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1
Wood, Jonathan P., John E. Kolassa, and John T. McBride. "Changes in alveolar septal border lengths with postnatal lung growth." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 275, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): L1157—L1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1998.275.6.l1157.
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Evaluation of alveolar development beyond the postnatal period of rapid septation has generally involved alveolar counting. We used an alternate approach to assess postseptation parenchymal development: measurement of the lengths of various types of alveolar septal borders. This technique directly addresses changes in the elastin fiber network that determines parenchymal complexity. Lungs from weanling and adult ferrets, inflated to 15 cmH2O, were perfusion fixed and dehydrated, and 2-μm sections were stained with Miller’s elastin stain for light microscopy. We used standard morphometric methods to measure the lengths of the various types of alveolar septal borders. Three types comprised >90% of all septal borders: 1) free septal ends (“ends”) containing an elastin cable; 2) angled meetings of two alveolar septa (“bends”), also with a cable; and 3) the near-symmetrical intersections of three septa (“junctions”) devoid of elastin. When scaled for lung volume, ends and bends were 23 and 37% greater in adults ( P < 0.001), reflecting the increase in parenchymal complexity with growth. The 17% difference in scaled junction lengths was not significant ( P = 0.10). Bends increased out of proportion to the increase in ends, and both bends and ends increased to a greater degree than any possible increase in junctions ( P < 0.001 for all comparisons). Although the interpretation of changes in the distribution of alveolar border lengths is not straightforward, an increase in bends resulting in an increase in the complexity of individual alveoli may contribute to the increase in alveolar gas-exchanging surface area with growth. Septation, the process responsible for the rapid early postnatal increase in parenchymal complexity in many species, should tend to increase the lengths of ends and junctions and decrease the lengths of bends. Therefore, these data suggest that septation is not the predominant mechanism of later postnatal parenchymal development in the ferret.
2
Matter, M. L., and G. W. Laurie. "A putative sub-10-kDa basement membrane activity required for lung alveolar formation in vitro." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 271, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): L489—L494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1996.271.3.l489.
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Basement membrane promotes the reassembly of isolated type II alveolar cells into alveoli-like structures, a process attributable in part to a novel cell adhesion site in the alpha 1-chain of laminin-1 (M. L. Matter and G. W. Laurie. J. Cell Biol. 124: 1083-1090, 1994). The possibility that basement membrane contains other alveolarization activities was probed by subtraction analysis and use of neutralizing antibodies. Deletion of components < 100 kDa, and subsequently < 10 kDa, reduced alveolar cross-sectional area by 70% to 22-25 x 10(3) microns2: the approximate size of alveolar-like structures formed on purified laminin-1 alone. The deleted basement membrane material was adhesive for type II alveolar cells but failed to support alveolar formation in the absence of laminin-1. Preincubation of basement membrane with neutralizing anti-epidermal growth factor (EGF), -basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), -insulin-like growth factor (IGF)II, or -transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta antibodies had no inhibitory effect. Because both subtracted basement membrane preparations have in common the exclusion of components < 10 kDa, these results are interpreted as pointing to a sub-10-kDa alveolarization activity(s) that plays a key accessory role in laminin-1-dependent alveolar formation.
3
Bennett, Robert D., Alexandra B. Ysasi, Willi L. Wagner, Cristian D. Valenzuela, Akira Tsuda, Saumyadipta Pyne, Shuqiang Li, et al. "Deformation-induced transitional myofibroblasts contribute to compensatory lung growth." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 312, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): L79—L88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00383.2016.
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In many mammals, including humans, removal of one lung (pneumonectomy) results in the compensatory growth of the remaining lung. Compensatory growth involves not only an increase in lung size, but also an increase in the number of alveoli in the peripheral lung; however, the process of compensatory neoalveolarization remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA)—a cytoplasmic protein characteristic of myofibroblasts—is induced in the pleura following pneumonectomy. SMA induction appears to be dependent on pleural deformation (stretch) as induction is prevented by plombage or phrenic nerve transection ( P < 0.001). Within 3 days of pneumonectomy, the frequency of SMA+ cells in subpleural alveolar ducts was significantly increased ( P < 0.01). To determine the functional activity of these SMA+ cells, we isolated regenerating alveolar ducts by laser microdissection and analyzed individual cells using microfluidic single-cell quantitative PCR. Single cells expressing the SMA ( Acta2) gene demonstrated significantly greater transcriptional activity than endothelial cells or other discrete cell populations in the alveolar duct ( P < 0.05). The transcriptional activity of the Acta2+ cells, including expression of TGF signaling as well as repair-related genes, suggests that these myofibroblast-like cells contribute to compensatory lung growth.
4
Makeev, A. V., O. Z. Topolnitsky, and R. N. Fedotov. "The use of various types of autografts in the bone grafting of the alveolar process." RUDN Journal of Medicine 24, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0245-2020-24-1-69-74.
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Relevance. Fixing a cleft alveolar process is one of the most complicated problems in pediatric maxillofacial surgery. The difficulty lies in the fact that bone grafting of the alveolar process directly affects the growth of the upper jaw, the difficulty of performing surgery, as well as trying to form a sufficient amount of bone regenerate, while it is necessary to restore the anatomical integrity of the alveolar process for subsequent orthodontic treatment or dental implantation. Purpose: To review the literature on the use of autografts from various donor areas in patients with congenital cleft upper lip, alveolar process, hard and soft palate. Materials and methods: A literature review of the data was carried out using the electronic databases “Medline”, “Pubmed”, “Kibeleninka”. The key words in the search were: bone plastic, cleft alveolar process. The selection criteria were the articles in English and Russian containing clinical studies on the use of various types of grafts in bone grafting of the alveolar process cleft. Results: The sources of literature on the use of various autografts for bone grafting of the alveolar outgrowth in children with cleft lip and palate were analyzed. Currently, most authors are inclined to use an iliac crest autograft in surgery. Conclusion: Although more than a century has passed since the first alveolar cleft bone graft surgery was performed, the choice of bone material is still unresolved - due to the severity of complications, the impossibility of taking a sufficient amount of bone material, as well as a high percentage of material resorption, because even with the use of iliac crest bone, the volume of transplant resorption can be over 40%.
5
Geiser, Thomas, Pierre-Henri Jarreau, Kamran Atabai, and Michael A. Matthay. "Interleukin-1β augments in vitro alveolar epithelial repair." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 279, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): L1184—L1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.6.l1184.
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Biologically active interleukin (IL)-1β is present in the pulmonary edema fluid obtained from patients with acute lung injury and has been implicated as an important early mediator of nonpulmonary epithelial wound repair. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that IL-1β would enhance wound repair in cultured monolayers from rat alveolar epithelial type II cells. IL-1β (20 ng/ml) increased the rate of in vitro alveolar epithelial repair by 118 ± 11% compared with that in serum-free medium control cells ( P < 0.01). IL-1β induced cell spreading and migration at the edge of the wound but not proliferation. Neutralizing antibodies to epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor-α or inhibition of the EGF receptor by tyrphostin AG-1478 or genistein inhibited IL-1β-induced alveolar epithelial repair, indicating that IL-1β enhances in vitro alveolar epithelial repair by an EGF- or transforming growth factor-α-dependent mechanism. Moreover, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is involved in IL-1β-induced alveolar epithelial repair because inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation by PD-98059 inhibited IL-1β-induced alveolar epithelial repair. In conclusion, IL-1β augments in vitro alveolar epithelial repair, indicating a possible novel role for IL-1β in the early repair process of the alveolar epithelium in acute lung injury.
6
McCray, P. B., and M. J. Welsh. "Developing fetal alveolar epithelial cells secrete fluid in primary culture." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 260, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): L494—L500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1991.260.6.l494.
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The developing pulmonary epithelium secretes a Cl(-)-rich fluid during fetal life by a process involving active transport. To determine if alveolar cells contribute to this fluid production, we studied developing fetal rat alveolar epithelial cells (18-day gestation) in primary culture. Fetal alveolar epithelial cells aggregated to form cystic, alveolar-like structures with a fluid-filled lumen. On light and transmission electron microscopy, the cells were polarized with microvilli facing the lumen. Dexamethasone and triiodothyronine stimulated lamellar body production in many of the epithelial cells of the cyst wall. The transepithelial voltage in the cyst was -2.4 +/- 0.4 mV (lumen negative), suggesting the presence of active electrolyte transport. Bumetanide, an inhibitor of Cl- secretion in other systems, decreased the size and number of cysts. A membrane-permeant analogue of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine increased the size of cysts, an effect that was blocked by coincubation with bumetanide. The increased size of the cysts did not result from stimulation of cell growth; in fact, [3H]thymidine incorporation was inhibited to 40% control values by cAMP, suggesting that growth was inhibited rather than stimulated. These results suggest that fetal alveolar epithelial cells secrete fluid via a cAMP-mediated Cl(-)-secretory process. Secretion of fluid by the developing alveolar epithelium may play an important role in lung development.
7
Ntokou, Aglaia, Friederike Klein, Daria Dontireddy, Sven Becker, Saverio Bellusci, William D. Richardson, Marten Szibor, et al. "Characterization of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α-positive cell lineage during murine late lung development." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 309, no. 9 (November 1, 2015): L942—L958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00272.2014.
