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Journal articles on the topic 'Amaranthus cruentus'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Lancíková, Veronika, and Andrea Hricová. "Digital Absolute Gene Expression Analysis of Essential Starch-Related Genes in a Radiation Developed Amaranthus cruentus L. Variety in Comparison with Real-Time PCR." Plants 9, no. 8 (July 30, 2020): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9080966.

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We investigated the expression pattern of four major starch genes at different seed developmental stages in the radiation-bred amaranth variety “Pribina” (Amaranthus cruentus L.) and corresponding control genotype “Ficha” (Amaranthus cruentus L.). Two platforms were used and compared for the gene expression analysis of GBSSI, SSSI, SBE, and DBE amaranth genes, including a standard quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) technique and relatively novel droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay. In our conditions, both methods showed great accuracy and revealed higher expression of the investigated genes in the mutant variety than in the control genotype. Here we report for the first time, a ddPCR gene expression assay for the cultivated grain amaranth, as the most important group of the species in the genus Amaranthus.

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2

Mihail, J. D., and E. R. Champaco. "Diseases of Amaranthus spp. caused by Pythium aphanidermatum and Macrophomina phaseolina." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 1219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-143.

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Experimental plantings of several species and crosses of Amaranthus were monitored during the 1990–1992 growing seasons to identify diseases that might limit commercial production of grain amaranth in Missouri. Two diseases, previously unreported on the Amaranthus spp. being evaluated in Missouri, are described. Pythium stem canker, caused by Pythium aphanidermatum, was observed when high temperatures coincided with prolonged periods of soil saturation. Tan cankers with black borders developed at the soil line on nearly mature (flowering) plants and lodging was associated with 2.7% of plants examined. Of the species and crosses examined, A. cruentus (cultivar K436) and A. hypochondriacus × A. hybridus (cultivars K432, K433, and K593) were affected most severely by the disease. Differences in susceptibility among the 11 cultivars suggest the potential for the development of disease-resistant cultivars. Charcoal rot, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, affected A. hypochondriacus × A. hybridus (cultivars K432 and K433) growing in two mid-Missouri locations in 1990. Key words: Amaranthus cruentus, Amaranthus hypochondriacus, Amaranthus hypochondriacus × Amaranthus hybridis, charcoal rot, grain amaranth, stem canker.

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3

Fadel, J. G., C. C. Calvert, W. G. Pond, R. L. Harrold, and B. A. Lewis. "Nutritive value of three amaranth grains fed either processed or raw to growing rats." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 76, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas96-037.

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Amaranth is being used increasingly as a feed ingredient for both humans and domestic animals yet little effort has been expended examining the specific effects of processing amaranth on nutritive quality. Amaranth seeds are high in protein and fat compared to other grains and may be an important feed source if the utilization of different amaranth cultivars is better understood. Six diets, containing 96% amaranth from three amaranths that were either raw or boiled, were fed to growing rats. The three amaranths [Amaranthus cruentus L. (R158), A. hypochondriacus L. (K343), A. cruentus L. (477913)] were grown at Clay Center, NE. A corn (negative control) and a corn-soy (positive control) diet were the two controls. Thirty-two weanling male rats were randomly assigned to the eight diets for 14 d a Clay Center, NE. Initial weights, final weights, feed intakes, and final organ weights were measured. The experiment was repeated at Davis, CA. Boiled amaranth diets had 68% less trypsin inhibitor activity as compared to unboiled amaranth diets. Rats fed boiled amaranth diets gained more weight with improved efficiency as compared to rats fed raw amaranth diets. Rats fed raw A. hypochondriacus L. (K343) had higher gain to feed ratios (P < 0.05) compared to rats fed other raw amaranths or the corn diet. Growth of rats fed the boiled amaranths A. cruentus L. (R158) or A. hypochondriacus L. (K343) was similar to that of rats fed the corn-soy diet. Heat treatment lowered trypsin inhibitor activity and improved the nutritive value of all amaranths examined in this experiment. Key words: Amaranth, processed, raw, nutritive value, growing rats

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4

Smith, Jason D., Fekadu F. Dinssa, Robert S. Anderson, Fu-cheng Su, and Ramasamy Srinivasan. "Identification of major insect pests of Amaranthus spp. and germplasm screening for insect resistance in Tanzania." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 38, no. 04 (August 3, 2018): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758418000115.

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AbstractVegetable and grain amaranths represent a vital source of micronutrients and protein in Asia and Africa. However, various foliar lepidopteran pests and stem-mining weevils hinder amaranth production. Insect-resistant cultivars can enhance the productivity of this crop. Here, we report on the performances of amaranth varieties screened for their resistance to insect pests under the field conditions at The World Vegetable Center stations in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted two preliminary screening trials with a total of 263 entries from around the world in Taiwan and a third preliminary screening trial with 49 African-indigenous entries in Tanzania. Promising entries from these preliminary trials were collectively evaluated in an advanced screening trial in Tanzania, to identify lines resistant to foliar and stem-boring pests in East Africa. Four entries exhibited moderate resistance to foliar pests: TZ51 and TZ53 (Amaranthus cruentus), TZ34 (A. dubius) and TZ39 (Amaranthus sp.). Five entries showed moderate resistance to stem weevils: TZ06 and TZ27 (A. cruentus), TZ52 (A. graecizans), TZ59 (A. palmeri) and TZ07 (Amaranthus sp.). Lepidopteran pests affecting leaves were reared to adulthood and identified as Spoladea recurvalis (Crambidae), Spodoptera exigua (Noctuidae) and Spodoptera littoralis (Noctuidae). Stem weevil larvae were also reared and identified as: Neocleonus sannio Herbst, Gasteroclisus pr. rhomboidalis Boheman, Hypolixus pr. haerens Boheman and Baradine sp. (Curculionidae). These results highlight key amaranth pests in East Africa and identify insect-resistant entries that will be useful in breeding programmes and resistance studies.

