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Journal articles on the topic 'Aluminum 2024'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Zhu, Dezhi, Zhenxing Zheng, and Qi Chen. "Strain-rate sensitivity of aluminum 2024-T6/TiB2 composites and aluminum 2024-T6." Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 30, no. 2 (April 2015): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11595-015-1135-4.

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2

Nugroho, Fajar. "PENGARUH RAPAT ARUS ANODIZING TERHADAP NILAI KEKERASAN PADA PLAT ALUMINIUM PADUAN AA SERI 2024-T3." Angkasa: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Teknologi 7, no. 2 (September 13, 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.28989/angkasa.v7i2.147.

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Aluminum alloy AA 2024-T3 is widely applied in the aircraft industry because it has good mechanical properties such as; light weight, good conductivity and the corrosion resistance. However Aluminium 2024-T3 susceptible to wearing. One method to improve the wear resistance o f AA 2024-T3 is the anodizing process. The aims of this research to study the effect of current density and anodizing time against the hardness of aluminum alloy AA 2024-T3. The process of anodizing was carried out using 10 percent sulfuric acid solution with the current density of 1.5 Ampere per decimeters square, 3.0 Ampere per decimeters square and 4.5 Ampere per decimeters square with immersion times of 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes. Furthermore, the surface hardness was measured by using the Vickers hardness test method. As the supporting data the composition of the test conducted, testing the microstructure, and vickers hardness test. This study shows that the surface hardness of aluminum alloy AA 2024-T3 is influenced by the current density and anodizing time with varying values. Its shows that higher current density o f the anodizing caused optimal time tends to be short. The longer anodising time it will produce greater layer of aluminum oxide.

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3

Zhu, De Zhi, Wei Ping Chen, and Yuan Yuan Li. "Strain-Rate Relationship of Aluminum Matrix Composites Predicted by Johnson-Cook Model." Materials Science Forum 704-705 (December 2011): 935–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.935.

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Strain-rate sensitivities of 55-65vol.% aluminum 2024-T6/TiB2composites and the corresponding aluminum 2024-T6 matrix were investigated using split Hopkinson pressure bar. Results showed that 55-65vol.% aluminum 2024-T6/TiB2composites exhibited significant strain-rate sensitivities, which were three times higher than that of the aluminum 2024-T6 matrix. The strain-rate sensitivity of the aluminum 2024-T6 matrix composites rose obviously with reinforcement content increasing (up to 60%), which agreed with the previous researches. The aluminum 2024-T6/TiB2composites showed hybrid fracture characteristics including particle cracking and aluminum alloy softening under dynamic loading. The flow stresses predicted by Johnson-Cook model increased slowly when the reinforcement volume fraction ranged in 10%-40%. While the reinforcement volume fraction was over 40%, the flow stresses of aluminum matrix composites increased obviously and the strains dropped sharply. Keywords: Composite materials; Dynamic compression; Stress-strain relationship

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4

Junipitoyo, Bambang, Luqman Hakim Al Baihaqy, and Linda Winiasri. "Pengaruh Heat Treatment Dan Quenching Terhadap Sifat Fisis Dan Mekanis Aluminum Alloy 2024-t3." Jurnal Penelitian 5, no. 1 (April 27, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46491/jp.v5e1.481.1-10.

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Aluminum alloy banyak digunakan pada industri manufaktur dirgantara sebagai material struktur pesawat terbang karena memiliki sifat yang ringan namun kuat. Aluminum alloy 2024 sering digunakan pada skin pesawat terbangPengujian yang dilakukan dengan cara Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3 di heat treatment pada suhu 100, 150 dan 200 °C dengan waktu tahan 60 menit, 90 menit dan 120 menit kemudian di quenching menggunakan air. Setelah dilakukan heat treatment dan quenching Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3 di uji tarik, uji kekerasan brinell, dan pengamatan struktur mikro dari Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3. Dari hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa heat treatment dan quenching pada Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3, diperoleh nilai tensile stress rata-rata tertinggi pada suhu 150 °C dengan waktu tahan 90 menit sebesar 154,52 Mpa, kekerasan rata-rata teringgi pada suhu 150 °C dengan waktu tahan 120 menit sebesar 95,66 HBW.

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5

Huang, Chuan Yong. "Electroless Ni-La-P Coatings on 2024 Aluminum Alloys for Aircraft Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 224 (November 2012): 348–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.224.348.

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2024 aluminium alloys are widely used in airframe construction.However,this series of alloys are susceptible to corrosion to limit their usefulness,In this study,electroless Ni-La-P alloy plating on aluminum alloy and the effects of pH value,temperature and concentration of LaNiO3 on deposition rate were investigated.Surface morphology and corosion-resistant of the electroless Ni-La-P deposits were evaluated.The results showed the corrosion-resistant in 5％ NaC1 solutions obviously enhance compared with original aluminum alloy using electroless Ni-La-P deposition method．

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6

Zhang, Shi Xing, Yu Ping Zhu, and Gang Yi Cai. "Influence of Overburning on Microstructure and Property of 2024 Aluminum Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.3.