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A reduced number of alveoli is the structural hallmark of diseases of the neonatal and adult lung, where alveoli either fail to develop (as in bronchopulmonary dysplasia), or are progressively destroyed (as in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). To correct the loss of alveolar septa through therapeutic regeneration, the mechanisms of septa formation must first be understood. The present study characterized platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α-positive (PDGFRα+) cell populations during late lung development in mice. PDGFRα+ cells (detected using a PDGFRαGFP reporter line) were noted around the proximal airways during the pseudoglandular stage. In the canalicular stage, PDGFRα+ cells appeared in the more distal mesenchyme, and labeled α-smooth muscle actin-positive tip cells in the secondary crests and lipofibroblasts in the primary septa during alveolarization. Some PDGFRα+ cells appeared in the mesenchyme of the adult lung. Over the course of late lung development, PDGFRα+ cells consistently expressed collagen I, and transiently expressed markers of mesenchymal stem cells. With the use of both, a constitutive and a conditional PDGFRαCre line, it was observed that PDGFRα+ cells generated alveolar myofibroblasts including tip cells of the secondary crests, and lipofibroblasts. These lineages were committed before secondary septation. The present study provides new insights into the time-dependent commitment of the PDGFRα+ cell lineage to lipofibroblasts and myofibroblasts during late lung development that is needed to better understand the cellular contribution to the process of alveolarization.
8
Tsuda, A., J. P. Butler, and J. J. Fredberg. "Effects of alveolated duct structure on aerosol kinetics. I. Diffusional deposition in the absence of gravity." Journal of Applied Physiology 76, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 2497–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.6.2497.
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We examined the effects of alveolar duct structure on particle deposition in the pulmonary acinus. The low Reynolds number velocity field of carrier gas in a geometric model of the alveolated duct was solved numerically. Particle trajectories were computed from the Langevin equation. Conditional probabilities of the trajectories were calculated with an eigenfunction expansion technique in the absence of gravity. For submicron particles, Brownian motion dominated the process; the deposition rate dramatically decreased with boundary layer growth. For fine particles, fully developed boundary layer profiles determined the deposition over most of the acinar length. The assumption of a uniform radial profile results in a substantial overestimation of the local deposition rate. The deposition rate in an alveolated duct was always smaller than that in an equivalent straight tube of the same volume. Within the alveolus the deposition pattern was markedly nonuniform, with higher deposition near the alveolar entrance ring; this finding is consistent with experimental observations in animals (e.g., see Zeltner et al. J. Appl. Physiol. 70: 1137–1145, 1991). We conclude that the structure of the alveolar duct has an important influence on aerosol particle deposition in the lung acinus.
9
Demayo, F., P. Minoo, C. G. Plopper, L. Schuger, J. Shannon, and J. S. Torday. "Mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in lung development and repair: are modeling and remodeling the same process?" American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 283, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): L510—L517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00144.2002.
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We propose that lung morphogenesis and repair are characterized by complex cell-cell interactions of endodermal and mesodermal origin, leading to (or returning back to) an alveolar structure that can effectively exchange gases between the circulation and the alveolar space. We provide the developmental basis for cell/molecular control of lung development and disease, what is known about growth and transcription factors in normal and abnormal lung development, and how endodermal and mesodermal cell origins interact during lung development and disease. The global mechanisms that mediate mesenchymal-epithelial interactions and the plasticity of mesenchymal cells in normal lung development and remodeling provide a functional genomic model that may bring these concepts closer together. We present a synopsis followed by a vertical integration of the developmental and injury/repair mechanisms.
10
Wu, van Dijk, Ng-Blichfeldt, Bos, Ciminieri, Königshoff, Kistemaker, and Gosens. "Mesenchymal WNT-5A/5B Signaling Represses Lung Alveolar Epithelial Progenitors." Cells 8, no. 10 (September 25, 2019): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8101147.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents a worldwide concern with high morbidity and mortality, and is believed to be associated with accelerated ageing of the lung. Alveolar abnormalities leading to emphysema are a key characteristic of COPD. Pulmonary alveolar epithelial type 2 cells (AT2) produce surfactant and function as progenitors for type 1 cells. Increasing evidence shows elevated WNT-5A/B expression in ageing and in COPD that may contribute to the disease process. However, supportive roles for WNT-5A/B in lung regeneration were also reported in different studies. Thus, we explored the role of WNT-5A/B on alveolar epithelial progenitors (AEPs) in more detail. We established a Precision-Cut-Lung Slices (PCLS) model and a lung organoid model by co-culturing epithelial cells (EpCAM+/CD45-/CD31-) with fibroblasts in matrigel in vitro to study the impact of WNT-5A and WNT-5B. Our results show that WNT-5A and WNT-5B repress the growth of epithelial progenitors with WNT-5B preferentially restraining the growth and differentiation of alveolar epithelial progenitors. We provide evidence that both WNT-5A and WNT-5B negatively regulate the canonical WNT signaling pathway in alveolar epithelium. Taken together, these findings reveal the functional impact of WNT-5A/5B signaling on alveolar epithelial progenitors in the lung, which may contribute to defective alveolar repair in COPD.
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Jaffré, Sandrine, Monique Dehoux, Catherine Paugam, Alain Grenier, Sylvie Chollet-Martin, Jean-Baptiste Stern, Jean Mantz, Michel Aubier, and Bruno Crestani. "Hepatocyte growth factor is produced by blood and alveolar neutrophils in acute respiratory failure." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 282, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): L310—L315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00121.2001.
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We tested the novel hypothesis that neutrophils in the lung or the airspaces may produce hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in ventilated patients with acute respiratory failure. Neutrophils were purified from blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid samples from 16 mechanically ventilated patients who underwent BAL for a diagnostic workup of ventilator-acquired pneumonia. Most of the patients had pneumonia ( n = 11). Ten nonventilated patients served as controls. Both blood and BAL neutrophils released HGF in vitro. Basal HGF secretion by blood neutrophils from controls was 823 (666) pg · ml−1· 10−7neutrophils (median, 25th–75th percentile) and doubled to 1,730 (1,684–2,316) pg · ml−1· 10−7neutrophils ( P = 0.001) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Basal HGF secretion by blood neutrophils from patients was similar [956 (655–2,140) pg · ml−1· 10−7neutrophils, P = 0.4] and doubled with LPS stimulation [2,767 (2,165–3,688) pg · ml−1· 10−7neutrophils, P < 0.0001 vs. controls]. Alveolar neutrophils released HGF in vitro [653 (397–1,209) pg · ml−1· 10−7neutrophils]. LPS stimulation did not significantly increase the HGF release from alveolar neutrophils [762 (434–1,305) pg · ml−1· 10−7neutrophils]. BAL HGF positively correlated with the BAL neutrophil count ( P = 0.01, R = 0.58). We conclude that blood and alveolar neutrophils from patients with acute respiratory failure can produce HGF, a mitogenic factor that may enhance the alveolar repair process.
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Ito, Yoko, Kelly Correll, John A. Schiel, Jay H. Finigan, Rytis Prekeris, and Robert J. Mason. "Lung fibroblasts accelerate wound closure in human alveolar epithelial cells through hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met signaling." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 307, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): L94—L105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00233.2013.
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There are 190,600 cases of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) each year in the United States, and the incidence and mortality of ALI/ARDS increase dramatically with age. Patients with ALI/ARDS have alveolar epithelial injury, which may be worsened by high-pressure mechanical ventilation. Alveolar type II (ATII) cells are the progenitor cells for the alveolar epithelium and are required to reestablish the alveolar epithelium during the recovery process from ALI/ARDS. Lung fibroblasts (FBs) migrate and proliferate early after lung injury and likely are an important source of growth factors for epithelial repair. However, how lung FBs affect epithelial wound healing in the human adult lung has not been investigated in detail. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is known to be released mainly from FBs and to stimulate both migration and proliferation of primary rat ATII cells. HGF is also increased in lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and serum in patients with ALI/ARDS. Therefore, we hypothesized that HGF secreted by FBs would enhance wound closure in alveolar epithelial cells (AECs). Wound closure was measured using a scratch wound-healing assay in primary human AEC monolayers and in a coculture system with FBs. We found that wound closure was accelerated by FBs mainly through HGF/c-Met signaling. HGF also restored impaired wound healing in AECs from the elderly subjects and after exposure to cyclic stretch. We conclude that HGF is the critical factor released from FBs to close wounds in human AEC monolayers and suggest that HGF is a potential strategy for hastening alveolar repair in patients with ALI/ARDS.
13
Alexandru, Bogdan-Catalin, Monica Popa, Cosmin Pestean, Robert Purdoiu, Liviu Oana, Anne-Marie Constantin, Ramona Amina Popovici, Alina-Simona Sovrea, Carmen Georgiu, and Gabriela Dogaru. "The Effect of Type 1 Atellocolagen in Association with Blood Self-derivatives in Alveolar Bone Augumentation." Revista de Chimie 71, no. 4 (May 5, 2020): 390–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.4.8079.
