Academic literature on the topic 'Aluminum Pipe'

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Journal articles on the topic "Aluminum Pipe"

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Gao, Yong Tao, and Xiao Hu. "Material Test on Aluminum Alloy Round Pipe for Building Structure." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 981–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.981.

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With the unilateral extending test on 4 teams*12 aluminum alloy round pipes, compressing test on 4 teams*4 pipes and repeating extending/compressing test on 4 teams*4 pipes, get the stress-strain relationship of the aluminum alloy round pipe, and get the elastic modulus f0.1 and f0.2. At the same time, get the conclusion that the damaging type is brittleness. The test result is the foundation for follow-up studies on the loading capacity of the aluminum alloys.
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Hangai, Yoshihiko, Yukiko Nakano, Takao Utsunomiya, Osamu Kuwazuru, Soichiro Kitahara, and Nobuhiro Yoshikawa. "Aluminum Foam-Filled Pipe Using Thin-Wall Aluminum Pipe Fabricated from Plate." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 80, no. 6 (2016): 386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.j2016006.

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Sun, Youhong, Xiaofeng Wang, Baochang Liu, Dali Ding, and Qingnan Meng. "Inverse solution to heat transfer coefficient during heat assembly of aluminum alloy drill pipes." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 9, no. 7 (July 2017): 168781401771497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814017714970.

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With the rapid development of oil and gas industry, as well as geological exploration industry, the requirements on properties of aluminum alloy drill pipes are increasing. During heat assembly of aluminum alloy drill pipes, the cooling process inside the pipes has a direct impact on the connection performance of pipes. Thus, study of the convective heat transfer coefficient between the cooling water and the internal wall of aluminum alloy pipes is important. Conventional algorithms cannot easily solve the problem of determining the heat transfer coefficient at the complex structure of aluminum alloy drill pipes. Therefore, this article conducts a heat assembly experiment between aluminum alloy drill pipes and steel joints to obtain adequate, accurate temperature data. Based on these experimental data and an inverse heat conduction model, the heat transfer coefficients during the heat assembly process are determined by a finite element program and the differential evolution algorithm. The correlation curve between the cooling water flowrate and the convective heat transfer coefficient obtained in this article is important in the accurate prediction of heat transfer capacity and temperature field distribution during heat assembly at different cooling water flowrates. The analysis results show that the heat transfer coefficients are nonlinear functions of cooling water flowrates. The temperature is highest at location A1 and gradually declines backward along the axis of the drill pipe. The heat transfer coefficient gradually declines backward along the axis of the drill pipe. The increasing flowrate of cooling water will cause the convective heat transfer coefficient along the axis of the drill pipe to escalate irregularly.
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Sriram, V., and B. Kanimozhi. "Investigation of the Effect of Different Materials on Uniform Heat Distribution Over a Solar Collector Pipe." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 2021–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8842.

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Collector pipe used in solar power plant is a device for converting water from ambient temperature to the raised temperature which in turn used to rotate turbine blades. The raise in temperature is not that much when compared to thermal or nuclear power plant, so researches are going on for improving the heat carrying capacity of collector pipes. The productivity in pipe directly depends on the factors such as solar radiation incident on it, temperature distribution over the pipe, surrounding temperature, material of the pipeline used, and thickness of the pipe. When comparing to all of such parameters, the temperature distribution over the pipe is the main parameter which determines the performance of the collector pipe. For a particular type of solar collector pipe, the temperature distribution is function of length with day variation of solar incidence over it. In this work a collector pipe of length 2.2 m and 7 cm diameter is fabricated and tested under standard laboratory conditions for the uniform heat dissemination over the pipe. For keeping up the uniform temperature over the collector pipe, it is necessary to wound the pipe with metals like copper, aluminum. The results show that the heat distribution over the pipe is increased in case of copper when compared with aluminium.
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Itoh, S., A. Kira, Z. Y. Liu, and S. Nagano. "Deformation of Metal Pipe due to Underwater Shock Wave." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 121, no. 2 (May 1, 1999): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2883682.

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The deformation process of the metal pipes, accelerated by underwater shock wave resulting from the underwater detonation of explosive inside the metal pipe, was investigated by means of both the optical observation experiment and the numerical calculation. The expanding deformation of metal pipes was experimentally viewed by both framing and streak photographic means. A computer code based on the arbitrary Lagrangian and Eulerian (ALE) method was used to perform the numerical simulation on this problem. It has confirmed that the deformations of the metal pipes obtained from the streak photographs agree quite well with those obtained by the numerical calculation. The experimental and numerical results both show that the expanding velocity along the radial direction in aluminum pipe is larger than that in copper pipe, under the same loading conditions; and also, the time needed to reach the maximum radial velocity is shorter in aluminum pipe than in copper pipe. The calculations clearly indicate that the metal pipes are able to acquire a maximum expanding velocity along the radial direction in a very short time after the beginning of the action of underwater shock wave, and also this maximum velocity value only decreases a little in the later time period.
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Mao, Jian She, You Hong Sun, and Bao Chang Liu. "Research on One-Shot Process of Hot Extrusion Forming Technology for Aluminum Alloy Drill Pipe." Applied Mechanics and Materials 415 (September 2013): 623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.415.623.

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Aluminum alloy drill pipe used in deep drilling has great potential and broad field of application. Unlike steel drill pipe production method, aluminum alloy drill pipe is manufactured using forward extrusion in the horizontal hydraulic extrusion press to extrud internal/external upset ends with variable cross-section, and form an assembly line to produce aluminum alloy drill pipe. In this experiment, using 55MN double-action extrusion press on 7075 aluminum alloy tubing to get variable cross-section on one-shot, the extruded pipe body are in good surface quality wihtout cracks, laying the foundation for the forming technology of variable cross-section of aluminum alloy drill pipe.
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Zhu, Wen Feng, Jie Wang, Pei Jian Lin, and Bing Yang Zhang. "Numerical Simulation of Influence of Different Heat Source Models on Temperature Field of Aluminum-Alloy Ring Weld Seam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 456 (October 2013): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.456.216.