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5

Levleva, E. V., Yu A. Rudenskaya, A. V. Zimacheva, and V. V. Mosolov. "A trypsin inhibitor from amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) leaves." Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 36, no. 5 (September 2000): 466–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02731890.

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6

SOLÍS-FERNÁNDEZ, KAREN Z., ERICK A. AGUILERA-CAUICH, ROLANDO CIFUENTES-VELASQUEZ, HILDA FLORES-OLVERA, RUBÉN H. ANDUEZA-NOH, and IVONNE SÁNCHEZ-DEL PINO. "High morphological diversity of Amaranthus cruentus (Amaranthaceae) and its putative wild ancestor revealed by pistillate floral characterization in the proposed domestication center of origin." Phytotaxa 439, no. 3 (April 20, 2020): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.439.3.4.

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Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae) is a widespread genus that includes noxious weeds, economically important species for food, forage, medicinals and ornamentals. Three species of Amaranthus have been cultivated for their grain in the world, i.e. A. hypochondriacus, A. caudatus, and A. cruentus. It has been postulated that A. cruentus was domesticated from the probable wild progenitor A. hybridus, and that the domestication event occurred between southern Mexico and Guatemala, the region where the Mayan civilization flourished. Morphological variation in this grain amaranth and its putative wild progenitor has been poorly documented, even though this area is a possible center of domestication of A. cruentus. Samples of A. cruentus, A. hybridus, hybrids between these two species and aberrant morphotypes collected were studied morphologically using multivariate statistical methods on pistillate floral characters to (1) assess the diversity of grain amaranth A. cruentus and its postulated wild progenitor A. hybridus in the proposed domestication center of origin, (2) test the hypothesis that some hybrids and aberrant morphotypes found in the region can be morphologically differentiated from A. hybridus and A. cruentus based on statistical analyses, and (3) test and review the diagnostic characters traditionally used for assessing species circumscription. Our results showed high morphological diversity for these two species in the study region, indicating differentiation of both species, apparently based primarily on hybridization. Morphological variants on flower, bract, sepal, seed, and fruit characters were significant for confirming and circumscribing species.

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7

Oyedeji, Stephen, David Adedayo Animasaun, Abdullahi Ajibola Bello, and Oludare Oladipo Agboola. "Effect of NPK and Poultry Manure on Growth, Yield, and Proximate Composition of Three Amaranths." Journal of Botany 2014 (January 12, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/828750.

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The study compares the growth, yield, and proximate composition of Amaranthus hybridus, Amaranthus cruentus, and Amaranthus deflexus, grown with poultry manure and NPK in relation to the unfertilized soil of Ilorin, Nigeria. Viable seeds of the Amaranths raised in nursery for two weeks were transplanted (one plant per pot) into unfertilized soil (control) and soils fertilized with either NPK or poultry manure (PM) at 30 Kg ha−1 rate arranged in randomized complete block design with four replicates. Data were collected on plant height, stem girth, number of leaves, leaf area, and number of branches from 1 week after transplanting (1 WAT). Fresh weight, dry weight, and proximate composition were determined at 6 WAT. Except for the length, breadth, and number of leaves, the order of growth parameters and yield in the three Amaranthus species was NPK > PM > control. NPK grown Amaranthus species had the highest protein while PM-grown vegetables had the highest ash content. Crude fibre in A. cruentus grown with PM was significantly higher than NPK and the control. The NPK treatment of A. hybridus and A. deflexus had the highest crude fibre content. NPK and PM favoured growth and yield of the Amaranthus species but influenced proximate composition differently.

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8

Nkobole, Nolitha, and Gerhard Prinsloo. "1H-NMR and LC-MS Based Metabolomics Analysis of Wild and Cultivated Amaranthus spp." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040795.

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Amaranthus crops are important for their use as food and nutritional sources, as well as for their medicinal properties. They are mostly harvested from the wild, and cultivation of Amaranthus species is still rare, and therefore, attempts are being made to commercialize and market this important crop. This research investigated the effect of cultivation and environment on the chemical profile of both cultivated and wild A. cruentus and A. hybridus by multivariate statistical analysis of spectral data deduced by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Furthermore, wild samples of A. cruentus and A. hybridus were subjected to Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) for further analysis. Through NMR analysis, it was found that maltose and sucrose increased in both cultivated A. cruentus and A. hybridus. Moreover, the amino acid, proline was present in cultivated A. cruentus in high quantity whereas, proline and leucine were prominent in A. hybridus. Other compounds that were found in both wild and cultivated A. cruentus and A. hybridus are trehalose, trigonelline, lactulose, betaine, valine, alanine, fumarate, formate and kynurenine. LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of rutin, 2-phenylethenamine and amaranthussaponin I in both wild A. cruentus and A. hybridus, while chlorogenic acid was identified only in cultivated A. hybridus. On the contrary, L-tryptophan, kaempferol, phenylalanine and quercetin were detected only in wild A. cruentus. Amaranth is not only rich in macro and micronutrients, but the leaves also contain phytochemicals that vary between species and cultivated plants, and might, therefore, affect the medicinal properties of the material.

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9

Martins, Andréa Bicca Noguez, Caroline Jácome Costa, Fernanda da Motta Xavier, André Pich Brunes, Leticia Winke Dias, Aline Klug Radke, Paulo Eduardo da Rocha Eberhardt, et al. "Accelerated aging test in amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) seeds." Australian Journal of Crop Science 12, no. 03 (March 20, 2018): 444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne890.