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The current experimental study was conducted in sheep, which present bone anisotropy and a predisposition to periodontal disease, with alveolar bone resorption, similar to that found in humans. In this study, alveolar bone augmentation was performed using a lyophilized bovine bone xenograft enriched with type 1 atelocollagen, which was combined with autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) as a membrane. The results were radiologically and histologically evaluated at six weeks postoperatively. At that time, the transformation of the composite biomaterial was clearly visible, suggesting that the regeneration process started from the periphery of the augmentation mass, which was progressively transformed from a granular eosinophilic material into an undifferentiated hypercellular one, then into fibroblastic, cartilaginous tissue, and finally into new bone and desmodontal-like tissue. This process was most probably induced by all the compounds used, the growth factors found in autologous blood derivatives, including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), as well as type 1 atelocollagen from the graft composition, especially in combination. The composite biomaterial at six weeks postoperatively provided excellent results regarding alveolar bone regeneration, and without any risk, as opposed to that found in overdose of recombinant growth factors.
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Bhatta, Sandip, Toshiharu Iwai, Takeshi Miura, Masato Higuchi, Gersende Maugars, and Chiemi Miura. "Differences between male and female growth and sexual maturation in tilapia (oreochromis mossambicus)." Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 8, no. 2 (January 3, 2013): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kuset.v8i2.7326.
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In tilapia, growth during critical periods of the life cycle varies at different ages of development and is influenced by sexual maturation. The mechanisms controlling gametogenesis and how growth affects this process are poorly understood. This study indicates that tilapia exhibit a sexually dimorphic growth pattern in which males grow faster and bigger than females. During critical periods of development growth patterns of tilapia vary between males and females as they increase in age and sexual maturation. In this study interactions between growth and reproductive development were examined by monitoring and comparing growth rates and reproductive histology. Female growth rate peaked at the very early stages of reproductive development during the cortical alveolar stages and male growth rate peaked after complete sexual maturation during spermiogenesis. The accumulation of cortical alveoli in the oocyte in females and spermiogenesis in males was determined to be the critical developmental periods of tilapia effecting growth rates. Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 8, No. II, December, 2012, 57-65 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kuset.v8i2.7326
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Khan, Mohammad Sayedur Rahman, Mei Shuang, Xiao Lin Liu, Sun Xu, and Hao Fu Liang. "Current concept in alveolar cleft management." Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Journal 10, no. 4 (November 25, 2017): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bsmmuj.v10i4.34258.
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<p class="Abstract">The alveolar cleft is known as the developmental defect of bone in alveolar process of maxillae which occurs in 75% of the cleft lip and palate patients with different types of clinical presentation like unilateral or bilateral and complete or incomplete. Secondary alveolar cleft reconstruction with autogenic spongy bone grafting (osteoplasty) at the stage of mixed dentition is commonly accepted treatment to help in the maintenance of maxillary arch continuity, repairing of oronasal fistula, eruption of the permanent dentition, enhancement of nasal symmetry through providing alar base support and improving speech. As of late, conflicting argument of alveolar cleft management is continuing regarding treatment planning with timing, graft materials, surgical techniques as well as methods of evaluation of the progress of alveolar osteoplasty. Now-a-days, experiments have made for the application of allogeneic bone, artificial bone, and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP), along with growth factors to diminish the donor-site morbidity associated autogenic bone grafting. The purpose of this review is to discuss about pathogenesis and aetiology of cleft defects, surgical techniques, assessment of progress of alveolar bone graft and proposed future materials for bone graft.</p>
16
Adamson, I. Y., L. Young, and J. Bakowska. "Enhanced alveolar type II cell growth on a pulmonary extracellular matrix over fibroblasts." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 272, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): L413—L417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1997.272.3.l413.
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The growth of alveolar type II cells was studied when these cells were maintained for 2 days on a pulmonary endothelium-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) on a filter with or without lung fibroblasts in the lower chambers of culture wells. Type II cell proliferation was enhanced by the ECM compared with other substrates but was significantly higher with fibroblasts beneath. This was determined by thymidine uptake and cell numbers. The diffusing factor from fibroblasts appeared to be keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), because this cytokine increased type II cell growth in culture and the neutralizing antibody to KGF blocked the observed fibroblast-induced growth increase. None of the antibodies to various cytokines had any effect on the ECM-induced proliferation. Although the type II cells were shown to produce degradative activity for the ECM, there was little secreted enzyme activity in supernatants and there was no demonstrated autocrine-regulated growth effect. The results suggest that type II cell growth may be stimulated by both 1) a matrix-bound factor that acts through a cell contact-mediated process, and 2) a fibroblast-secreted factor that appears to be KGF.
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Sordillo, L. M., and S. C. Nickerson. "Growth patterns and histochemical characterization of bovine mammary corpora amylacea." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 34, no. 5 (May 1986): 593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/34.5.3701028.
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Corpora amylacea in bovine mammary tissue were quantified across a range of size differentials for histochemical properties, lactation age, and lactation stage, in an attempt to characterize amyloid nucleation and growth. At all size classifications, corpora stained positively for amyloid, calcium deposits, and glycoprotein, while staining negatively for mucopolysaccharides. Prevalence of corpora amylacea among the size differentials was unrelated to age of lactating animals, although no corpora were observed in quarters of primiparous heifers at parturition. Corpora amylacea were most abundant during the later stages of lactation for all size differentials, and least abundant during late involution and early lactation. The majority of corpora were observed in alveolar lumens at all stages of lactation. Our results suggest that corpora amylacea development is not restricted to a particular stage of lactation, although their nucleation appears to occur within the alveolar lumens. Gradual increases in both size and numbers of corpora from parturition to late lactation suggest that development of these structures accelerates as lactation progresses. Morphological relationships between corpora amylacea and mammary parenchymal tissue during the later stages of lactation suggest that these structures may have a role in the involutionary process. These findings provide the foundation for additional immunocytochemical techniques to determine the origin of amyloid fibril components.
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Wu, Cheng-Hsien, Kun-Chun Chen, Yang-Sung Lin, Yuan-Chih Liu, and Chun-Li Lin. "Functional Evaluation of a Novel Multi-Axial Alveolar Distractor—Preliminary In Vivo Animal Study." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 1898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041898.
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This study evaluates the biomechanical performance of a new multi-axial alveolar distractor using an animal study. The multi-axial alveolar distractor is designed with a ball and socket joint mechanism that can rotate up to 60° toward the buccal/lingual and mesial/distal sides intra-operatively to achieve vector control. The transport segment can be moved through activating the transport screw with 0.25 pitch, allowing 13 mm in distraction height. This distractor was fixed at the right angulus mandibular of experimental rabbits and adjusted 15° toward the mesial side and 25° toward the buccal side as Group TMB (toward mesial-buccal) (n = 3), and 15° toward the mesial side as Group TM (toward mesial) (n = 3). Group TC (control) was the control group. The distractors were activated 1 mm/day for 13 days. Living bone growth was observed at various periods. The total bone growth length at the angulus region and buccal side distraction thickness after distraction were calculated. The variations in bone growth geometric shape at the mandible angulus were also recorded. Fracture testing was performed to understand the variations in the mechanical strength between the distracted and intact bone specimens. The digital radiography results showed that the osteotomy areas at the mandible angulus were healed and the bone growth completed after surgery. The average bone growth length of Group TMB was 17.68 mm. This was greater than that of Group TM at 14.79 mm. The corresponding buccal side distractor thicknesses for Group TMB and TM after distraction were 5.12 ± 0.52 mm and 3.32 ± 0.37 mm, respectively. The tensile strengths of the bone specimens after distraction of Groups TMB, TM and TC were 172.13 N, 119.27 N and 304.24 N, respectively, and the percentage of distraction bone tensile strength to normal bone was 57% and 39% for Groups TMB and TM, respectively. This study concluded that this new multi-axial alveolar bone distractor can drive bones to grow in accordance with the direction/angle of the distraction plan. The bone growth healed gradually and presented insufficient mechanical strength.
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Isakson, Brant E., Richard L. Lubman, Gregory J. Seedorf, and Scott Boitano. "Modulation of pulmonary alveolar type II cell phenotype and communication by extracellular matrix and KGF." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 281, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): C1291—C1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.4.c1291.
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The alveolar epithelium consists of two cell types, alveolar type I (AT1) and alveolar type II (AT2) cells. We have recently shown that 7-day-old cultures of AT2 cells grown on a type I collagen/fibronectin matrix develop phenotypic characteristics of AT1 cells, display a distinct connexin profile, and coordinate mechanically induced intercellular Ca2+ changes via gap junctions (25). In this study, we cultured AT2 cells for 7 days on matrix supplemented with laminin-5 and/or in the presence of keratinocyte growth factor. Under these conditions, cultured AT2 cells display AT2 type morphology, express the AT2-specific marker surfactant protein C, and do not express AT1-specific cell marker aquaporin 5, all consistent with maintenance of AT2 phenotype. These AT2-like cells also coordinate mechanically induced intercellular Ca2+ signaling, but, unlike AT1-like cells, do so by using extracellular nucleotide triphosphate release. Additionally, cultured cells that retain AT2 cell-specific markers express connexin profiles different from cultured cells with AT1 characteristics. The parallel changes in intercellular Ca2+ signaling with cell differentiation suggest that cell signaling mechanisms are an intrinsic component of lung alveolar cell phenotype. Because lung epithelial injury is accompanied by extracellular matrix and growth factor changes, followed by extensive cell division, differentiation, and migration of AT2 progenitor cells, we suggest that similar changes may be vital to the lung recovery and repair process in vivo.
