Academic literature on the topic 'Aluminum chlorohydrate'

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of positioning unknown ingredients either with the presence or absence of framing; both are common in marketplace (e.g. Secret® deodorant visibly claims “aluminum chlorohydrate” while Crystal® promotes “no aluminum chlorohydrate”). Design/methodology/approach The authors used three scenario-based experiments. The participants were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk online panel and randomly assigned to a variety of experimental conditions. Findings Initial study results show that consumers have more positive evaluations and purchase intentions for absence positioning than presence positioning, because absence positioning induces greater perceptions of protection. In the second study, these results are extended using multiple ingredients, along with competitor products; they show that absence positioning leads to better evaluations than presence positioning and replicate the mediation effect that was found earlier. In the final study, through manipulating participants’ regulatory focus, the authors show that absence-positioned ingredients have a higher choice share when consumers are in the prevention mindset. Conversely, when customers are in promotion mindset and looking for better performance, presence positioning of ingredients seems to have higher choice shares. Research limitations/implications The research has implications for product development, promotions, labeling and packaging, showing the positive influence of absence positioning of unknown ingredients. Practical implications Marketers may emphasize the absence of unknown ingredients in their products instead of following a strategy that highlights the inclusion of them. Originality/value To the authors’ extant knowledge, this research is an initial attempt to understand how consumers react to promotion of product ingredients. In addition, it contributes to the literature in unknown attributes by showing that absence positioning of certain types of ingredients is perceived better than presence framing of them.

In this research, five different coagulants were evaluated to determine their effectiveness at removing turbidity, color and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from a surface water in Sarasota County, Florida. Bench-scale jar tests that simulated conventional coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation processes were used. Iron-based coagulants (ferric chloride and ferric sulfate) and aluminum-based coagulants (aluminum sulfate, polyaluminum chloride (PACl) and aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH)) were used to treat a highly organic surface water supply (DOC ranging between 10 and 30 mg/L), known as the Cow Pen Slough, located within central Sarasota County, Florida. Isopleths depicting DOC and color removal efficiencies as a function of both pH and coagulant dose were developed and evaluated. Ferric chloride and ACH were observed to obtain the highest DOC (85% and 70%, respectively) and color (98% and 97%, respectively) removals at the lowest dose concentrations (120 mg/L and 100 mg/L, respectively). Ferric sulfate was effective at DOC removal but required a higher concentration of coagulant and was the least effective coagulant at removing color. The traditional iron-based coagulants and alum had low turbidity removals and they were often observed to add turbidity to the water. PACl and ACH had similar percent removals for color and turbidity achieving consistent percent removals of 95% and 45%, respectively, but PACl was less effective than ACH at removing organics. Sludge settling curves, dose-sludge production ratios, and settling velocities were determined at optimum DOC removal conditions for each coagulant. Ferric chloride was found to have the highest sludge settling rate but also produced the largest sludge quantities. Total trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) was measured for the water treated with ferric chloride and ACH. As with DOC removal, ferric chloride yielded a higher percent reduction with respect to THMFP.
M.S.Env.E.