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10

Radosavljevic, Milica. "Comparison of Amaranthus cruentus and Zea mays L. stach characteristics." Genetika 38, no. 1 (2006): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0601031r.

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Starch is a very important, naturally renewable and relatively inexpensive raw material. Since the current industrial production establishes demands pertaining starch quality, a greater attention has been paid to development and improvement of existing technological procedures for starch isolated from different botanical sources. This paper describes the procedure for amaranth starch isolation. Starch was isolated from Amaranthus cruentus seeds by low alkaline steeping and protease treatments. The properties of isolated amaranth starch were analyzed and compared with those of normal and waxy maize starches.

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11

Nogoy, Kim Margarette C., Jia Yu, Young Gyu Song, Shida Li, Jong-Wook Chung, and Seong Ho Choi. "Evaluation of the Nutrient Composition, In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics, and In Situ Degradability of Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus cruentus, and Amaranthus hypochondriacus in Cattle." Animals 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010018.

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The amaranth plants showed high potential feed value as forage for ruminants. An in-depth study of this plant, particularly in cattle, will help extend its utilization as an alternative protein and fiber feed source in cattle feeding. In this study, the nutrient compositions of three different species of amaranth, Amaranthus caudatus L., Amaranthus cruentus L., and Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.—two varieties for each species, A.ca 74, A.ca 91, A.cu 62, A.cu 66, A. hy 30, and A. hy 48—were evaluated. The in vitro technique was used to evaluate the fermentation characteristics such as total gas production, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, pH, and ammonia concentration of the rumen fluid. Moreover, the effective degradabilities of dry matter (EDDM) and crude protein (EDCP) of the amaranth forages were determined through in situ bag technique. The amaranth forages: A. caudatus, A. cruentus, and A. hypochondriacus showed better nutritive value than the locally produced forages in Chungcheong province of Korea. The CP of the amaranth ranged from 11.95% to 14.19%, and the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents ranged from 45.53% to 70.88% and 34.17% to 49.83%, respectively. Among the amaranth varieties, A. hypochondriacus 48 showed the most excellent ruminant feed nutrient quality (CP, 14.19%; NDF, 45.53%; and ADF, 34.17%). The effective degradabilities of dry matter (EDDM; 33–56%) and crude protein EDCP (27–59%) of the amaranth were lower compared to other studies, which could be due to the maturity stage at which the forages were harvested. Nonetheless, A. hypochondriacus 48 showed the highest EDDM (56.73%) and EDCP (59.09%). The different amaranth species did not differ greatly in terms of total VFA concentration or molar proportions, total gas production, or ammonia-N concentration. The high nutrient composition, and highly effective degradability of dry matter and crude protein, coupled with the favorable fermentation characteristics, suggest that the amaranth forages showed good to excellent feed quality for cattle.

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12

Oyekale, Kehinde oluwaseun. "Evaluation of 14 Accessions of Amaranthus cruentus for Production of Early Vegetative Yield." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 5, no. 3 (February 29, 2016): 748–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v5i3.5041.

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The present study was conducted to identify cultivar(s) of Amaranthus cruentus with the ability for production of vegetative yield within a short period of growth. A total of fourteen accessions of Amaranthus Cruentus were evaluated at 4weeks, 6weeks, 8weeks and 10weeks after planting (WAP) for plant height, leaf number, fresh and dry weights of leaves, stem and branches to measure the relative performance of the accessions. The experiment was planted, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with the Amaranthus cruentus as the treatment. The result showed significant differences in all the traits evaluated at each harvest period. The result also indicates significant variation in the ability of the accessions for early and rapid production of early vegetative yield. Three potentially suitable accessions BAM18, BAM 13, and BAM 22 were identified based on their outstanding performances at 4WAP and 6WAP harvest. Further field trial is required before they can be recommended for commercial production by farmers.Keywords: Vegetative Yield, Accessions, Cultivars, Traits.

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13

Skwaryło-Bednarz, Barbara, Patrycja Maria Stępniak, Agnieszka Jamiołkowska, Marek Kopacki, Anna Krzepiłko, and Hanna Klikocka. "THE AMARANTH SEEDS AS A SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS AND BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN HUMAN DIET." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 19, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2020.6.13.

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Amaranth is one of the oldest arable crop in the world. It was brought to Europe around the 17th century, but as an ornamental plant. It was not until the 1970s, after thorough examination of the chemical composition of amaranth seeds, that in effect of which the nutritional value of this plant was rediscovered and recognized. Since then, there has been increased interest in amaranth as a ‘plant with a future’. A great deal of scientific research has been carried out, leading to recognition of its nutritional, ecological, agricultural and health-promoting values (especially for the prevention and treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous and digestive systems). Among cultivated amaranths species Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus have the highest nutritional value. However, differences in the nutrient content are also noticeable between these species. One of the attributes of this plant is the high content of highly digestible complete protein and the presence of all essential amino acids in the seeds. The seeds also contain large amounts of gluten-free starch with a small grain diameter, fibre, vitamins and minerals. Furthermore, they have a high fat content compared to cereal grains. Amaranth oil consists mainly of unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and linolenic). Some of the unsaturated fatty acids, such as linolenic acid, are exogenous fatty acids, essential for the human body. Valuable components of the fatty acid fraction include squalene, tocopherols and tocotrienols. These compounds are particularly valuable due to their antioxidant properties.

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14

Sultana, M., MN Mondol, AA Mahir, R. Sultana, SF Elahi, N. Afrose, and AS Chamon. "Heavy metal concentration and health risk assessment in commonly sold vegetables in Dhaka city market." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 54, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v54i4.44570.