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Ghosh, Manik C., Vijay Gorantla, Patrudu S. Makena, Charlean Luellen, Scott E. Sinclair, Andreas Schwingshackl, and Christopher M. Waters. "Insulin-like growth factor-I stimulates differentiation of ATII cells to ATI-like cells through activation of Wnt5a." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 305, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): L222—L228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00014.2013.
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Alveolar type II (ATII) epithelial cells play a crucial role in the repair and remodeling of the lung following injury. ATII cells have the capability to proliferate and differentiate into alveolar type I (ATI) cells in vivo and into an ATI-like phenotype in vitro. While previous reports indicate that the differentiation of ATII cells into ATI cells is a complex biological process, the underlying mechanism responsible for differentiation is not fully understood. To investigate factors involved in this differentiation in culture, we used a PCR array and identified several genes that were either up- or downregulated in ATI-like cells ( day 6 in culture) compared with day 2 ATII cells. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) mRNA was increased nearly eightfold. We found that IGF-I was increased in the culture media of ATI-like cells and demonstrated a significant role in the differentiation process. Treatment of ATII cells with recombinant IGF-I accelerated the differentiation process, and this effect was abrogated by the IGF-I receptor blocker PQ401. We found that Wnt5a, a member of the Wnt-Frizzled pathway, was activated during IGF-I-mediated differentiation. Both protein kinase C and β-catenin were transiently activated during transdifferentiation. Knocking down Wnt5a using small-interfering RNA abrogated the differentiation process as indicated by changes in the expression of an ATII cell marker (prosurfactant protein-C). Treatment of wounded cells with either IGF-I or Wnt5a stimulated wound closure. These results suggest that IGF-I promotes differentiation of ATII to ATI cells through the activation of a noncanonical Wnt pathway.
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Ogasawara, Keita, Masahiro To, Yu-Hao Liu, Toshimitsu Okudera, Takatsuna Nakamura, and Masato Matsuo. "Application of deproteinized bovine bone mineral as proangiogenic scaffold for alveolar bone formation in beagle dogs." Microscopy 70, no. 4 (February 2, 2021): 382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfab007.
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Abstract Alveolar bone repair after tooth extraction is essential after oral surgeries. Various grafting materials are used to promote the regeneration of lost alveolar bone. This study analysed the morphological features of the tissue regeneration process using deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM). DBBM was used to densely fill the extraction sockets in beagle dogs. Following resin casting of the vasculature, stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe blood vessels and hard tissues in haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections on postoperative days 14, 30 and 90 in conjunction with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) immunostaining to evaluate alveolar bone vascularization. On day 14 post-operation, the DBBM granules tightly filled the extraction sockets, maintained alveolar margin height and formed a scaffold for aiding angiogenesis and new bone formation. On day 30, new bone formation was observed around the DBBM granules. By day 90, bone tissue regeneration progressed in both groups but was more pronounced in the DBBM group. Alveolar margin height was maintained in the DBBM group throughout the study. Furthermore, VEGF expression in the DBBM group was detected around newly formed bone. We conclude that DBBM acts as a suitable scaffold for new bone generation, as well as angiogenesis around healing alveolar bone, and that it has the potential to play a key role in vascularization and bone formation.
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Srinivasan, Suseela, Jennifer Strange, Feyisola Awonusonu, and Margaret C. Bruce. "Insulin-like growth factor I receptor is downregulated after alveolarization in an apoptotic fibroblast subset." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 282, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): L457—L467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00050.2001.
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After alveolar formation, >20% of interstitial lung fibroblasts undergo apoptosis, a process that is of critical importance for normal lung maturation. The immature lung contains two morphologically distinct fibroblast populations, lipid-filled interstitial fibroblasts (LIF) and non-LIF (NLIF), which differ with respect to contractile protein content, proliferative capacity, and expression of mRNAs for fibronectin and types I and III collagen, but not tropoelastin. After alveolarization, apoptosis occurs in only one fibroblast population, the LIF. Using flow cytometry to analyze fibroblasts stained with a lipophilic, fluorescent dye, we identified a subset, designated LIF(−), that contained fewer lipid droplets. Unlike LIF that retain lipid, LIF(+), the LIF(−) do not undergo apoptosis after alveolarization. In LIF(+), apoptosis was correlated with downregulation of insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) mRNA and cell surface protein expression. Treatment with anti-IGF-IR decreased total lung fibroblast survival ( P = 0.05) as did treatment with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY-294002 and the ras-raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor PD-98059 ( P < 0.002), which block IGF-I/insulin receptor survival pathways. These observations implicate downregulation of IGF-IR expression in fibroblast apoptosis after alveolar formation.
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Bauer, Franz Xaver, Markus Schönberger, Johannes Gattinger, Markus Eblenkamp, Erich Wintermantel, Andrea Rau, Florian Dieter Güll, Klaus-Dietrich Wolff, and Denys J. Loeffelbein. "RapidNAM: generative manufacturing approach of nasoalveolar molding devices for presurgical cleft lip and palate treatment." Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 62, no. 4 (August 28, 2017): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2016-0035.
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AbstractNasoalveolar molding (NAM) is an accepted treatment strategy in presurgical cleft therapy. The major drawbacks of the treatment listed in the literature relate to the time of the treatment and the coordination of the required interdisciplinary team of therapists, parents, and patients. To overcome these limitations, we present the automated RapidNAM concept that facilitates the design and manufacturing process of NAM devices, and that allows the virtual modification and subsequent manufacture of the devices in advance, with a growth prediction factor adapted to the patient’s natural growth. The RapidNAM concept involves (i) the prediction of three trajectories that envelope the fragmented alveolar segments with the goal to mimic a harmonic arch, (ii) the extrusion from the larger toward the smaller alveolar segment along the envelope curves toward the harmonic upper alveolar arch, and (iii) the generation of the NAM device with a ventilation hole, fixation pin, and fixation points for the nasal stents. A feasibility study for a vector-based approach was successfully conducted for unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients. A comparison of the modified target models with the reference target models showed similar results. For further improvement, the number of landmarks used to modify the models was increased by a curve-based approach.
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Sari, Desi Sandra, Fourier Dzar Eljabbar Latief, Ferdiansyah, Ketut Sudiana, and Fedik Abdul Rantam. "Micro-Computed Tomography Analysis on Administration of Mesenchymal Stem Cells - Bovine Teeth Scaffold Composites for Alveolar Bone Tissue Engineering." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 52 (August 10, 2021): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.52.86.
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The tissue engineering approach for periodontal tissue regeneration using a combination of stem cells and scaffold has been vastly developed. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) seeded with Bovine Teeth Scaffold (BTSc) can repair alveolar bone damage in periodontitis cases. The alveolar bone regeneration process was analyzed by micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) to observe the structure of bone growth and to visualize the scaffold in 3-Dimensional (3D). The purpose of this study is to analyze alveolar bone regeneration by µ-CT following the combination of MSCs and bovine teeth scaffold (MSCs-BTSc) implantation in the Wistar rat periodontitis model. Methods. MSCs were cultured from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells of rats. BTSc was taken from bovine teeth and freeze-dried with a particle size of 150-355 µm. MSCs were seeded on BTSc for 24 hours and transplanted in a rat model of periodontitis. Thirty-five Wistar rats were made as periodontitis models with LPS induction from P. gingivalis injected to the buccal section of interproximal gingiva between the first and the second mandibular right-molar teeth for six weeks. There were seven groups (control group, BTSc group on day 7, BTSc group on day 14, BTSc group on day 28, MSCs-BTSc group on day 7, MSCs-BTSc group on day 14, MSCs-BTSc group on day 28). The mandibular alveolar bone was analyzed and visualized in 3D with µ-CT to observe any new bone growth. Statistical Analysis. Group data were subjected to the Kruskal Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney (p <0.05). The µ-CT qualitative analysis shows a fibrous structure, which indicates the existence of new bone regeneration. Quantitative analysis of the periodontitis model showed a significant difference between the control model and the model with the alveolar bone resorption (p <0.05). The bone volume and density measurements revealed that the MSCs-BTSc group on day 28 formed new bone compared to other groups (p <0.05). Administration of MSCs-BTSc combination has the potential to form new alveolar bone.
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Jain, Himani, Manjit Kumar, Aquib Mughal, Sumit Katoch, and Navjot Kaur. "Prosthodontic Rehabilitation of Cleft Lip and Palate with Presurgical Nasoalveolar Molding." Dental Journal of Advance Studies 6, no. 02/03 (December 2018): 057–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1677778.
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AbstractThe purpose of this article is to illustrate the fabrication process of presurgical nasoalveolar molding (PNAM) prosthesis. Growth of alveolar ridges, lips, and nose is initiated and directed by PNAM prosthesis at the presurgical time. Presurgical nasoalveolar molding helps reduce the future complications of lip and nasal surgery. Because of use of this appliance, there are minimum tension and minimum scar formation due to repair of soft tissue and cartilaginous deformity.
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Kamal, Aqsa, Basheer Salman, Noor Hayati Abdul Razak, Ali Al Qabbani, and A. R. Samsudin. "The Efficacy of Concentrated Growth Factor in the Healing of Alveolar Osteitis: A Clinical Study." International Journal of Dentistry 2020 (May 12, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9038629.
