirrer is first tested and validated by measuring the electromagnetic forces on solid aluminum cylinders of different diameters as a function of excitation current. The alloy to be stirred and solidified is placed in a cylindrical graphite mould located in the annulus of the LEMS. A suitable cooling arrangement is provided at the bottom of the mould to extract heat from the melt, in order to produce a rheocast billet inside the mould. Rheocasting experiments with A356 aluminium-silicon alloy are performed using a stirring current of 250A, in order to assess the effect of electromagnetic stirring on microstructure formation. The resulting microstructures and cooling curves with stirring are compared with those obtained without stirring.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Lim, Ying Pio, Wei Hong Yeo, and A. Masita. "The Effect of Scandium on the Mechanical Properties of A356 Aluminium Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 707 (September 2016): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.707.144.

Full text

Abstract:

In this project, the addition of scandium (Sc) into A356 aluminium alloy was studied for its effect on the mechanical properties after gravity die casting process. Scandium addition was administered at the weight percentages of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3. The results obtained in this work revealed that scandium can significantly enhance the mechanical properties of A356 alloy in terms of tensile strength, hardness and charpy impact strength. In general, the addition of 0.2 wt% Sc in A356 alloy was found to be able to achieve the maximum tensile strength of 172.94MPa as compared to 136.03MPa for sample without Sc. No significant improvement in tensile strength was found when more than 0.3wt% added to the alloy. As for hardness, the sample with 0.3 wt% Sc attained the maximum Vicker’s hardness of 86.60 HV as compared to 76.48 HV for unmodified A356. Similarly, the addition of 0.3wt% Sc in A356 can achieve highest impact energy of 2.71J as compare to 1.09J for unmodified A356.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Singh, Shailesh K., Kamanio Chattopadhyay, and Pradip Dutta. "Friction Welding of Thixocast A356 Aluminium Alloy." Solid State Phenomena 192-193 (October 2012): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.192-193.305.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper, a numerical model for friction welding of thixo-cast materials is developed, which includes a coupling of thermal effect and plastic deformation using a finite element method (FEM). As the constitutive equations for flow behavior of materials for a thixo-cast material are expected to be different from those of conventionally cast material of the same alloy, the necessary material data are experimentally determined from isothermal hot compression tests of the A356 thixocast alloy. The Johnson-Cook model has been employed to represent the flow behavior of the thixocast A356 alloy. The purpose of this FEM analysis is to provide better understanding of the friction welding process of thixo-cast material, and to obtain optimized process parameters before an actual welding is carried out.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Wen, K. Y., W. Hu, and G. Gottstein. "Intermetallic compounds in thixoformed aluminium alloy A356." Materials Science and Technology 19, no. 6 (June 2003): 762–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708303225002839.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Xie, Jing Pei, Ji Wen Li, Zhong Xia Liu, Ai Qin Wang, Yong Gang Weng, Tian Fu Song, Zhi Yong Liu, and Jie Fang Wang. "The Investigation on Aluminium Alloys Automobile Wheel with Low-Titanium Content Produced by Electrolysis." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.317.

Full text

Abstract:

The in-situ Ti alloying of aluminium alloys was fulfilled by electrolysis, and the material was made into A356 alloy and used in automobile wheels. The results show that the grains of the A356 alloy was refined and the second dendrites arm was shortened due to the in-situ Ti alloying. Trough 3-hour solution treatment and 2-hour aging treatment for the A356 alloy, the microstructures were homogeneous, and Si particles were spheroid and distribute in the matrix fully. The outstanding mechanical properties with tensile strength (σb≥300Mpa) and elongation values (δ≥10%) have been obtained because the heat treatment was optimized. Compared with the traditional materials, tensile strength and elongation were increased by 7.6~14.1% and 7.4~44.3% respectively. The qualities of the automobile wheels were improved remarkably.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Das, Prosenjit, Sudip K. Samanta, Himadri Chattaopadhyay, Pradip Dutta, and Nilkanta Barman. "Rheological Characterization of Semi-Solid A356 Aluminium Alloy." Solid State Phenomena 192-193 (October 2012): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.192-193.329.

Full text

Abstract:

Rheological behavior of semi-solid slurries forms the backbone of semi-solid processing of metallic alloys. In particular, the effects of several process and metallurgical parameters such as shear rate, shear time, temperature, rest time and size, distribution and morphology of the primary phase on the viscosity of the slurry needs in-depth characterization. In the present work, rheological behaviour of the semisolid aluminium alloy (A356) slurry is investigated by using a high temperature Searle type Rheometer using concentric cylinders. Three different types of experiment are carried out: isothermal test, continuous cooling test and steady state test. Continuous decrease in viscosity is observed with increasing shear rate at a fixed temperature (isothermal test). It is also found that the viscosity increases with decreasing temperature for a particular shear rate due to increasing solid fraction (continuous cooling test). Thixotropic nature of the slurry is confirmed from the hysteresis loops obtained during experimentation. Time dependence of slurry viscosity has been evaluated from the steady state tests. After a longer shearing time under isothermal conditions the starting dendritic structure of the said alloy is transformed into globular grains due to abrasion, agglomeration, welding and ripening.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Laila Masrur, Mohd Nasir, Anasyida Abu Seman, and Hussain Zuhailawati. "Effect of Grain Refiner on Microstructure of Semi-Solid A356 Aluminium Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 1024 (August 2014): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1024.251.