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This study assesses the levels of heavy metals in vegetables (Cucumis sativus, Solanum lycopersicum, Ipomoea aquatica, Amaranthus cruentus, Basella alba, Brassica oleracea, Musa acuminata) collected from Kawran Bazar vegetable market located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Also, it examines potential health risks from the consumption of these vegetables. The samples were randomly collected, processed and analyzed for heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Among the vegetables Basella alba had the highest heavy metal content followed by Cucumis sativus, Amaranthus cruentus, Solanum lycopersicum, Brassica oleracea, Musa acuminate and Ipomoea aquatica. The average daily intake for Cr (0.245 mg/person/day) was above the permissible maximum tolerable daily intake of 0.20 mg/person/day endorsed by WHO/FAO (2013). The hazard quotient (HQ) values for Cd in Basella alba (4.400) and Brassica oleracea (1.333), for Cr in Ipomoea aquatica (1.756), Amaranthus cruentus (1.655), Basella alba (3.033) and Musa acuminate (1.333) as well as the hazard indices (HI) for I. aquatica (2.537), A. cruentus (2.791), B.alba (8.883), B. oleracea (2.295), M. acuminate (2.999) exceeded unity, signifying presence of health risks from consumption of the vegetables. This study recommends regular monitoring of heavy metals in vegetables and foodstuffs to prevent excessive accrual in food chain. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.54(4), 357-366, 2019

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15

Gołaś, Iwona, Jacek Potorski, Małgorzata Woźniak, Piotr Niewiadomski, Ma Guadelupe Aguilera-Arreola, Araceli Contreras-Rodríguez, and Anna Gotkowska-Płachta. "Amaranth Meal and Environmental Carnobacterium maltaromaticum Probiotic Bacteria as Novel Stabilizers of the Microbiological Quality of Compound Fish Feeds for Aquaculture." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 25, 2020): 5114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155114.

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Fish feed should be characterized by microbiological stability to guarantee the optimal health of farmed fish. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of amaranth meal (Amaranthus cruentus) and a highly active environmental strain of probiotic bacteria, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, as novel supplements that stabilize the quantitative and qualitative composition of microbiota in compound fish feeds for aquaculture, regardless of storage temperature. The total viable counts of mesophilic bacteria at 28 °C (TVC 28 °C), hemolytic mesophilic bacteria (Hem 37 °C), Staphylococcus sp. bacteria, aerobic spore-forming bacteria (ASFB), sulfite-reducing anaerobic spore-forming Clostridium sp. bacteria, yeasts, and molds were analyzed in control feed (CF), in feed supplemented with amaranth meal (AF), and in feed supplemented with amaranth meal and C. maltaromaticum (ACF), stored at a temperature of 4 °C and 20 °C for 98 days. Amaranthus cruentus and C. maltaromaticum significantly reduced bacterial counts in fish feeds, regardless of the temperature and duration of storage. The antibacterial and antifungal effects of the tested additives were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The studied novel supplements contribute to the microbiological safety of compound fish feeds. The tested additives could be recognized as the key ingredients of organic, environmentally friendly fish feeds, which guarantee the high quality of fish intended for human consumption.

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16

Tosi, E. A., E. Ré, H. Lucero, and R. Masciarelli. "Dietary fiber obtained from amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) grain by differential milling." Food Chemistry 73, no. 4 (June 2001): 441–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-8146(00)00326-5.

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17

Великородов (Velikorodov), Анатолий (Аnatolij) Валериевич (Valerievich), Вячеслав (Vyacheslav) Борисович (Borisovich) Ковалев (Kovalev), Святослав (Svyatoslav) Борисович (Borisovich) Носачев (Nosachev), Алексей (Аleksej) Георгиевич (Georgievich) Тырков (Tyrkov), and Людмила (Lyudmila) Викторовна (Viktorovna) Морозова (Morozova). "FATTY-OXYGEN COMPOSITION OF SEEDS OILS OF SOME WILD-GROWING AND CULTIVATED PLANTS OF THE ASTRAKHAN REGION OBTAINED BY THE SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION METHOD." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 2 (April 2, 2018): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2018022005.

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Samples of oils from seeds of wild-growing plants (Elaeagnus angustifoli, Xanthium strumarium, Nelumbo nucifera) and cultivated plants (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, Volzhskoye 51 and Amaranthus cruentus sort Kharkiv 1) in the Astrakhan region, were obtained using supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide in the presence of ethanol as co-solvent. The fatty acid composition of lipid fractions of plant seeds is determined by gas chromatography after conversion to methyl esters of the corresponding fatty acids. The main component of Elaeagnus angustifolia, Xanthium strumarium, Nelumbo nucifera, Amaranthus cruentus and Sorghum bicolor (L.) seed oil is linoleic acid. In addition to it, decadieneal (3.4%), linoleic acid propyl ester (5.7%), 2.5-pentadecadiene-1-ol (0.7%), and 9-oxononanoic acid (1.5%), related to oxygenated acids, were identified. The highest ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated (8.06: 1) is characteristic of the seeds of Elaeagnus angustifoli. A distinctive feature of Amaranthus cruentus seed oil is a high squalene content (6.9%). Peculiarities of the component composition of the oil of the narrow-leaved loch seed are probably due to the soil-climatic conditions of growth and the allelopathic influence of biocenoses.

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18

Olowokere, F. A., and B. Akinbinu. "Evaluation of poultry manure, cattle dung, water and cattle urine-based composts on soil chemical properties, growth and yield of Amaranthus cruentus L." Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science 56, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjas.v56i1.5.

