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Journal articles on the topic 'Amanita muscaria muscimol ibotenic acid'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Voynova, Maria, Aleksandar Shkondrov, Magdalena Kondeva-Burdina, and Ilina Krasteva. "Toxicological and pharmacological profile of Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam. – a new rising opportunity for biomedicine." Pharmacia 67, no. (4) (2020): 317–23. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.67.e56112.

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Amanita muscaria, commonly known as fly agaric, is a basidiomycete. Its main psychoactive constituents are ibotenic acid and muscimol, both involved in 'pantherina-muscaria' poisoning syndrome. The rising pharmacological and toxicological interest based on lots of contradictive opinions concerning the use of Amanita muscaria extracts' neuroprotective role against some neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, its potent role in the treatment of cerebral ischaemia and other socially significant health conditions gave the basis for this review. Facts about Amanita muscaria'

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2

Voynova, Maria, Aleksandar Shkondrov, Magdalena Kondeva-Burdina, and Ilina Krasteva. "Toxicological and pharmacological profile of Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam. – a new rising opportunity for biomedicine." Pharmacia 67, no. 4 (2020): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.67.e56112.

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Amanita muscaria, commonly known as fly agaric, is a basidiomycete. Its main psychoactive constituents are ibotenic acid and muscimol, both involved in ‘pantherina-muscaria’ poisoning syndrome. The rising pharmacological and toxicological interest based on lots of contradictive opinions concerning the use of Amanita muscaria extracts’ neuroprotective role against some neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, its potent role in the treatment of cerebral ischaemia and other socially significant health conditions gave the basis for this review. Facts about Amanita muscaria’

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3

Savickaitė, Emilija, and Gabija Laubner-Sakalauskienė. "Emerging Risks of Amanita Muscaria: Case Reports on Increasing Consumption and Health Risks." Acta medica Lituanica 32, no. 1 (2025): 228–35. https://doi.org/10.15388/amed.2025.32.1.23.

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Introduction: The increasing popularity of Amanita muscaria, driven by its hallucinogenic properties, has raised significant public health concerns, particularly as it remains largely unregulated across most European Union countries. The mushroom contains muscimol, a compound that induces euphoria, altered perception, and hallucinations, and its precursor, ibotenic acid, converts to muscimol when dried or heated, reducing toxicity while preserving psychoactive effects. The growing trend in intentional consumption of A. muscaria reflects evolving patterns of intoxication despite its known toxic

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4

Romano, Megan C., Hung K. Doan, Robert H. Poppenga, Michael S. Filigenzi, Uneeda K. Bryant, and Cynthia L. Gaskill. "Fatal Amanita muscaria poisoning in a dog confirmed by PCR identification of mushrooms." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 31, no. 3 (2019): 485–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638719842897.

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Diagnosing mushroom poisoning in dogs can be difficult and often includes identification of suspect mushrooms. Visual identification may be hindered by mastication, oral medications, or poor quality of environmental mushroom samples. Other analytical techniques may thus be necessary to aid in mushroom identification. A 5-y-old neutered male Labrador Retriever dog developed acute onset of vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, seizures, and somnolence. The dog was treated at a veterinary clinic and was briefly stabilized, but died during transport to an emergency clinic. On postmortem examination at the

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5

KOMIYAMA, Shigehisa, Yoshio YAMAURA, Hiroyuki NAKAZAWA, Masahiko FUJITA, and YOZO KABASAWA. "Determination of ibotenic acid and muscimol in Amanita muscaria by high performance liquid chromatography." Bunseki kagaku 34, no. 4 (1985): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.34.4_161.

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6

TSUNODA, Koujun, Noriko INOUE, Yasuo AOYAGI, and Tatsuyuki SUGAHARA. "Change in Ibotenic Acid and Muscimol Contents in Amanita muscaria during Drying, Storing or Cooking." Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 34, no. 2 (1993): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3358/shokueishi.34.153.

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7

Gennaro, M. C., D. Giacosa, E. Gioannini, and S. Angelino. "Hallucinogenic Species in Amanita Muscaria. Determination of Muscimol and Ibotenic Acid by Ion-Interaction HPLC." Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 20, no. 3 (1997): 413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826079708010660.

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8

Dushkov, Alexander, Zuzana Vosáhlová, Alexander Tzintzarov, Květa Kalíková, Tomáš Křížek, and Iva Ugrinova. "Analysis of the Ibotenic Acid, Muscimol, and Ergosterol Content of an Amanita Muscaria Hydroalcoholic Extract with an Evaluation of Its Cytotoxic Effect against a Panel of Lung Cell Lines In Vitro." Molecules 28, no. 19 (2023): 6824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196824.

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The fungus Amanita muscaria is universally recognizable for its iconic appearance; it is also widely regarded as poisonous, inedible, and even deadly. In spite of that, there have been documented cases of use of A. muscaria-containing preparations against various diseases, including cancer, to no apparent ill effect. The search for compounds that can be used to treat cancer among various plants and fungi has been intensifying in recent years. In light of this, we describe an HPLC HILIC analytical method for the evaluation of the content of the anticancer compound ergosterol (ERG) and the neuro

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9

TSUNODA, Koujun, Noriko INOUE, Yasuo AOYAGI, and Tatsuyuki SUGAHARA. "Simultaneous Analysis of Ibotenic Acid and Muscimol in Toxic Mushroom, Amanita muscaria, and Analytical Survey on Edible Mushrooms." Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 34, no. 1 (1993): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3358/shokueishi.34.12.