Full text

Abstract:

Grain refining has been studied in the semi-solid-metal (SSM) casting by addition of master alloy Al-5Ti-1B using inclined slope. A356 aluminium alloy was melted at 850 °C and poured at 660 °C on the inclined slope into the steel mould. Grain refiner was added in various percentages of 0.2%, 0.5% and 1.0% in A356 aluminium alloy melt. Microstructure and microhardness were characterized using optical microscope and Vicker’s microhardness tester. The addition of master alloy Al-5Ti-1B not only refined but also increased the globularity of the primary α-Al particles. The higher hardness was achieved with 1% addition of master alloy Al-5Ti-1B.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Simlandi, Sudip, Nilkanta Barman, and Himadri Chattaopadhyay. "Modelling of Extrusion Process for Aluminium A356 Alloy." Solid State Phenomena 217-218 (September 2014): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.217-218.188.

Full text

Abstract:

In the present work, a model is developed to study extrusion process of A356 alloy in semi-solid state. The distinct rheology of the semisolid alloy reduces energy necessity during extrusion process. Accordingly, a proper rheological model of the alloy is considered in the model towards a detailed study of the process. A combination of analytical and numerical solutions is considered for solving the governing equations. The work finally predicts distribution of velocity and shear stress of the alloy under shear in the considered domain. It also predicts the energy requirement during the extrusion process. It is demonstrated that for semisolid extrusion, reasonably less energy is required as compared to a conventional extrusion process Keywords: Extrusion, semi-solid alloy, apparent viscosity, extrusion power

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Zhu, J. D., S. L. Cockcroft, D. M. Maijer, and R. Ding. "Simulation of microporosity in A356 aluminium alloy castings." International Journal of Cast Metals Research 18, no. 4 (June 2005): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136404605225022856.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Wu, Linda, and W. George Ferguson. "Modelling of Precipitation Hardening in Casting Aluminium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 618-619 (April 2009): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.618-619.203.

Full text

Abstract:

Precipitation hardening, or aging hardening, is one of the most widely adopted techniques for strengthening of aluminium alloys. During the precipitation process, three major mechanisms are involved: i.e. nucleation, growth and coarsening. Kampmann and Wagner have developed a powerful and flexible numerical approach (KWN model) for dealing with concomitant nucleation, growth and coarsening and thus capable of predicting the full evolution of the particle size distribution. KWN model has been successfully applied to a number of aluminium alloy systems, such as 2xxx, 6xxx and 7xxx. However, most of these modelling works were focused on the wrought aluminium alloys, few had applied to the casting aluminium alloys. In the present modelling work, the microstructure evolution is modeled based on the KWN model and then a strength model based on the well established dislocation theory is used to evaluate the resulting change in hardness or yield strength at room temperature. Then the modelling is applied to casting aluminium alloys A356 and A357. And the modelling results are validated by comparing with own experimental results and the results obtained from the open literature.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Ebhota, Williams S., Akhil S. Karun, and Freddie L. Inambao. "Investigation of Functionally Graded Aluminium A356 Alloy and A356-10%SiC_p Composite for Hydro Turbine Bucket Application." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 26 (October 2016): 30–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.26.30.

Full text

Abstract:

The study investigates the application of centrifugal casting process in the production of a complex shape component, Pelton turbine bucket. The bucket materials examined were functionally graded aluminium A356 alloy and A356-10%SiCp composite. A permanent mould for the casting of the bucket was designed with a Solidworks software and fabricated by the combination of CNC machining and welding. Oil hardening non-shrinking die steel (OHNS) was chosen for the mould material. The OHNS was heat treated and a hardness of 432 BHN was obtained. The mould was put into use, the buckets of A356 Alloy and A356-10%SiCp composite were cast, cut and machined into specimens. Some of the specimens were given T6 heat treatment and the specimens were prepared according to the designed investigations. The micrographs of A356-10%SiCp composite shows more concentration of SiCp particles at the inner periphery of the bucket. The maximum hardness of As-Cast A356 and A356-10%SiCp composite were 60 BRN and 95BRN respectively, recorded at the inner periphery of the bucket. And these values appreciated to 98BRN and 122BRN for A356 alloy and A356-10%SiCp composite respectively after heat treatment. The prediction curves of the ultimate tensile stress and yield tensile stress show the same trend as the hardness curves.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Kumar, R. Ashok, and M. R. Thansekhar. "Effects of Tool Pin Profile and Tool Shoulder Diameter on the Tensile Behaviour of Friction Stir Welded Joints of Aluminium Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.586.