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Background. A dry socket also referred to as alveolar osteitis (AO) is a common postoperative complication following tooth extraction, due to the disruption of the clot within the wound. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of concentrated growth factor (CGF) in the healing of alveolar osteitis following tooth extraction. Methods. The study was conducted at University Dental Hospital Sharjah, UAE. Patients undergoing tooth extraction at the oral surgery clinic were advised to return immediately if they suffer from pain. Over the following first week after tooth extraction, patients who reported pain symptoms were recalled and all dry sockets were identified. The patients were divided into two groups. Group I patients received conventional treatment with socket curettage and saline irrigation only, while in group II CGF was inserted into the socket. Both groups were observed for pain score and quantification of granulation tissue formation. Results. A total of 40 dry socket patients, aged between 18 and 60 years, from a total of 1,250 patients, were included in the study. 30 patients were given conventional treatment while another 10 patients were given CGF. Patients who received CGF had a pain score of 7–10 at presentation, and the pain score dropped to 0–3 on day 4 and further improved to 0-1 on day 7 (p=0.001). Granulation tissue formation appeared in the conventional group I on day 7 while the CGF group II showed earlier granulation tissue formation by day 4 (p=0.001). The posttreatment pain score is inversely proportional to the amount and rate of granulation tissue formation in the socket. Conclusion. The study suggests that delivery of CGF into a dry socket helps relieve pain and expedite the wound healing process as shown by a statistically much lower pain score and earlier and more rapid formation of granulation tissue when compared to the conventional alveolar osteitis therapy.
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Blokland, Kaj E. C., David W. Waters, Michael Schuliga, Jane Read, Simon D. Pouwels, Christopher L. Grainge, Jade Jaffar, et al. "Senescence of IPF Lung Fibroblasts Disrupt Alveolar Epithelial Cell Proliferation and Promote Migration in Wound Healing." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12040389.
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Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease marked by excessive accumulation of lung fibroblasts (LFs) and collagen in the lung parenchyma. The mechanisms that underlie IPF pathophysiology are thought to reflect repeated alveolar epithelial injury leading to an aberrant wound repair response. Recent work has shown that IPF-LFs display increased characteristics of senescence including growth arrest and a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) suggesting that senescent LFs contribute to dysfunctional wound repair process. Here, we investigated the influence of senescent LFs on alveolar epithelial cell repair responses in a co-culture system. Alveolar epithelial cell proliferation was attenuated when in co-culture with cells or conditioned media from, senescence-induced control LFs or IPF-LFs. Cell-cycle analyses showed that a larger number of epithelial cells were arrested in G2/M phase when co-cultured with IPF-LFs, than in monoculture. Paradoxically, the presence of LFs resulted in increased A549 migration after mechanical injury. Our data suggest that senescent LFs may contribute to aberrant re-epithelialization by inhibiting proliferation in IPF.
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Kim, Yong Ho, Kwang-Jin Kim, David Z. D’Argenio, and Edward D. Crandall. "Characteristics of Passive Solute Transport across Primary Rat Alveolar Epithelial Cell Monolayers." Membranes 11, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11050331.
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Primary rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers (RAECM) were grown without (type I cell-like phenotype, RAECM-I) or with (type II cell-like phenotype, RAECM-II) keratinocyte growth factor to assess passive transport of 11 hydrophilic solutes. We estimated apparent permeability (Papp) in the absence/presence of calcium chelator EGTA to determine the effects of perturbing tight junctions on “equivalent” pores. Papp across RAECM-I and -II in the absence of EGTA are similar and decrease as solute size increases. We modeled Papp of the hydrophilic solutes across RAECM-I/-II as taking place via heterogeneous populations of equivalent pores comprised of small (0.41/0.32 nm radius) and large (9.88/11.56 nm radius) pores, respectively. Total equivalent pore area is dominated by small equivalent pores (99.92–99.97%). The number of small and large equivalent pores in RAECM-I was 8.55 and 1.29 times greater, respectively, than those in RAECM-II. With EGTA, the large pore radius in RAECM-I/-II increased by 1.58/4.34 times and the small equivalent pore radius increased by 1.84/1.90 times, respectively. These results indicate that passive diffusion of hydrophilic solutes across an alveolar epithelium occurs via small and large equivalent pores, reflecting interactions of transmembrane proteins expressed in intercellular tight junctions of alveolar epithelial cells.
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Conhaim, R. L. "Growth rate of perivascular cuffs in liquid-inflated dog lung lobes." Journal of Applied Physiology 61, no. 2 (August 1, 1986): 647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.2.647.
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In the early stages of pulmonary edema, excess liquid leaving the pulmonary exchange vessels accumulates in the peribronchovascular interstitium where it forms large peribronchovascular cuffs. The peribronchovascular interstitium therefore acts as a reservoir to protect the air spaces from alveolar flooding. The rate of liquid accumulation and the liquid storage capacity of the cuffs determine how quickly alveolar flooding is likely to follow once edema formation has begun. To measure the rate and capacity of interstitial filling we inflated 11 isolated degassed dog lung lobes with liquid to an inflation pressure of 14 cmH2O (total lung capacity) for 1–300 min, then froze the lobes in liquid N2. We made photographs of 20 randomly selected 12 X 8-mm cross sections from each lobe and measured cuff volume from the photographs by point-counting. We found that cuff volume increased from 2.2% of air-space volume after 1 min of inflation to 9.3% after 300 min. To measure the driving pressure responsible for cuff formation we used micropipettes to measure subpleural interstitial liquid pressure at the hilum of three additional lobes. With liquid inflation pressure set to 14 cmH2O interstitial pressure rose exponentially to 11.5 cmH2O. Interstitial compliance calculated from our volume and pressure measurements equaled 0.09 ml X cmH2O–1 X g wet wt-1, a value similar to that measured in air-inflated lungs. Goldberg [Am. J. Physiol. 239 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 8): H189-H198, 1980] has likened interstitial filling to the charging of a capacitor, a process that follows a monoexponential time course.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Martín, Adrián E., Maria del R. Pani, Nora Ruiz Holgado, Laura I. López Miranda, Héctor E. Meheris, and Juan A. Garat. "Facial development disorders due to inhibition to endochondral ossification of mandibular condyle process caused by malnutrition." Angle Orthodontist 84, no. 3 (October 25, 2013): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/042013-307.1.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the effect of protein restriction on histomorphometric parameters of bone remodeling in mandibular condyle process and its possible influence in facial development in growing rats. Materials and Methods: Wistar rats weaned at the age of 21 days were assigned to one of the following groups: control (fed a regular hard diet ad libitum) and protein restricted (PR) (fed a hard diet lacking in protein ad libitum). The animals were euthanized on day 35 after the onset of the experiment. Mandibles were resected, fixed in 10% formalin, hemisected at the symphysis, and then radiographed in order to perform cephalometric studies of the condylar process length and the height of the lower alveolar process. Mandibles were then processed for light microscopy, and histomorphometric determinations were performed on histologic sections of the condylar process subchondral bone. Results: The PR group showed a significantly lower body weight than control group at the end of the experiment. The length of the condylar process was lower in the PR group; however, the diet used in this study did not affect the height of the lower alveolar process. The histomorphometric analysis showed that the PR group exhibited a statistically significant decrease in bone formation and bone volume in condylar process subchondral bone. Conclusion: Protein restriction inhibits bone formation and longitudinal growth in the mandibular condylar process. This result suggest that protein restriction can alter normal facial development.
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Jones, Matthew R., Arun Lingampally, Jin Wu, Jamschid Sedighi, Negah Ahmadvand, Jochen Wilhelm, Ana Ivonne Vazquez-Armendariz, et al. "Evidence for Overlapping and Distinct Biological Activities and Transcriptional Targets Triggered by Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2b Signaling between Mid- and Early Pseudoglandular Stages of Mouse Lung Development." Cells 9, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): 1274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9051274.
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Branching morphogenesis is the basic developmental mode common to organs such as the lungs that undergo a process of ramification from a rudimentary tree. However, the precise molecular and cellular bases underlying the formation of branching organs are still unclear. As inactivation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2b (Fgfr2b) signaling during early development leads to lung agenesis, thereby preventing the analysis of this pathway at later developmental stages, we used transgenic mice to induce expression of a soluble form of Fgfr2b to inactivate Fgfr2b ligands at embryonic day (E) 14.5, corresponding to the mid-pseudoglandular stage of lung development. We identified an Fgfr2b signaling signature comprised of 46 genes enriched in the epithelium, some of which were common to, but most of them distinct from, the previously identified Fgfr2b signaling signature at E12.5. Our results indicate that Fgfr2b signaling at E14.5 controls mostly proliferation and alveolar type 2 cell (AT2) differentiation. In addition, inhibition of Fgfr2b signaling at E14.5 leads to morphological and cellular impairment at E18.5, with defective alveolar lineage formation. Further studies will have to be conducted to elucidate the role of Fgfr2b signaling at successive stages (canalicular/saccular/alveolar) of lung development as well as during homeostasis and regeneration and repair after injury.
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Forte, Michael J., and Rahul G. Sangani. "Emerging Risk Profile of Lung Cancer Therapy: Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage from Osimertinib." Case Reports in Oncological Medicine 2019 (July 30, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6185943.