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Process of solution treatment of 2024 aluminum alloy was done by hardness test and microanalysis in this paper. The effects of different solution treatment temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 2024 aluminum alloy were studied and the influence of overburning on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 2024 aluminum alloy were also analyzed. The experimental results show that overburning occurs while 2024 aluminum alloy is heated over 490°C×50min . The hardness tests and microstructure analysis results show that the hardness decreased, grain boundary becomes trigemanal and compounded –melting structure (burnt structure) appeared when overburning occuring for this alloy .

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7

Isanaka, Sriram Praneeth, Sreekar Karnati, and Frank Liou. "Blown powder deposition of 4047 aluminum on 2024 aluminum substrates." Manufacturing Letters 7 (January 2016): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2015.11.007.

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8

Anghelina, Florina Violeta, Ionica Ionita, Dan Nicolae Ungureanu, Elena Valentina Stoian, Ileana Nicoleta Popescu, Vasile Bratu, Ivona Petre, Carmen Popa, and Alexis Negrea. "Structural Aspects Revealed by X-Ray Diffraction for Aluminum Alloys 2024 Type." Key Engineering Materials 750 (August 2017): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.750.20.

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This paper presents experimental results revealed on the samples type 2024 aluminum alloy used in aeronautics. Adequate characterization of 2024 aluminum alloys with special destination (aviation) was achieved by combined investigations:(i) wet chemical analysis, (ii) spectrochemical analysis, (iii) X-ray diffraction and (iv) electron microscopy. The main conclusion that emerges from the investigations carried out on aluminum samples revealed that: (a) alloys fits in terms of composition with the standard specification for 2024, in all cases; (b) microstructure vary in fineness of grain, but meets the requirements of aviation rules; the investigated microstructures have been appreciated as adequate of aluminum alloys type "2024".

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9

Mrówka-Nowotnik, Grazyna, and Jan Sieniawski. "Analysis of Intermetallic Phases in 2024 Aluminium Alloy." Solid State Phenomena 197 (February 2013): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.197.238.

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The main objective of this study was to analyze the evolution of the microstructure (morphology, composition and distribution of intermetallic phases) in the 2024 aluminium alloy cooled with different cooling rates after solidification process. A few techniques: optical light microscopy (LM), scanning (SEM) electron microscopy combined with an energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to identify intermetallics in the examined alloy. The results show that the microstructure of 2024 aluminum alloys in as-cast condition consisted following intermetallic phases: Al2Cu, Al2CuMg, Al7Cu2Fe, Al4Cu2Mg8Si7, AlCuFeMnSi and Mg2Si.

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10

Wu, Jin Hao, You Hong Sun, Qing Nan Meng, Chi Zhang, and Su Su Peng. "Mechanical and Tribological Behaviors of WAl₁₂ Reinforced 2024 Aluminum Alloy Matrix Composites." Materials Science Forum 993 (May 2020): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.993.60.

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WAl12 reinforced 2024 aluminum alloy matrix composites were prepared by powder metallurgy with tungsten particles and W50Al50 alloy particles. The effects of WAl12 on the mechanical properties of 2024 aluminum alloy composites at room temperature and high temperature were studied, and the friction behavior was characterized. The results show that intermetallic WAl12 phase forms in the composite by 2024 aluminum alloy and tungsten. The mechanical properties and friction behavior can be improved by the formation of intermetallic WAl12 phase. The tensile strength of 2024 aluminum alloy at room temperature and 180 °C can be improved by adding tungsten less than 1.5 at.%. Adding 2.0 at.% tungsten can reduce the friction coefficient by 20 % and the scratch width by 40 %. The tensile fracture surface of the sample was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), indicating that WAl12 intermetallic phase is closely connected with the aluminum matrix.

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11

Drewien, C. A., R. G. Buchheit, K. R. Zavadil, and T. E. Neil. "Copper enrichment on Al 2024 surface after de-oxidizing treatment." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 860–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100150137.