Full text

Abstract:

— For fabricating light weight structures, it requires high strength-to weight ratio. AA6061 aluminium alloy is widely used in the fabrication of light weight structures. A356 aluminium alloy has wide spread application in aerospace industries. Friction stir welding is solid state joining process which is conducting for joining similar and dissimilar materials. The friction stir welding parameters play an important role for deciding the strength of welded joints. In this investigation, A356 and AA6061 alloys were friction stir welded by varying triangular, square, hexagonal pin profiles of tool keeping the remaining parameters same and AA6061 alloys were friction stir welded by varying tool shoulder diameter as 12mm,15mm,18mm without changing other parameters. Tensile properties of each joint have been analyzed microscopically. From the experimental results, it is observed that hexagonal pin profiled tool and 15mm shoulder diameter tool provides higher tensile properties when compared to other tools.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Seo, Yuan Sieng, Laila Masrur Mohd Nasir, Hussain Zuhailawati, and Anasyida Abu Seman. "Microstructure Evolution of Conventional and Semi-Solid A356 Alloy with Addition of Strontium." Advanced Materials Research 1087 (February 2015): 488–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1087.488.

Full text

Abstract:

In this study, modification of aluminium silicon eutectic alloy by grain modifier, strontium was investigated on conventional and slope cast A356 alloy. A356 alloy with addition of 0 to 0.97 wt.% Sr was prepared by conventional and slope casting in melting furnace. The molten metal of A356 alloy was casted into steel mould. Microstructure was observed using SEM. Phase analysis was done using XRD. Microhardness was conducted using Vicker microhardness. Microstructure of conventional cast displayed dendritic structure whereas slope cast displayed globular structure. Addition of Sr refined eutectic structure in both conventional and slope cast alloy. Phase analysis revealed the presence of Al2Sr phase in conventional cast Al-6Si-0.97Sr. Microhardness of the conventional cast alloy decreased with increasing of Sr up to 0.97 wt.%.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Hossain, Md Rahat, Md Hasan Ali, Md Al Amin, Md Golam Kibria, and Md Shafiul Ferdous. "Fabrication and Performance Test of Aluminium Alloy-Rice Husk Ash Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite as Industrial and Construction Material." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 2, no. 4 (December 10, 2017): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.02.04.2017.03.

Full text

Abstract:

Aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) used extensively in various engineering fields due to their exceptional mechanical properties. In this present study, aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) such as aluminium alloy (A356) reinforced with rice husk ash particles (RHA) are made to explore the possibilities of reinforcing aluminium alloy. The stir casting method was applied to produce aluminium alloy (A356) reinforced with various amounts of (2%, 4%, and 6%) rice husk ash (RHA) particles. Physical treatment was carried out before the rice husk ash manufacturing process. The effect of mechanical strength of the fabricated hybrid composite was investigated. Therefore, impact test, tensile stress, compressive stress, and some other tests were carried out to analyse the mechanical properties. From the experimental results, it was found that maximum tensile, and compressive stress were found at 6% rice husk ash (RHA) and aluminium matrix composites (AMCs). In future, the optimum percentages of rice husk ash (RHA) to fabricate the hybrid composites will be determined. Also, simulation by finite element method (FEM) will be applied for further investigation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Baradarani, B., and R. Raiszadeh. "Precipitation hardening of cast Zr-containing A356 aluminium alloy." Materials & Design 32, no. 2 (February 2011): 935–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.08.006.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Song, J.-Y., J.-C. Park, B.-H. Jeong, and Y.-S. Ahn. "Fatigue behaviour of A356 aluminium alloy for automotive wheels." International Journal of Cast Metals Research 25, no. 1 (January 2012): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743133611y.0000000009.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Doglione, R., J. L. Douziech, C. Berdin, and D. François. "Tensile damage stages in cast A356-T6 aluminium alloy." Materials Science and Technology 18, no. 5 (May 2002): 554–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708302225001660.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Cardoso-Legorreta, Edgar, Alberto Arenas Flores, and Felipe Legorreta García. "Effect of Mechanical Vibration during the Solidification Process of an Aluminium Alloy A356." Advanced Materials Research 976 (June 2014): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.976.14.

Full text

Abstract:

The treatment with mechanical vibrations during the solidification process promote microstructural changes in metallic alloys, in order to have a better understanding on this matter mechanical vibration were applied to an aluminum alloy A356, while teeming in order to evaluate the morphological changes on αAl primary phase in the solidification process. Two routes were analyzed, a cooling slope and a rotational mold. This paper shows the results of quantify the effect of mechanical vibration and the specific characteristic of casting to obtain a spherical morphology on the αAl primary, that allow to obtain thixoformable raw material.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Möller, Heinrich, Gonasagren Govender, Pierre Rossouw, and Waldo Stumpf. "The Influence of Prior Natural Aging on the Subsequent Artificial Aging Response of Aluminium Alloy A356 with Respective Globular and Dendritic Microstructures." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/375150.