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Osimertinib is an oral epithelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) used primarily in the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. It is usually well tolerated with less than 5% of patients developing significant pulmonary toxicity from the medication, typically within the first few months after initiation. Previously reported pulmonary adverse reactions include pneumonitis (nonspecific interstitial pneumonia or other forms of acute interstitial process), fleeting asymptomatic infiltrates on imaging, and eosinophilic pneumonia. We present an interesting case of a 65-year-old female with recurrent metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung, treated with Osimertinib for 4 months, who developed a previously unreported toxicity of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) requiring mechanical ventilatory support.
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Marmai, Cecilia, Rachel E. Sutherland, Kevin K. Kim, Gregory M. Dolganov, Xiaohui Fang, Sophia S. Kim, Shuwei Jiang, et al. "Alveolar epithelial cells express mesenchymal proteins in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 301, no. 1 (July 2011): L71—L78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00212.2010.
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Prior work has shown that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) can mediate transition of alveolar type II cells into mesenchymal cells in mice. Evidence this occurs in humans is limited to immunohistochemical studies colocalizing epithelial and mesenchymal proteins in sections of fibrotic lungs. To acquire further evidence that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition occurs in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), we studied alveolar type II cells isolated from fibrotic and normal human lung. Unlike normal type II cells, type II cells isolated from the lungs of patients with IPF express higher levels of mRNA for the mesenchymal proteins type I collagen, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and calponin. When cultured on Matrigel/collagen, human alveolar type II cells maintain a cellular morphology consistent with epithelial cells and expression of surfactant protein C (SPC) and E-cadherin. In contrast, when cultured on fibronectin, the human type II cells flatten, spread, lose expression of pro- SPC, and increase expression of vimentin, N-cadherin, and α-SMA; markers of mesenchymal cells. Addition of a TGF-β receptor kinase inhibitor (SB431542) to cells cultured on fibronectin inhibited vimentin expression and maintained pro-SPC expression, indicating persistence of an epithelial phenotype. These data suggest that alveolar type II cells can acquire features of mesenchymal cells in IPF lungs and that TGF-β can mediate this process.
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Ruaro, Barbara, Francesco Salton, Luca Braga, Barbara Wade, Paola Confalonieri, Maria Concetta Volpe, Elisa Baratella, Serena Maiocchi, and Marco Confalonieri. "The History and Mystery of Alveolar Epithelial Type II Cells: Focus on Their Physiologic and Pathologic Role in Lung." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 2566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052566.
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Alveolar type II (ATII) cells are a key structure of the distal lung epithelium, where they exert their innate immune response and serve as progenitors of alveolar type I (ATI) cells, contributing to alveolar epithelial repair and regeneration. In the healthy lung, ATII cells coordinate the host defense mechanisms, not only generating a restrictive alveolar epithelial barrier, but also orchestrating host defense mechanisms and secreting surfactant proteins, which are important in lung protection against pathogen exposure. Moreover, surfactant proteins help to maintain homeostasis in the distal lung and reduce surface tension at the pulmonary air–liquid interface, thereby preventing atelectasis and reducing the work of breathing. ATII cells may also contribute to the fibroproliferative reaction by secreting growth factors and proinflammatory molecules after damage. Indeed, various acute and chronic diseases are associated with intensive inflammation. These include oedema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, fibrosis and numerous interstitial lung diseases, and are characterized by hyperplastic ATII cells which are considered an essential part of the epithelialization process and, consequently, wound healing. The aim of this review is that of revising the physiologic and pathologic role ATII cells play in pulmonary diseases, as, despite what has been learnt in the last few decades of research, the origin, phenotypic regulation and crosstalk of these cells still remain, in part, a mystery.
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Enemark, Hans, John Jensen, and Carles Bosch. "Mandibular Bone Graft Material for Reconstruction of Alveolar Cleft Defects: Long-Term Results." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 38, no. 2 (March 2001): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_2001_038_0155_mbgmfr_2.0.co_2.
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Objective To analyze the long-term effect of mandibular bone as donor material in bone grafting of the alveolar process defect in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), compared with iliac crest cancellous bone. Method During a 7-year period, 101 UCLP patients were bone grafted, 57 cases with iliac crest cancellous bone and 44 with mandibular symphyseal bone. The long-term results with an observation time of more than 4 years were analyzed with respect to marginal bone level and dental and gingival condition in the grafted area. Complications were recorded. Results The bone level in the grafted area was satisfactory in both groups. Impaction of cleft-side canines was found in 35% of the patients in both groups. Patients with agenesis of the cleft side lateral incisor had significantly more impacted canines, compared with patients with a cleft-side lateral situated in the lesser maxillary segment, probably due to the fact that the lateral incisors help in guiding the canine down through the grafted area. The number of complications was scarce, although both groups demonstrated some gingival retraction with a longer crown length at the cleft side central incisor. Conclusion The findings of this study have changed our strategy in bone grafting. Timing of orthodontic treatment and bone grafting has been more varied depending on the position and presence of teeth in the cleft area. Bone grafting of the alveolar process is not just a local treatment of a bony defect, but in respect to the burden of treatment, bone grafting of the alveolar process has to be planned in accordance with orthodontic treatment and maxillofacial growth.
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Kresnoadi, Utari, Retno Pudji Rahayu, M. Rubianto, Subijanto Marto Sudarmo, and Hendrik Setia Budi. "TLR2 Signaling Pathway in Alveolar Bone Osteogenesis Induced by Aloe vera and Xenograft (XCB)." Brazilian Dental Journal 28, no. 3 (June 2017): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201600834.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to find the role of TLR2 signaling pathway in reducing osteoclast activity and promoting osteoblast growth by inducing a combination of Aloe vera and cancellous bovine xenograft (XCB) into dental extraction socket. Forty-eight Cavia cobayas were used. They were divided into eight groups (n=6). For control group, their mandibular incisors were extracted and filled with PEG. For treatment groups, they were extracted and filled with XCB, Aloe vera and the combination of Aloe vera and XCB. The first four groups were sacrificed after 7 days and the other groups after 30 days. Immunohistochemistry and histopathology examination were conducted to examine TLR2, TNFa, OPG, collagen-1, and the osteoblast and osteoclast expressions. The expressions of TLR2, OPG and Collagen-1, as well as the number of osteoblast were increased. Meanwhile, the expressions of TNFa and osteoclast were decreased. The study finding was that TLR2 signaling pathway influenced alveolar bone osteogenesis process by reducing osteoclast activity and stimulating osteoblast growth induced by the combination of Aloe vera and XCB.
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Sena, K., Y. Morotome, O. Baba, T. Terashima, Y. Takano, and I. Ishikawa. "Gene Expression of Growth Differentiation Factors in the Developing Periodontium of Rat Molars." Journal of Dental Research 82, no. 3 (March 2003): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910308200304.
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Growth and differentiation factors (GDF) 5, 6, and 7 are known to play roles in tendon and ligament formation, and are therefore probably involved in the formation of periodontal ligament. In this study, we sought to determine temporal and spatial expression of GDF-5, -6, and -7 mRNA in developing periodontal tissue of rat molars using in situ hybridization. GDF gene expression in the periodontal ligament was first detected in cells associated with the initial process of periodontal ligament fiber bundle formation. Gene signals were also detected in cells located along the alveolar bone and cementum surfaces, the insertion sites of periodontal ligaments, during the course of root formation. GDF expression in these cells were down-regulated after completion of root formation. Our results appeared to suggest the involvement of GDF-5, -6, and -7 in the formation of the dental attachment apparatus.
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Kamadjaja, Michael JK, Bambang AS Tumali, Harry Laksono, Nike Hendrijantini, Melinda L. Ariani, Natasia, and Tata P. Mawantari. "Effect of Socket Preservation Using Crab Shell-Based Hydroxyapatite in Wistar Rats." Recent Advances in Biology and Medicine 6 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/rabm.2020.1116232.
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Tooth extraction can cause 1.5-2 mm (vertical) and 40-50% (horizontal) alveolar bone resorption to occur for 6 months after extraction and will continue if it is not treated. Alveolar bone resorption will affect the retention, stability, and comfort in the use of dentures because adequate alveolar bone volume and structure of alveolar ridge are very important to obtain optimal function and prosthetic reconstruction. Currently, there are techniques and materials that can be used to minimize bone resorption. Preservation of alveolar ridges with crab shell-based hydroxyapatite can minimize bone resorption because it has good biocompatibility, osteoconduction, and osteoinduction. The aim of this study is to prove the effectiveness of hydroxyapatite from crab shells in increasing the area of bone trabeculae, transforming growth factor-beta 1(TGF-β1), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). This laboratory research is an experimental laboratory work with a post-test group design. Crab shell-based hydroxyapatite gel (Portunus pelagicus) was given after the post-tooth socket extraction of the left lower central incisor of Wistar rats, observing the area of trabeculae, TGF-β1, and ALP on the 14th day and 28th day. Hydroxyapatite is made from the calcination process of crab shells using a furnace at 1000°C for 2 h followed by sifting to powder. The powder is added with carrageenan and distilled water so that it becomes a gel preparation. The results of this study were analyzed using the One-way ANOVA test with IBM SPSS version 20. The area of trabeculae, TGF-β1, and ALP between the control group and the treatment group showed p<0.05, which means there were significant differences between the groups. The study showed that hydroxyapatite from the crab shell (P. pelagicus) can increase the area of trabeculae, TGF-β1, and ALP in the post-extraction socket of Wistar rat’s teeth.