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Coatings of lithium-aluminum-carbonate-hydroxide are being developed for corrosion protection of aluminum alloys against atmospheric and saline environments. Coating is performed by immersion of the aluminum part into a lithium carbonate-lithium hydroxide solution of pH=11.5. Before coating, the aluminum alloy is degreased in trichloroethylene, cleaned in a sodium carbonate-sodium silicate bath, and de-oxidized in nitric acid containing ammonium biflouride. Coating of most aluminum alloys is easily accomplished, and the coatings pass the ASTM B117 salt spray test. However, aluminum alloys that contain copper, specifically 2024-T3 and 7075-T6, yield coatings that fail the salt spray test, i.e. pitting and general corrosion is observed. Photographs of coatings after 168 hr salt spray exposure are shown in Figure 1 for Al 1100 and 2024-T3 alloys. A study has been undertaken to determine the influence of copper upon the corrosion properties of the coating.The surface of 2024-T3 was analyzed after each processing step in order to determine if copper enrichment at the specimen surface was occurring.

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12

Anghelina, Florina Violeta, Vasile Bratu, Elena Valentina Stoian, and Ileana Nicoleta Popescu. "Microstructural Investigation of Aluminum Alloys Type "2024" for the Aviation Industry." Advanced Materials Research 1114 (July 2015): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1114.62.

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This paper presents experimental results revealed on the samples type 2024 aluminum alloy used in aeronautics. The results of microstructural and compositional investigations presented in this paper were performed on samples taken from 2024 Al alloy samples produced by ALRO Slatina. The main objective of the investigation is the conformity assessment of alloys in terms of chemical composition with the specifications type of aviation [SAE AMS 47N, EN 515, etc]. It also aims microstructural conformity assessment in terms of the grain and the hardening effects by natural or artificial aging applied by the manufacturer. Adequate characterization of 2024 aluminum alloys type was achieved by combined investigations: (i) Wet Chemical Analysis, (ii) Spectrochemical Analysis and (iii) Electron Microscopy. The main conclusion that emerges from the investigations carried out on aluminum samples revealed that: (a) alloys fits in terms of composition with the standard specification for 2024, in all cases; (b) microstructure vary in fineness of grain, but meets the requirements of aviation rules; the investigated microstructures have been appreciated as adequate of aluminum alloys type "2024".

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13

Zhou, Qi, Xuan Xiao, Da Li Zhao, and En Jun Song. "Alumina Sol-Gel Films and Alodine Films on Al 2024 Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.364.

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Development of the sol-gel films for painting pretreatment of aluminium alloy is to replace bichromate conversion films such as Alodine. Corrosion resistance of Alodine film and sol-gel film were evaluated through potentiodynamic polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, salt spraying and acidic dropping solution. Sol-gel film is almost the same as Alodine film at the film surface density, salt spraying resistance and adhesion with painting coating. Changing color times of dropping solution on sol-gel film is shorter than Alodine film. But the corrosion current of sol-gel film is lower than Alodine and the impedance value is higher than Alodine in 35g/L NaCl solution. Mechanism of corrosion resistance of alumina sol-gel film is that the cathode reaction and anodic reactions are restrained by sol-gel film in the Cl- corrosive medium. The EIS of sol-gel film consisted of only a single capacitive arc with one time constant. Sol-gel coating can prevent or delay the corrosive solution from infiltrating the substrate for its better isolation function, thus protecting 2024 aluminium alloy from corrosion. Sol-gel films can improve corrosion resistance of aluminum alloy and have the same adhesion as Alodine film. It will be a promising alternative pretreatment for aluminum alloys prior to painting.

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14

Jaiganesh, V., D. Srinivasan, and P. Sevvel. "Optimization of process parameters on friction stir welding of 2014 aluminum alloy plates." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.1 (December 21, 2017): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.1.8906.

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Aluminum Alloy 2014 is a light weight high strength alloy used widely in the aerospace and also in other industries. 2014 is the second most popular of the 2000-series aluminium alloys, after 2024 aluminium alloy. However, it is difficult to weld, as it is subject to cracking. Joining of 2014 aluminium alloy in friction stir welding which is based on frictional heat generated through contact between a rotating tool and the work piece. Determination of the welding parameters such as spindle speed, transverse feed , tilt angle plays an important role in weld strength. The whole optimization process is carried out using Taguchi technique. The SEM analysis is done to check the micro structure of the material after welding by electron interaction with the atoms in the sample. Tensile test have been conducted and the s-n ratio curve is generated. The test is conducted and analysed on the basis of ASTM standards.

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15

Kim, Seon Ho, Kyu Sik Kim, Shae K. Kim, Young Ok Yoon, Kyu Sang Cho, and Kee Ahn Lee. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Eco-2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.623.