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10

Zhang, Yi-Zhe, Yi Yao, Kai-Ping Zhang, et al. "Toxin Profiling of Amanita citrina and A. sinocitrina: First Report of Buiotenine Detection." Toxins 17, no. 5 (2025): 247. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17050247.

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Amanita species are widely distributed worldwide. Many of these species are poisonous and can cause health problems, resulting in morbidity and mortality. The toxins responsible for poisoning are amatoxins, aminohexadienoic acid, ibotenic acid, muscimol and muscarines, which damage the liver, kidney, central nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. In recent years, several toxins have been discovered from different poisonous mushrooms. In this study, multiwalled carbon nanotube purification and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used

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11

TSUNODA, Koujun, Noriko INOUE, Yasuo AOYAGI, and Tatsuyuki SUGAHARA. "Changes in Concentration of Ibotenic Acid and Muscimol in the Fruit Body of Amanita muscaria during the Reproduction Stage." Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 34, no. 1 (1993): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3358/shokueishi.34.18.

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12

Krupska, T. V., A. M. Datsiuk, M. I. Terebinska, et al. "Features of hydration of the composite system based on methyl silica AM-1 and dispersed Amanita muscaria mushrooms." Himia, Fizika ta Tehnologia Poverhni 16, no. 2 (2025): 167–77. https://doi.org/10.15407/hftp16.02.167.

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Bioactive components of Amanita musсaria mushrooms are psilocybin, muscimol, muscarine and ibotenic acid, which have a long history of use in both traditional and non-traditional medicine. Natural psychoactive substances, depending on the dosage, can act as stimulants, hallucinogens or analgesics. Potentially promising products are composite systems created on the basis of highly dispersed silica and crushed natural mushroom Amanita musсaria. The aim of this work was to create a composite system in which for the hydrophobic composite AM-1/Amanita, on the one hand, a high affinity for water is

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13

STØRMER, FREDRIK C., KAREL JANAK, and GRY E. B. KOLLER. "Ibotenic acid in Amanita muscaria spores and caps." Mycologist 18, no. 3 (2004): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269915x04003039.

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14

Su, Yu-Ting, Fei Xu, Ping Zhang, Peng-Tao Deng, Meng-Meng Lai, and Zuo-Hong Chen. "Morphology, multilocus phylogeny, and toxin analysis reveal two new species of Amanita section Amanita (Amanitaceae) from China." MycoKeys 118 (June 9, 2025): 225–44. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.118.141080.

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Globally, many species of Amanita sect. Amanita (Amanitaceae, Agaricales) cause poisoning after consumption. Amanita flavomelleicepssp. nov. and Amanita parvisychnopyramissp. nov., two new species of A. section Amanita from China, are described here. Morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on five genes (ITS, nrLSU, RPB2, TEF1-α, and TUB2) revealed these two taxa as distinct species. Amanita flavomelleicepssp. nov. is characterized by a yellowish-to-yellow pileus covered by verrucose volval remnants; a subglobose basal bulb with shortly limbate; subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, in

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15

Lu, Junjia, Jing Zhang, Haijiao Li, and Chengye Sun. "Simultaneous Determination of Multi-Class Mushroom Toxins in Mushroom and Biological Liquid Samples Using LC-MS/MS." Separations 11, no. 6 (2024): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations11060183.

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A comprehensive analytical method based on liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous detection of 12 mushroom toxins (ibotenic acid, muscimol, muscarine, β-amanitin, α-amanitin, desoxoviroidin, γ-amanitin, phallisacin, illudin S, phallacidin, phalloidin and illudin M) in mushrooms, serum, urine and simulated gastric fluid. The samples were extracted with water or acetonitrile solution, and the serum sample was further purified with PSA sorbent. Chromatographic separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column with gradient elution usin

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16

Flament, Estelle, Jérôme Guitton, Jean-Michel Gaulier, and Yvan Gaillard. "Human Poisoning from Poisonous Higher Fungi: Focus on Analytical Toxicology and Case Reports in Forensic Toxicology." Pharmaceuticals 13, no. 12 (2020): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph13120454.

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Several families of higher fungi contain mycotoxins that cause serious or even fatal poisoning when consumed by humans. The aim of this review is to inventory, from an analytical point of view, poisoning cases linked with certain significantly toxic mycotoxins: orellanine, α- and β-amanitin, muscarine, ibotenic acid and muscimol, and gyromitrin. Clinicians are calling for the cases to be documented by toxicological analysis. This document is therefore a review of poisoning cases involving these mycotoxins reported in the literature and carries out an inventory of the analytical techniques avai

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17

Lumpert, Mateja, and Samo Kreft. "Catching flies with Amanita muscaria: traditional recipes from Slovenia and their efficacy in the extraction of ibotenic acid." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 187 (July 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.009.