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The inclusion of cattle urine in compost preparation will improve compost quality, particularly with respect to nutrient composition. Field experiments were conducted at the organic farm of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State in 2014 and 2016 to evaluate the effects of water and cattle urine composts, sole poultry manure and cattle dung on post-harvest soil properties, growth and yield of Amaranthus cruentus. Treatments used were: compost derived from poultry manure + rice husk with water as source of moisture at 2.5, 5.0, 6.5 and 7.5 t ha-1, (PRW2.5, PRW5, PRW6.5 and PRW7.5 respectively), compost derived from poultry manure + rice husk with cattle urine as source of moisture at 2.5, 5.0, 5.4 and 7.5 t ha-1 (PRU2.5, PRW5, PRW5.4 and PRW7.5 respectively) and control. Post-harvest soil was analyzed for chemical properties, agronomic parameters and yield of Amaranthus cruentus were evaluated. Results showed that the application of PRU5.4 resulted in highest values for most of the agronomic parameters in both years, while the competition for highest values of post-harvest soil parameters was between PRW5 and PRW6.5. The highest values of Amaranthus cruentus yield in both years resulted from the application of PRU5.4 and PM3.

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Ziarovska, Jana, Michal Zahorsky, and Andrea Hricova. "Prosystemin identification in Amaranthus cruentus and A. hypochondriacus x hybridus based on data mining and sequence alignment." Genetika 48, no. 1 (2016): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1601211z.

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Bioinformatic tool have became an inevitable part of molecular genetic research in many applications. In the present study, an in silico based approach was used to find conservative region of currently known prosystemin gene sequences and its PCR identification was performed in Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus x hybridus. Identification results were veryfied by direct sequencing of obtained amplicons. For both of analysed species, the prosystemin sequence specifity was confirmed by sequencing. For a hybrid A. hypochondriacus x hybridus no differences were returned in bioinformatic alighment for known prosystemin sequence. For A. cruentus, two bases were found as to be different in the DNA sequence of prosystemin.

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20

Oduwaye, Olusegun A., Justina B. O. Porbeni, and Ibidun S. Adetiloye. "Genetic Variability and Associations Between Grain Yield and Related Traits in Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus Grown at Two Locations." Journal of Horticultural Research 24, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johr-2016-0025.

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Abstract For plant genetic improvement, it is paramount to determine genetic components for the selection of desirable traits. Eighteen Amaranthus cruentus and 11 Amaranthus hypochondriacus genotypes were evaluated at two locations in Nigeria differing in temperature/precipitation to determine the influence of environment on genetic gain. Genotype × environment was significant for all analysed morphological parameters and for grain yield, 1000 seed weight and no. of days to 50% flowering in A. cruentus. In A. hypochondriacus genotype × environment was significant for plant height, leaf length and width, leaf area, inflorescence length, 1000 seed weight and grain yield. Higher genotypic coefficient of variability, heritability estimates, and genetic advance was observed for the traits at Abeokuta (more wet) than Ibadan (more dry) conditions. Grain yield had positive association with the traits at the two locations except the number of leaves and inflorescence length. Inflorescence length was positively associated with grain yield at Abeokuta and negatively associated at Ibadan. Path analysis indicated simultaneous improvement of grain yield with petiole length and leaf length at Abeokuta but with petiole length and leaf area at Ibadan. In general, the locations had potential for genetic improvement of traits of amaranth grain; therefore, selection criteria for improving grain yield should be considered with respect to environment.

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Piłat, B., D. Ogrodowska, and R. Zadernowski. "Nutrient content of puffed proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) grains." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 34, No. 4 (September 5, 2016): 362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/405/2015-cjfs.

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Puffed grains of the varieties of proso millet (Penicum miliaceum L.) and amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) were evaluated as a source of nutritional compounds. The process of grain puffing was performed in prototype equipment of the “Szarłat” company. The analysed mean values for puffed grains were starch (proso millet 72.58%, amaranth 55.53%), fat (proso millet 8.43%, amaranth 8.99%), proteins (proso millet 13.89%, amaranth 14.04%), amino acids (proso millet 48.30 g/kg, amaranth 54.03 g/kg), crude fibre (proso millet 4.29%, amaranth 4.47%), and its fractions, as well as the total polyphenol content (proso millet 0.98%, amaranth 0.19%). Based on the results, puffed proso millet grains had the highest amounts of phenolic compounds and starch, and the lowest amount of crude dietary fibre and fat. Furthermore, both products were the sources of micro- and macrocomponents, primarily potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.

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22

OLOGUNDUDU, Akinbode Foluso, Adekunle Ajayi ADELUSI, and Kehinde Peter ADEKOYA. "Effect of Light Stress on Germination and Growth Parameters of Corchorus olitorius, Celosia argentea,Amaranthus cruentus, Abelmoschus esculentus and Delonix regia." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb549183.

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Seeds of Abelmoschus esculentus, Amaranthus cruentus, Celosia argentea, Corchorus olitorius and Delonix regia were germinated under light and dark conditions. The germination parameters revealed that germination was higher in seeds of A. cruentus and C. olitorus under light while the seeds of D. regia germinated more in the dark. However, no major difference was observed in the germination of C. argentea and A. esculentus in light and darkness. The above findings point out that germination is species dependent. It also indicated that Amaranthus cruentus and C. olitorius adapt better to light while D. regia adapt better to dark condition. The shade plants of A. esculentus and D. regia were found to be taller than those under direct sunlight. However, seedlings of A. cruentus, C. olitorius and C. argentea were found to be taller those under direct sunlight than in the shade regimes. This could suggest that these plants have higher tolerance of heat with respect to A. esculentus and D. regia. Shade plants of A. esculentus, C. argentea, C. olitorius and D. regia exhibited lower leaf area which is an adaptation to maximize light interception. Higher leaf area was observed in the shade plant of A. cruentus may be an adaptation to maximize the little light available to the plant under shade. These findings revealed plants adaptation to cope with stress in the environment.