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In this study, the microstructures and mechanical properties of the recently developed Eco-2024-T3 alloy were examined. Eco-2024 is made using Eco-Mg (Mg-Al2Ca) in place of element Mg during the manufacture of alloy 2024-T3. This is an alloy that has economic advantage and excellent properties. Alloy Eco-2024 showed smaller crystal grains that were distributed more evenly compared to the existing alloy 2024-T3. It consisted of Al matrices containing minute amounts of Al2CuMg, Al2Cu, and Ca phases and showed microstructures with reduced amounts of Fe phases or oxide. As a result of tensile tests, this alloy exhibited yield strength of 413 MPa, tensile strength of 527 MPa, and elongation of 15.4%. In other words, it showed higher strength than the existing alloy 2024 but was similar to the existing alloy 2024 in terms of elongation. In fatigue tests, alloy Eco-2024-T3 recorded fatigue limit of 330 MPa or around 80% of its yield strength; this is a much more excellent property compared to the existing alloy 2024-T3, which has fatigue limit of 250 MPa. Based on the aforementioned results, the correlation between the excellent mechanical properties of alloy Eco-2024-T3 and its microstructure was examined.

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16

Egorkin, Vladimir S., Igor E. Vyaliy, Andrey S. Gnedenkov, Nikolay V. Izotov, Dmitry K. Tolkanov, Andrey K. Runov, Alexander N. Minaev, Sergey L. Sinebryukhov, and Sergey V. Gnedenkov. "Influence of Formation Conditions on Corrosion Behavior of PEO-Coatings during Salt-Spray Test." Solid State Phenomena 312 (November 2020): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.312.319.

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Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) was used to form a protective layer on 5754 and 2024 aluminum alloys to improve the corrosion properties of the processed materials. The protective performances of the obtained coatings were studied by a combination of electrochemical methods and salt spray test. The absence of pitting corrosion after a 7-day test for the entire series of PEO-layers on aluminum alloys 5754 and 2024 was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Also, microcracks were detected only in the SEM-image for the most porous and thin PEO-coating formed on aluminum alloy 2024 at duty cycle = 0.06 and 30 min.

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17

Helling, D. E., A. K. Miller, and M. G. Stout. "An Experimental Investigation of the Yield Loci of 1100-0 Aluminum, 70:30 Brass, and an Overaged 2024 Aluminum Alloy After Various Prestrains." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 108, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3225888.

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The multiaxial yield behaviors of 1100-0 aluminum, 70:30 brass, and an overaged 2024 aluminum alloy (2024-T7) have been investigated for a variety of prestress histories involving combinations of normal and shear stresses. Von Mises effective prestrains were in the range of 1.2–32%. Prestress paths were chosen in order to investigate the roles of prestress and prestrain direction on the nature of small-strain offset (ε = 5 × 10−6) yield loci. Particular attention was paid to the directionality, i.e., translation and distortion, of the yield locus. A key result, which was observed in all three materials, was that the final direction of the prestrain path strongly influences the distortions of the yield loci. Differences in the yield locus behavior of the three materials were also observed: brass and the 2024-T7 alloy showed more severe distortions of the yield locus and a longer memory of their entire prestrain history than the 1100-0 aluminum. In addition, more “kinematic” translation of the subsequent yield loci was observed in brass and 2024-T7 than in 1100-0 aluminum. The 2024-T7 differed from the other materials, showing a yield locus which decreased in size subsequent to plastic straining. Finally, the implications of these observations for the constitutive modeling of multiaxial material behavior are discussed.

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18

Yan, Hong Juan, Feng Bin Liu, and Qin Xue Pan. "Nonlinear Ultrasonic Properties of Stress in 2024 Aluminum." Advanced Materials Research 1142 (January 2017): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1142.371.

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Perturbation method is used to resolve one-dimensional wave equation under the assumption of small strain conditions. The relationship of the second order relative nonlinear coefficients (SORNC) β', the third order relative nonlinear coefficient (TORNC) δ' as the functions of fundamental and harmonic amplitudes is determined. The specimens are loaded from-200 MPa to 320 MPa at increments of 40 MPa by the electron universal testing machines. The SORNC β' and TORNC δ' are detected by the nonlinear ultrasonic testing system when ultrasonic waves propagate in the specimens. Results show that the relative nonlinear coefficients increase with the stress. The SORNT β' is approximately linear with the stress when stress is lower than 84.6% of the yield strength. The TORNC δ' is approximately linear with the stress when stress is lower than 76.9% of the yield strength.

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19

Hao, Shi Ming, and Jing Pei Xie. "Hot Deformation Behaviors of SiCp/2024 Aluminum Composites." Advanced Materials Research 833 (November 2013): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.833.271.

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The hot deformation behaviors of 30%SiCp/2024 aluminum alloy composites was studied by hot compression tests using Gleeble-1500 thermomechanical simulator at temperatures ranging from 350-500 °C under strain rates of 0.01-10 s-1. The true stress-true strain curves were obtained in the tests. Constitutive equation and processing map were established. The results show that the flow stress decreases with the increase of deformation temperature at a constant strain rate, and increases with the increase of strain rate at constant temperature, indicating that composite is a positive strain rate sensitive material. The flow stress behavior of composite during hot compression deformation can be represented by a Zener-Hollomon parameter in the hyperbolic sine form. Its activation energy for hot deformation Q is 153.251 kJ/mol. The optimum hot working conditions for this material are suggested.