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Ring-seam joint pipe is more and more widely used in advanced auto-body assembly. However, Aluminums higher conductivity, higher convection coefficient, oxidability and low plasticity in high temperature compared to convectional low carbon steel make its welding numerical simulation much more difficult. Thermal simulation is the fundamental of aluminums coupled calculations of thermo-elasto-plastic for welding. In this paper, a pipe joint of ring seam for ZL114 aluminum alloy is numerically modeled based on birth-death element method and moving-heat-source function loading method. The simulation results agree well with the experiments, which shows that the double ellipsoid heat source model is most suitable for MIG welding simulation of aluminum alloy.
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Ma, Shao Ming, Chuan Liu Wang, and Yun Lin Fan. "Effect of In Situ TiB2 Particles on the Grain Size and Mechanical Properties of 7075 Aluminum Alloy." Materials Science Forum 1035 (June 22, 2021): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1035.102.

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Light-weight and high-strength aluminum alloy drill pipes are potential and promising to replace traditional steel drill pipes. In this study, the grain size and mechanical properties of aluminum alloy drilling pipe materials reinforced by in-situ TiB2 particles were studied. The results showed when reinforced by in-situ TiB2 particles the grain size of aluminum alloy materials was refined from 155 m to 57 m and ultimate tensile strength was increased from 590 MPa to 720 MPa. Besides, the results also indicated that the friction coefficient was reduced from 0.99 to 0.50 and thus the abrasion resistance of 7075 aluminum alloy was enhanced by 34 %. This study provided theoretical basis for the application of light-weight and high-strength aluminum alloy drill pipes in directional drilling and ultra-deep wells.
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Wu, Hai Bao, Ji Zhen Li, De Fu Li, De Gui Liu, and Guo Qiang Chai. "Microstructures and Properties of Spinning for Silicon Carbide Particle Reinforced Aluminum Composite." Materials Science Forum 944 (January 2019): 571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.944.571.

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In this paper, 15% SiCp/2009A1 composites were subjected to multi-pass hot spinning experiments. The principle of the microstructure and properties of the materials was studied with the increase of thinning rate. The microstructures, interfaces, precipitates and their properties of the tube, which were in the states of spinning, spinning and solution heat treatment were analyzed and discussed.The research shows that it is possible to prepare spinning pipe with good shape and smooth surface by taking use of the spinning process of this paper. During the power spinning process, the force of the rotary wheel to the pipe causes the billet to produce two-way deformation, and the axial and tangential grains are obviously elongated and the flow line is formed.There are mainly Al, SiC, CuAl2and Mg2Si phases in the tube, and the spinning deformation does not change the phase composition of the composites, but the SiC distribution can be more uniform and the oxide film on the surface of the aluminum particles is broken, as a result that the oxygen element will cluster at the interface.The solution heat treatment after spinning can greatly improve the yield strength and tensile strength of SiC/Al composites with a slight decrease in plasticity. The spinning process used in this paper can not only form a composite pipe with a smaller diameter and thinner wall thickness, but it can still be applied when the diameter of the pipe blank becomes larger and the wall thickness becomes thicker.Through the research on spinning process and microstructure, the feasibility of spinning process for preparing aluminum matrix composites pipes was explored, which provided technical and theoretical support for the preparation and processing of Particulate reinforced aluminum matrix composites (PRAMCs) pipes for aviation and aerospace applications.
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Nakanishi, Eitoku, Masayuki Hyono, and Seijiro Maki. "Development of Axially Splitting Method for the Pipe Materials with the Cutting Tool." Advanced Materials Research 1017 (September 2014): 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1017.350.

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A simple processing method for splitting pipes in the axial direction using a cutting tool was investigated. The special tool developed in this study was pressed into the pipes in the axial direction, and the pipes were split very smoothly without any lubricant. This cutting method did not form fine chips, did not produce a significant heat effect on the inner wall surface. The splitting experiment was carried out with pipes constructed of aluminum and stainless steel. The outer diameters of the pipes were approximately 50 mm, and the thicknesses of the wall varied from 1 to 3 mm. The aluminum pipes were split very smooth by the tool, and curled strip-shaped chips were created by the splitting. On the other hand, the stainless pipes were greatly deformed, making them difficult to cut. Therefore, it was necessary to prevent deformation of the pipe by attaching an outer tool. The outer tool made it possible to cut stainless steel pipes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aluminum Pipe"

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Meratian, Isfahani Mahmood. "Thermal analysis of aluminum foundry alloys by a novel heat pipe probe." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28846.

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A new application of heat pipes is introduced. The present research deals with the development of a heat pipe for the on-line quality control of liquid aluminum silicon foundry alloys.
Thermal analysis is a technique whereby a small quantity of a melt is allowed to solidify while its cooling curve is recorded. Analysis of the cooling curve with standard mathematical algorithms allows one to determine a number of useful parameters that characterize the liquid and solid states of the material. In aluminum-silicon casting alloys thermal analysis is often used to assess the grain size and degree of eutectic modification of the alloy before pouring.
A novel probe has been developed for conducting thermal analysis of aluminum alloy melts. The probe, which resides in the melt, need not be withdrawn as it solidifies a small sample (i.e. button) at a predetermined cooling rate. Once the cooling curve results have been acquired, the probe can be instructed to remelt the frozen button and await instructions for analyzing a fresh sample.
The operating principle of this novel device is based on heat pipe technology. In simple terms, a heat pipe consists of a condenser and an evaporator which contain a relatively small quantity of working substance fluid. As heat is absorbed by the evaporator, the liquid phase of the working substance is vaporized and subsequently condensed on the condenser walls from which heat is extracted.
It has been shown that the designed probe, which is classified as a gas loaded annular thermosyphon, is completely workable in the range of conditions typically encountered in the thermal analysis of aluminum alloys. The thermal analysis results obtained with this new technique are in a good agreement with those of conventional thermal analysis. In addition, the new method is applicable to a wider range of operating conditions and is easier to use. Based on the semi-continuous nature of the new method, it does not need pre-preparation (materials, labour, pre-heating, thermocouple installation for each test, isolation of the sampling cup, etc.) to start thermal analysis. Also, from a cooling rate point of view, the system is well controllable. Moreover, it is shown that the probe is simple in construction, easy to use, and intelligent enough to provide semi-continuous thermal analysis. There are no consumable materials and moving parts.
Thermal analysis results are reported for pure aluminum, hypoeutectic aluminum silicon (356) and eutectic aluminum silicon (413) casting alloys. Agreement in the results between the new and conventional systems is shown to be excellent. Finally, a heat transfer/solidification model of the heat pipe thermal analysis probe is derived and validated.
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Marshall, Becki Jean. "Initiation, Propagation, and Mitigation of Aluminum and Chlorine Induced Pitting Corrosion." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35798.