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23

TOADER, Maria, Alina M. IONESCU, Cosmin SONEA, and Emil GEORGESCU. "Research on the morphology, biology, productivity and yields quality of the Amaranthus cruentus L. in the southern part of Romania." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 48, no. 3 (September 2, 2020): 1413–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha48311973.

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Currently, according to the specialists in the field, Amaranthus species are part of alternative agricultural crops recommended for organic farming. In this context, our scientific approach is to analyse the adaptability of these species in the specific conditions of the southern part of Romania (Reviga village, Ialomita County). Thus, for two consecutive years, two varieties of Amaranthus cruentus, namely ‘Bolivia 153’ and ‘Golden Giant’, were studied regarding: morphology, biology, cultivation technology, plant productivity and quality of yields in the organic farming conditions. After the study period, the ‘Golden Giant’ variety was characterized by the following: 8 days - sowing-emergence period; flowering start on 21 July; 124 days - vegetation period; 839.3 Growing Degree Days (GDD) (Σ t °C > 15 °C); 23.24 g - grains mass per plant; 1.375 g - Thousand Weight Grains (TWG); 2,647 kg ha-1 - grains yields. By comparison, ‘Bolivia 153’ variety plants were presented as follows: 11 days - sowing-emergence period; flowering start on 21 July; 127 days - vegetation period; 842.4 GDD; 22.09 g - grains mass per plant; 1.46 g TWG; 23.78 kg ha-1 - grains yields. In average, the chemical composition of Amaranthus cruentus grains was: 15.20% proteins; 51.70% starch; 5.96% lipids; 13.36% cellulose and 3.35% ash. In conclusion, the experimentation area proved to be favourable to Amaranthus cruentus cultivation, so that the tested varieties behaved well, had a fairly uniform emergences, and the good level of grains yields and quality.

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24

Tang, Shirong, Ziyuan Chen, Hongyan Li, and Jiemin Zheng. "Uptake of 134Cs in the shoots of Amaranthus tricolor and Amaranthus cruentus." Environmental Pollution 125, no. 3 (October 2003): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(03)00124-6.

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25

Soares, Rosana, Simone Mendonça, Luíla Ívini de Castro, Amanda Menezes, and José Arêas. "Major Peptides from Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) Protein Inhibit HMG-CoA Reductase Activity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16, no. 2 (February 16, 2015): 4150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms16024150.

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26

Wouyou, Agapit, Christophe Gandonou, Françoise Komlan, David Montcho, Ahissou Zanklan, Stanley Lutts, and Simplice Gnancadja. "Salinity Resistance of Five Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) Cultivars at Young Plants Stage." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 14, no. 3 (January 10, 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2017/31611.

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27

Ojo, O. D., M. O. Akoroda, and E. A. Akinrinde. "RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF PHOSPHORUS SOURCES IN GRAIN AMARANTH (AMARANTHUS CRUENTUS L.) PRODUCTION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 911 (October 2011): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.911.14.

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28

Guerra-Matias, Andrea C., and José A. G. Arêas. "Glycemic and insulinemic responses in women consuming extruded amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L)." Nutrition Research 25, no. 9 (September 2005): 815–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2005.09.002.

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29

Del Valle, F. R., M. Escobedo, A. Sanchez-Marroquin, H. Bourges, M. A. Bock, and P. Biemer. "Chemical and nutritional evaluation of two amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus)-based infant formulas." Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 43, no. 2 (March 1993): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01087918.

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30

Hong, Su-Young, Kyeong-Sik Cheon, Ki-Oug Yoo, Hyun-Oh Lee, Manjulatha Mekapogu, and Kwang-Soo Cho. "Comparative analysis of the complete chloroplast genome sequences of three Amaranthus species." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 17, no. 03 (January 24, 2019): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262118000485.

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AbstractThe complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequences of three Amaranthus species (Amaranthus hypochondriacus, A. cruentus and A. caudatus) were determined by next-generation sequencing. The cp genome sequences of A. hypochondriacus, A. cruentus and A. caudatus were 150,523, 150,757 and 150,523 bp in length, respectively, each containing 84 genes with identical contents and orders. Expansion or contraction of the inverted repeat region was not observed among the three Amaranthus species. The coding regions were highly conserved with 99.3% homology in nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Five genes – matK, accD, ndhJ, ccsA and ndhF – showed relatively high non-synonymous/synonymous values (Ka/Ks > 0.1). Sequence comparison identified two insertion/deletion (InDels) greater than 40 bp in length, and polymerase chain reaction markers that could amplify these InDel regions were applied to diverse Korean Genbank accessions, which could discriminate the three Amaranthus species. Phylogenetic analyses based on 62 protein-coding genes showed that the core Caryophyllales were monophyletic and Amaranthoideae formed a sister group with the Betoideae and Chenopodioideae clade. Comparing each homologous locus among the three Amaranthus species, identified eight regions with high Pi values (>0.03). Seven of these loci, except for rps19-trnH (GUG), were considered to be useful molecular markers for further phylogenetic studies.

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31

Baghani, Mohsen, and Ali Es-haghi. "Characterization of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using Amaranthus cruentus." Bioinspired, Biomimetic and Nanobiomaterials 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jbibn.18.00051.

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32

Allemann, I., M. E. Cawood, and J. Allemann. "Amaranthus cruentus L.: Phytochemical characterization and phytotoxic activity." South African Journal of Botany 109 (March 2017): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.01.022.

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33

Junkuszew, Marta, Wieslaw Oleszek, Marian Jurzysta, Sonia Piancente, and Cosimo Pizza. "Triterpenoid saponins from the seeds of amaranthus cruentus." Phytochemistry 49, no. 1 (September 1998): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(97)00904-7.