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20

KATO, Kazuyoshi, and Hiroshi TOKISUE. "Mechanical properties of friction welded 2024 aluminum alloy." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 40, no. 5 (1990): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.40.351.

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21

Cook, R. L., and S. R. Taylor. "Pigment-Derived Inhibitors for Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3." CORROSION 56, no. 3 (March 2000): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3287661.

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22

Zaroog, Omar Suliman, Aidy Ali, and Sahari B. Barkawi. "Characterization of Shot Peened 2024-T351 Aluminum Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 912–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.912.

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Specimens of 2024-T351 aluminium alloy under different three shot peening intensities were studied. The modifications of the surface layers of the shot peened specimens were investigated through microhardness, surface microstructure and residual stress relaxation after the first and second load cycles under two cyclic loads. No significant changes in microstructure after the three shot peeing intensities were observed with respect to untreated specimens. Rapid residual stress relaxation was observed in specimens after the first cycle. Relaxation of residual stresses occurred within first loading cycles were increased with increasing loading stress amplitude and due to quasi-static relaxation effects.

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23

Hu, B., and I. M. Richardson. "Autogenous laser keyhole welding of aluminum alloy 2024." Journal of Laser Applications 17, no. 2 (May 2005): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.1896964.

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24

Riveiro, A., F. Quintero, F. Lusquiños, J. Pou, and M. Pérez-Amor. "Laser cutting of 2024-T3 aeronautic aluminum alloy." Journal of Laser Applications 20, no. 4 (November 2008): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.2995769.

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25

WANG, Xiaogui. "Multi-axial Fatigue of 2024-T4 Aluminum Alloy." Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 24, no. 02 (2011): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/cjme.2011.02.195.

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26

Cai, W. D., J. Smugeresky, and E. J. Lavernia. "Low-pressure spray forming of 2024 aluminum alloy." Materials Science and Engineering: A 241, no. 1-2 (January 1998): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(97)00477-2.

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27

Hong, Zhang, and Yu Chengye. "Laser shock processing of 2024-T62 aluminum alloy." Materials Science and Engineering: A 257, no. 2 (December 1998): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(98)00793-x.

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28

Riveiro, A., F. Quintero, J. del Val, M. Boutinguiza, D. Wallerstein, R. Comesaña, F. Lusquiños, and J. Pou. "Laser cutting of aluminum alloy Al-2024-T3." Procedia Manufacturing 13 (2017): 396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2017.09.028.

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29

CHO, Shunsuke, Arthur J. MCEVILY, and Hisao MATSUNAGA. "213 Fatigue striations in 2024-T3 aluminum alloy." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2007 (2007): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2007.73.

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30

Benavides, S., Y. Li, L. E. Murr, D. Brown, and J. C. McClure. "Low-temperature friction-stir welding of 2024 aluminum." Scripta Materialia 41, no. 8 (September 1999): 809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(99)00226-2.

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31

Huda, Zainul, Nur Iskandar Taib, and Tuan Zaharinie. "Characterization of 2024-T3: An aerospace aluminum alloy." Materials Chemistry and Physics 113, no. 2-3 (February 2009): 515–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.09.050.

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32

Kamoutsi, H., G. N. Haidemenopoulos, V. Bontozoglou, and S. Pantelakis. "Corrosion-induced hydrogen embrittlement in aluminum alloy 2024." Corrosion Science 48, no. 5 (May 2006): 1209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2005.05.015.

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33

Naim, M., and S. Bahadur. "Erosion behavior of prestrained and aged 2024 aluminum." Wear 128, no. 3 (December 1988): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(88)90061-0.

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34

Jahn, M. T., and H. C. Voris. "SEM study of humid air effect on fatigue of aluminum alloy 2024-T351." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 298–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100153464.

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There is general agreement that the fatigue life of high strength aluminum alloys is reduced in humid environment. However, there are also data supporting the theory that humidity plays an insignificant role in the reduction of the fatigue life of aluminum alloy 2024-T351. In this study we examined the effects of stress level and water vapor density on the fatigue life of aluminum alloy 2024-T351 using scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM evidence of the deleterious effect of humid air on the fatigue life of specimens cycled at intermediate stress level was presented. Discrepancies between this study and others were explained.Commercial aluminum alloy 2024-T35l (4.40Cu-1.45Mg-0.70Mn-0.23 Fe-0.15Si-0.13Zn) extruded bars were fatigue tested in reversed bending. The cycling was conducted in an environmentally controlled chamber. Ten specimens were machined for each fatigue stress level of 248, 276, 290, 317 and 359 MPa. Five specimens fran each stress level were cycled in desicated air at a relative humidity less than 45%.