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Damayanti, Meta Maulida, Bethy Suryawathy Hernowo, and Susi Susanah. "Osteocalcin expression of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) added with hydroxyapatite (HA) in rabbit’s post extraction tooth sockets." Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 32, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/pjd.vol32no3.24848.
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Introduction: Platelets play an important role in wound healing because it is a reservoir for growth factors and cytokines which is important in bone regeneration and soft tissue healing. The purpose of this study was to compare the use of scaffolds in platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) which added with hydroxyapatite (HA) in the socket healing process after tooth extraction in the value of regenerating an alveolar bone tissue. Methods: The research was conducted at biomedical laboratory Bandung Islamic University. Eighteen rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with extracted anterior and inferior teeth were divided into 2 treatment groups and 3 observation times. The tooth socket is filled with PRF (Group 1) and PRP + HA (Group 2). The observation was conducted on Day 3, Day 7 and Day 14. Immunoexpression Osteocalcin was performed to assess the healing process of alveolar bone. Data was analyzed with the SPSS software program. Analysis of normality data by Shapiro-Wilk test, homogeneity of variance with Levene's test and comparison between treatment groups with the Chi-square test. Results: Group 1 shown the average score was higher than in Group 2 with a strong category of 72.2% for Group 1 and 56.6% for Group 2. Based on statistically, there was no difference in osteocalcin immunoexpression between Group 1 and Group 2 with the p-value>0.05. Conclusion: Regeneration of rabbit’s alveolar bone tissue by application of PRF and PRP plus HA as scaffolds have results was similar. The use of PRF in post-extraction wound recovery is a better choice because it has an easy procedure and lower cost.
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Robinson, G. W., and L. Hennighausen. "Inhibins and activins regulate mammary epithelial cell differentiation through mesenchymal-epithelial interactions." Development 124, no. 14 (July 15, 1997): 2701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.14.2701.
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Inhibins and activins are members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) family. Female mice in which both alleles encoding the inhibin betaB subunit have been deleted are unable to nurse their pups. We have now identified a cause of lactation failure in these mice. Ductal elongation and alveolar morphogenesis are retarded. During puberty and pregnancy, ductal outgrowth and alveolar development are limited and morphologically abnormal endbuds persist in the glands of postpartum females. The alveolar lumina fail to expand at parturition due to the absence of secreted milk. Transplantation experiments have been performed to determine whether the absence of systemic- or mammary-derived betaB subunits are the cause for the incomplete and aberrant development. While transplanted intact glands from wild-type mice grew normally in betaB-deficient hosts, betaB-deficient glands remained underdeveloped in wild-type hosts. However, betaB-deficient epithelium developed normally when transplanted into the fat pad of wild-type hosts. This demonstrates that ductal elongation and epithelial cell differentiation during puberty and pregnancy require activin/inhibin signalling from the stroma. The results further show that distinct, though related, activins and inhibins perform unique functions and are not able to compensate for the absence of activin B and AB and inhibin B in the process of mammogenesis. The betaB-deficient mice provide the first genetic evidence for stromal signalling in the adult mammary gland in vivo.
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Zakrzewski, Wojciech, Maciej Dobrzynski, Zbigniew Rybak, Maria Szymonowicz, and Rafal J. Wiglusz. "Selected Nanomaterials’ Application Enhanced with the Use of Stem Cells in Acceleration of Alveolar Bone Regeneration during Augmentation Process." Nanomaterials 10, no. 6 (June 22, 2020): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10061216.
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Regenerative properties are different in every human tissue. Nowadays, with the increasing popularity of dental implants, bone regenerative procedures called augmentations are sometimes crucial in order to perform a successful dental procedure. Tissue engineering allows for controlled growth of alveolar and periodontal tissues, with use of scaffolds, cells, and signalling molecules. By modulating the patient’s tissues, it can positively influence poor integration and healing, resulting in repeated implant surgeries. Application of nanomaterials and stem cells in tissue regeneration is a newly developing field, with great potential for maxillofacial bony defects. Nanostructured scaffolds provide a closer structural support with natural bone, while stem cells allow bony tissue regeneration in places when a certain volume of bone is crucial to perform a successful implantation. Several types of selected nanomaterials and stem cells were discussed in this study. Their use has a high impact on the efficacy of the current and future procedures, which are still challenging for medicine. There are many factors that can influence the regenerative process, while its general complexity makes the whole process even harder to control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and advantage of both stem cells and nanomaterials in order to better understand their function in regeneration of bone tissue in oral cavity.
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Mura, Marco, Claudia C. dos Santos, Duncan Stewart, and Mingyao Liu. "Vascular endothelial growth factor and related molecules in acute lung injury." Journal of Applied Physiology 97, no. 5 (November 2004): 1605–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00202.2004.
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VEGFs and their receptors have been implicated in the regulation of vascular permeability in many organ systems, including the lung. Increased permeability and interstitial and pulmonary edema are prominent features of acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Extrapolating data from other organ systems and animal experiments have suggested that overexpression of VEGF functions primarily as proinjurious molecules in the lung. Recent data, from animal models as well as from patients with ARDS, have shown decreased levels of VEGF in the lung. The role of VEGF and related molecules in ALI/ARDS is, therefore, controversial: what has become clear is that there are many unique features in the regulation of pulmonary vascular permeability and in VEGF expression in the lung. In this review, we explore a growing body of literature looking at the expression and function of VEGF and related molecules in different models of ALI and in patients with ALI/ARDS. Novel evidence points to a potential role of VEGF in promoting repair of the alveolar-capillary membrane during recovery from ALI/ARDS. Understanding the role of VEGF in this disease process is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies for ALI/ARDS.
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Mona, Mahmoud, Clay Walker, Luciana M. Shaddox, and Roberta Pileggi. "Bacterial Biofilm Growth on Various Dental Stabilization Systems for Avulsed and Luxated Teeth." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 27, 2021): 8982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198982.
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With the increased incidence of traumatic injuries and the advanced understanding of the periodontal and alveolar healing process, teeth splinting has become a common practice for stabilizing traumatized teeth. Consequently, several splinting materials and techniques have been introduced in the past few years. Despite the detrimental role of bacterial biofilm on healing, the level of biofilm development on these material surfaces has not been well investigated. Bacterial biofilms are severely detrimental for periodontal healing of avulsed and luxated teeth. Thus, biofilm growth becomes a critical factor in selecting the material of choice for dental splints. In this study, we aim to assess the level of oral biofilm growth on four different splinting systems: Ribbond©, orthodontic NiTi wire, monofilament fishing line, and Titanium Trauma Splint. A total of 72 extracted anterior teeth were divided into four groups. We splinted six rows of three teeth each per group. The teeth selected were caries-free and periodontitis-free at the time of extraction. To assess biofilm growth, a supragingival dental plaque sample was cultured and directly inoculated into all groups. After 7 days, bacterial growth was quantified by live/dead fluorescent microscopy assay and colony forming unit counts (CFU). Using one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni’s post hoc tests, we demonstrated that all splint systems allowed for bacterial growth. However, the Titanium Trauma Splint (TTS) allowed for the least amount of biofilm growth compared to other splint systems.
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Perdue, T. D., and A. R. Brody. "Distribution of transforming growth factor-beta 1, fibronectin, and smooth muscle actin in asbestos-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 42, no. 8 (August 1994): 1061–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/42.8.8027525.
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We are studying the development of fibrogenic lesions in the lungs of rats exposed briefly to an aerosol of chrysotile asbestos fibers. This model of asbestosis has enabled us to establish very early cellular events at the specific locations where interstitial fibrosis will develop. These sites, the first alveolar duct bifurcations, are where the fibers are initially deposited and where macrophages first accumulate. In the studies presented here, we used immunohistochemical techniques to show that these macrophages exhibit strong localization of transforming growth factor-beta. In the adjacent developing fibrogenic lesions a clear increase in fibronectin staining was demonstrated and morphological analysis indicated a significant increase in amounts of smooth muscle actin. Such studies are essential in furthering our understanding of the distribution of potential mediators of the fibrogenic process and the cellular responses they elicit during the pathogenesis of disease.
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Mustakim, Kezia Rachellea, Buyanbileg Sodnom-Ish, Mi-Young Eo, Hye-Jung Yoon, Hoon Myoung, and Soung-Min Kim. "Conservative Decompression Management with Functional Appliance in Pediatric Plexiform Ameloblastoma." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 3775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11093775.