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Previous research by Rushing et al. (2002) identified key factors contributing to the formation of pinhole leaks in copper plumbing. These factors included high chlorine, pH levels and the presence of aluminum solids. Experiments were conducted to 1) examine the interplay between these constituents, 2) confirm that the water was aggressive enough to eat a hole through a pipe, 3) examine phosphate inhibition, and 4) try to determine the scope of this pitting problem in other distribution systems and on a national level.

The first set of experiments clearly defined the controversial trends from earlier work. At certain pH values, the presence of chlorine and aluminum solids does seem to initiate pitting corrosion of copper. Although the problem is most severe at higher pH, it is likely that long-term exposure at lower values such as pH 8 could lead to pitting. There is a concentration effect of aluminum solids at pH 9.0, in that higher concentrations cause an earlier rise in the potential for copper to corrode if sufficient chlorine is present.

The second phase of experiments are the first to prove that a potable water containing aluminum, high chlorine residual, and relatively high pH can cause pinholes in copper tube. To our knowledge this is the first time the phenomenon of pinhole leaks has been reproduced in the laboratory as it occurs in the field. It therefore proves that "aggressive water" alone can cause the problem of pitting. The role of flow, pipe orientation and hypothesized surface defects was directly examined as part of this evaluation. Pitting increased with greater water usage and for sections of straight pipe exposed to hydraulic conditions near bends. Copper pipe sections polished to a mirror like finish to remove surface defects were also severely attacked.

The role of phosphate in mitigation of copper pitting corrosion was defined in a subsequent experiment using synthesized water. Phosphates did not have an effect at pH 7.7 and were found to reduce electrochemical indications of pitting in the synthetic water at the pH of 8.3. Phosphates had lesser benefits at higher pH even in synthetic water, but overall, even at pHs as high as 10, some benefits from orthophosphate dosing might be anticipated.

Effects of orthophosphate on the inhibition of copper pitting corrosion were then applied to treated water from a utility in Washington D.C., whose consumers have experienced an outbreak of pinhole leaks in household copper plumbing. After comparing electrochemical results from synthetic and actual water from the treatment plant, there was evidence of a natural inhibitor to pitting corrosion in WSSC water that is not present in the synthetic water. The higher chloride concentration in the water after ferric chloride was dosed at the treatment plant may have reduced the pitting propensity of the water. The effects of phosphates seemed to reduce the pitting propensity of real water at pH 8.3 although little benefit was seen at pH 9.1.

These defined characteristics of copper pitting were then applied in a systematic evaluation of a water utility experiencing pitting corrosion in Roanoke, VA. This case study further supported the hypothesis that high levels of aluminum, chlorine, and pH may be combining to catalyze copper pitting in practice. Recommendations to alter the treatment strategies at these utilities were proposed to help mitigate the pitting corrosion problems in these areas. A national survey then confirmed pitting is occurring at a significant frequency at other large utilities across the U.S.


Master of Science
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Malan, Daniel Johannes. "Latent heat thermal energy storage for solar water heating using flat heat pipes and aluminum fins as heat transfer enhancers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96140.