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35

Liu, Shi Chao, Jie Cai, Le Ji, Zai Qiang Zhang, Xiu Li Hou, Yi Ping Lv, and Qing Feng Guan. "Microstructure Evolution of 2024 Aluminum Alloys Subjected to Thermal Cycling in Simulated LEO Space Environment." Advanced Materials Research 787 (September 2013): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.787.35.

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The microstructures and properties of 2024 aeronautical aluminum alloy subjected to thermal cycling were investigated in simulated Low Earth Orbit space environment. The experimental results demonstrate that the microhardness of aluminum alloys changed with the increasing of thermal cycles. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show that the property changes of the 2024 aluminum alloys during the thermal cycling period are closely related to the microstructural evolution. The relationship between the microstructural evolution and the thermal fatigue was also discussed.

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36

Gao, Tie Jun, Yao Wang, Jian Guang Liu, and Zhong Jin Wang. "Research on Formability of Aluminum Alloy 2024 Sheet by Viscous Pressure Forming." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 2872–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.2872.

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Viscous pressure forming(VPF) using a semi-solid, flowable, highly viscous and certain rate sensitive macromolecule polymer as the forming flexible-die is a good forming method for high strength, low plasticity, complex sheet metal parts. In this paper, the bulging process of aluminum alloy 2024 sheet is carried out by combining methods of experiments with numerical simulation. Influences of viscous medium properties on the geometry of bulging specimens, thickness distribution and the pressure field of viscous medium are analyzed, and the limit bulging heights of aluminum alloy 2024 sheets are obtained. The research results show that choosing viscous medium with high rate sensitivity in the forming process can increase the non-uniformity of viscous pressure field, improve the viscous pressure bulging property of aluminum alloy 2024 sheet, and ameliorate the distribution uniformity of wall thickness of bulging specimens.

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Yankin, Andrey, A. I. Mugatarov, and V. E. Wildemann. "Influence of different loading paths on the multiaxial fatigue behavior of 2024 aluminum alloy under the same amplitude values of the second invariant of the stress deviator tensor." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 15, no. 55 (December 28, 2020): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.55.25.

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2024 aluminum alloy is a common aeronautic material. During operations, construction elements made of aluminum alloys undertake complex cyclic loadings. Therefore, it is important to estimate the influence of these loadings on the durability of the material. Hereby, multiaxial fatigue tests with the same amplitude values of the second invariant of the stress deviator tensor are conducted, and test data are analyzed. The modified Sines method is utilized to predict fatigue experimental data. Results show that the model is accurate enough to fatigue behavior prediction of 2024 aluminum alloy.

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Du, Xu, Yu-ting He, Chao Gao, Kai Liu, Teng Zhang, and Sheng Zhang. "MCMC-Based Fatigue Crack Growth Prediction on 2024-T6 Aluminum Alloy." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9409101.

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This work aims to make the crack growth prediction on 2024-T6 aluminum alloy by using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). The fatigue crack growth test is conducted on the 2024-T62 aluminum alloy standard specimens, and the scatter of fatigue crack growth behavior was analyzed by using experimental data based on mathematical statistics. An empirical analytical solution of Paris’ crack growth model was introduced to describe the crack growth behavior of 2024-T62 aluminum alloy. The crack growth test results were set as prior information, and prior distributions of model parameters were obtained by MCMC using OpenBUGS package. In the additional crack growth test, the first test point data was regarded as experimental data and the posterior distribution of model parameters was obtained based on prior distributions combined with experimental data by using the Bayesian updating. At last, the veracity and superiority of the proposed method were verified by additional crack growth test.

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Refeay, Abdullah A., N. A. Kamel, M. A. Abdel-Rahman, Yahia A. Lotfy, and Emad A. Badawi. "Effect of Ageing on Microstructures, Electrical Properties and PALS of Aircraft Al Alloy 2024." Defect and Diffusion Forum 319-320 (October 2011): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.319-320.51.

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A comprehensive and systematic study using PALS technique, Vickers hardness test and electrical LCR meter were undertaken to follow property development during the recently promoted interrupted ageing treatment for 2024 aluminum alloy. In this work, solution heat treatments at different temperatures were performed in aircraft materials 2024 aluminum alloy. This work describes the development of the dependence of mechanical, electrical properties of 2024 Al-alloys on heat treatment to characterize microstructural changes during heat treatment. PALS, mechanical and electrical testing will be used to measure the features of the material as a function of time for each ageing temperatures.

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Friedman, R., J. Kennedy, and D. Royster. "Analysis and Compression Testing of 2024 and 8009 Aluminum Alloy Zee-Stiffened Panels." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 116, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2904279.