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Ameloblastoma is an infiltrative benign neoplasm in the mandible or maxilla that is locally aggressive with rare metastasizing capacity. This lesion is the most common tumor of the odontogenic epithelium. However, its occurrence in children is low, representing only 10–15% of all reported ameloblastoma cases. In treating such benign neoplasms in pediatric patients, the preservation of vital structures such as the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN), deciduous teeth, tooth buds, and nerves with proper post-operative management to maintain normal mandibular growth is imperative. A five-year-old boy with painless swelling and displaced teeth in the right mandible was diagnosed with plexiform ameloblastoma. Instead of a radical approach, the patient was treated conservatively using decompression and routine irrigation along with long-term follow-up. Functional appliance treatment was provided using a Frankel appliance to preserve and induce normal growth of the jaw. After eight years, there was no recurrence of the ameloblastoma, and normal mandibular growth of the patient was observed. Pediatric plexiform ameloblastoma should be treated with a conservative approach considering the preservation of important anatomic structures and further mandibular growth. Moreover, functional appliance therapy should be considered as an integral part of treatment for pediatric ameloblastoma and other tumors in children to maintain and induce normal growth of the mandible.
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Christopher, Pradeep, Bala Gughan, Poorna Devadoss, and Naveen H. Krishnamurthy. "A Case of Cleft Hypoplastic Maxilla corrected by Single-stage Lefort 1 Osteotomy to improve Esthetics and Function." Journal of Health Sciences & Research 6, no. 1 (2015): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10042-1015.
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ABSTRACT Among the congenital anomalies, cleft lip and palate take about 14% of the total population; among them, unilateral cleft lip and palate is predominant than bilateral. Cleft lip correction preceding the cleft palate is usually done within a gap of 3 years. Due to the wide median palatal cleft, a perfectly performed Langenbeck pushback closures can leave behind persistent oronasal fistulas during the healing process, due to which severe scarring of palatal mucosa takes place. Secondary alveolar grafting is a procedure performed irrespective of the age for persistent oronasal fistulas. Further closure of nasal and palatal fistula with intervening bone graft is always successful but can compromise the growth of maxilla resulting in hypoplasia. In one such case of a failed secondary alveolar grafting, a Lefort 1 advancement alone was done not only to improve the facial esthetics but also function. This paper discusses in detail the comprehensive surgical procedure performed. How to cite this article Christopher P, Gughan B, Devadoss P, Krishnamurthy NH. A Case of Cleft Hypoplastic Maxilla corrected by Single-stage Lefort 1 Osteotomy to improve Esthetics and Function. J Health Sci Res 2015;6(1):25-27.
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Anggraini, Netta, Sri Pramestri Lastianny, and Al Sri Koes Soesilowati. "Differences in results of infrabony pocket treatment with addition of platelet rich fibrin and platelet rich plasma gel in DFDBA bone graft." Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia 1, no. 1 (December 2, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/majkedgiind.37423.
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Treatment of infrabony pocket makes use of bone graft material demineralized freeze dried bone allograft (DFDBA) from different individuals which has undergone demineralization process and it is osteoinductive. Enhancement of growth factor was done by adding platelet rich fibrin (PRF) and platelet rich plasma (PRP). PRP is activated with an addition of calcium chloride CaCl2) to form gel. The method used to apply the bone grafting material is open flap debridement OFD). This research aimed to reveal the differences in the results of infrabony pocket treatment using PRF and PRP gel with an addition of DFDBA. The sample was taken from 20 infrabony pocket points divided into 2 groups, 10 infrabony pocket were treated with OFD+DFDBA+PRF and the other were treated with OFD+DFDBA+PRP gel. Pocket depth (PD) was measured on the baseline and the first and third month after treatment. Alveolar bone height was measured using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) radiograph on the baseline to the third month after treatment. The results of this research showed that there was difference in the results of infrabony pocket treatment using PRF and PRP gel with an addition of DFDBA which could be observed from a reduction in PD from the baseline, month 1 and month 3 as well as reduction in alveolar bone height from the baseline to month 3. This research concluded that infrabony pocket treatment PRF application yields better results than PRP gel application in terms of PD and alveolar bone height reduction.
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Horowitz, Jeffrey C., Zongbin Cui, Thomas A. Moore, Tamara R. Meier, Raju C. Reddy, Galen B. Toews, Theodore J. Standiford, and Victor J. Thannickal. "Constitutive activation of prosurvival signaling in alveolar mesenchymal cells isolated from patients with nonresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 290, no. 3 (March 2006): L415—L425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00276.2005.
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Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by stereotypic host inflammatory and repair cellular responses; however, mechanisms regulating the resolution of ARDS are poorly understood. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a novel population of mesenchymal cells from the alveolar space of ARDS patients via fiber-optic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). BAL was performed on 17 patients during the course of ARDS. Immunofluorescence staining and multiparameter flow cytometric analysis defined a population of alveolar mesenchymal cells (AMCs) that are CD45−/prolyl-4-hydroxylase+/α-smooth muscle actin+/−. AMCs proliferated in ex vivo cell culture for multiple passages; early passage (3–5) cells were subsequently analyzed in 13 patients. AMCs isolated from patients with persistent or nonresolving ARDS (ARDS-NR, n = 4) demonstrate enhanced constitutive activation of prosurvival signaling pathways involving PKB/Akt, FKHR, and BCL-2 family proteins compared with AMCs from patients with resolving ARDS (ARDS-R, n = 9). Exogenous transforming growth factor-β1 markedly induces PKB/Akt activation in AMCs from ARDS-R. ARDS-NR cells are more resistant to serum deprivation-induced apoptosis compared with ARDS-R. This study identifies a novel population of mesenchymal cells that can be isolated from the alveolar spaces of ARDS patients. AMCs in patients with ARDS-NR acquire an activational profile characterized by enhanced prosurvival signaling and an antiapoptotic phenotype. These findings support the concept that apoptosis of mesenchymal cells may be an essential component of normal repair and resolution of ARDS and suggest that dysregulation of this process may contribute to persistent ARDS.
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Indriasari, Verastuti, Sri Suparwitri, Christnawati Christnawati, and Ananto Ali Alhasyimi. "Different effects of soybean isoflavone genistein on transforming growth factor levels during orthodontic tooth movement among young and old rabbits." F1000Research 8 (December 10, 2019): 2074. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.21211.1.
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Background: Orthodontic treatment to improve aesthetics and for health reasons is performed in children and adults. Elderly individuals have low levels of estrogen, this results in alveolar bone resorption being greater than alveolar bone apposition. Isoflavones present in soybeans may be able to improve the remodeling process through the induction of osteoblastogenesis by increasing transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) levels. This study aimed to assess the comparative effect of soybean genistein isoflavone to TGF-β1 during orthodontic tooth movement among juvenile and adult rabbits. Methods: In this study, 12 healthy female rabbits were used. Subjects were divided into four groups (n=3); YG group (young rabbits), YGI group (young rabbits + isoflavones genistein), OG group (old rabbits), and OGI group (old rabbits + isoflavones genistein). Two lower incisors of the rabbit were moved distally using an orthodontic force (50 grams force) delivered by an open coil spring, which was inserted between two brackets. During active movements, the genistein isoflavones were given from the initial installation of the device until days 21, at a dose of 1.2 mg/kg BW once a day. Measurement of TGF-β levels were performed on days 1, 7, 14, 21 after appliance installation. TGF-β1 expression was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the optical density (OD) of the sample quantifed using a standard curve. The data obtained were analyzed using one-way Anova followed by Tukey HSD test. Results: The TGF-β1 levels were found to highest in the YGI group, and the TGF-β levels were significantly lower in the OG group (p<0.05). ELISA analysis also revealed that TGF-β1 levels of the OGI group were significantly higher when compared with the OG group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The administration of soybean genistein isoflavones could improve TGF-β1 levels in old rabbit’s during active orthodontic tooth movement.
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Indriasari, Verastuti, Sri Suparwitri, Christnawati Christnawati, and Ananto Ali Alhasyimi. "Different effects of soybean isoflavone genistein on transforming growth factor levels during orthodontic tooth movement among young and old rabbits." F1000Research 8 (June 4, 2020): 2074. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.21211.2.
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Background: Orthodontic treatment to improve aesthetics and for health reasons is performed in children and adults. Elderly individuals have low levels of estrogen, this results in alveolar bone resorption being greater than alveolar bone apposition. Isoflavones present in soybeans may be able to improve the remodeling process through the induction of osteoblastogenesis by increasing transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) levels. This study aimed to assess the comparative effect of soybean genistein isoflavone to TGF-β1 during orthodontic tooth movement among juvenile and adult rabbits. Methods: In this study, 12 healthy female rabbits were used. Subjects were divided into four groups (n=3); YG group (young rabbits), YGI group (young rabbits + isoflavones genistein), OG group (old rabbits), and OGI group (old rabbits + isoflavones genistein). Two lower incisors of the rabbit were moved distally using an orthodontic force (50 grams force) delivered by an open coil spring, which was inserted between two brackets. During active movements, the genistein isoflavones were given from the initial installation of the device until days 21, at a dose of 1.2 mg/kg BW once a day. Measurement of TGF-β levels were performed on days 1, 7, 14, 21 after appliance installation. TGF-β1 expression was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the optical density (OD) of the sample quantifed using a standard curve. The data obtained were analyzed using one-way Anova followed by Tukey HSD test. Results: The TGF-β1 levels were found to highest in the YGI group, and the TGF-β levels were significantly lower in the OG group (p<0.05). ELISA analysis also revealed that TGF-β1 levels of the OGI group were significantly higher when compared with the OG group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The administration of soybean genistein isoflavones could improve TGF-β1 levels in old rabbit’s during active orthodontic tooth movement.