Full text

Abstract:

Alloy A356 is one of the most popular alloys used for semisolid metal forming. The heat treatment cycles that are currently applied to semisolid processed components are mostly those that are in use for dendritic casting alloys. The assumption has been made that these heat treatments are not necessarily the optimum treatments, as the difference in solidification history and microstructure of SSM processed components should be considered. The objective of this study is to determine whether dendritic A356 behaves in a similar way to globular A356 in terms of its response to artificial aging with or without prior natural aging. The results indicate that the differences in microstructures (globular or dendritic) do not have a noteworthy effect on the heat treatment response. It is also shown that strong linear correlations are found between T4 and T6 hardness and wt% Mg of A356, regardless of the casting technique used.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Kumar, K. Ratna, G. Madhusudhan Reddy, and K. Srinivasa Rao. "Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Cast A356 and Wrought AA6061 Aluminium Alloy Welds." Advanced Materials Research 117 (June 2010): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.117.37.

Full text

Abstract:

In this work, it was intended to improve the corrosion resistance of welds of A356 and AA6061 by adopting mainly a special welding techniques, viz., pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding (PCGTAW), electron beam welding (EBW) and friction stir welding (FSW). It was found that the corrosion resistance of A356 and AA6061 welds could be improved by PCGTAW technique rather than continuous current gas tungsten arc welding (CCGTAW). It can be further improved by using electron beam welding. Improved corrosion resistance in A356 welds could be obtained by selecting T6 temper rather than as cast condition. In the case of AA6061, improved corrosion resistance was achieved by selecting T4 temper rather than T6 temper. As for as the welding techniques, friction stir welding (FSW) is useful than fusion welding techniques like CCGTAW,PCGTAW and EBW for improving the corrosion resistance of both the welds.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Ohdar, Rajkumar, Niranjan Kumar Singh, Archana Kumari, and Randhir Kumar. "Grey-Fuzzy Logic Based Approach in Multi-Response Optimization of Semi-Solid Forging of A356 Aluminium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 1875–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.1875.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper presents an effective approach for the optimization of the semi-solid forging process of A356 Al-alloy based on the orthogonal array with the grey relational analysis and fuzzy logic analysis. Through the grey-fuzzy logic analysis, the optimization of complicated multiple performance characteristics can be converted into the optimization of a single grey-fuzzy reasoning grade. In this semi-solid forging process of A356 Al-alloy, the forging process parameters, namely the forging temperature, percent deformation, and die temperature are optimized with considerations of multiple performance characteristics including the tensile strength and hardness. The experimental results for the optimal setting have shown that the above performance characteristics in the semi-solid forging process of A356 Al-alloy can be improved effectively together through this approach.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Vencl, Aleksandar, Ilija Bobic, and Blaza Stojanovic. "Tribological properties of A356 Al-Si alloy composites under dry sliding conditions." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 66, no. 1 (February 4, 2014): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-06-2011-0047.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose – Aluminium alloys are frequently applied in automotive and other industries, since they provide mass reduction. Besides positive effects, aluminium alloys have their shortcomings reflected, first of all, in inappropriate tribological properties of these materials. The aim of this research was to enable the production of cheap aluminium alloy matrix composite with favourable combination of structural, mechanical and tribological properties, focusing on the tribological behaviour. Design/methodology/approach – The A356 Al-Si alloy was used as a matrix for producing metal matrix composites in compocasting process. Three different materials, in form of particles, were added to the matrix (Al2O3, SiC and graphite). Hardness and tribological properties (wear, friction and wear mechanism) of heat-treated (T6) samples were examined and compared. Tribological tests were carried out on ball-on-block tribometer under dry sliding conditions. Sliding was linear (reciprocating). Counter body was alumina ball. Average velocity was 0.038 m/s (max. 0.06 m/s), sliding distance was 500 m and normal load was 1 N. Findings – The effect of two different ceramic particles and graphite particles on tribological properties of obtained composites was evaluated. Wear resistance of composites reinforced with SiC particles was higher and coefficient of friction was lower compared to the composite reinforced with Al2O3 particles. A dual hybrid composite (with SiC and graphite particles) showed the lowest value of wear rate and friction coefficient. Dominant wear mechanism for all tested material was adhesion. Research limitations/implications – It seems useful to continue the work on developing hybrid composites containing soft graphite particles with A356 Al-Si alloy as matrix. The major task should be to improve particles distribution (especially with higher graphite content) and to explore tribological behaviour in diverse working conditions. Originality/value – Particulate composites with A356 aluminium alloy as a matrix produced in compocasting process using ceramic particles (Al2O3, SiC) were investigated in many researches, but there are only few detailed analyses of dual composites (with the addition of ceramic and graphite particles). In some previous studies, it was shown that compocasting process, as relatively cheap technology, can obtain good structural and mechanical characteristics of composites. In this study, it was shown that even a low graphite content, under specified conditions, can improve tribological properties.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Wu, Hua, Hai Ming Shi, Hai Feng Liu, and Zhen Jia Xia. "Numerical Simulation of Flow Field and Temperature Field on Aluminium Alloy Engine Cylinder in Casting Process." Materials Science Forum 704-705 (December 2011): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.50.