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Zee-stiffened compression test panels, fabricated with dispersion-strengthened, high-temperature 8009 aluminum alloy sheet, were evaluated to determine the alloy’s feasibility for compression-critical applications. A compression panel design configuration was obtained using a strength analysis program that predicts the post-skin buckling strength of flat or curved-skinned, metallic-stiffened structure. Three short-column panels were tested to failure at room temperature: (a) a baseline riveted panel fabricated with 2024-T62 aluminum zee stringers and a 2024-T81 aluminum skin, (b) a riveted panel fabricated with 8009 aluminum zee stringers and skin, and (c) a resistance spot-welded panel fabricated with 8009 aluminum zee stringers and skin. The 8009 alloy exhibited pronounced, compressive strength anisotropy, necessitating panel orientation to take advantage of the higher compressive yield in the sheet transverse direction. Compression test results were in good agreement with the predicted compression allowables since they were within 5 percent of the test strength. The 8009 aluminum riveted panel exhibited superior skin buckling resistance and failed in the wrinkling mode, as predicted, at a load approximately 15 percent higher than that of the baseline 2024 panel. The spotwelded 8009 panel did not fail in the wrinkling mode since the spot welds failed in tension shortly after the skin locally buckled. The latter test indicates that the spot welded skin-stringer combinations should not be used above the buckling stress. Due to its excellent microstructural stability at elevated temperatures, high-temperature compression panels of 8009 alloy offer potential weight savings of 25 percent compared with conventional aluminum alloys.

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Xie, Zong Hong, Tian Jiao Zhao, and Rui Wu. "Experimental Study on Fatigue Crack Propagation of Glare3-3/2 with Mechanics Properties." Advanced Materials Research 600 (November 2012): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.600.273.

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This study is to investigate the fatigue crack growth behavior of Glare3-3/2 under various stress levels. The Glare3-3/2 specimen consists of three 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheets and two layers of glass/epoxy composite lamina. Tensile-tensile cyclic fatigue tests were conducted on centrally notched specimen at four stress levels with various maximum values. A digital camera system was used to take photos of the propagating cracks on both sides of the specimen. Image processing software was adopted to accurately measure the length of the cracks on each photo. The test results show that 1) Compared to 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, the fatigue properties of Glare3-3/2 are much better: under the same loading condition with maximum stress level of 120MPa, the crack growth rate of Glare3-3/2 is roughly 5% of the corresponding value of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, while the fatigue life is 4 times higher than that of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy. 2) The maximum stress level shows strong influence on fatigue crack propagation behavior of Glare3-3/2. The value of steady state crack growth rate increases linearly, while the number of load cycles decreases exponentially, with respect to the maximum stress values used in the fatigue tests.

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Musa, Ahmed Y., Abu Bakar Mohamad, Abdul Amir H. Kadhum, Mohd Sobri Takriff, Abdul Razak Daud, and Siti Kartom Kamarudin. "Inhibition of Aluminum Alloy 2024 Corrosion by 4-Amino-5-Phenyl-4H-1, 2, 4-Trizole-3-Thiol in Highly Sulfuric Acid Solution." Advanced Materials Research 93-94 (January 2010): 354–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.93-94.354.

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Electrochemical polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were involved to study the corrosion inhibition of aluminum alloy 2024 in 2.5M H2SO4 solution by 4-amino-5-phenyl-4H-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-thiol (APTT) at 30 ○C. Potentiodynamic polarization results were comparable with those obtained by impedance measurements. Results showed that APTT performed as inhibitor for aluminum alloy 2024 corrosion in 2.5M H2SO4 solution and it attains an efficiency of more than 32% at 4×10- 4 M at 30 ○C . The inhibition efficiency increases with an increase in the concentration of APTT. Polarization curves show that APTT is a mix-type inhibitor. Changes in impedance parameters (charge transfer resistance, Rct, and double layer capacitance, Cdl) were indicative of adsorption of APTT on the aluminum alloy 2024 surface, leading to the formation of protective films

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Ashrafi, Sina Alizadeh, Ali Davoudinejad, Mohsen Marani Barzani, and Pouria Salehi. "Investigation into Effect of Tool Wear on Drilling Force and Surface Finish While Dry Drilling Aluminum 2024." Advanced Materials Research 548 (July 2012): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.548.387.