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34

Guliev, N. M., T. I. Allahverdiev, Sh M. Bayramov, and J. A. Aliyev. "Phosphoglycerate kinase from C4 plant Amaranthus cruentus L." Biochemical Society Transactions 28, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): A311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst028a311c.

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35

Hoover, R., A. W. Sinnott, and C. Perera. "Physicochemical Characterization of Starches from Amaranthus Cruentus Grains." Starch - Stärke 50, no. 11-12 (December 1998): 456–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-379x(199812)50:11/12<456::aid-star456>3.0.co;2-4.

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36

Agapit, Dossou WOUYOU, Adonnel AHISSOU Elpide, Bernard GANDONOU Christophe, ASSOGBA KOMLAN Francoise, HOUNGBEME Alban, Ahokannou GBAGUIDI Fernand, AHISSOU Hyacinthe, LAGNIKA Latifou, Ahissou ZANKLAN Seraphin, and LUTTS Stanley. "Salinity increased vitamins concentration in Amaranthus cruentus leaves." African Journal of Biotechnology 16, no. 44 (November 1, 2017): 2106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb2017.16203.

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37

FALODUN, Ehizogie J., and Vivian E. EDAFE. "Productivity, nutrient concentration, uptake and quality of Amaranthus (Amaranthus cruentus L.) as influenced by cutting heights and fertilizer type." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 12, no. 3 (September 29, 2020): 719–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb12310754.

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Amaranthus cruentus L. is a leafy vegetable that is cultivated mainly for its leaves and grains. Due to high demand for this crop in Nigeria, the need to boost its productivity becomes necessary. Field and laboratory studies were conducted during in two successive cropping seasons at the experimental farm and laboratory unit of the Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City. Three cutting heights C1: (10 cm), C2: (15 cm), C3: (20 cm) and a control C0: (no cutting) and four rates of fertilizer application F0: (Control), F1: (10 t ha-1 poultry manure), F2: (150 kg ha-1 NPK15:15:15) and F3 (75 t ha-1 NPK 15:15:15 + 5 t ha-1 poultry manure) constituted the treatments. The treatments were in three replicate laid out in a (4 × 4) factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design. Data collected were plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2), stem diameter (cm) and number of branches. Fresh and dry herbage yield were taken at harvest. Growth, yield, and quality of Amarathus cruentus were significantly influenced by cutting heights and fertilizer application. In both years, number of branches (3.50 and 6.01) were lowest at C0 compared with other treatments. Herbage fresh and dry yield (49.10 t ha-1 and 18.20 t ha-1) were highest at C3 and was consistent in both years. Similarly, the concentration of K, Ca, and Mg in plant tissue and the uptake of nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na) increase at C3 compared with other treatments. F3 significantly (p<0.05) produced highest dry herbage yield (13.08 t ha-1and 25.15 t ha-1) in both years. Crude protein, fibre and fat content of the shoots were highest at cutting height of C3 and at F3 fertilizer rate. Therefore, for good yield and better quality of Amaranthus cruentus L, a combination of (75 t ha-1 NPK 15:15:15 + 5 t ha-1 poultry manure) at cutting height of C3: (20 cm above soil level) is recommended for Amaranthus cruentus L production in the study area.

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38

Das, Saubhik. "Taxonomical observation on the grain amaranths and new varieties of Amaranthus cruentus (Amaranthaceae)." Nordic Journal of Botany 30, no. 4 (July 6, 2012): 412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2011.01383.x.

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39

Wolosik, Katarzyna, and Agnieszka Markowska. "Amaranthus Cruentus Taxonomy, Botanical Description, and Review of its Seed Chemical Composition." Natural Product Communications 14, no. 5 (May 2019): 1934578X1984414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x19844141.

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Among 60-70 species of Amaranthaceae, only three are grain-producing species and Amaranthus cruentus is one of them. It stands out for its significant chemical composition. The high protein content and amino acid composition give amaranth medicinal benefits such as cholesterol lowering, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-allergic, and antihypertensive activity. The fixed oil yield obtained by cold-pressing the grain is only 7-8%, but these lipids are valuable due to the presence of unsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytosterols, and squalene, which are not present in the same composition in other common oils. Among them, squalene is highly desirable.

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40

Lanta, V., P. Havránek, and V. Ondřej. "Morphometry analysis and seed germination of Amaranthus cruentus, A. retroflexus and their hybrid (A. × turicensis)." Plant, Soil and Environment 49, No. 8 (December 10, 2011): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4138-pse.

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A morphometric study of Amaranthus cruentus, A. retroflexus and their hybrid, A. × turicensis based on 75 plant samples (750 inflorescences), collected throughout the Olomouc-Holice area (Czech   Republic), is presented. Using multivariete methods (including cluster analysis and canonical discriminant analysis), the existence of three groupings of plants was proven. The hybrid exhibited intermediate values of the width and length of female tepals, length of awl-shaped bracts, and seed size when compared with parental species. A germination experiment showed that dark seeds of A. × turicensis as well as dark seeds of A. retroflexus germinate scarcely and independently on the day length while light seeds of A. cruentus germinate promptly and markedly better under a short day regime. The chromosome analysis showed that A. retroflexus, A. cruentus, and A. × turicensis have the same chromosome number 34.

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41

Szabóová, Monika, Michal Záhorský, Ján Gažo, Jeroen Geuens, Ann Vermoesen, Els D’Hondt, and Andrea Hricová. "Differences in Seed Weight, Amino Acid, Fatty Acid, Oil, and Squalene Content in γ-Irradiation-Developed and Commercial Amaranth Varieties (Amaranthus spp.)." Plants 9, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9111412.