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Thesis (MEng) -- Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Solar energy is a time dependent, high-temperature radiant energy resource. The utility of a solar thermal energy system increases if the hot temperature source is available when it is needed most. This is realized by the thermal storage of the solar energy. Thermal storage gives greater versatility to a solar energy system by decoupling the heat source from the heat sink. A large quantity of energy may be stored during the melting process in a phase change material (PCM) within a small temperature range. This molten PCM can then deliver its absorbed heat at a constant temperature in a heating application. In this study a phase change storage system (PCS) is developed and proposed for a solar water heating application. This PCS system stores more heat per unit mass than would be possible with water across the same temperature range. The heat transfer rate in and out of many PCMs is slow because of the low thermal conductivity of the PCM. However, heat transfer enhancers (HTE), such as heat pipes and fins may be added to enhance heat absorption and heat removal rates. Heat pipes have the inherent capability to transfer heat at high rates across large distances, even where the temperature difference is small. In this thesis a description is given of a PCS system consisting of paraffin wax as the PCM and which uses rectangular heat pipes in conjunction with aluminium fins to enhance heat transfer. The storage design is modular and each module has the characteristic that enhanced heat transfer in and out of the PCM is possible when the module is heated or cooled. It also has the capability to quickly absorb or alternatively to supply heat at a nearly constant temperature during the phase change of the module. A rectangular module was designed and built. The module was then analysed under controlled heat absorption and heat removal cycles. The heat up experiment involved an electrical kettle as the hot temperature source. The heat sink was a mains water heat exchanger. The experimental results were compared to those of a transient numerical model, which calculates theoretically how the module will perform thermally under the given test conditions. The numerical model of the experimental set-up was validated when it was found that the numerical model results resemble the experimental results. The numerical model was then adapted to simulate a novel solar water heater (SWH) with an additional PCS container. The improvement over previous designs is that the additional storage container can be heated to a higher temperature than the allowable geyser temperature. The system also heats up and cools down at a faster rate than would be possible without the HTEs. From the numerical simulation the size and performance of such a system is determined. This numerical analysis indicated that a phase change storage system in a SWH application will increase the hot water delivered by a given solar collector and geyser by increasing the storage capacity and by heating up the geyser overnight for early morning hot water use.
AFRIKKANSE OPSOMMING: Son energie is ‘n tyd afhanklike, hoë temperatuur radiasie energiebron. Die bruikbaarheid van ‘n sontermiese energie sisteem verhoog indien die hoë temperatuur bron beskikbaar is wanneer dit die meeste benodig word. Dit kan verwesenlik word deur die sonenergie termies te stoor. Termiese storing bied groter veelsydigheid aan ‘n sontermiese stelsel deur effektief die hittebron te ontkoppel van die hitte sink. ‘n Groot hoeveelheid energie kan, gedurende die smeltingsproses in ‘n faseveranderingsmateriaal binne ‘n nou temperatuurband gestoor word. Hierdie gesmelte materiaal kan weer op sy beurt in die waterverhittingstoepassing, die geabsorbeerde hitte teen ‘n konstante temperatuur oordra. In hierdie studie word ‘n sonwaterverwarmer stelsel wat aangepas is deur ‘n addisionele latente hittestoor daaraan te heg, voorgestel. Hierdie faseverandering hittestoor kan meer hitte stoor as wat water in dieselfde temperatuur band sou kon. Die hitteoordrag tempo na en van baie van die faseveranderingsmateriale (FVM) is egter as gevolg van die lae termiese geleidingskoëfisient, stadig. Hierdie eienskap kan gelukkig verbeter word deur hittepype en hitteoordrag verhogings materiaal soos vinne by te voeg. Hittepype het die inherente eienskap om hitte teen ‘n hoë tempo oor groot afstande, oor te dra, selfs oor ‘n klein temperatuurverskil. In hierdie tesis word ‘n ondersoek rakende ‘n faseverandering storingsisteem wat bestaan uit paraffien was as die FVM en reghoekige hittepype wat te same met met aluminium finne gebruik word om die hitteoordragtempo te verhoog, beskryf. Die stoorontwerp is modulêr en elke module het die kenmerk van hoë hitteoordrag na en van die FVM. Die module het verder ook die eienskap om vining hitte te absorbeer of hitte af te gee. Dit gebeur teen ‘n konstante temperatuur gedurende die faseverandering van die FVM. Presies so ‘n reghoekige module is ontwerp en gebou en onder beheerde hitte absorbering- en hitte verwyderingsiklusse analiseer. Tydens die verhittings eksperiment is ‘n elektriese ketel van gebruik gemaak wat gedien het as die hoë temperatuur bron. Die hitte sink was ‘n hitteruiler wat kraanwater van ‘n konstante hoogte tenk ontvang het. Die resultate van die volledige toets is met die resultate van tydafhanklike numeriese model vergelyk. Hierdie numeriese model bereken teoreties wat die module se storing verrigting onder gegewe toets omstandighede sal wees. Die numeriese model se resultate het goed vergelyk met die resultate van die eksperimente. Die numeriese model van die module is toe aangepas om ‘n sonwaterverwarmer met addisionele stoortenk wat fase verandering materiaal gebruik, te simuleer. Hierdie ontwerp is anders as vorige ontwerpe in die sin dat hoër temperature as wat die warmwatertoestel kan hanteer, in die faseverandering storingstenk, bereik kan word. Die sisteem kan ook as gevolg van die hitteoordrag verhoging materiaal, vinniger verhit of afkoel en teen ‘n vinniger tempo. Die simulasie van die sonwaterverwarmer met FVM word gebruik om die grootte en verrigting van die sisteem te bepaal. Hierdie numeriese model toon aan dat wanneer ‘n addisionele faseverandering storingstelsel in ‘n sonwaterverwarmer toepassing gebruik word, die warm water wat die verbruiker uit die sisteem kan verkry, kan verhoog. Die rede hiervoor is dat meer hitte gestoor kan word, wat beskikbaar gemaak word aan die warm water tenk.
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Bernard, Julien. "Etude de la pile aluminium-air." Grenoble INPG, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005INPG0096.

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Ce travail avait pour objectif la réalisation d'une pile de puissance de technologie aluminium-air. Cette technologie résulte de l'association d'une anode en aluminium et d'une cathode à réduction de l'oxygène de l'air. L'électrolyte employé est un électrolyte alcalin très concentré. Après une étude bibliographique consacrée à ces systèmes, les divers éléments de la pile ont été choisis ; une première formulation d'électrolyte permettant de limiter la corrosion de l'anode sans affecter les performances de la pile a été déterminée. Une pile de test de format réduit appelé cellule Pi nous a permis d'étudier l'influence de différents additifs et de déterminer la formulation optimale de l'électrolyte par plan d'expérience. La pile est alors constituée d'une anode en aluminium de pureté dépassant 99,99 %. L'électrolyte aqueux contient 4 mol/L de potasse et 0,075 mol/L de stannates de potassium. Les stannates sont les inhibiteurs de la corrosion de l'aluminium en milieu alcalin concentré les plus efficaces mais leur mode d'action n'est pas connu. Afin de préciser ce mode d'action nous avons dans un premier temps étudié le comportement de l'aluminium dans les électrolytes alcalins concentrés par différentes techniques telles que l'émission acoustique et l'électrode à disque et à anneau tournant. La technique d'émission acoustique a ensuite été brièvement appliquée à l'étude du mode d'action des stannates. Une dernière partie concerne l'étude d'un phénomène oscillatoire original apparu lors d'une décharge de pile à basse température
Aluminum-air batteries result from the association of an aluminum anode and an air cathode. Ln the present study, we had to elaborate a primary battery of great power density from such technology. We used a concentrated alkaline electrolyte to reach the power requirements. After a bibliographic survey concerning aluminum-air batteries, we determined a tirst electrolyte formulation so as to inhibit as much as possible the aluminum corrosion, without performance loss. Using a small-size test cell, we studied the influence of various additives to reach an optimal electrolyte composition from the design of experiments methodology. Our aluminum-air battery is thus composed of an aluminum anode of purity beyond 99. 99 %. The aqueous electrolyte contains 4 M potassium hydroxide and 0. 075 M potassium stannates. The stannates consist of the best aluminum corrosion inhibitors in strong alkaline medium, but their mode of action remains fuzzy. We attempted to give more insight into the inhibition mechanisms studying the behavior of aluminum in concentrated potassium hydroxide, using the acoustic emission and the rotating ring-disk electrode techniques. The former technique has then been used to evaluate the stannates mode of action. The last part of the manuscript concerns the study of oscillations which appear when the aluminum-air baUery is discharged at low temperature
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Masoud, Ameli Seied. "Additive layer manufactured sinter-style aluminium/ammonia heat pipes." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2012. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/16880/.