Full text

Abstract:

Casting properties and process improvement of A356 aluminium alloy which is used to cast automobile engine cylinder is investigated in the present paper. The effects of flow field and temperature field on the microstructure and defects distribution of A356 is analyzed by ProCAST software. Simutaneously, the mold filling and solidification of the bottom gating and rotated solidification technology is simulated. Thus, the optimize process parameters obtained by calculating is pouring temperature 725°C, pouring times 21s, and preheating temperature of cylinder sleeve 450°C. Then, the cylinder is made under the condition of above parameters and the microstructure of the cylinder was observed. The results show that the microstructure and defects distribution which is simulated by ProCAST software are good agree with the experiments. Keywords：ProCAST; Aluminium alloy cylinder; Flow field; Temperature field;

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Simlandi, Sudip, Nilkanta Barman, and Himadri Chattopadhyay. "A Study on Bar Drawing Process of A356 Alloy in Semisolid State." Solid State Phenomena 285 (January 2019): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.285.318.

Full text

Abstract:

A bar drawing process of an aluminium alloy in semisolid state is presented in the work. The drawing process depends on various parameters such as temperature, die-angle, shear rate etc., accordingly a study is considered. The work involves development of a model to investigate the drawing process of A356 alloy in semisolid range. The rheology of the alloy in semisolid state shows a distinct behaviour and reduces energy requirement during the drawing process. In the context, a model suitably represents the rheology of the alloy is considered to perform a study of the process in details. An analytical and a numerical solutions are combined together to solve the governing equations. Finally, in the work, the distribution of velocity, viscosity variation and drawing power of the semisolid alloy under shear are predicted in the domain. It is found that the energy requirement is reasonably less in case of semisolid bar drawing process compare to a conventional bar drawing process. Finally, the drawing power required to deform a conventional solid A356 alloy is compared with that of the semisolid A356 alloy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Cetin, Arda, and Ali Kalkanli. "Investigation of microporosity formation mechanisms in A356 aluminium alloy castings." International Journal of Microstructure and Materials Properties 4, no. 3 (2009): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmmp.2009.031143.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Li, Kun-Dar, and Edward Chang. "An analysis on porosity formation in A356 aluminium alloy castings." International Journal of Cast Metals Research 15, no. 1 (July 2002): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13640461.2002.11819460.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Thompson, S., S. L. Cockcroft, and M. A. Wells. "Advanced light metals casting development: solidification of aluminium alloy A356." Materials Science and Technology 20, no. 2 (February 2004): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708304225011199.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Sekar, K., Allesu Kanjirathikal, and M. A. Joseph. "Comparison Study of As-Cast and T6 Condition of Microstructure, Bending Strength and Double Shear Strength of A356 Alloy by Gravity, Vacuum and Squeeze Casting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.102.

Full text

Abstract:

The hardness, bending strength, and double shear strength of A356 aluminium alloy was studied under as cast and T6 heat treatment conditions obtained with gravity casting, vacuum casting and squeeze casting methods. The results of these three casting methods have been compared. The hardness, bending strength of A356 alloy after T6 obviously increased; the hardness value of both vacuum casting and squeeze casting has been found to be 62 HRB which is relatively high compared to gravity casting. The bending strength of gravity casting is 299 MPa (22% increase) compared to vacuum casting. However, after T6 heat treatment, the double shear strength values of all these three castings decreases.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Nwafor, Stephen, Sunday Oke, and Chris Ayanladun. "Taguchi Optimisation of Cast Geometries for A356/Organic Particulate Aluminium Alloy Composites Using a Two-Phase Casting Process." Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering 6, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 386–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.1722.2019.