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Grain amaranth is known as an alternative crop with exclusive nutritional value and health benefits. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gamma irradiation on quantitative and qualitative amaranth seed traits, including 1000-seed weight, amino acids, fatty acids content, oil, and squalene yield. Two Slovak mutant varieties “Pribina” (A. cruentus) and “Zobor” (A.hypochondriacus x A. hybridus) were evaluated and compared to nonirradiated controls Ficha (A. cruentus L.) and K-433 (A. hypochondriacus x A. hybridus) and commercial varieties, Aztec (A. cruentus L.), Plainsman and Koniz (A. hypochondriacus x A. hybridus). Mutant varieties, “Pribina” and “Zobor”, showed superior 1000-seed weight performance compared to all investigated amaranth samples. The change in quantitative seed trait was accompanied by significantly higher oil and squalene content compared to commercial varieties. Moreover, significantly higher content of essential linoleic acid was detected in mutant variety “Zobor”. The present findings suggest that seeds of irradiation-derived varieties have high nutritional potential and can be used as a supplementary crop in the human diet.

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42

Prajitha, V., and J. E. Thoppil. "Cytogenetic characterization of Amaranthus caudatus L. and Amaranthus hybridus subsp. cruentus (L.) Thell." Cytotechnology 70, no. 1 (May 5, 2017): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10616-017-0100-9.

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43

Skwaryło-Bednarz, Barbara, and Anna Krzepiłko. "Effect of Varied NPK Fertilization on Catalase Activity of Amaranth (Amaranthus Cruentus L.)." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2013-0023.

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Abstract A study was carried out on the effect of varied NPK fertilization on catalase activity per gram fresh weight of the leaves of two varieties of amaranth, Rawa and Aztek, at different developmental stages (seedling, five-leaf, flowering and mature seed), as well as in the seeds. Amaranth was grown in a field experiment in southeast Poland, at wide-row spacing on good wheat complex soil. The following combinations of macronutrient levels were applied: I - 50 kg N ・ ha-1, 40 kg P ・ ha-1, 40 kg K ・ ha-1, II - 70 kg N ・ ha-1, 50 kg P ・ ha-1, 50 kg K ・ ha-1, III - 90 kg N ・ ha-1, 60 kg P ・ ha-1, 60 kg K ・ ha-1 and IV - 130 kg N ・ ha-1, 70 kg P ・ ha-1, 70 kg K ・ ha-1. The study showed that catalase activity exhibited a downward trend during the vegetation period of amaranth. The highest catalase activity was noted in the leaves during the first stage, ie the seedling stage. Increasing levels of NPK led to an increase in catalase activity. Leaves of the Rawa variety had higher catalase activity than those of the Aztek variety at every stage of development. The level of catalase activity in the amaranth seeds was also significantly affected by fertilization and the variety of amaranth. Higher levels of the fertilizers caused an increase in catalase activity in the seeds.

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44

Ojo, David O. "Effect of weeding frequencies on grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) growth and yield." Crop Protection 16, no. 5 (August 1997): 463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-2194(97)00017-3.

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45

KOEPPE, S. J., and J. H. RUPNOW. "Purification and Characterization of a Lectin from the Seeds of Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus)." Journal of Food Science 53, no. 5 (September 1988): 1412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1988.tb09289.x.

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46

Mundigler, Norbert. "Isolation and Determination of Starch from Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) and Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)." Starch - Stärke 50, no. 2-3 (March 1998): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-379x(199803)50:2/3<67::aid-star67>3.0.co;2-r.

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47

León-Camacho, Manuel, Diego L. García-González, and Ramón Aparicio. "A detailed and comprehensive study of amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) oil fatty profile." European Food Research and Technology 213, no. 4-5 (October 2001): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002170100340.

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48

Cawood, Maria Elizabeth, Ingrid ALLEMANN, and James ALLEMANN. "Influence of altered temperatures on allelopatic properties of Amaranthus cruentus L." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 109, no. 2 (September 26, 2017): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2017.109.2.29.

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<p>The relationships between allelochemicals and environmental factors are a key factor for the growth of plants under rotation. We investigated the allelopathic potential of <em>Amaranthus cruentus </em>L, grown under different temperature conditions in <em>in vitro</em> bioassays. An inhibitory effect on germination and growth of lettuce (<em>Lactuca sativa</em> L.), tomato (<em>Solanum lycopersicum</em> L.), pepper (<em>Capsicum annuum</em> L.) and cucumber (<em>Cucumis sativus</em> L.) was observed when seeds were subjected to the leaf litter of <em>Amaranthus cruentus</em>. Analysis from our study indicated that germination percentage was significantly affected by growth temperatures (T) of the amaranth (<em>P </em>˂ 0.0001), litter concentration (C) (<em>P </em>˂ 0.0001), vegetable type (V) (<em>P </em>˂ 0.0001), the T × V interaction (<em>P </em>= 0.0041) and V × C interaction (<em>P </em>˂ 0.0001). Pepper was the most sensitive with a decline in germination percentage at increasing concentrations (0, 1 and 5 mg ml<sup>-1</sup>) of litter. Hypocotyl and seminal root lengths were adversely influenced by the plant litter for all the temperature treatments, although effects were most severe when exposed to the leaf litter of the hot temperature treatment. The inhibition caused by the litter was dependent on growth temperature and concentration, while each vegetable species showed different levels of sensitivity.</p>

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49

Allemann, I., M. E. Cawood, and J. Allemann. "Influence of abiotic stress on Amaranthus cruentus allelopathic properties." South African Journal of Botany 103 (March 2016): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.02.013.

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50

Yaacob, J. S., L. C. Hwei, R. M. Taha, N. A. Mat Nor, and N. Aziz. "PIGMENT ANALYSIS AND TISSUE CULTURE OF AMARANTHUS CRUENTUS L." Acta Horticulturae, no. 958 (August 2012): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2012.958.20.

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