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A novel heat pipe (HP) manufacturing method has been developed based on an additive layer manufacturing technique called “selective laser melting” or SLM. This innovation is expected to benefit current applications of aluminium/ammonia heat pipes in space and terrestrial projects as well as many new HP applications. The project was jointly sponsored by the Northumbria University and Thermacore, a world leading heat pipe manufacturing company in the UK, and formed the feasibility stage of a much larger program in Thermacore aiming to develop the next generation of HPs for space applications. In this project, sinter-style aluminium SLM HPs have been produced and tested to prove their functionality and to provide an overall image of the new production process with regard to the major involved parameters. During the project several properties of the new heat pipes e.g. wick porosity, permeability and pore size; wall density, hardness, vibration resistance and optimum SLM build parameters have also been determined by the existing or especially developed rigs in Thermacore or Northumbria University laboratories including scanning electronic microscope (SEM), vibration table, permeability measurement rig, etc. Converting the SLM products into functional heat pipes involves many other steps which have also been completed and explained. At the end of the project two successful functional samples were obtained and clear and precise answers were found to the project questions. SLM process was proved to be capable of producing functional heat pipes. Functional sinter-style heat pipes are proved to be producible by SLM. A numerical design tool is now available to evaluate SLM produced heat pipes and major challenges of this new HP production process including the density of the solid structures and possible contamination of the materials have been identified. Also a reasonably good overall image of this new HP production process and the new HPs has been provided in this project through the conducted measurements and experiments. The contribution of this project to knowledge is supported by two papers published in prestigious heat pipe journals and one paper presented in the 16th international heat pipe conference.
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Lafrenière, Sylvie. "Développement d'électrolytes de sels fondus pour une pile rechargeable lithium-aluminum/sulfure de fer." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0021/MQ53585.pdf.

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Alexopoulos, Hiraklis. "Etude de la pile aluminium-chlore en milieu de chlorures alcalins fondus." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37611180k.

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ALEXOPOULOS, HIRAKLITS. "Etude de la pile aluminium-chlore en milieu de chlorures alcalins fondus." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066013.

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Cícero, Renato de Souza. "Tratamento superficial KTL na tubulação de alumínio da saída de água dos motores diesel." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264065.

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Orientador: Eugênio José Zoqui
Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: As tubulações de alumínio de saída de água dos motores diesel estão apresentando cavitação, devido ao seu design. Atualmente a tubulação de alumínio de saída de água recebe a anodização dura, porém a liga Al - Si - 10 Mg não é favorável a anodização por ter o silício. O silício, por sua vez, dificulta a formação da camada de óxido e com isso a camada de anodização não será uniforme, principalmente na região interna da tubulação de água. A camada de anodização está sendo mal depositada devido ao processo ser manual e com isso as tubulações de água que apresentaram cavitação foram analisadas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura, a fim de caracterizar a espessura da camada anodizada. Observou-se comparativamente que a camada de anodização não é uniforme. A pintura KTL é um tratamento superficial que consiste em um processo de três etapas, sendo a primeira de um pré-tratamento: desengraxe, lavagem, decapagem e fosfatização. A segunda é a Pintura Eletroforética Catódica (KTL) e por último a terceira que é a cura acelerada em estufa com temperatura e tempo controlado. A pintura KTL foi realizada pela teoria da eletroquímica que se subdivide em quatro fenômenos: Eletrólise, Eletroforese, Eletrocoagulação e por fim a eletroosmose. Na análise realizada comparativamente a camada de KTL é uniforme em toda a extensão da tubulação de alumínio de saída de água dos motores Diesel. Com este resultado comparativo, a pintura KTL se faz necessária na tubulação de alumínio (Al - Si - 10 Mg) de saída de água dos motores Diesel para que se minimize o efeito da cavitação
Abstract: The pipes aluminum water outlet of the diesel engines is experiencing cavitation, due to its design. currently, aluminum pipe water outlet receives the hard anodized, but the Al - Si - Mg 10 is not favorable to have the anodizing because silicio. The silicio, in turn, hinders the formation of the oxide layer and thus the layer of anodizing is not uniform, especially in the inner water pipe. Water pipes that had cavitation were examined in a scanning electron microscope in order to characterize the thickness of the anodized layer. It was noted that the comparatively anodizing layer is not uniform. KTL painting is a surface treatment that consists of a three-step process, the first being a pre-treatment: degreasing, washing, pickling and phosphating. The second is the Cathodic Electrophoretic Painting (KTL) and finally the third which is accelerated healing in a greenhouse with controlled temperature and time. KTL painting was done by the theory of electrochemistry which is divided into four phenomena: Electrolysis, Electrophoresis, Electro coagulation and finally the electroosmosis. In the analysis performed compared to KTL layer is uniform throughout the length of aluminum pipe water outlet of diesel engines. With this result comparison, KTL painting is needed in the tubing of aluminum (Al - Si - 10 Mg) output of diesel engines for water to minimize the effect of cavitation
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Automobilistica
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Cavalheiro, Mariana Feitosa. "O alumínio influencia na expressão de três aquaporinas da subfamília PIP nas raízes de Citrus limonia ? /." Rio Claro, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/157442.