Full text

Abstract:

The A356 alloy is widely known to exhibit an extremely superior casting, machining, mechanical, and corrosion resistance properties. Despite these, it constitutes an environmental nuisance at its improper disposal for worn-out engine blocks. Also, organic reinforcements have the potentials to reduce the environmental impacts of composites. Consequently, there exits significant research potential to fuse A356 alloy with organic materials to obtain enhanced composite properties. In the area of aluminium matrix, as melting and solidifications of materials are done the accuracy of measurements is driven by the huge array of process parameters and the geometrical aspect of cast components is important. For these reasons, we attempt to solve the problem of optimising the geometry of casts in a complicated scenario with the use of the robust Taguchi's methods. To optimise the framework, the significant process parameters are identified and their effects studied in a route using Taguchi, Taguchi-Pareto and Taguchi–ABC methods. Parameters such as the volume of the cast, length, weight, density, height, width, breadth, weight loss and the total weight of organic materials infused into the melting process were studied for parametric changes, interactions and optimisation with L27 orthogonal array. The analysis of variance for the A356 alloy cast revealed that the density parameter of cast 1 had the highest and major significant effect on the casting process with a variance of 333573, followed by weight parameter of casts 1 and 2, total weight of organic material parameters and weight loss with the variance values of 0.007, 0.005, 0.001 and 0.004, respectively. The variance of other parameters was insignificant to the A356 alloy cast.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Arrabal, R., B. Mingo, A. Pardo, M. Mohedano, E. Matykina, and I. Rodríguez. "Pitting corrosion of rheocast A356 aluminium alloy in 3.5wt.% NaCl solution." Corrosion Science 73 (August 2013): 342–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.04.023.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Cao, X. B., J. Zhao, J. H. Fan, M. H. Zhang, G. J. Shao, and Q. Hua. "Influence of casting defects on fatigue behaviour of A356 aluminium alloy." International Journal of Cast Metals Research 27, no. 6 (June 11, 2014): 362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743133614y.0000000120.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Arrabal, R., B. Mingo, A. Pardo, M. Mohedano, E. Matykina, M. C. Merino, and A. Rivas. "Microstructure and corrosion behaviour of A356 aluminium alloy modified with Nd." Materials and Corrosion 66, no. 6 (July 8, 2014): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.201407674.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Kumai, S., J. Hu, Y. Higo, and S. Nunomura. "Hardness characteristics in aged particulate SiC/A356 cast aluminium alloy composites." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 27, no. 1 (July 1992): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(92)90328-c.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Uematsu, Yoshihiko, and Keiro Tokaji. "Fatigue Behaviour of Friction Stir Processed Cast Aluminium and Magnesium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3727.

Full text

Abstract:

Friction stir processing (FSP) was applied to a cast aluminium alloy, A356-T6, and a cast magnesium alloy, AZ91-T5, and fully reversed axial fatigue tests have been performed using FSPed specimens. It was indicated that FCP exerted different influence on fatigue behaviour depending on alloy system. In A356-T6, the fatigue strengths of the FSPed specimens were lower than those of the as-cast ones in the finite life region, but the fatigue limit was significantly increased by FSP. The enhanced crack initiation resistance due to the elimination of casting defects by FCP resulted in the improvement of fatigue limit of the FSPed specimens, while the matrix softening due to the dissolution of precipitates by the heat input during FSP caused faster crack growth rates in the FSPed specimen, leading to the inferior fatigue strength of the FSPed specimens to the as-cast one in the finite life region. In AZ91-T5, both the fatigue strengths in the finite life region and fatigue limit were improved by FSP, because the hardness was increased and both the crack initiation and crack growth resistances were enhanced.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Yuksel, C., O. Tamer, E. Erzi, U. Aybarc, E. Cubuklusu, O. Topcuoglu, M. Cigdem, and D. Dispinar. "Quality Evaluation of Remelted A356 Scraps." Archives of Foundry Engineering 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2016-0069.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractA356 is one of the widely used aluminium casting alloy that has been used in both sand and die casting processes. Large amounts of scrap metal can be generated from the runner systems and feeders. In addition, chips are generated in the machined parts. The surface area with regard to weight of chips is so high that it makes these scraps difficult to melt. Although there are several techniques evolved to remedy this problem, yet the problem lies in the quality of the recycled raw material. Since recycling of these scrap is quite important due to the advantages like energy saving and cost reduction in the final product, in this work, the recycling efficiency and casting quality were investigated. Three types of charges were prepared for casting: %100 primary ingot, %100 scrap aluminium and fifty-fifty scrap aluminium and primary ingot mixture were used. Melt quality was determined by calculating bifilm index by using reduced pressure test. Tensile test samples were produced by casting both from sand and die moulds. Relationship between bifilm index and tensile strength were determined as an indication of correlation of melt quality. It was found that untreated chips decrease the casting quality significantly. Therefore, prior to charging the chips into the furnace for melting, a series of cleaning processes has to be used in order to achieve good quality products.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Ahmad, Rafiq, Saima Mumtaz, and Tahir Ahmad. "Studying the Effect of Different Combinations of Salt Modifier on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of A356 Al-Si Alloy." Defect and Diffusion Forum 344 (October 2013): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.344.27.