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Dry drilling of aluminum is environmentally friendly machining technique; in the meanwhile it is difficult to carry out due to aluminums gummy behavior and its tendency to adhere to cutting tools which diminishes hole quality. In spite of recent developments in cutting tool technology, HSS tools are still a cost effective choice due to relatively high toughness and feasibility to manufacture complex geometries of HSS drills besides its low price, make this tool a common choice for drilling soft materials such as aluminum. In this study effect of tool wear on thrust force and torque analyzed and hole quality assessed with respect to tool wear along tool life. Dry drilling on aluminum 2024, performed using HSS and HSCo drills at constant feed rate of 0.04 mm/rev and two cutting speeds of 28 and 94 m/min. Results revealed that the abrasive wear on flank face and BUE on chisel edge, margin and cutting lips were dominant mechanisms in all drills. It was found that with propagating the wear land on tool, thrust force and torque increased in both tools.

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Guo, Hong Min, and Xiang Jie Yang. "Rheoforging of Wrought Aluminum Alloys." Solid State Phenomena 141-143 (July 2008): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.141-143.271.

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Wrought aluminum alloys have wide variety applications in aerospace and automobile industries, due to their superior properties compared to casting aluminum alloys. Rheoforging is a modification of thixoforging, which starts directly from the liquid phase instead of reheating of a billet. In the present process, suitable semi-solid slurries of wrought aluminum alloys are prepared by the LSPSF (low superheat pouring with a shear field) rheocasting process within 25s. The effects of processing conditions on the degree of spherical grain refinement in 2024, 6082 and 7075 alloys are discussed. 2024 and 7075 alloys have been used in order to investigate rheoformability of high performance aluminum alloy. Experimental results show that rheoforging based on LSPSF process can produce relatively homogeneous microstructure throughout the cup-shaped component. However, high solid fraction of semi-solid slurry promotes metal flow and results in solid/liquid segregation. Subsequent optimized heat treatments raise significantly the mechanical properties. Future potentials and challenges to be solved are discussed.

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Chen, Guo Liang, Ning Wang, and Ming He Chen. "Research on Deformation Behavior of 2024 H18 Aluminum Alloy at Elevated Temperature." Materials Science Forum 770 (October 2013): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.770.329.

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Uniaxial tensile deformation behavior of 2024 H18 aluminum sheet alloys was studied in the hot forming process with synchronous cooling temperature range of 300°C~475°C and in the strain rate range of 0.0005/s~0.1/s. The effects of temperature and strain rate on stress, elongation to facture were analyzed. And a constitutive model was proposed to describe the relationship of true stress-true stain by multiple linear regression analysis. It was found that the forming temperature and strain rate have great effect on the hot forming behavior of the alloys. The max stress reduced greatly with the increasing of temperature or reducing of strain rate, while the tensile elongation tended to rise first and then fall with the increasing of temperature and strain rate. The forming of 2024 H18 aluminum alloy at elevated temperature occurred with the strain hardening and dynamic softening. The constitutive model of 2024 H18 aluminum alloy agrees well with the experimental data.

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McEvily, A. J., Masahiro Endo, S. Cho, J. Kasivitamnuay, and Hisao Matsunaga. "Fatigue Striations and Fissures in 2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy." Materials Science Forum 567-568 (December 2007): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.567-568.397.

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A study has been made of the striations and fissures developed in the aluminum alloy 2024-T3 during fatigue crack growth. Fissures were found to form on inclined facets. They were uniformly spaced as the result of a shielding process. Striation spacings were in accord with da/dN values at the higher levels of K investigated, but at low K levels striation spacings were larger than the corresponding da/dN values. The percentage of the fracture surface containing striations varied with the K level, ranging from less than 1 % at low K levels to 80 % at higher K levels. The reason for the discrepancy between the spacing of striations and the corresponding da/dN values is discussed.

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Chen, G. S., M. Gao, and R. P. Wei. "Microconstituent-Induced Pitting Corrosion in Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3." CORROSION 52, no. 1 (January 1996): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3292099.

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Pataric, Aleksandra, Zvonko Gulisija, and Srdjan Markovic. "Microstructure Examination of Electromagnetic Casting 2024 Aluminum Alloy Ingots." Practical Metallography 44, no. 6 (June 2007): 290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/147.100346.

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49

Kachurina, Olga, Tammy L. Metroke, and Kai Dou. "Laser-induced electrochemical characteristics of aluminum alloy 2024-T3." Journal of Laser Applications 16, no. 1 (February 2004): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.1642630.

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Chen, Zhen Zhong, Mao Min Wu, and Yao Xiao. "Corrosion Properties of Friction Stir Welded 2024 Aluminum Alloys." Applied Mechanics and Materials 670-671 (October 2014): 573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.670-671.573.

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The corrosion properties of friction stir welded 2024 aluminum alloys are studied in this paper. The results show that after 50 hours corrosion in 3.5% NaCl solution, the strength limit, Yield strength and elongations decreased compared to non-corrosion specimen, but not much. All fracture initiated at surface or sub-surface flaws at advancing side. Larger propagation zone is seen in corrosion specimen compared to non-corrosion.

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