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Orientador: Gustavo Habermann
Banca: Douglas Silva Domingues
Banca: Luciano Pereira
Resumo: O Alumínio (Al) é um dos elementos mais abundantes na crosta terrestre. Solos ácidos (pH < 5.0) compreendem cerca de 40% das terras agriculturáveis no mundo, e sob essas condições, o Al se encontra na forma de Al3+, que é tóxico para a maioria das plantas. Na presença de Al, observa-se uma redução nos parâmetros de trocas gasosas e de hidratação foliar, que podem estar diretamente relacionadas com a diminuição no transporte de água radicular. Aquaporinas são proteínas integrais da membrana plasmática que facilitam o transporte de água transmembranar e, nas raízes, estas podem contribuir com mais de 50% na condutividade hidráulica. Portanto, uma diminuição na abundância de aquaporinas poderia acarretar em um menor transporte de água até a folha. No presente estudo, cultivamos plantas de limoeiro 'Cravo' (Citrus limonia), durante 90 dias em solução nutritiva com Al. Em seis épocas, coletamos dados de trocas gasosas, potencial hídrico, conteúdo relativo de água na folha e verificamos a expressão de três genes de aquaporinas nas raízes: PIP1-1, PIP1-2 e PIP2. Confirmamos uma menor hidratação da folha pela redução do conteúdo relativo da água (CRA) e potencial hídrico (w), bem como diminuição na assimilação de CO2 (A), condutância estomática (gs), transpiração (E) e condutividade hidráulica estimada da raiz até a folha (KL) em plantas expostas ao Al. Além disso, plantas submetidas ao Al apresentam uma atenuação no perfil transcricional de PIP1-1 e PIP2 e um aumento na expressão d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Aluminum (Al) is one of the most abundant elements of the Earth's crust. Acidic soils (pH <5.0) comprise about 40% of the world arable land, and under these conditions, Al is in the form of Al 3+, which is toxic to most plants. In the presence of Al, there are reduction in the gas exchange parameters and leaf hydration, which m ay be directly related to the decrease in root water transport. Aquaporins are integral prote ins of the plasma membrane that facilitate water transport and they can contribute to more tha n 50% of the root hydraulic conductivity by transmembrane pathway. Therefore, a decrease in aquaporin abundance in the roots may lead to lower water transport up to the leaf. In a 90-day study, we cultivated 'Rangpur' lime plants ( Citrus limonia ) in nutrient solution with Al. At six time points, we measured gas exchange, water potential ( Ψ w), relative water content (RWC) in the leaves and we also assessed the expression of three aquaporin genes in the roots, PIP1-1, PIP1-2 and PIP2 . We confirm lower leaf hydration by a reduction in RWC and Ψ w, as well as decreased CO 2 ( A ) assimilation, stomatal conductance ( gs ), transpiration ( E ), and estimated hydraulic conductivity from the root to the leaf ( K L ) in plants exposed to Al. In addition, plants submitted to Al presented an attenuation in the tra nscriptional profile of PIP1-1 and PIP2, and an increase in the expression of PIP1-2, of which only PIP1-1 presented a correlation with A and gs in the Al tr... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Books on the topic "Aluminum Pipe"

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Bozic, Leah E. The effects of aluminum on jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings and its localization withing the root tissue. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1990.

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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 Outlook for Fabricated Aluminum and Aluminum-Base Alloy Pipe and Pipe Fittings Made from Purchased Pipe in Japan. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 Outlook for Fabricated Aluminum and Aluminum-Base Alloy Pipe and Pipe Fittings Made from Purchased Pipe in India. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 Outlook for Fabricated Aluminum and Aluminum-Base Alloy Pipe and Pipe Fittings Made from Purchased Pipe in Greater China. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 Outlook for Fabricated Aluminum and Aluminum-Base Alloy Pipe and Pipe Fittings Made from Purchased Pipe in the United States. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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Recommended Practices for Gas Shielded Arc Welding of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Pipe (D10.7-86). Amer Welding Society, 1986.

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The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Aluminum Sheet Metal Stove Pipe, Furnace Smoke Pipe, and Elbows. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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The World Market for Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Tube and Pipe Fittings: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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Parker, Philip M. The World Market for Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Tube and Pipe Fittings: A 2007 Global Trade Perspective. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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Guide for the Gas Shielded Arc Welding of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Pipe (AWS D10.7M/D10.7:2000). Global Engineering Documentation, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Aluminum Pipe"

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Yang, Shangyu, Chun Feng, Yaorong Feng, and Lihong Han. "Aluminum Alloy Pipe Design and Mechanical Property Analysis." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 931–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0107-0_90.

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Movahhedy, Mohammad, and Ali Rezaei. "A Numerical Study of the Aluminum Pipe Extrusion Process." In Proceedings of the 34th International MATADOR Conference, 329–35. London: Springer London, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0647-0_49.

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Fu, Yanjun, Xiwu Li, Shuhui Huang, Zhihui Li, Hongwei Yan, Lizhen Yan, Hongwei Liu, Yongan Zhang, and Baiqing Xiong. "Effect of Solution Treatment and Aging Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of 1953 Aluminum Alloy Pipe." In High Performance Structural Materials, 209–20. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0104-9_23.

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Ishimaru, Hajime, and G. William Foster. "Proposal of very low cost 5–6GeV synchrotron radiation ring for medical use using permanent magnets and aluminum beam pipe without flanges and bellows." In Medical Applications of Synchrotron Radiation, 127–33. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68485-5_20.