Full text

Abstract:

The present study aims to develop A356 Al-Si alloy using high purity aluminium and various master alloy in gas fired pit furnace. Three different ratio of salt modifier (1:1, 1:2 & 1:3) was used to prepare the casting. Sand casting and permanent mould casting techniques were used to prepare the alloys. Optical microscope and universal tensile testing machine were used for the metallurgical evaluation of the prepared alloy. It was observed that the addition of modifier improved the mechanical properties and microstructure of the alloy. It was also observed that modifying agent NaF with CaCl2in 1:1 ratio has shown the best results in terms of microstructure and the mechanical properties.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Hallstedt, B. "Use of Calphad Thermodynamics to Simulate Phase Formation during Semi-Solid Processing." Solid State Phenomena 141-143 (July 2008): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.141-143.641.

Full text

Abstract:

In this work we will explore the use of thermochemical simulation methods (Calphad) to support alloy selection and processing in the semi-solid state. Semi-solid processing has been investigated extensively for aluminium alloys, in particular A356, but there is also an increasing interest in using semi-solid processing for steels, in particular high carbon steels. A key property for the semi-solid processing is the fraction of liquid phase as function of temperature. It is necessary to know the fraction of liquid phase in order to be able to control the process and in order to simulate the viscous flow during various forming operations. The approach used here is to calculate the fraction of liquid phase from thermodynamic (and diffusion) data, using equilibrium calculations, Scheil–Gulliver calculations and diffusion simulation. Normally only the solidification behaviour is considered, but during thixoforming also the melting behaviour is of importance. However, there is very little information on melting of alloys to be found in the literature. Here an attempt will be made to discuss also melting as it cannot in all cases be regarded as the reverse of solidification. In addition some further properties, such as enthalpy, heat capacity and density as function of temperature will be discussed. The materials treated are the aluminium alloy A356 and the tool steel X210CrW12. Interestingly they show fairly similar solidification behaviour.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Boontein, Supparerk, Wattanachai Prukkanon, Kongkiat Puparatanapong, Julathep Kajornchaiyakul, and Chaowalit Limmaneevichitr. "Effect of Minor Sb Additions on SDAS, Age Hardening and Mechanical Properties of A356 Aluminium Alloy Casting." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.537.

Full text

Abstract:

A356 is the aluminum casting grade which has compositions that combines outstanding casting characteristics with excellent properties after heat treatment. Mechanical properties of A356 can be improved by reducing of secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS), precipitation hardening, and the interaction effect of both. It is generally accepted that dendrite arm spacing and fine distribution microstructure are related to each other and they also affect the precipitation hardening in a way that smaller SDAS results in shorter time required to obtain a satisfactory degree of solution of the undissolved or precipitated soluble phase constituents and to achieve good homogeneity. Minor addition of Sb was successfully used in reducing the SDAS in previous work. However, the effect of Sb addition on age hardening has not been investigated, especially in a high cooling rate condition. In this research, effects of minor addition of Sb on SDAS, age hardening and mechanical properties; i.e. hardness and tensile properties, are reported. It was found that Sb addition did not clearly affect SDAS at the high cooling rate, i.e. as in permanent mold casting process. Moreover, we found that the addition of Sb into A356 also lowered mechanical properties.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Niu, Jitai, Xiangwei Luo, Hao Tian, and Josip Brnic. "Vacuum brazing of aluminium metal matrix composite (55vol.% SiCp/A356) using aluminium-based filler alloy." Materials Science and Engineering: B 177, no. 19 (November 2012): 1707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2011.12.042.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Rajaravi, C., B. Gobalakrishnan, and P. R. Lakshminarayanan. "Effect of pouring temperature on cast Al/SiCp and Al/TiB2 metal matrix composites." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 28, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2019-0018.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThe effect of pouring temperatures of an ex situ (Al/SiCp) and in situ (Al/TiB2) metal matrix composites (MMCs) synthesized using stir casting method were studied. The Al/SiCp composite were fabricated by mixing of 6wt.% of SiCp into cast A356 aluminium alloy melt and poured at diverse pouring temperatures (730∘C, 750∘C and 770∘C). The Al/TiB2 MMCs were obtained by melting A356 aluminium alloy and mixing of KBF4 and K2TiF6 precursor salts whose stoichiometric ratio composition corresponds to 6wt.% of TiB2 reinforcement and other parameters were constant (stirring speed 300 RPM and holding time 30 minutes). The composite melt was poured into the permanent mould with varied pouring temperatures (800∘C, 820∘C and 840∘C). Coarser and homogenous SiC particles were presented in the Al/SiCp MMCs, whereas, finer and uniformly distributed TiB2 particles were appeared at the MMCs of Al/TiB2. The mechanical properties viz. tensile strength, fracture toughness and hardness of Al/SiCp and Al/TiB2 MMCs were experimentally determined as per the ASTM standards and compared. Higher tensile and fracture strength were occurred at the MMCs of Al/TiB2 as compared to Al/SiCp MMCs and base alloy of aluminium as well. Maximum hardness was attained at the pouring temperatures of 820∘C and 750∘C in the MMCs of Al/ TiB2 and Al/SiCp, respectively.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Ben Ahmed, Amal, Ahmad Bahloul, Mohamed Iben Houria, Anouar Nasr, and Raouf Fathallah. "Multiaxial fatigue life estimation of defective aluminum alloy considering the microstructural heterogeneities effect." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 9 (August 16, 2018): 1830–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420718792024.