Masters
Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering

Les sels d’aluminium sont utilisés par l’industrie cosmétique comme actifs anti-transpirants pour limiter la sudation. Leur mécanisme d’action, lié en partie à leur structure très complexe, est encore mal élucidé. Le développement de nouveaux outils de caractérisation pour améliorer la compréhension de leur action anti-transpirante au niveau moléculaire est donc crucial, pour, à terme, optimiser leur utilisation, voire pouvoir les remplacer par d’autres composés actifs. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été, d’une part, de caractériser, par une nouvelle approche analytique, les oligomères contenus dans les chlorhydrates d’aluminium (ACH) utilisés comme agents anti-transpirants et, d’autre part, d’étudier les interactions entre ces ingrédients cosmétiques et des protéines modèles. Dans une première partie, une méthode en électrophorèse capillaire de zone (CZE) a été développée pour la séparation, la caractérisation et l’analyse quantitative de la distribution des oligomères d’ACH (notamment, Al13 et Al30). Les choix du contre-ion, de la force ionique et du greffage du capillaire se sont révélés cruciaux pour le succès de la séparation, la stabilité des espèces au cours du processus électrophorétique et la répétabilité / reproductibilité de la séparation. L’optimisation des paramètres de séparation a permis d’étendre l’application de cette méthode à l’analyse d’autres espèces oligomères et colloïdales de l’aluminium, et de mettre en place un couplage en ligne avec l’analyse de la dispersion de Taylor (TDA). L’isotachophorèse capillaire (ITP) a également été explorée pour l’analyse d’échantillon à des concentrations élevées en ACH, se rapprochant de celles des formules anti-transpirantes. Les résultats obtenus montrent qu’il est possible d’analyser des échantillons jusqu’à 40 g/L en ACH. Enfin, le mécanisme d’obstruction du canal sudoripare semblant impliquer des phénomènes de complexations entre les oligomères d’aluminium et des protéines de la sueur lors de l’application de l’antitranspirant, l’enjeu du dernier volet de la thèse a été de développer une méthode en électrophorèse capillaire d’affinité (ACE) pour l’étude des interactions entre ACH et des protéines modèles (BSA et lysozyme). Pour cela l’électrolyte utilisé en ACE est uniquement constitué de ligands (ACH), sur une gamme de concentrations élevée (jusqu’à 50 g/L), afin de se rapprocher des conditions d’application. D’un point de vue analytique, le défi de ce travail a été de corriger les mobilités électrophorétiques des protéines des paramètres expérimentaux variant avec la concentration en ACH (échauffement par effet Joule, viscosité, état de charge de la protéine en fonction du pH, force ionique). Il a été possible de mettre en évidence des différences quantitatives de comportement électrophorétique traduisant des différences d’interaction entre les deux protéines modèles étudiées (BSA et lysozyme) et les ACH
Aluminum chlorohydrates (ACH) are used by the cosmetics industry as antiperspirant active ingredients to limit sweating. Their mechanism of action, is still poorly understood. The development of new characterization tools to improve the understanding of their antiperspirant action at the molecular level is therefore crucial, to ultimately optimize their use, or even to replace them with other active compounds. The purposed of this work, was to characterize by a new analytical approach the oligomers contained in ACH and to study their interactions with model proteins. In a first part, a method was developed by capillary electrophoresis zone (CZE) for the separation, characterization and quantitative analysis of ACH oligomers (in particular Al13 and Al30). The choice of counter-ion, ionic strength and capillary coating was crucial for the success of the separation, the stability of the species during the electrophoretic process and the repeatability / reproducibility of the separation. The optimization of the separation conditions has made it possible to the separation of other oligomeric and colloidal species of aluminum, and to set up an on-line coupling of CZE to Taylor dispersion. analysis (TDA). Capillary isotachophoresis (ITP) was also explored for ACH analysis at high concentrations, close to those used in antiperspirant formulations. It was shown that it is possible to analyze samples up to 40 g / L in ACH. Finally, interactions of ACH with model proteins (BSA and lysozyme) were studied by capillary affinity electrophoresis (ACE) to shed more light on the phenomena of complexation leading to the obstruction of the sweat duct. The electrolyte used in ACE consists solely of ligands (ACH), at relatively high concentrations (up to 50 g / L), in order to mimic the conditions of application. From an analytical point of view, the challenge of this work was to correct the electrophoretic mobilities of the proteins from the experimental parameters varying with the concentration ACH (Joule heating, viscosity, state of charge of the protein as a function of the pH, ionic strength). It was possible to quantitatively demonstrate differences in the interactions between ACH and the two studied model proteins (BSA and lysozyme)