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Tessier, Jayson, Gary P. Tarcy, Eliezer Batista, Xiangwen Wang, and Patrice Doiron. "Improvement of Alumina Dissolution Rate through Alumina Feeder Pipe Modification." In Light Metals 2013, 711–17. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118663189.ch122.

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Tessier, Jayson, Gary P. Tarcy, Eliezer Batista, Xiangwen Wang, and Patrice Doiron. "Improvement of Alumina Dissolution Rate through Alumina Feeder Pipe Modification." In Light Metals 2013, 713–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65136-1_122.

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Enders, A., and U. Kuhlmann. "Design of semi-compact Z-shaped steel sheet pile walls." In Modern Trends in Research on Steel, Aluminium and Composite Structures, 164–70. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003132134-18.

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Jones, Tyler P., and D. E. Grandstaff. "Controls on dissolved aluminium in the New Jersey Pine Barrens." In Water-Rock Interaction, 351–54. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203734049-87.

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Haugland, Ingrid Bokn, Ole Kjos, Arne Røyset, Per Erik Vullum, Thor Anders Aarhaug, and Maths Halstensen. "Alumina Scale Composition and Growth Rate in Distribution Pipes." In Light Metals 2019, 697–706. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05864-7_86.

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Kaushik, Arishu, Palwinder Singh, and Lakhvir Singh. "Finishing of Aluminum Pipes Using Silica Sand (River Bed)-Based Loosely Bonded Magnetic Abrasives." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 297–303. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1859-3_27.

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Conference papers on the topic "Aluminum Pipe"

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Akber, Ahmed Ali, Ali Abbar Khleif, and Abbas Nasser Hasein. "Friction stir welding of aluminum alloy 6063 pipe with aluminum alloy 7022 pipe." In 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATERIALS ENGINEERING & SCIENCE (IConMEAS 2019). AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0000096.

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Miscow, Guilherme Farias, Joa˜o Carlos Ribeiro Pla´cido, Paulo Emi´lio Valada˜o de Miranda, and Theodoro Antoun Netto. "Aluminum Drill Pipe Fatigue Analysis." In ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51409.

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While drilling extended reach wells, the weight per foot of the drill string is a critical design parameter that can limit the depth to be reached. One practical solution is the use of drill pipes made of alternative materials to the conventional steel drill pipes. The most direct options are titanium and aluminum. Titanium is in general impaired due to its high cost, although the titanium alloy Ti-6Al4V has already been used in the airplane industry. More recently, Russia has been manufacturing drill pipes using aluminum alloys of the system Al-Cu-Mg, similar to alloys 2024, also used in airplanes. These pipes present a reasonable commercial cost. Drill pipe fatigue damage occurs under cyclic loading conditions due to, for instance, rotation in curved sections of the well. Failures caused by crack nucleation and propagation are one of the highest risks to the structural integrity of these pipes. Usually, failure mechanisms develop in the transition region of the tool joint. Several mechanical and metallurgical factors affect the fatigue life of drill pipes. The former are mainly geometric discontinuities such as transition zones, pits and slip marks. The latter are related to the size and distribution of crystalline grains, phases and second phase particles (inclusions). In this study, the roles played by both factors in the fatigue life of drill pipes are studied through an experimental test program. The fundamental fatigue mechanisms are investigated via laboratory tests in small-scale coupons performed in an opto-mechanical fatigue apparatus. Additionally, full-scale fatigue testes on three aluminum drill pipes were performed. The pipes tested are being used in the horizontal section of some extended reach wells in the Northeast of Brazil.
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Kurosawa, Takahiro, and Hisashi Naoi. "Deformation Behaviors of Aluminum Pipes Compressed in the Direction of Pipe Axis." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59667.

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Recently there are strong demands for reduction of carbon dioxide exhausted from cars on the viewpoint of global warming prevention. And, improvement in safety of cars is needed with increase of its speed. The main method to satisfy the former demand is to reduce the mass of cars, and main procedure to solve the latter subjects is to protect lives of crews in the head-on collision of automobiles. Lightweight members to absorb the energy at the collision have been installed in the engine room in order to satisfy abovementioned both demands. The purpose of this study is to optimize cross sectional size and shape of the aluminum pipe as the lightweight members for energy absorption.(1)(2)(3) In this report, the specimens are aluminum pipes whose shapes are hexagon and octagon. And ribs that connect one corner to opposite corner of the specimens in order to increase the energy absorption at the collision are installed inside the hexagonal and octagonal pipes. We also prepared the other specimens where the ribs are removed from the pipes. These specimens are compressed in the direction of the pipe axis, and deformation behaviors are observed. We investigate the effect of cross sectional shape on the performance of energy absorption, being measured from the force-displacement diagram obtained by compressive test. The results are as follows. (1) The plastic deformation by compressive test of the aluminum pipes starts from initiations machined at the vicinity of the pipe end then the folds results one after another in the pipes. (2) When we start to compress the pipe from which the ribs are removed, compressive force reaches at its maximum value, thereafter the force rapidly and greatly drops with large plastic deformation. And the force moves repeatedly up and down at its lower values with the progress of folds. (3) When we start to compress the pipes in which the ribs are installed, the drop of the force is smaller than that of the pipes without ribs and the force moves repeatedly up and down at its higher values. (4) The amounts of energy absorption at the octagonal pipe are bigger than those of the hexagonal pipe. And, the amounts of energy absorption of the pipes in which the ribs are installed are bigger than those of the pipes from which the ribs are removed.
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Bensmina, Salim, Stephane Menand, and Hedi Sellami. "Which Drill Pipe is the less Resistant to Buckling: Steel, Aluminum or Titanium Drill Pipe?" In SPE/IADC Drilling Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/140211-ms.

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Stubblebine, Michael, Ladan Amouzegar, and Ivan Catton. "Passivation and Performance of Inorganic Aqueous Solutions in a Grooved, Aluminum Flat Heat Pipe." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65641.