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18

Stříbrný, Jan, Miloš Sokol, Barbora Merová, and Peter Ondra. "GC/MS determination of ibotenic acid and muscimol in the urine of patients intoxicated with Amanita pantherina." International Journal of Legal Medicine 126, no. 4 (2011): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-011-0599-9.

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19

Gonmori, Kunio, Koutaro Hasegawa, Hiroki Fujita, et al. "Analysis of ibotenic acid and muscimol in Amanita mushrooms by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry." Forensic Toxicology 30, no. 2 (2012): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11419-012-0144-7.

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20

Wagner, Ashley, Zhimin Yan та Marianna Kulka. "A Human Microglial Cell Line Expresses γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Receptors and Responds to GABA and Muscimol by Increasing Production of IL-8". Neuroglia 4, № 3 (2023): 172–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia4030012.

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Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an essential neurotransmitter and an important regulator of neuroinflammation and disease. Microglia are important immune cells in the brain that express GABA receptors (GABAR) and respond to both GABA and GABAR agonists, yet the effect of GABA on microglial inflammatory responses is unclear. We hypothesized that GABA and GABAR agonists might modify the activation of a human microglial cell line (HMC3). We further hypothesized that Amanita muscaria extract (AME-1), which contained GABAR agonists (GABA and muscimol), would similarly stimulate HMC3. Ligand-gated

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21

Hasegawa, Koutaro, Kunio Gonmori, Hiroki Fujita, et al. "Determination of ibotenic acid and muscimol, the Amanita mushroom toxins, in human serum by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry." Forensic Toxicology 31, no. 2 (2013): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11419-013-0189-2.

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22

Tsujikawa, Kenji, Kenji Kuwayama, Hajime Miyaguchi, et al. "Determination of muscimol and ibotenic acid in Amanita mushrooms by high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography B 852, no. 1-2 (2007): 430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.01.046.

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23

Evdokimova, E., D. Pshennikova, E. Kuznetsova, and O. Strelova. "THE PROBLEM OF LEGALIZED USE OF FLY AGARICS AND DIAGNOSIS BASED ON THE RESULTS OF CLINICAL LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICS (LITERATURE REVIEW)." Problems of Biological, Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, June 14, 2025, 46–52. https://doi.org/10.29296/25877313-2025-06-06.

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In recent years, the popularity of fly agaric «microdosing» has increased, which involves their systematic use in small doses (usually several grams) in order to provide a "therapeutic effect without harm to the body." The market offers capsules, dried caps of red fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) and pantherine fly agaric (Amanita pantherina), which until recently were actively sold by individual entrepreneurs on Russian e-commerce platforms. At the federal level, the storage, purchase and sale of pantherine and red fly agarics, as well as psychoactive compounds in their composition, such as ibot

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24

Mikaszewska-Sokolewicz, Małgorzata A., Sylwestra Pankowska, Marek Janiak, Piotr Pruszczyk, Tomasz Łazowski, and Krzysztof Jankowski. "Coma in the course of severe poisoning after consumption of red fly agaric (Amanita muscaria)." Acta Biochimica Polonica 63, no. 1 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2015_1170.

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Red fly agaric poisoning is rare. It can be consumed for suicidal purposes or its psychedelic effect. The paper describes the case of a young men, who fell into a coma after ingestion of the red toadstools. Quick identification of the poison, early use of gastric lavage and symptomatic treatment resulted in regression of symptoms and lead to the patient's discharge from the hospital on the third day after intoxication. Authors discussing the poisonous alkaloids contained in the red toadtools: ibotenic acid, muscimol, muscasone and muscarine and theirs properties, responsible for the symptoms o

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25

Zelenshchikova, Varvara, Maria Belova, and Elizaveta Melnik. "TOXICOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT PROPERTIES OF FLY AGARICS AND CHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF POISONING BY THEM: SCIENTIFIC REVIEW." Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine, March 22, 2025. https://doi.org/10.17816/fm16219.

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Every year the number of poisonings by mushrooms of the genus Amanita increases, especially by species of A. muscaria and A. panterina. These species contain substances that affect the activity of the central nervous system (CNS). The most significant of them are: muscimol, ibotenic acid, muscarine. Muscimol (MUS) and ibotenic acid (IBO) are water–soluble derivatives of isoxazole. They have an antagonistic effect on the CNS, inhibiting and stimulating it through NMDA and GABA receptors, respectively. Mycoatropine or pantherine syndromes develop due to the combined effects of isoxazoles and oth

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26

Su, Yu-Ting, Jie Liu, Dan-Ni Yang, Qing Cai, Zhu L. Yang, and Zuo-Hong Chen. "Determination of ibotenic acid and muscimol in species of the genus Amanita section Amanita from China." Toxicon, August 2023, 107257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107257.

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27

Lumpert, M., and S. Kreft. "Effects of heat and mechanical processing on release of ibotenic acid from Amanita muscaria in traditional preparations used for catching flies in Slovenia." Planta Medica 81, no. 16 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1565654.

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