Lead is a known toxin, with the ability to accumulate in the human body from as early as fetal development. Lead exposure is known to cause a myriad of health effects which are more prominent among children. Health effects upon exposure can range from renal and heart disease or potentially cancer in adults to neurotoxicity in children. The continued presence of old lead service lines and plumbing in distribution systems as well as lead-containing solders and brass fixtures in homes may contribute lead to drinking water. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of a predictor known as the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) in controlling lead release. A ratio above 0.5 – 0.6 theoretically increases the aggressiveness of lead leaching in galvanic settings, while a lower ratio controls lead corrosion. A switch in coagulant type could significantly alter the ratio. However, a coagulant switch could also trigger changes in finished water turbidity and organics, including disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors, as well as impact sludge production. Anecdotal evidence from an Ontario water treatment utility suggested the potential applicability of a newly formulated polymer, cationic activated silica (CAS), in improving DBP precursor removal when used in concurrence with a primary coagulant. No previous scientific research had been dedicated to testing of the polymer. The present research had three primary objectives: The first was to investigate the effect of conventional coagulation with six different coagulants on the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio as it pertains to lead corrosion in two Ontario source waters of differing quality. Additionally, the effect of coagulant choice on pH, turbidity, and organics removal was investigated. The second objective was aimed at testing potential reductions in CSMR and organics that could be brought about by the use of two polymers, cationic and anionic activated silica (CAS and AAS, respectively), as flocculant aids. Finally, the performance of a high-rate sand-ballasted clarification process was simulated at bench-scale to gauge its performance in comparison with conventional coagulation simulation techniques. The first series of jar-tests investigated the effectiveness of CAS as a primary coagulant on Lake Ontario water. In comparison with the conventional coagulants aluminum sulfate and polyaluminum chloride, CAS did not offer any apparent advantage with respect to turbidity and organics removal. Testing of CAS and AAS as flocculant aids was also conducted. Results from a full factorial experiment focused on CAS testing on Lake Ontario water showed that coagulant dose is the most significant contributor to CSMR, turbidity, DOC removal, and THM control. Generally, improvements resulting from CAS addition were of small magnitude (<15%). Reductions in CSMR were attributed to the presence of the sulfate-containing chemicals alum and sulfuric acid in the CAS formulation. Testing of sulfuric acid-activated AAS on Grand River water showed that pairing of AAS with polyaluminum chloride provides better results than with alum with respect to DOC removal (39% and 27% respectively at 60 mg/L coagulant dose). Highest turbidity removals (>90%) with both coagulants were achieved at the tested coagulant and AAS doses of 10 mg/L and 4 mg/L respectively. CSMR reductions in the presence of AAS were also attributable to sulfate contribution from sulfuric acid. Bench-scale simulation of a high-rate sand-ballasted clarification process on Grand River water showed comparable removal efficiencies for turbidity (80 – 90% at 10 mg/L), and DOC (30 – 40% at 50 mg/L). Finally, six different coagulants were tested on the two source waters for potential applicability in CSMR adjustment in the context of lead corrosion. The two chloride-containing coagulants polyaluminum chloride and aluminum chlorohydrate increased CSMR in proportion to the coagulant dose added, as would be expected. Average chloride contribution per 10 mg/L coagulant dose was 2.7 mg/L and 2.0 mg/L for polyaluminum chloride and aluminum chlorohydrate, respectively. Sulfate-contributing coagulants aluminum sulfate, ferric sulfate, pre-hydroxylated aluminum sulfate, and polyaluminum silicate sulfate reduced CSMR as coagulant dose increased, also as would be expected. The highest sulfate contributors per 10 mg/L dose were pre-hydroxylated aluminum sulfate (6.2 mg/L) and ferric sulfate (6.0 mg/L). The lowest CSMR achieved was 0.6 in Lake Ontario water at a 30 mg/L dose and 0.8 in Grand River water at a 60 mg/L dose. Highest DOC removals were achieved with the chloride-containing coagulants in both waters (35 – 50%) with aluminum chlorohydrate showing superiority in that respect. DOC removals with sulfate-containing coagulants were less, generally in the range of 22 – 41%. Specificity of critical CSMR values to source water needs to be investigated. Additionally, long term effects of sustained high or low CSMR values in distribution systems need to be further looked into. Finally, the effect of interventions to alter CSMR on other water quality parameters influencing lead corrosion such as pH and alkalinity still represent a research deficit.