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Aluminum heat pipes have traditionally been incompatible with water and water-based fluids because they quickly react with the casing to generate non-condensable hydrogen gas (NCG). The NCGs inhibit the operation of evaporation and condensation based devices, eventually plugging the condenser end of the heat pipe. The heat pipe is then unable to remove heat from the condenser and the device fails. Terdtoon [1] found that these events often happen so rapidly between aluminum and water that measurements cannot even be taken. The present work tested two different, patented inorganic aqueous solutions (IAS) in a flat heat pipe setup. Grooved aluminum plates were used as the heat pipe wick and the tests were run with the heating section raised above the condenser. Compatibility between the working fluid and aluminum heat pipe was established by running the device to dryout and then reducing the heat flux to check for hysteresis. De-ionized water (DI water) was also tested, as a baseline, to establish that it did indeed fail as expected. Operating performance of each mixture was obtained from zero heat input until dryout was reached for multiple angles of inclination. The data show that both IAS mixtures are compatible with aluminum heat pipes and exhibit performance similar to that of a copper and water heat pipe. IAS and aluminum heat pipes could replace existing copper and water devices and deliver similar performance while reducing overall weight by more than three times. An IAS and aluminum heat pipe could also replace existing aluminum and ammonia combinations, currently favored in aerospace applications, to allow for increased performance and a larger operating temperature range while maintaining low device weight.
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Legarth, B., J. Lehner, H. Okibe, V. Koinkar, and Z. Mammod. "Changing the Game from Steel to Aluminum Drill Pipe: Results from Full String Aluminum Alloy Drill Pipe Deployment to Enhance Extended Reach Drilling Performance." In SPE/IADC Drilling Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/173088-ms.

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Carbajal, Gerardo, G. P. Peterson, and C. B. Sobhan. "Comparison of Performance of Aluminum and Titanium Heat Pipes." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42758.

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An investigation of the effect of using aluminum and titanium as the case material in a flat heat pipe (FHP) configuration is presented. In the heat pipe analyzed, the working fluid and the wick material were water and nickel foam, respectively. Identical configurations, dimensions, boundary and initial conditions were assumed in the numerical analysis for the two case materials. The flat heat pipe was subjected to a non-uniform heat input in the evaporator for a short period of time, and the condenser was cooled by natural convection and radiation effects. In both cases, non-uniform temperature distributions with peak values at the center of the evaporator side were observed. The titanium heat pipe gave a comparatively higher temperature range. The low thermal conductivity of titanium was understood to be responsible for the elevated temperature at the evaporator side. Consequently, it was also verified that for a low temperature range of operation and a short period of transient heat input, the aluminum heat pipe presented a better performance than the one with titanium as the case material. Discussions of the selection of the working fluids for the heat pipes based on the dimensionless merit number and other quantitative and qualitative parameters are also presented.
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Nicolescu, Adrian, Jerry Wayne Fisher, Mohammed Aleemul Haq, Thomas F. Bailey, and Alexander Lazarev. "Drilling Intervention - Milling and Fishing of High Strength Aluminum Drill Pipe." In North Africa Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/149693-ms.

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Brown, Christian F., Evgeny G. Podnos, Arild Saasen, Mitchell Dziekonski, and Mostafa Al Furati. "The Use of Aluminum Drill Pipe for Damping Drill String Vibrations." In SPE Norway One Day Seminar. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/191332-ms.

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Gao, Mingyu, Zouchao Deng, Yuxiang Yang, and Zhiwei He. "Automatic Size Measurement Equipment for Aluminum Pipe Based on Machine Vision." In 2018 Eighth International Conference on Instrumentation & Measurement, Computer, Communication and Control (IMCCC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imccc.2018.00141.

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Reports on the topic "Aluminum Pipe"

1

Unknown. IMPLEMENT RUSSIAN ALUMINUM DRILL PIPE AND RETRACTABLE DRILLING BITS INTO THE USA VOLUME I: DEVELOPMENT OF ALUMINUM DRILL PIPE IN RUSSIA VOLUME II: DEVELOPMENT OF RETRACTABLE DRILL BITS IN RUSSIA. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/766364.

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March-Leuba, Jose A., Taner Uckan, John E. Gunning, Patrick D. Brukiewa, Belle R. Upadhyaya, and Stephen M. Revis. Benchmark Gamma Spectroscopy Measurements of Uranium Hexafluoride in Aluminmum Pipe with a Sodium Iodide Detector. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/976026.

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Dunn, C. E., and N. L. Hastings. Biogeochemical survey of the Fraser Lake area using outer bark of Lodgepole pine (NTS 93K02/03): alkali metals, alkaline earths, manganese and aluminum, central British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/210376.

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Kim, Y. S., and G. Hofman. Fuel Plate Deformation Resulting from Fuel Swelling and Aluminum Cladding Constraint. GTRI - Reactor Conversion Program. WBS 21.2.96.2.7 - Out-of-Pile Testing and Codes. Task 13.4.1, Deliverable 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1087293.

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Dunn, C. E., and N. L. Hastings. Biogeochemical survey of the Ootsa-François lakes area using outer bark of Lodgepole Pine (NTS 93F/13, 14, and part of 12), alkaline earths, manganese and aluminum, north central British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/209915.

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Dunn, C. D., and N. L. Hastings. Biogeochemical survey of the Nechako River area using outer back of Lodgepole pine (NTS 93 F/9, 93 F/10, 93 F/15, 93 F/16 and parts of 93 F/11, 93 F/14, 93 K/1 and 93 K/2), alkali metals, alkaline earths, manganese and aluminum, central British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/211477.

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Wheat farm employee electrocuted when the aluminum irrigation pipe contacted a 7200 volt power line. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, November 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshsface90co029.

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24-Year-old farm laborer dies when the aluminum irrigation pipe he is handling contacts a high voltage line. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshsface96co029.

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