Full text

Abstract:

The Al–Si–Mg high-cycle fatigue behavior is mainly affected by the microstructural heterogeneities and the presence of casting defects. This attempt aims to develop an analytical approach based on the evaluation of the highly stressed volume caused by local porosities and defined as the affected area methodology. The proposed approach is able to predict the aluminum alloy fatigue response by considering the effect of microstructure described by the secondary dendrite arm spacing and its correlation with the defect size effect. A representative elementary volume model is implemented to evaluate the stress distribution in the vicinity of the defect and to determine its impact on the high-cycle fatigue resistance. Work hardening due to cyclic loading is considered by applying the Lemaitre–Chaboche model. The Kitagawa–Takahashi diagrams corresponding to different microstructures and for two loading ratios: R σ = 0 and R σ = −1 were simulated based on the AA method. Simulations were compared to the experimental results carried out on cast aluminium alloy A356 with T6 post heat-treatment. The results show clearly that the proposed approach provides a good estimation of the A356-T6 fatigue limit and exhibits good ability in simulating the Kitagawa–Takahashi diagrams for fine and coarse microstructures.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Chiesa, Franco, Bernard Duchesne, and Gheorghe Marin. "Low-Pressure Casting of Aluminium AlSi7Mg03 (A356) in Sand and Permanent Molds." MATEC Web of Conferences 326 (2020): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032606001.

Full text

Abstract:

Aluminium A356 (AlSi7Mg03) is the most common foundry alloy poured in sand and permanent molds or lost-wax shells. Because of its magnesium content, this alloy responds to a precipitation hardening treatment. The strength and ductility combination of the alloy can be varied at will by changing the temper treatment that follows the solutionizing and quenching of the part. By feeding the mold from the bottom, the low-pressure process provides a tranquil filling of the cavity. A perfect control of the liquid metal stream is provided by programming the pressure rise applied on the melt surface. It compares favorably to the more common gravity casting where a turbulent filling is governed by the geometry of the gating system.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Akhter, R., L. Ivanchev, C. Van Rooyen, P. Kazadi, and H. P. Burger. "Laser Welding of SSM Cast A356 Aluminium Alloy Processed with CSIR-Rheo Technology." Solid State Phenomena 116-117 (October 2006): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.116-117.173.

Full text

Abstract:

Samples of aluminium alloy A356 were manufactured by Semi Solid Metals HPDC technology, developed recently in CSIR-Pretoria. They were butt welded in as cast conditions using an Nd:YAG laser. The base metal and weld microstructure were presented. The effect of different heat treatments on microstructure and mechanical properties of the welds were investigated. It was found that the fine dendrite structure of the weld metal contributed for equalizing the mechanical properties of the joint.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Gourlay, C. M., and A. K. Dahle. "Shear deformation at 29% solid during solidification of magnesium alloy AZ91 and aluminium alloy A356." Materials Science and Engineering: A 413-414 (December 2005): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.09.048.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Emadi, Daryoush, and Musbah Mahfoud. "Correlation of Mechanical Properties of Cast Al 3xx Alloys to Processing Variables and Alloy Chemistry Using Regression Analysis and Artificial Neural Network Techniques." Advanced Materials Research 463-464 (February 2012): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.463-464.439.

Full text

Abstract:

The mechanical properties of aluminium alloy castings, such as EL%, YS and UTS, are controlled by the casting and heat treatment variables, alloy’s composition, and melt treatment. Despite the abundance of literature data, the large number of the controlling parameters has made it difficult to predict and model the mechanical properties by the conventional techniques. Another obstacle encountered when making such a prediction is the complex kinetics and interactions that exist among the many variables. The goal of this study was to develop Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Multiple Regression models to predict the mechanical properties of A356 alloy from the processing variables. Several standard nonlinear regression and multi-layer ANN models were developed and trained using data from the literature and experimental results. Due to the complexity of A356’s solidification behaviour, the nonlinear regression produced results that were not as accurate as those produced by the ANN model. The results indicate that ANN is a suitable technique for predicting mechanical properties from alloy chemistry and processing variables.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Brůna, Marek, Lukáš Kucharčík, and Augustín Sládek. "Complex evaluation of porosity in A356 aluminium alloy using advanced porosity module." Manufacturing Technology 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21062/ujep/x.2013/a/1213-2489/mt/13/1/26.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Lim, Y. P., and W. H. Yeo. "The effects of scandium on A356 aluminium alloy in gravity die casting." Materials Research Innovations 18, sup6 (December 5, 2014): S6–395—S6–399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1432891714z.000000000985.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Aluminium alloy A356'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles